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    Flame Ionization Detector - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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    andrew jachson labito
    The flame ionization detector measures organic species in gas by detecting ions formed during combustion in a hydrogen flame, with a response proportional to carbon content. It is inexpensive, rugged, and has a wide linear range, but cannot differentiate substances or detect inorganic compounds.

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    Flame Ionization Detector - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

    Uploaded by

    andrew jachson labito
    401 views3 pages
    The flame ionization detector measures organic species in gas by detecting ions formed during combustion in a hydrogen flame, with a response proportional to carbon content. It is inexpensive, rugged, and has a wide linear range, but cannot differentiate substances or detect inorganic compounds.

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    The flame ionization detector measures organic species in gas by detecting ions formed during combustion in a hydrogen flame, with a response proportional to carbon content. It is inexpensive, rugged, and has a wide linear range, but cannot differentiate substances or detect inorganic compounds.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    401 views3 pages

    Flame Ionization Detector - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

    Uploaded by

    andrew jachson labito
    The flame ionization detector measures organic species in gas by detecting ions formed during combustion in a hydrogen flame, with a response proportional to carbon content. It is inexpensive, rugged, and has a wide linear range, but cannot differentiate substances or detect inorganic compounds.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Flame ionization detector - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_ionization_detector

    Flame ionization detector


    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    A flame ionization detector (FID) is a scientific instrument that measures the concentration of organic species in a gas stream. It is frequently used as a detector in gas chromatography. Standalone FIDs can also be used in applications such as landfill gas monitoring and fugitive emissions monitoring in stationary or portable instruments.

    Contents
    1 History 2 Operating principle 3 Advantages and disadvantages 3.1 Advantages 3.2 Disadvantages 4 Operation 5 Description of a generic detector 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources

    Schematic of a flame ionization detector for gas chromatography

    History
    The first flame ionization detector was developed in 1957 by scientists working for the CSIRO in Melbourne, Australia.[1][2][3]

    Operating principle
    The operation of the FID is based on the detection of ions formed during combustion of organic compounds in a hydrogen flame. The generation of these ions is proportional to the concentration of organic species in the sample gas stream. Hydrocarbons generally have molar response factors that are equal to number of carbon atoms in their molecule, while oxygenates and other species that contain heteroatoms tend to have a lower response factor. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are not detectable by FID.

    Advantages and disadvantages


    Advantages
    Flame ionization detectors are used very widely in gas chromatography because of a number of advantages. Cost: Flame ionization detectors are relatively inexpensive to acquire and operate. Low maintenance requirements: Apart from cleaning or replacing the FID jet, these detectors require no

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    Flame ionization detector - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_ionization_detector

    maintenance. Rugged construction: FIDs are relatively resistant to misuse. Linearity and detection ranges: FIDs can measure organic substance concentration at very low and very high levels, having a linear response of 10^6.

    Disadvantages
    Flame ionization detectors cannot differentiate between different organic substances. They also cannot detect inorganic substances. In some systems, CO and CO2 can be detected in the FID using a methanizer, which is a bed of Ni catalyst that reduces CO and CO2 to methane, which can be in turn detected by the FID. Another important disadvantage is that the FID flame oxidizes all compounds that pass through it; all hydrocarbons and oxygenates are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water and other heteroatoms are oxidized according to thermodynamics. For this reason, FIDs tend to be the last in a detector train and also cannot be used for preparatory work.

    Operation
    In order to detect these ions, two electrodes are used to provide a potential difference. The positive electrode doubles as the nozzle head where the flame is produced. The other, negative electrode is positioned above the flame. When first designed, the negative electrode was either tear-drop shaped or angular piece of platinum. Today, the design has been modified into a tubular electrode, commonly referred to as a collector plate. The ions thus are attracted to the collector plate and upon hitting the plate, induce a current. This current is measured with a high-impedance picoammeter and fed into an integrator. The manner in which the final data is displayed is based on the computer and software. In general, a graph is displayed that has time on the x-axis and total ion on the y-axis. The current measured corresponds roughly to the proportion of reduced carbon atoms in the flame. Specifically how the ions are produced is not necessarily understood, but the response of the detector is determined by the number of carbon atoms (ions) hitting the detector per unit time. This makes the detector sensitive to the mass rather than the concentration, which is useful because the response of the detector is not greatly affected by changes in the carrier gas flow rate.

    Description of a generic detector


    The design of the flame ionization detector varies from manufacturer to manufacturer, but the principles are the same. Most commonly, the FID is attached to a gas chromatography system. The eluent exits the GC column (A) and enters the FID detectors oven (B). The oven is needed to make sure that as soon as the eluent exits the column, it does not come out of the gaseous phase and deposit on the interface between the column and FID. This deposition would result in loss of eluent and errors in detection. As the eluent travels up the FID, it is first mixed with the hydrogen fuel (C) and then with the oxidant (D). The eluent/fuel/oxidant mixture continues to travel up to the nozzle head where a positive bias voltage exists (E). This positive bias helps to repel the reduced carbon ions created by the flame (F) pyrolyzing the eluent. The ions are repelled up toward the collector plates (G) which are connected to a very sensitive ammeter, which detects the ions hitting the plates, then feeds that signal (H) to an amplifier, integrator, and display system. The products of the flame are finally vented out of the detector through the exhaust port (J).

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    Flame ionization detector - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_ionization_detector

    See also
    Flame detector Thermal Conductivity Detector Gas Chromatography Active fire protection Photoionization detector

    References
    1. ^ Scott, R. P. W., 1957, Vapour Phase Chromatography, Ed. D. H. Desty (London: Butterworths), p. 131. 2. ^ McWilliam, I. G.; Dewar, R. A. "Flame Ionization Detector for Gas Chromatography". Nature 181 (4611): 760. Bibcode:1958Natur.181..760M (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958Natur.181..760M). doi:10.1038/181760a0 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F181760a0). 3. ^ Morgan, D J (1961). "Construction and operation of a simple flameionization detector for gas chromatography" (http://iopscience.iop.org /0950-7671/38/12/321). J. Sci. Instrum. 38 (12): 501. Bibcode:1961JScI...38..501M (http://adsabs.harvard.edu /abs/1961JScI...38..501M). doi:10.1088/0950-7671/38/12/321 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0950-7671%2F38%2F12%2F321). Retrieved 2009-03-18.

    Sources
    Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, & Stanley R. Crouch. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 6th Edition. United States: Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2007. Halsz, I. & W. Schneider. Quantitative Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Hydrocarbons with Capillary Column and Flame Ionization Detector. Analytical Chemistry. 33, 8 (July 1961): 978-982 G.H. JEFFERY , J.BASSET , J.MENDHAM , R.C.DENNEY, "VOGEL'S TEXTBOOK OF QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS."

    Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org /w/index.php?title=Flame_ionization_detector&oldid=569646787" Categories: Gas chromatography Australian inventions

    FID Schematic

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