Apendice y Tablas
Apendice y Tablas
Apendice y Tablas
- ?D
Ih(t)l dt < m
Linearity: a , x , ( t ) + a,x,(t) -a,X,(s) + a,X,(s), R ' 3 R , n R , Time shifting: x( t - t,) H e-"oX(s), R' = R X(s - so), R' = R + Re(s,) Shifting in s: e"llx(t) Time scaling: x(at) H -X(S), R' = aR la l Time reversal: x( - t) X( -s), R' = -R Differentiation in t : --sX(s), R' 3 R dt fl(s) ,R'=R Differentiation in s: - tx(t ds I 1 Integration: x(r)dr -X(s), R' > R n {Re(s)> 0)
w
Wt)
t ,
X,(s)X,(s), R'
3R,
n R,
446
[APP. B
s+a
H
(s
+a)2+w i
, Re(s) > - R e ( a )
Definition:
x,(s)
/mx(t)e-stdr
0-
0 - = lirn ( 0 - E )
40
d n x ( t) dt"
. .. -x(n-') (0-
APP. B]
447
s-0
Properties of the Fourier Transform: Linearity: a l x l ( t ) a 2 x 2 ( t ) c*alX,(o) a2X2(o) Time shifting: x ( t - t o )c* e - ~ " ' o ~ ( w ) Frequency shifting: e J w ~ ~ ' x c( *tX ) ( o - oo) Time scaling: x ( a t )
Convolution: x , ( t ) * x 2 ( t )- X , ( w ) X 2 ( w )
- X , ( o ) * X2(W ) 2lr Real signal: x ( t ) = x e ( t )+ x o ( t )- X ( o ) = A ( o ) + j B ( o ) X( -0) =X * ( o ) Even component: x e ( t ) R e { X ( o ) )=A ( w ) Odd component: x o ( t )c*j I m ( X ( o ) )=j B ( o )
Multiplication: x,(t ) x 2 ( t )
448
[APP. B
Parseval's Relations:
p,(O =
+ ,
sin at
-pa(w)
lTt
2 sgn t o 1w
APP. B]
449
Convolution: y [ n ] = x [ n ]* h [ n ]=
k=
-m
x [ k ] h [ n- k ]
Causality: h [ n ]= 0, n < 0
m
Stability:
n= -m
( h [ n ] ( d< t a :
Linearity: a l x l [ n ] + a 2 x 2 [ nt]- , a , X 1 ( z )+ a 2 X 2 ( z ) ,R' 3 R , nR 2 Time shifting: x [ n - n o ]-2-"oX(z), R' 3 R n (0 < lzl < w) Multiplication by z:: z:x[n]
- -1,
x(%
Z
R ' = lzdR
=R
1-2-'
n {lzl > 1)
6[n]
1 , all z
450
[APP. B
6[n - m] -zPm, all z except 0 if m > 0, or 03 if m < 0 1 Z anu[n] =, IzI > la1 1-az-' z-a 1 Z -anu[-n - 11=, Izl < lal 1-az-' z-a
(COS
fl,n)u[n
(sin n,n)u[n]
(sin 0 , ) z , 121 > 1 z 2 - (2cos Ro)z + 1 z 2 - ( r cos n o ) z Izl > r z 2 - (2r cos n,)z + r 2 ' ( r sin 0 , ) z Izl > r ~~-(2rcos~~)z+r~' 1 -aNz-N IzI>O 1 - az-I
9
OsnsN-1otherwise
Time-Shifting Property:
z- 1
APP. B]
45 1
X ( R )=
C
n=
-0c
x [n] eeJf'"
Periodicity: x [ n ] X ( R ) = X ( R + 2rr) ] + a ,X J R ) + a 2 X 2 ( R ) Linearity: a , x , [ n ]+ a 2 x 2 [ n+ Time shifting: x [ n - n o ]++ e - ~ ~ " l l X ( R ) Frequency shifting: e ~ " ~ " x [ n ]X ( R - R,) Conjugation: x * [ n ] X*( - R ) Time Reversal: x[ - n ] X( - R ) ifn=km -X(mR) Time Scaling: x(,,,[n] = ifnzkm dX(R) Frequency differentiation: m [ n ] j-----dR First difference: x [ n ]- x [ n - 11 ++ ( 1 - e - j o ) x ( f l ) Accumulation:
-C
n
x[k]
k=
-CC
Convolution: x , [ n ]* x 2 [ n ] + +X , ( R ) X , ( R ) Multiplication: x , [ n ] x 2 [ n ] - X , ( R ) @ X 2 ( R ) 2rr Real sequence: x [ n ]= x , [ n ] + x,[n] X ( R ) = A ( R ) + j B ( R ) X(-R) =X*(R) Even component: x,[n] R e { X ( R ) )= A ( R ) Odd component: x,[n] j 1 m { X ( R ) )= j B ( R )
+ +
Parseval's Relations:
45 2
[APP. B
sin Wn
n-n
(0<Wcn-1-X(fl)=
0 i IRIS w W<ln,5T
x [ n ] =O
-1
x[n]
~ [ k ]
Linearity: a , x , [ n ]+ a 2 x 2 [ n] a , X , [ k ]+ a , X , [ k ] w,knux[k] Time shifting: x [ n - no],, Frequency shifting: ~ ; ~ " u x [ n ]X[k- k,],,
--
APP. B]
453
Conjugation: x * [ n ]HX * [ - k Imod Time reversal: x[ - n],,, w X [ - k I, Duality: X [ n ] Nx[-k],,, Circular convolution: x , [ n ]@ x 2 [ n ]X , [ k ] X , [ k ]
Multiplication: x , [ n ] x 2 [ no ] -X,[k] @X2[k] N Real sequence: x [ n ] = x e [ n ]+ x o [ n ] X [ k ] = A [ k ] + j B [ k ] x[-klmo,, =X*[kl Even component: x e [ n ]t , R e ( X [ k1) =A [ k ] Odd component: x o [ n ] j Im{X [ k ] )=jB[k ]
Parseval S Relation:
Note
a0 ~ ( t=) - +
k=l
x ( t ) sin kw,tdt
454
[APP. B
- I
To
/ To
) l2 dt
k= - m
Icx12
Appendix C
Review of Complex Numbers
C.l REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
The complex number z can be expressed in several ways. Cartesian or rectangular form:
z=a+jb
where j = and a and b are real numbers referred to the real part and the imaginary part of z. a and b are often expressed as
a
=
Re{z)
b = lrn{z)
(c.2)
where "Re" denotes the "real part o f ' and "Im" denotes the "imaginary part of." Polar form:
z
=
where r > 0 is the magnitude of z and 6 is the angle or phasc~ of z. These quantities are often written as
r = IzI
O=LZ
(C-4)
(C.5) or from Fig. C-1 the relationships between the cartesian and polar representations of z are a
=r
Figure C-1 is the graphical representation of z. Using Euler's formula, = cos6 +jsinO
cos 6
b = I- sin 0
(C.6a)
Fig. C-1
455
456
z l z 2= ( a l a 2- b,b2) +j(a,b, + b p , )
(C. 1 0 ) (C. I I )
C.3 THE COMPLEX CONJUGATE The complex conjugate of z is denoted by z* and is given by
4.
z - z * =j2Im(z}
C.4 POWERS AND ROOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS The nth power of the complex number z = reie is
n = neine = r "(cos
n8 + j sin n8)
(C. 13)
APP. Cl
( C .15)
( C .16)
- reje
=0
which is an equation of degree n and hence has n roots. These roots are given by - l/nei[e+2(k - l ) ~ ] / n Wk k = 1,2, ..., n (C.17)
Appendix D
Useful Mathematical Formulas
D.1 SUMMATION FORMULAS
D.2
EULER'S FORMULAS
i(1 + cos20)
+
sin20 = 2sinOcosO cos 26 = cos' 0 - sin2 0 = 1 - 2 cos2 0 sin(a f P ) = sin a cos p cos a sin p
APP. Dl
+ p) = cos a cos p T cos a cos /3 sin a sin P = [cos(a - /3) - cos(a + P)] COS a COS p = 3 [COS((Y - p) + cos(a + P)] sin a cos P = $[sin(a - P) + sin(a + P)]
cos(a sina+sinp=2sincosa + c o s p
= 2cos
a+p
2
COS
a-p 2
a + @ a-/3 COS 2 2
a cos a + b sin a =
cos a-tan-'!)
=-
log, N log, b
460
[APP. D