Radar 2009 A - 1 Introduction

Radar Systems Engineering Lecture 1 Introduction
Dr. Robert M. ODonnell IEEE New Hampshire Section Guest Lecturer
IEEE New Hampshire Section

Radar Systems Course 1 Introduction 10/1/2009
Outline
Background
Radar basics
Course overview

Radar Systems Course Introduction 10/1/2009 2
Outline
Background
Some pre-radar history How radar works
The one viewgraph, no math answer!
The early days of radar Two examples from World War II

Air defense in The Battle of Britain
Summer 1940
The role of radar in stopping the German V-1 Buzz Bomb attacks on Britain
V-1 The first cruise missile About 9,000 V_1s fired at Britain

Radar basics Course overview

The Uncertainty of Warfare
Omaha Beach 1944

Courtesy of National Archives. Courtesy of National Archives.
Iwo Jima 1945
Courtesy of US Marine Corp,

Pre-Radar Aircraft Detection Optical Systems
Courtesy of US Army Signal Corps.
Courtesy of UK Government
Significant range limitation

Attenuation by atmosphere
Narrow field of view

Caused by very small wavelength
Clouds Cover limits operational usefulness

Worldwide - 40-80% of the time
Courtesy of National Archives.

Prevalence of Cloud Cover

ISCCP - Total Cloud Cover 1983-1990
Courtesy of NASA
50
100 %
Percent Infrared and Optical Radiation Opaque to Clouds

Pre-Radar Aircraft Detection Acoustic Systems

Japanese Acoustic Detection System US Acoustic Detection Systems
Courtesy of Wikimedia
Developed and used in first half of 20th century Attributes

Limited Range
approximately 10+ miles
Limited field of view Ambient background noise limited (weather, etc)

Used with searchlights at night

7

Radar Systems Course Introduction 10/1/2009
Sound Mirrors Dunge, Kent, UK
Width of Aperture
30 ft
200 ft
20 ft
Courtesy of s__i in Wikimedia
Used for aircraft detection (pre-World War II) Short detection range (less than 15 miles)
Tactically useful for detecting slow WW1 Zeppelins Not useful for detecting faster WW2 German bombers
How Radar Works- The Short Answer!
Courtesy of NOAA
An electromagnetic wave is transmitted by the radar. Some of the energy is scattered when it hits a distant target A small portion of the scattered energy, the radar echo, is collected by the radar antenna. The time difference between:
when the pulse of electromagnetic energy is transmitted, and when the target echo is received, is a measure of how far away the target is.
2R c

How Radar Works- The Short Answer!
Courtesy of NOAA
An electromagnetic wave is transmitted by the radar. Some of the energy is scattered when it hits a distant target A small portion of the scattered energy, the radar echo, is collected by the radar antenna. The time difference between:
when the pulse of electromagnetic energy is transmitted, and when the target echo is received, is a measure of how far away the target is.
Trust me, its going to get a lot more complicated !

Outline
Background

Air defense in The Battle of Britain
Summer 1940

Radar basics Course overview

The Early Days of Radar
Sir Robert Watson-Watt

Considered by many the inventor of radar Significant early work occurred in many other countries, including the United States (1920sand 1930s) After experimental verification of the principles, Watson-Watt was granted a patent in 1935 Leader in the development of the Chain Home radar systems
Chain Home, Chain Home Low Ground Control Intercept and Airborne Intercept Radar
Sir Robert Watson-Watt
Tizard Mission MIT Radiation Laboratory
Courtesy of Wikimedia


Sir Robert Watson-Watt Tizard Mission (British Technical & Scientific Mission to US)
Seven British radar experts and a Black Box sent to US in Fall of 1940 Contained cavity magnetron and nearly everything Britain knew about radar Possession of cavity magnetron technology was critical to Allied war radar development
Original British 10 cm 10 kW Pulsed magnetron
MIT Radiation Laboratory

Courtesy of Eli Brookner


Sir Robert Watson-Watt Tizard Mission MIT Radiation Laboratory (operated between 1940 & 1945)
Developed and fielded advanced radar systems for war use Exploited British 10 cm cavity magnetron invention Grew to almost 4000 persons (9 received the Nobel Prize) Designed almost half of the radars deployed in World War II Created over 100 different radar systems ($1.5B worth of radar)
SCR-584 (circa World War 2) Fire Control Radar
Building 20- Home of MIT Radiation Laboratory
Courtesy of Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Courtesy of Department of Defense

Outline
Background

Air defense during The Battle of Britain
Summer 1940
V-1 The first cruise missile About 9,000 V-1s fired at Britain

The basics / the big picture Course overview

Chain Home Radar System

Deployment Began 1936
Chain Home Radar Coverage circa 1940 (21 Early Warning Radar Sites) Sept 2006 Photograph of Three Chain Home Transmit Towers, near Dover
Dover Radar Site
Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with permission
Courtesy of Robert Cromwell. Used with permission.


Typical Chain Home Radar Site
Chain Home Radar Parameters
Wavelength
10 to 15 m 20 to 30 MHz Dipole Array on Transmit Crossed Dipoles on Receive ~ 100o 350 kW ~160 nmi on JU-88 German Bomber
Frequency Antenna

Azimuth Beamwidth

Peak Power Detection Range

Chain Home Transmit & Receive Antennas

Two Transmitter Towers
/2 360'
/2 240' 215'
One Receiver Tower
95' 45' 0' Main Gap Filler Antenna Antenna
Transmit Antenna
Receive Antenna
18

Receiver / Detection Operator Chain Home Transmitter
Goniometer
Courtesy of United Kingdom Government.
Chain Home Receiver Hut
Courtesy of J M Briscoe

Chain Home Radar Operations

Operation Room at Air Group 10 Plotting Area in Chain Home Radar Receiver Room

Chain Home Low Radar

Chain Home Low Antenna 32 Dipole Array Chain Home Low Transmitter
Twenty four Chain Home Low radars were added to fill coverage gaps at low elevation angles (< 2)
Their low frequency 200 MHz lessened multipath lobing effects relative to Chain Home (20-30 MHz)
Detection range 25 mi at 500 ft

Radar and The Battle of Britain

Approximate Chain Home Radar Coverage Sept 1940 (21 Early Warning Radar Sites)
The Chain Home Radar

British Force Multiplier during the Battle of Britain
Timely warning of direction and size of German aircraft attacks allowed British to
Focus their limited numbers of interceptor aircraft Achieve numerical parity with the attacking German aircraft
Effect on the War

Germany was unable to achieve Air Superiority Invasion of Great Britain was postponed indefinitely

Outline
Background

Air defense during The Battle of Britain
Summer 1940

The basics / the big picture Course overview

V-1 Buzz Bomb The Threat

V-1 Cruise Missile
Characteristics
Propulsion Speed Altitude Range Guidance Ramjet 390 mph 2-3000 ft 250 km gyrocompass / autopilot Warhead 850 kg HE No. Launched 9,000 No. Impacted London Area 2,400
Courtesy of Ben pcc Used with permission.

The SCR 584 Fire-Control Radar
SCR-584
SCR-584 Parameters
Wavelength Frequency Magnetron Peak Power Pulse Width PRF Antenna Diameter Beamwidth Azimuth Coverage Maximum Range Range Accuracy Azimuth Accuracy Elevation Accuracy 10 cm (S-Band) 3,000 MHz 2J32 250 kW 0.8sec 1707 Hz 6 ft 4 360 40 mi 75 ft 0.06 0.06
Courtesy of Department of Defense

The SCR 584 Fire-Control Radar
SCR-584 (40th Anniversary of MIT Rad Lab)
SCR-584 Parameters
Wavelength Frequency Magnetron Peak Power Pulse Width PRF Antenna Diameter Beamwidth Azimuth Coverage Maximum Range Range Accuracy Azimuth Accuracy Elevation Accuracy 10 cm (S-Band) 3,000 MHz 2J32 250 kW 0.8sec 1707 Hz 6 ft 4 360 40 mi 75 ft 0.06 0.06
Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Radar Proximity Fuze

V-53 Modern Radar Proximity Fuze Radar Proximity Fuze (Cutaway) Operation of Radar Proximity Fuze
Must operate under very high g forces Micro transmitter in fuze emits a continuous wave of ~200 MHz Receiver in fuze detects the Doppler shift of the moving target Fuze is detonated when Doppler signal exceeds a threshold
Courtesy of Robert ODonnell
Circa 1985
Direct physical hit not necessary for destruction of target

Courtesy of US Navy
Circa mid 1940s
Radar Proximity Fuze Revolutionized AAA and Artillery Warfare

World War 2 Air Defense System

SCR-584 Fire Control Radar
Radar Proximity Fuze
Courtesy of US Navy
British 3.7 AAA Gun
M9 Predictor
US 90 mm AAA Gun
Courtesy of Department of Defense Courtesy of US Army
When deployed on British coast, V-1 kill rate jumped to 75%, when this integrated system was fully operational in 1944
Courtesy of US Navy
Courtesy of US Army

Outline

Background Radar basics
Utility and positive / negative attributes of radar What radars measure Block diagram of a radar system Different Radar wavelengths / frequencies Descriptive classifications of radars
Military, civilian, other
Course overview

Utility and Positive Attributes of Radar

Long range detection and tracking of targets
1000s of miles
All weather and day/night operation Wide area search capability Coherent operation enables
Simultaneous reliable target detection and rejection of unwanted clutter objects Target imaging (fixed and moving) Very fast beam movement with electronic scanning of antennas ( microseconds) Ability to adaptively shape antenna beam to mitigate interference and jamming
Relatively lossless, straight line propagation at microwave frequencies

30
Negative Attributes / Challenges of Radar
Long range detection requires

Large and heavy antennas High power transmitters Significant power usage $$$$$
Radar beams not propagate well

through the Earth, water, or heavy foliage around obstacles
Vulnerable to jamming, and anti-radiation missiles Target can detect that it is being illuminated Target can locate the radar in angle-space The echo from some targets is becoming very small
Low observable technology

Surveillance and Fire Control Radars

Courtesy of US Air Force Used with permission. Courtesy of NATO. Photo courtesy of ITT Corporation. Used with permission.
Courtesy of Raytheon. Used with permission. Courtesy of Raytheon. Used with permission. Courtesy of US Navy.
Courtesy of Raytheon. Used with permission.
Courtesy of Raytheon. Used with permission.

Radar Course 32 Courtesy ofSystems Global Security. 10/1/2009 UsedIntroduction with permission.
Airborne Radars
Courtesy of US Air Force. Courtesy of Northrop Grumman. Used with permission. Courtesy of US Navy.
Courtesy of US Air Force.
Courtesy of Northrop Grumman. Used with permission.
Courtesy of Boeing Used with permission
Courtesy of US Air Force.
Courtesy of Raytheon Used with permission

Instrumentation Radars
Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Used with permission
Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Used with permission Courtesy of Lockheed Martin Used with permission .
Civil Radars
Courtesy of Target Corporation Courtesy of Northrop Grumman. Used with permission.
Courtesy of Dept of Defense Courtesy of U. S. Army
Courtesy of FAA Courtesy of NOAA

More Civil Radars More Civil Radars

Courtesy of NASA Courtesy of akseabird..
Courtesy of NASA
Courtesy of Raymarine. Raymarine. Used with permission.
Courtesy of NASA
Courtesy of NASA

Outline

Course overview

Pulsed Radar
Terminology and Concepts
Pulse length
Power
Peak power
Target Return Pulse repetition interval (PRI) Pulse length Pulse repetition interval
Time
Duty cycle =
Average power = Peak power * Duty cycle Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) = 1/(PRI) Continuous wave (CW) radar: Duty cycle = 100% (always on) IEEE New Hampshire Section
Pulsed Radar
Terminology and Concepts
Pulse length 100 sec
Peak power
1 MW
Power
Target Return
1 W
Pulse repetition interval (PRI) 1 msec Pulse length Pulse repetition interval
Time
10%
Duty cycle =
Average power = Peak power * Duty cycle Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) = 1/(PRI)
100 kW 1 kHz
Continuous wave (CW) radar: Duty cycle = 100% (always on) IEEE New Hampshire Section
Radar Observables
Transmitted Signal Received Signal Target
V
R0
Transmitted Signal: Received Signal:
s T (t ) = A(t ) exp( j 2 f 0 t )
R (t ) = R 0 Vt
s R (t ) = A(t ) exp [j 2 ( f 0 + f D ) t ]
Amplitude
Depends on RCS, radar parameters, range, etc.
Angle
Azimuth and Elevation
Time Delay
Doppler Frequency
2R 0 c
fD =
2 V f 0 2V = c

Doppler Shift
A B Transmit pulse
Location at t = t
Location at t = 0
T
T
R0
This peak leaves antenna at time t = 0, when aircraft at R0 The peak A arrives at target at time t Aircraft moving with radial velocity V The period of the transmit pulse is T, and f0 = 1/T and c = /T = f0 Note: c t = R 0 Vt or t =
R0 c+ V
2R 0 Time when peak A arrives back at radar t A = c+ V
Time when peak B arrives back at radar t B = T +

2(R 0 VT ) c+ V
Doppler Shift (continued)
The period of the transmitted signal is T and the received echo is TR = TB-TA or
c V TR = T c + V
For V << c then 1 = 1 + + . . . V c c 1 c 2V fR f0 + c / f0
V 1 + c c + V = f0 fR = f0 V c V 1 2 c V V
Radial Velocity
2V 2V fD = + =+ c / f0
+ Approaching targets - Receding targets Christian Andreas Doppler (1803 - 1853)

42
Radar Observables
Transmitted Signal Received Signal Target
R (t ) = R 0 Vt
Transmitted Signal: Received Signal:
s T (t ) = A(t ) exp( j 2 f 0 t )
s R (t ) = A(t ) exp[j 2 (f 0 + f D )t ]
Amplitude
Depends on RCS, radar parameters, range, etc.
Angle
Azimuth and Elevation
Time Delay
Doppler Frequency
2R 0 c
fD =
2Vf 0 2V = c
+ Approaching targets - Receding targets

Outline

Course overview

Block Diagram of Radar System

Transmitter Power Amplifier Waveform Generation
Propagation Medium Target Radar Cross Section T/R Switch Antenna
Signal Processor Computer Receiver

User Displays and Radar Control
A/D Converter
Pulse Compression
Clutter Rejection (Doppler Filtering)
General Purpose Computer Parameter Estimation
Tracking Data Recording

Photo Image Courtesy of US Air Force
Thresholding
Detection

Outline

Course overview

Radar Frequency Bands

VHF L-Band S-Band
~10 cm ~2 m ~435 cm ~23 cm
C-Band
~5.5 cm
X-Band
~3 cm
Millimeter Bands
Ku K Ka W
UHF 1
10
11
12
Allocated Frequency (GHz) Microwave Band
Linear Scale
107 Frequency (Hz) Wavelength 100 m 1m
109
1011
1013
1015
1017
1019 Logarithmic Scales
1 cm
100 m
1 m
10 nm Ultraviolet
0.01
Microwave Radio TV
Infra-red
Gamma-rays X-rays
Visible Light

Standard Radar Bands* & Typical Usage

UHF - VHF ALTAIR
Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with permission .
HF VHF UHF L-Band S-Band C-Band
3 30 MHz 30 300 MHz 300 MHz 1 GHz 1 2 GHz 2 4 GHz 4 8 GHz 8 12 GHz 12 18 GHz 18 27 GHz 27 40 GHz 40 100+ GHz
*From IEEE Standard 521-2002
Search Radars
UHF UEWR Fylingsdales, UK

GNU
Courtesy of spliced .
X-Band Ku-Band K-Band Ka-Band W-Band


C-Band MOTR MQP-39
HF VHF UHF L-Band S-Band
X-Band Haystack Radar
Courtesy of Lockheed Martin Used with permission .
C-Band X-Band Ku-Band K-Band Ka-Band W-Band
Tracking Radars


L-Band TPS-77
Courtesy of Lockheed Martin Used with permission.
HF VHF UHF L-Band S-Band C-Band
Search & Track Radars

C-Band Patriot MPQ-53
Courtesy of US MDA Used with permission.
S-Band AEGIS SPY-1
X-Band Ku-Band K-Band Ka-Band
Courtesy of US Navy Used with permission.
W-Band


HF VHF UHF L-Band S-Band C-Band X-Band Ku-Band
Courtesy of US Army. Used with permission.
Missile Seekers
K-Band Ka-Band W-Band


HF VHF
Reagan Test Site Kwajalein
UHF L-Band S-Band C-Band X-Band Ku-Band
Range Instrumentation Radars
K-Band Ka-Band W-Band

Outline

Course overview

Classification Systems for Radars

By Function Surveillance Track Fire Control Guidance Discrimination By Mission Air Traffic Control Air Defense Ballistic Missile Defense Space Surveillance Airborne Early Warning (AEW) Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI) By Name Pave Paws Cobra Dane Sentinel Patriot Improved Hawk Aegis ALCOR Firefinder TRADEX Haystack Millstone
By Platform Ground Ship Airborne Space By Waveform Format Low PRF Medium PRF High PRF CW (Continuous Wave) By Waveform Pulsed CW Frequency Modulated CW Phase Coded Pseudorandom Coded By Military Number FPS-17 FPS- 85 FPS-118 SPS-48 APG-68 TPQ-36 TPQ-37 MPQ-64
By Antenna Type Reflector Phased Array (ESA) Hybrid-Scan By Range Long Range Medium Range Short Range By Frequency VHF-Band UHF-Band L-Band S-Band C-Band X-Band KU-Band KA-Band Other Solid State Synthetic Aperture (SAR) MTI GMTI IEEE New Hampshire Section
Classification Systems for Radars

By Function Surveillance Track Fire Control Guidance Discrimination By Mission Air Traffic Control Air Defense Ballistic Missile Defense Space Surveillance Airborne Early Warning (AEW) Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI) By Name Pave Paws (FPS-115) Cobra Dane(FPS-108) Sentinel (MPQ-64) Patriot (MPQ-53) Improved Hawk (MPQ-48) Aegis (SPY-1) ALCOR Firefinder (TPQ-37) TRADEX Haystack Millstone
By Platform Ground Ship Airborne Space By Waveform Format Low PRF Medium PRF High PRF CW (Continuous Wave) By Waveform Pulsed CW Frequency Modulated CW Phase Coded Pseudorandom Coded By Military Number FPS-17 FPS- 85 FPS-118 SPS-48 APG-68 TPQ-36 TPQ-37 MPQ-64
By Antenna Type Reflector Phased Array (ESA) Hybrid-Scan By Range Long Range Medium Range Short Range By Frequency VHF-Band UHF-Band L-Band S-Band C-Band X-Band KU-Band KA-Band Other Solid State Synthetic Aperture (SAR) MTI GMTI IEEE New Hampshire Section
Joint Electronic-Type Designation System

First Letter Installation
A - Piloted Aircraft B - Underwater Mobile (submarine) D - Pilotless Carrier F - Fixed Ground G - General Ground Use K - Amphibious M - Ground Mobile P - Human Portable S - Water (surface ship) T - Transportable (ground) U - General Utility (multi use) V - Vehicle (ground) W - Water Surface and Underwater combined Z - Piloted/Pilotless Airborne
Second Letter Type of Equipment

A - Invisible Light, Infrared) C - Carrier (electronic wave or signal) D - Radiac (Radioactivity Detection, ID, and Computation) E - Laser F - Fiber Optics G - Telegraph or Teletype I - Interphone and Public Address J - Electromechanical or inertial wire covered K - Telemetering L - Countermeasures M - Meteorological N - Sound in Air P - Radar Q - Sonar and Underwater Sound R - Radio S - Special or Combination T - Telephone (Wire) V - Visual, Visible Light W - Armament (not otherwise covered) X - Fax or Television Y - Data Processing Z - Communications
Third letter Purpose

A - Auxiliary Assembly B - Bombing C - Communications (two way) D - Direction Finding, Reconnaissance and Surveillance E - Ejection and/or Release G - Fire Control or Searchlight Directing H - Recording and/or Reproducing K - Computing L - no longer used. M - Maintenance or Test N - Navigation Aid P - no longer used. Q - Special or Combination R - Receiving or Passive Detecting S - Detecting, Range and Bearing, Search T - Transmitting W - Automatic Flight or Remote Control X - Identification or Recognition Y - Surveillance (target detecting and tracking) and Control (fire control and/or air control)
Highlighted in blue italics are typical radar Installations and Purposes

AN/XYZ-1 or XYZ-1


A - Invisible Light, Infrared) C - Carrier (electronic wave or signal) D - Radiac (Radioactivity Detection, ID, and Computation) E - Laser F - Fiber Optics G - Telegraph or Teletype I - Interphone and Public Address J - Electromechanical or inertial wire covered K - Telemetering L - Countermeasures M - Meteorological N - Sound in Air P - Radar Q - Sonar and Underwater Sound R - Radio S - Special or Combination T - Telephone (Wire) V - Visual, Visible Light W Armament (not otherwise covered) X - Fax or Television Y - Data Processing Z - Communications
Example
A - Auxiliary Assembly AN/TPS-43 or TPS-43 B - Bombing C - Communications Installation - T Transportable (two way) D - Direction Finding, (ground) Reconnaissance and Surveillance Equipment Type - P - Radar E - Ejection and/or Release G - Fire Control or Searchlight Directing Purpose - S Detecting (and/or H - Recording and/or Reproducing range and bearing), search K - Computing L - no longer used. M - Maintenance or Test Courtesy of US Air Force N - Navigation Aid P - no longer used. Q - Special or Combination R - Receiving or Passive Detecting S - Detecting, Range and Bearing, Search T - Transmitting W - Automatic Flight or Remote Control X - Identification or Recognition Y - Surveillance (target detecting and tracking) and Control (fire control and/or air control)



Example
AN/FPS-16 or FPS-16 A - Auxiliary Assembly B - Bombing C - Communications Installation - F Fixed Ground (two way) D - Direction Finding, Reconnaissance Equipment Type - P - Radar and Surveillance E - Ejection and/or Release G - Fire Control or Purpose - S Detecting and/or Searchlight Directing H - Recording and/or range, and bearing, search Reproducing K - Computing L - no longer used. M - Maintenance or Test N - Navigation Aid P - no longer used. Q - Special or Combination R - Receiving or Passive Detecting S - Detecting, Range and Bearing, Search T - Transmitting W - Automatic Flight or Remote Control X - Identification or Recognition Courtesy of US Air Force Y - Surveillance (target detecting and tracking) and Control (fire control and/or air control)
58


Example
AN/SPY-1 or SPY-1 (a.k.a. AEGIS) A - Auxiliary Assembly B - Bombing C - Communications Installation - S Water (Surface Ship) (two way) D - Direction Finding, Reconnaissance Equipment Type - P - Radar and Surveillance E - Ejection and/or Release G - Fire Control or Purpose - Y Surveillance and Searchlight Directing H - Recording and/or Control (fire control and air control) Reproducing K - Computing L - no longer used. M - Maintenance or Test N - Navigation Aid P - no longer used. Q - Special or Combination R - Receiving or Passive Detecting S - Detecting, Range and Bearing, Search T - Transmitting W - Automatic Flight or Remote Control X - Identification or Recognition Y - Surveillance (target detecting and tracking) and Control Courtesy of US Navy (fire control and/or air control)
59


A - Invisible Light, Infrared) C - Carrier (electronic wave or signal) D - Radiac (Radioactivity Detection, ID, and Computation) E - Laser F - Fiber Optics G - Telegraph or Teletype I - Interphone and Public Address J - Electromechanical or inertial wire covered K - Telemetering L - Countermeasures M - Meteorological N - Sound in Air P - Radar Q - Sonar and Underwater Sound R - Radio S - Special or Combination T - Telephone (Wire) V - Visual, Visible Light W Armament (not otherwise covered) X - Fax or Television Y - Data Processing Z - Communications
Example AN/MPQ-64 or MPQ-64
A - Auxiliary Assembly B - Bombing (a.k.a. Sentinel) C - Communications (two way) Installation - M Ground, Mobile D - Direction Finding, Reconnaissance and Surveillance Equipment Type - P - Radar E - Ejection and/or Release G - Fire Control or Purpose - Q Special or Searchlight Directing H - Recording and/or Combination of Purposes Reproducing K - Computing L - no longer used. M - Maintenance or Test N - Navigation Aid P - no longer used. Q - Special or Combination R - Receiving or Passive Detecting S - Detecting, Range and Bearing, Search T - Transmitting W - Automatic Flight or Remote Control X - Identification or Recognition Y - Surveillance (target detecting and tracking) and Control Courtesy of Raytheon (fire control and/or air control)

Used with permission.
Outline
Background Radar basics Course overview

One viewgraph for each lecture topic

Course Outline - Part 1

Prelude Introduction Review of Electromagnetism Review of Signals and Systems, and Digital Signal Processing The Radar Equation Atmospheric Propagation Effects Detection of Signals in Noise Radar Cross Section Antennas Basics and Mechanical Scanning Techniques Antennas Electronic Scanning and Hybrid Techniques Radar Clutter

Course Outline Part 1 (continued)

Radar Waveforms and Pulse Compression Techniques Clutter Rejection Techniques Basics and MTI (Moving Target Indication) Clutter Rejection Techniques Pulse Doppler Processing Adaptive Processing Airborne Pulse Doppler Radar Radar Observable Estimation Target Tracking Transmitters Receivers

Course Outline - Part 2

Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) Radar Design Considerations Radar Open Systems Architecture (ROSA) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Techniques Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) Techniques Over-the-Horizon Radars Weather Radars Space Based Remote Sensing Radars Air Traffic Control, Civil, and Marine Radars Ground Penetration Radars Range Instrumentation Radars Military Radar Systems
The total length of each topic will vary from about 30 minutes to up to possibly 2 hours. The video stream for most topics will be broken up into a few easily digestible pieces, each 20-30 minutes in length.
Review - Electromagnetism
Maxwells Equations
Integral Form Differential Form

D d S = dV B d S = 0
B E d s = t d S

D = 4 B = 0 E =

B t
D H d s + J dS = t

D H = +J t
Electric Field Magnetic Field
James Clerk Maxwell
D = E
B = H
Plane Wave Solution

No Sources Vacuum Non-Conducting Medum
r j( k r jwt ) E(r , t ) = Eoe r j( k r jwt ) B(r , t ) = B oe
z
65
Review Signals and Systems, and Digital Signal Processing

Continuous-time System
x(t )
x(t )
y (t ) =
A/D Converter Discrete-time System
x( )h(t )d
Discrete Linear Time Invariant System
Continuous Linear Time Invariant System
y (t )
x[n ]
x[n ]
y[n ]
y[n ] =
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
k =
x[n k ]h[k ]
X( ) =
n =
jn [ ] x n e
Other Topics Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Convolution Sampling Theorem - Aliasing Digital Filters
Low pass, High Pass, Transversal)
Filter Weighting IEEE New Hampshire Section

Radar Range Equation

Antenna Gain G Transmit Power PT Transmitted Pulse Target Cross Section
Received Pulse
Figure by MIT OCW.
R
Distance from Radar to Target
Radar Range Equation
Pt G 2 2 S = N (4 ) 3 R 4 k Ts B n L

Propagation Effects on Radar Performance

Atmospheric attenuation Reflection off of Earths surface Over-the-horizon diffraction Atmospheric refraction
Radar Radarbeams beamscan canbe beattenuated, attenuated,reflected reflectedand and bent bentby bythe theenvironment environment

Detection of Signals in Noise
Received Power
False Alarm Due to Noise
Correctly Detected Target
Missed Target Detection Noise Level
Range (Time after Transmit Pulse)

Radar Cross Section (RCS)
RCS Incident Power Density ( Watts/m2 x
m2
Reflected Power Watts )
Radar Cross Section (RCS, or ) is the effective crosssectional area of the target as seen by the radar
Measured in m2, or dBsm

Antennas Fundamentals and Mechanical Scanning Techniques

Directional Antenna
Gain
ALTAIR Antenna
4A G= 2
Antennas Electronic Scanning Techniques

Patriot Radar (MPQ-53)
Courtesy of US MDA
AEGIS Radar (SPY-1)
Courtesy of US Navy

Radar Clutter
Naval Air Defense Scenario
Radar echo is composed of:
Backscatter from target of interest Receiver noise Atmospheric noise Interference From other radars Jammers Backscatter from unwanted objects Ground Sea Rain Chaff Birds Ground traffic
342636_10.PPT Radar Systems Course RMO 6-22-2000 Introduction 10/1/2009

73
Radar Waveforms and Pulse Compression Techniques

Basic Pulsed CW Waveform
T=
1 B
cT c R = = 2 2B
Pulse Compression Waveforms
Binary Phase Coded Waveform Linear Frequency Modulated Waveform
+ + + + + - - + - + - +
The spectral bandwidth (resolution) of a radar pulse can be increased, if it is modulated in frequency or phase
Radar Signal Processing I

Basics and MTI (Moving Target Indication) Techniques
Two Pulse MTI Filter
Unprocessed Radar Backscatter

PPI Display
Filter Input
V1 , V2 , V3 , ....VN
Filter Output
V2 V1, V3 V2 , V4 V3 , ....VN VN 1
Courtesy of FAA
Use low pass Doppler filter to suppress clutter backscatter
Figure by MIT OCW.

Radar Signal Processing II

Pulse Doppler Processing Input
Doppler Filter Bank 10 Magnitude (dB) 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 0 20 40 60 80 Radial Velocity (kts) 100
Courtesy of FAA
Output
Pulse Doppler Processing optimally rejects moving clutter with a number of pass band Doppler filters
Courtesy of FAA

Radar Signal Processing II

Pulse Doppler Processing Input
Doppler Filter Bank 10 Magnitude (dB) 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 0 20 40 60 80 Radial Velocity (kts) 100
Courtesy of FAA
Output
Pulse Doppler Processing optimally rejects moving clutter with a number of pass band Doppler filters
Courtesy of FAA

Radar Signal Processing III

Adaptive Processing x1 x2 x3 x4
w1
w2
w3
w4
Beam Steering Computer
Array Output
Want to adjust antenna steering weights to maximize detection in the direction of the wanted target, while putting nulls in the direction of jamming and clutter?
Steering Direction Element positions
The same methods may be used to weight the received signal in the time domain, so that targets are optimally detected and the unwanted clutter (rain, chaff, etc) are rejected by low Doppler filter sidelobes.
78
Radar Signal Processing III

Adaptive Processing
V1 w1 V2 w2
BSC
V3 w3
BSC
V4 w4
BSC
V5 w5
BSC BSC
VN 1 w N 1
VN wN
BSC BSC
Beam Steering Computer (BSC)
Steering Commands to N Elements
Sum
Array Output
Goal: calculate and set antenna weights so that Antenna gain in the targets direction is maximized, while antenna sidelobes are minimized (nulls) in the direction of jamming and clutter Doppler processing uses these techniques to maximize detection at the Doppler of the target, while placing low sidelobes at the Doppler frequencies of clutter
79
Airborne Pulse Doppler Processing

Tracking
Tracker Input
Tracker Output
Cross-Range
Range
Range

Transmitters
Tubes or T/R Modules ? Answer: Both have their place!
PAVE PAWS UHF T/R Module X-Band Traveling Wave Tube
Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Used with permission.
Courtesy of Raytheon Used with permission.
Haystack Radar
PAVE PAWS Radar
Courtesy of Raytheon. Used with permission. Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Used with permission.

Electronic Counter Measures (ECM)
Chaff Clutter Rain Clutter Jamming
Sea Clutter

Clutter and jamming mask targets, desensitize radar Challenge: restore noise-limited performance in hostile environments
IEEE New Hampshire Section MIT Lincoln Laboratory
83
Radar Design Considerations

A Curse of Dimensionality Radar Parameters
COST
Beamwidth
Power Phased Array vs. Dish Frequency
Search Performance Track Performance ECM Capability Constraints

Transportability Volume Weight Weather (Sea State) Maintainability Reliability Availability Life Cycle Cost Upfront Cost
Field of View
Aperture Size
Example : 90% PD, PFA = 10-6 at 1000 km on 1 m2 target

Radar Open Systems Architecture (ROSA)
Traditional Radar System Architecture

Origin 2000
Custom Receiver Exciter Antenna Signal Processor
Custom development Proprietary HW, SW and interfaces

es
Origin 2000
Software rehost Hardware obsolescence
es
Main Computer
Radar Open Systems Architecture (ROSA)

Radar functions are organized as rational, accessible, modular subsystems Industry standard interfaces COTS HW, open source operating system and S/W Evolutionary product improvements
Origin 2000
COTS
Origin 2000
Exciter Receiver Main Computer
Signal Processor
Architecture Architecture based based on on modular modular independent independent functions functions connected connected through through well well defined defined open open systems systems interfaces interfaces
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Techniques

Spotlight Scan Mode SAR Image of Golf Course
Area Imaged

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Techniques

Spotlight Scan Mode SAR Image of Golf Course
Area Imaged

Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) Techniques

Photograph of Skylab Simulated Range-Doppler Image of Skylab
Courtesy of NASA

Over-the-Horizon Radars
OTH Radar Beam Paths Example Relocatable OTH Radar (ROTHR)
Courtesy of NOAA
Courtesy of Raytheon.
Typically operate at 10 80 m wavelengths (3.5 30 MHz) OTH Radars can detect aircraft and ships at very long ranges (~ 2000 miles)
Weather Radars
NEXRAD (aka WSR-88) Weather map for Hurricane Bertha 1996
Courtesy of NOAA
Courtesy of NOAA

Space Based Remote Sensing Radars

Magellan Radar SAR Map of Venus
Courtesy of NASA Courtesy of NASA

Air Traffic Control & Other Civil Radars
Courtesy of neonbubble Courtesy of Target Corporation
Courtesy of FAA
Courtesy of Northrop Grumman. Used with permission.

Ground Penetrating Radars

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Ground Penetrating Radar Data From Burial Ground
0
Depth (m)
-3
Courtesy of Tapatio
10
Horizontal Position (m)
20
Courtesy of seabird

Range Instrumentation Radars

Courtesy of US Air Force
Courtesy of Lockheed Martin. Used with permission.
Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Used with permission.

Military Radar Systems

Courtesy of US Air Force. Courtesy of Wikimedia. Courtesy of Raytheon. Used with permission.
Courtesy of US Navy.
Courtesy of Northrop Grumman. Used with permission. Courtesy of Raytheon. Used with permission.

Problems
A radar sends a short pulse of microwave electromagnetic energy directed towards the moon. Some of the energy scatters off of the moons surface and returns to the radar. What is the round trip time? If the target was an aircraft 150 nmi. distant, what is the round trip time? A radar transmits a pulse of width of 2 microseconds. What is the closest 2 targets can be and still be resolved? You are traveling 75 mph in your new bright red Ferrari. A nearby policeman, using his hand held X-Band (frequency = 9,200 MHz) speed radar, transmits a CW signal from his radar, which then detects the Doppler shift of the echo from your car. Assuming that you are speeding directly towards his speed trap, how many Hz is the frequency of the received signal shifted by the Doppler effect? Is the Doppler shift positive or negative?

Summary
As I hope you can see, we are going to cover a lot of ground in the course Good Luck in the journey ! The next 2 lectures will be rather quick reviews of some topics that you should have facility with to get the most out of this course
First Review lecture
Electomagnetics
Second Review Lecture

Signals and Systems Digital Signal Processing

References
1. Skolnik, M., Introduction to Radar Systems, McGraw-Hill, New York, 3rd Ed., 2001 2. Nathanson, F. E., Radar Design Principles, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2nd Ed., 1991 3. Toomay, J. C., Radar Principles for the Non-Specialist, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1989 4. Buderi, R., The Invention That Changed the World, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1996 5. Levanon, N., Radar Principles, Wiley, New York, 1988 6. Ulaby, F. T., Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 5th Ed., 2007


Radar 2009 A - 1 Introduction

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What are some of the pre-radar methods used for aircraft detection and what were their limitations?

What are some of the pre-radar methods used for aircraft detection and what were their limitations?

How does radar work at a basic level?

How does radar work at a basic level?

Radar Systems Engineering Lecture 1 Introduction

Dr. Robert M. ODonnell IEEE New Hampshire Section Guest Lecturer

IEEE New Hampshire Section

IEEE New Hampshire Section

The early days of radar Two examples from World War II

Radar basics Course overview

The Uncertainty of Warfare

Omaha Beach 1944

Iwo Jima 1945

Courtesy of US Marine Corp,

IEEE New Hampshire Section

Pre-Radar Aircraft Detection Optical Systems

Courtesy of US Army Signal Corps.

Significant range limitation

Narrow field of view

Clouds Cover limits operational usefulness

IEEE New Hampshire Section

Prevalence of Cloud Cover

Percent Infrared and Optical Radiation Opaque to Clouds

Pre-Radar Aircraft Detection Acoustic Systems

Courtesy of US Army Signal Corps.

Developed and used in first half of 20th century Attributes

Limited field of view Ambient background noise limited (weather, etc)

Used with searchlights at night

IEEE New Hampshire Section

Sound Mirrors Dunge, Kent, UK

Courtesy of s__i in Wikimedia

Radar Systems Course Introduction 10/1/2009

How Radar Works- The Short Answer!

IEEE New Hampshire Section

How Radar Works- The Short Answer!

Trust me, its going to get a lot more complicated !

The early days of radar Two examples from World War II

Radar basics Course overview

The Early Days of Radar

Sir Robert Watson-Watt

Tizard Mission MIT Radiation Laboratory

IEEE New Hampshire Section

The Early Days of Radar

Original British 10 cm 10 kW Pulsed magnetron

MIT Radiation Laboratory

IEEE New Hampshire Section

The Early Days of Radar

Building 20- Home of MIT Radiation Laboratory

Courtesy of Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Courtesy of Department of Defense

IEEE New Hampshire Section

The early days of radar Two examples from World War II

The basics / the big picture Course overview

Chain Home Radar System

Dover Radar Site

Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with permission

Courtesy of Robert Cromwell. Used with permission.

IEEE New Hampshire Section

Chain Home Radar System