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One Final Comment On Measuring Stresses. - .:: V NRT P

This document discusses measuring stresses in fluids, both compressible and incompressible. It also discusses normal stress differences that can be measured in shear and elongational flows. Examples are given of how these normal stresses can cause effects like rod climbing or changes to free surfaces in channel flow.

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Shawn Waltz
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58 views5 pages

One Final Comment On Measuring Stresses. - .:: V NRT P

This document discusses measuring stresses in fluids, both compressible and incompressible. It also discusses normal stress differences that can be measured in shear and elongational flows. Examples are given of how these normal stresses can cause effects like rod climbing or changes to free surfaces in channel flow.

Uploaded by

Shawn Waltz
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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One final comment on measuring stresses. . .

What is measured is the total stress,

p + 11 =

21 31

12 p + 22 32

13 23 p + 33

123

For the normal stresses we are faced with the difficulty of separating p from ii. Compressible fluids: Get p from nRT measurements of p= T and V. V Incompressible fluids:

?
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Density does not vary (much) with pressure for polymeric fluids.
4

gas density polymer density incompressible fluid

g / cm 3

=
2

M RT

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Pressure (MPa)

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

For incompressible fluids it is not possible to separate p from ii. Luckily, this is not a problem since we only need

= p +
We do not need ii directly to solve for velocities

Equation of motion

v + v v = + g t = P + g
Solution? Normal stress differences

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Normal Stress Differences


First normal stress difference Second normal stress difference

N1 11 22 = 11 22 N 2 22 33 = 22 33

In shear flow, three stress quantities are measured In elongational flow, two stress quantities are measured

21 , N1 , N 2

33 11 , 22 11

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

First normal stress effects: rod climbing

11 22 < 0

Extra tension in the 1-direction pulls azimuthally and upward (see DPL p65).

Newtonian - glycerin
Bird, et al., Dynamics of Polymeric Fluids, vol. 1, Wiley, 1987, Figure 2.3-1 page 63. (DPL)

Viscoelastic - solution of polyacrylamide in glycerin


Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Second normal stress effects: inclined openchannel flow

22 33 > 0 Extra tension in the 2-direction pulls down the free surface where dv1 /dx2 is greatest (see DPL p65).

Newtonian - glycerin

Viscoelastic - 1% soln of polyethylene oxide in water

N2 ~ -N1 /10
R. I. Tanner, Engineering Rheology, Oxford 1985, Figure 3.6 page 104 Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Example: Can the equation of motion predict rod climbing for typical values of N1, N2?
z

cross-section A:

fluid

0 v= v 0 r z

R
R

What is
Bird et al. p64

d zz ? dr

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Whats next?
Shear

Shear-free (elongational, extensional)


1 (t )(1 + b) x1 2 1 v = (t )(1 b) x2 2 (t ) x3
123

(t)x2
v 0 0
123

Even with just these 2 (or 4) standard flows, we can still generate an infinite number of flows by varying (t ) and (t ).

Elongational flow: b=0, Biaxial stretching: b=0, Planar elongation: b=1,

(t) > 0 (t ) < 0 (t) > 0

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

We seek to quantify the behavior of nonNewtonian fluids

Procedure:
1. Choose a flow type (shear or a type of elongation). 2. Specify (t ) or (t ) as appropriate. 3. Impose the flow on a fluid of interest. 4. Measure stresses.
shear 21 , N1 , N 2 elongation 33 11 , 22 11

5. Report stresses in terms of material functions.


6a. Compare measured material functions with predictions of these material functions (from proposed constitutive equations). 7a. Choose the most appropriate constitutive equation for use in numerical modeling. 6b. Compare measured material functions with those measured on other materials. 7a. Draw conclusions on the likely properties of the unknown material based on the comparison.

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

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