Image

Video
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Digital Image Processing

Chapter 2. Digital Image Fundamentals

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2.1 Elements of Visual Perception Video
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• Structure of the Human Eye

• FIGURE 2.1
• Figure 2.2 shows the density of rods and cones for a
cross section of the right eye passing through the region
of emergence of the optic nerve from the eye.
• by taking some liberty in interpretation, we can view the fovea as a
square sensor array of size 1.5 mm*1.5 mm.
• a charge-coupled device (CCD) imaging chip of medium
resolution can have this number of elements in a receptor array no
larger than 3 mm*3 mm.

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Video
角膜 Processing
虹膜 Laboratory

玻璃質
視網膜

視網膜中央窩
鞏膜
脈絡膜

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2.1 Elements of Visual Perception Video
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• Image Formation in the Eye

• In Fig. 2.3
• the observer is looking at a tree 15 m high at a distance of 100 m. If h
is the height in mm of that object in the retinal image, the geometry of
Fig. 2.3 yields 15/100=h/17 or h=2.55 mm.
• Brightness Adaptation and Discrimination
• The essential point in interpreting the impressive dynamic
range depicted in Fig. 2.4
• the visual system cannot operate over such a range simultaneously.

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暗視

晝視

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2.1 Elements of Visual Perception Video
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Laboratory

• A classic experiment used to determine the capability of the

human visual system for brightness discrimination consists
of having a subject look at a flat, uniformly illuminated area
large enough to occupy the entire field of view.

• This area typically is a diffuser, such as opaque glass, that is

illuminated from behind by a light source whose intensity, I, can be
varied.
• To this field is added an increment of illumination, I, in the form of a
short-duration flash that appears as a circle in the center of the
uniformly illuminated field, as Fig. 2.5 shows.

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2.1 Elements of Visual Perception

• If ΔI is not bright enough, the subject says “no,”

indicating no perceivable change.
• As Δ I gets stronger, the subject may give a
positive response of “yes,” indicating a
perceived change.
• when Δ I is strong enough, the subject will give
a response of “yes” all the time.

• The quantity Δ Ic / I where Δ Ic is the increment

of illumination discriminable 50% of the time
with background illumination I, is called the
Weber ratio.

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• A small value of Δ Ic / I means that a small

percentage change in intensity is discriminable.
• This represents “good” brightness
discrimination.
• A large value of Δ Ic / I means that a large
percentage change in intensity is required.
• This represents “poor” brightness
discrimination.
• A plot of as a function of logI has the
general shape shown in Fig. 2.6.

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• In fact, the eye objectionable contouring

effects in monochrome images whose
overall intensity is represented by fewer
than approximately two dozen levels.
• Figure 2.7 shows a striking example of this
phenomenon.
• Fig. 2.8 demonstrates simultaneous contrast.

• Optical illusions
• Some examples are shown in Fig. 2.9.

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2.2 Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Image
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• The range of colors we perceive in visible light
represents a very small portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
• As shown in Fig. 2.10.

• Wavelength (λ) and frequency (v) are related by the

expression
λ = c / v (2.2-1) where c is the speed of light (2.998*108 m/s).
• The energy of the various components of the electromagnetic
spectrum is given by the expression
E = hv (2.2-2) where h is Planck’s constant.The units of
wavelength are meters, with the terms microns (denoted m and
equal to 10–6 m) and nanometers (10–9 m) being used just as
frequently. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz), with one Hertz
being equal to one cycle of a sinusoidal wave per second.

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Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

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2.3 Image Sensing and Acquisition Image
Video
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• Figure 2.12 shows the three principal sensor arrangements

used to transform illumination energy into digital images.
• Single Sensor
• Figure 2.13 shows an arrangement used in high-precision
scanning.
• A film negative is mounted onto a drum whose mechanical
rotation provides displacement in one dimension.
• Sensor Strips
• Sensor strips mounted in a ring configuration are used in medical
and industrial imaging to obtain cross-sectional (“slice”) images
of 3-D objects
• Fig. 2.14.
• Sensor Arrays
• FIGURE 2.15 : An example of the digital image acquisition
process.

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Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

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2.4 Image Sampling and Quantization Image
Video
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Laboratory

• Digitizing the coordinate values is called sampling.

• Digitizing the amplitude values is called quantization.
• Figure 2.16
• Figure 2.17

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Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

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2.4 Image Sampling and Quantization Image
Video
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• Representing Digital Images

• Figure 2.18
• The notation introduced in the preceding paragraph allows
us to write the complete M*N digital image in the following
compact matrix.
• This digitization process requires decisions about values for M, N,
and for the number, L, of discrete gray levels allowed for each pixel.
• There are no requirements on M and N, other than that they have to
be positive integers.
• Due to processing, storage, and sampling hardware considerations,
the number of gray levels typically is an integer power of 2:
L = 2k.

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2.4 Image Sampling and Quantization Image
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• The number, b, of bits required to store a digitized

image is
b = M * N * k. (2.4-4)
• When M=N, this equation becomes
b = N2k. (2.4-5)
• Table 2.1 shows the number of bits required to store
square images with various values of N and k.

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2.4 Image Sampling and Quantization Image
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• Spatial and Gray-Level Resolution

• Figure 2.19 shows an image of size 1024×1024 pixels
whose gray levels are represented by 8 bits.
• The simplest way to compare these effects is to bring all the
subsampled images up to size 1024×1024 by row and
column pixel replication.
• Figure. 2.20

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2.4 Image Sampling and Quantization Image
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• EXAMPLE 2.3:
• Typical effects of varying the number of gray levels in a digital image.
• FIGURE 2.21
• Zooming and Shrinking Digital Images(FIGURE 2.25)
• Nearest neighbor interpolation
• Pixel replication
• Bilinear interpolation

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2.5 Some Basic Relationships Between Pixels

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• Adjacency
• three types of adjacency:

• Figs. 2-26

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Basic Relationships Between Pixels Processing
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• Connectivity
• Two pixels p and q are said to be connected in S if there
exists a path between them consisting entirely of pixels in S.
• For any pixel p in S, the set of pixels that are connected to it
in S is called a connected component of S.
• If it only has one connected component, then set S is called a
connected set.
• Regions
• Let R be a subset of pixels in an image.We call R a region of
the image if R is a connected set.
• Boundaries
• The boundary (also called border or contour) of a region R is
the set of pixels in the region that have one or more neighbors
that are not in R.

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2.5 Some Basic Relationships Between Pixels Video
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• Distance Measures

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2.5 Some Basic Relationships Between Pixels Video
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