ASAP Methodology Business Blueprint
ASAP Methodology Business Blueprint
CS
STATUS
internal
VERIFIER DATE
in progress
PLACE VERSION
Allocator
Company Co(pan*
Date ##"(("****
Version &"1
Table o Contents
1 Intro#)$tion 2 +)siness Pro$esses ,o#eling ! Sol)tion Trans.or(ation /ig0 Le1el ar$0ite$t)re 2 S*ste( lan#s$ape 3 4lossar* In#e5 o. ill)strations In#e5 o. ta6les Re.eren$es2+i6liograp0* Appen#i5 A % O1er1ie7 o. +)siness Partners in C)sto(er8s Depart(ents Appen#i5 + % 9Topi$: ! 12 1' 21 21 21 21 22 22
2121861 !"#o$
page 2222
"ntroduction
#uidelines or Business Blueprinting$ .or )se o. t0is ++P Te(plate see also 4)i#eline in$l)#ing Dos
; Don8ts o. a ++P $on$ept <Lin=>? an# .)rt0er t0e Presentation on Approa$0 an# 4)i#elines <Lin=?
!,+> .or #e1eloping a +l)eprint" T0is $ontains in.o on 0o7 to e5e$)te ++P 7or=s0ops? in1ol1e# pro@e$t roles? )se o. Sol)tion ,anager? et$" +ot0 are p)6lis0e# on t0e P,O /o(epage? se$tion SR&!A,est0o#olog* ; Tools : &!A4)i#elines 0ttpsB22portal"7#."sap"$orp2go2#eCp(o "nternal SAP note$ T0e +)siness +l)eprint Con$ept is a (an#ator* #o$)(ent in t0e pro@e$t (anage(ent pro$ess o. SAP Cons)lting" T0e +)siness +l)eprint Con$ept s0o)l# .ollo7 t0e str)$t)re #e.ine# in t0is te(plate" Optional se$tions are (ar=e# as s)$0" Delete all te(plate te5ts <$olore# in pin=> 6e.ore sen#ing t0e #o$)(ent" Do) $an #elete an* in#e5es t0at *o) #o not nee#" In t0e intro#)$tor* se$tions? e5plain 70at t*pe o. #o$)(ent it is? 70o t0e inten#e# rea#ers0ip is? an# 0o7 t0e #o$)(ent is i(portant in t0e $onte5t o. t0e pro@e$t as a 70ole" Do not in$l)#e spe$i.i$ te$0ni$al in.or(ation or in.or(ation a6o)t spe$i.i$ $ases 0ere" T0e intro#)$tion s0o)l# 6e a6o)t 0al. a page long an# ne1er longer t0an one page" T0e intro#)$tion is (an#ator*" T0is #o$)(ent states all o. t0e $on$ept)al res)lts o. t0e pro@e$t EPROFEGT" T0ese pro@e$t res)lts 7ere #e1ise# an# #e$i#e# on 6* t0e pro@e$t tea( an# t0e #epart(ent e5perts .ro( $)sto(er ECUSTO,ER #)ring t0e +)siness +l)eprint pro@e$t p0ase" T0is is t0e (ain $on$ept #o$)(ent o. t0e pro@e$t" It is s)pple(ente# 6* separate spe$i.i$ations .or $)sto( #e1elop(ents" T0e $ontent o. t0is #o$)(ent .or(s t0e 6asis an# t0e g)i#elines .or t0e s)6seH)ent realiIation p0ase" T0is #o$)(ent ai(s to #es$ri6e t0e .)t)re 6)siness sol)tion 6ase# on SAP so.t7are" +ot0 IT s)6@e$ts an# organiIational iss)es t0at are reH)ire# to )n#erstan# t0e sit)ation are #es$ri6e# in it" An* a##itional e5planations t0at are onl* rele1ant 70en t0e pro@e$t is in progress are gi1en in t0e 1ario)s pro@e$t (anage(ent plan #o$)(ents? 70i$0 t0e pro@e$t (anage(ent tea( 7ill pro1i#e on reH)est" T0e .ollo7ing a)t0ors $ontri6)te# to t0e +)siness +l)eprint Con$eptB Name Specialist Area
T0e $onta$t persons in t0e $)sto(er8s #epart(ents are liste# in t0e appen#i5"
2121861 !"#o$
page !222
!%!
Management&'(ecuti)e Summary
4i1e a 1er* $on#ense# s)((ar* o. t0e 6)siness 6l)eprint 0ere" T0is se$tion s0o)l# gi1e t0e rea#er a 6asi$ o1er1ie7 o. t0e =e* aspe$ts" Fo$)s (ore on pro$essCrelate# iss)es t0an te$0ni$al aspe$ts" T0e s)((ar* s0o)l# not 6e longer t0an t0ree pages" T0is is a (an#ator* se$tion"
!%*
Basic Documents
4i1e re.eren$es to i(portant #o$)(ents on 70i$0 t0e 6)siness 6l)eprint is 6ase# or H)ote .ro( t0e (ost i(portant passages o. t0ese #o$)(ents" T0is se$tion generall* s0o)l# not 6e longer t0an t7o pages" For large an# $o(ple5 pro@e$ts? t0is se$tion $an easil* 6e$o(e too long an# )n$lear" In t0at $ase? onl* $reate $rossCre.eren$es to t0e #o$)(ents in t0e 6i6liograp0*J #o not H)ote .ro( t0e( <Insert Re.eren$e CrossC re.eren$e>" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*" T0e .ollo7ing #es$ri6es t0e .o)n#ations o. t0e pro@e$t 7or= t0at a..e$te# t0e initial #esigns an# $on$epts o. t0e pro@e$t" T0e in.or(ation 0ere is a sele$tion o. t0e (ost i(portant in.or(ation" T0e $o(plete in.or(ation is a1aila6le on t0e s0are# pro@e$t .ile ser1er at KKPat0K0ereKt0ereKFile"#o$"
!%+
Project Charter
To )n#erstan# t0e intention o. t0e 6)siness 6l)eprint? 7e nee# to =no7 t0e o1erall goal o. t0e pro@e$t" T0ere.ore? a pro@e$t $0arter is one o. t0e #o$)(ents $reate# #)ring t0e initiating pro@e$t (anage(ent p0ase" State t0e essential in.or(ation $ontaine# in t0e pro@e$t $0arter in t0is se$tion" +rie.l* an# pre$isel* present t0e .a$ts in t0e pro@e$t $0arter on one page" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*" T0e pro@e$t sponsor ,r" EEE or#ere# t0is pro@e$t on 55"55"2&&5" T0e na(e o. t0e pro@e$t is EPROFECT" T0e goCli1e o. t0e pro@e$t is s$0e#)le# .or EE"EE"2&&5" T0e internal sponsor is t0e EDEPART,ENT #epart(ent" ECUSTO,ER 0as na(e# ,s" ENA,E as its pro@e$t (anager" A##itional e5ternal pro@e$t e(plo*ees .ro( ECONSULTANTCO,PAND 0a1e also 6een 0ire#" T0e $o(plete pro@e$t $0arter is a1aila6le on t0e pro@e$t ser1er at KK#####KEEEEK " E5a(ple o. 0o7 to state t0e pro@e$t goalB T0e pro@e$t ai(s to 0ar(oniIe t0e #i..erent .inan$ial a$$o)nting pro$esses )se# in ECUSTO,ER8s 1ario)s s)6si#iaries? t0ere6* also )ni.*ing t0e #i..erent IT s*ste(s" T0e #egree o. a)to(ation s0o)l# 6e as 0ig0 as possi6le"
2121861 !"#o$
page 222
Espe$iall* s*ste( EALT1 is to 6e repla$e# as soon as possi6le? so t0at t0e $)sto(er $an sa1e on t0e asso$iate# li$ensing $osts"
!%,
To pro1i#e t0e ne$essar* $onte5t .or t0e in.or(ation $ontaine# in t0is #o$)(ent? re.er to t0e #o$)(ent t0at $ontains t0e #etaile# pro@e$t s$ope <#etails? $o(ponents? pro$esses? )sers? .)n$tions? progra(s? en0an$e(ents? an# so on>" T0e $o(plete s$ope s0o)l# 6e presente# in t0is 6)siness 6l)eprint $on$ept" I#eall*? *o) s0o)l# gi1e a s)((ar* o. t0e s$ope 0ere an# pro1i#e a re.eren$e to t0e #o$)(ent $ontaining t0e .)ll #etails" Alt0o)g0 t0is $an (a=e so(e o. t0e $o(plete s$ope in.or(ation re#)n#ant? t0is is onl* a s)((ar* an# s0o)l# not $a)se an* pro6le(s .or rea#ers" Le .eel t0at 1er* .e7 rea#ers .ro( ot0er #epart(ents 7ill 6e a6le to @)#ge t0e .ollo7ing $ontent $orre$tl* i. t0e* #o not 0a1e t0e ne$essar* in.or(ation a6o)t t0e pro@e$t $0arter an# s$ope" E5perien$e s0o7s t0at (ost people #o not rea# t0e re.eren$e# #o$)(ents" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*" T0is se$tion s)((ariIes t0e pro@e$t s$ope t0at 7as agree# 6et7een t0e $)sto(er an# t0e $ontra$tor" T0is s$ope goes 6e*on# t0e tas=s t0at t0e ser1i$e pro1i#er ECONSULTANTCO,PAND 0as 6een assigne# an# in$l)#es all pro@e$t tas=s t0at ECUSTO,ER ()st $o(plete internall* .or itsel." T0e s$ope is s)6@e$t to a stri$t $0ange pro$e#)re" T0e pro$ess .or $0anging t0e s$ope is #es$ri6e# in
KK#####KEEEEK"
To e5plain t0e s$ope as pre$isel* as possi6le? se1eral #i(ensions 7ere $0osen .or e5a(ining t0e s$ope? so(e o. 70i$0 (a* o1erlapB Spe$i.i$all*? t0e s$ope is e5a(ine# in ter(s o. t0e pro$esses? IT .)n$tions? te$0nolog*? organiIation? (et0o#? an# #eli1era6les" T0e 0ig0lig0ts are <e5a(ples>B Pro$essesB C 4eneral le#ger a$$o)nting? a$$o)nts re$ei1a6les a$$o)nting? treas)r* F)n$tionsB C (*SAP ERP 2&& ? $o(ponent EECEE an# $o(ponent EECED Te$0nolog*B C Co(plete repla$e(ent o. s*ste( EALT1 C Per(anent inter.a$es to EALT2 an# EALT! C Conne$tion o. t0e ne7 o)tp)t (anage(ent s*ste( ENEL1 C Creation o. - ne7 print .or(s C No (o#i.i$ations? no e5tension progra(s OrganiIationB C Preparation o. a $entraliIe# a$$o)nting #epart(ent .or all s)6si#iaries? in$l)#ing t0e appropriate training a$ti1ities ,et0o#B C T0e pro@e$t in$l)#es t0e training o. 12& en# )sers C Pro@e$t sta.. 7ill pro1i#e s)pport .or t0e en# )sers #)ring t0e .irst 2 (ont0s a.ter t0e goCli1e T0e $)rrent 1ersion o. t0e $o(plete pro@e$t s$ope is a1aila6le at KK#####KEEEEK"
2121861 !"#o$
page 3222
!%-
In t0is se$tion? state t0e pro@e$t8s (ost signi.i$ant $0anges <Mi(pa$tsN> to t0e $)sto(er8s $)rrent pro$esses? $o(pan* poli$ies? an# e5ternal .a$tors" Later? t0ese i(pa$ts $an 6e )se# to #eter(ine 70i$0 people nee# to 6e a##resse# 6* $0ange (anage(ent <$o(()ni$ation (atri5>" T0is se$tion s0o)l# 6e 1%2 pages long" I. t0e $)rrent stat)s 0as 6een #o$)(ente#? re.er to t0e rele1ant #o$)(ents" Le espe$iall* 7ant to re$o((en# t0at spe$i.i$ agree(ents are (a#e in a#1an$e 7it0 t0e $)sto(er8s personnel or 7or=s $o)n$il? 6e$a)se $0anges o.ten reH)ire t0eir $onsent an# t0e agree(ent pro$e#)res $an 6e 1er* ti(eC$ons)(ing" ,a=e t0e siIe an# i(portan$e o. t0is se$tion proportional to t0e siIe o. t0e pro@e$t" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*"
2121861 !"#o$
page 6222
*
*%!
*%!%!
*%!%*
System Model
*%!%+
.rganisational Model
*%!%,
'ntity Model
Present all pro$esses t0at t0e 6)siness 6l)eprint e5a(ines in a str)$t)re# .or(at )sing t0ree pro$ess (o#el le1els" /an#le t0e pro$esses a$$or#ing to t0e 1ario)s $riteria" O.ten? t0e str)$t)re# #es$riptions o. pro$esses on t0e lo7er le1els $ontain pro$ess 1ariants t0at onl* #e1iate .ro( t0e (ain pro$ess in (inor #etails? 6)t 70i$0 $an later a..e$t s)6seH)ent pro$esses" In s)$0 $ases? #e$i#e 70et0er it (a=es sense to in$l)#e t0e 1ariants in t0e pro$ess (o#el" So(e topi$s an# in.or(ation in t0e .ollo7ing s)6se$tions appl* to se1eral #i..erent pro$esses <.or e5a(ple? $ertain inter.a$es>" Le re$o((en# t0at *o) 6egin 7it0 a $o(plete #es$ription o. t0e $ore pro$ess or pro$esses" For t0e .ollo7ing pro$esses? *o) $an re.er 6a$= to t0is in.or(ation instea# o. repeating it ea$0 ti(e <Msee se$tion 5*N>" T0e $ore pro$ess is t0e pro$ess t0at ta=es pla$e (ost o.ten or is t0e (ost i(portant" For e5a(ple? t0is $o)l# 6e pro$esses s)$0 as Msell .ro( sto$=N or Mre$ei1a6les $olle$tion"N SAP8s o..i$ial ter(s .or t0e #i..erent le1els are? +)siness S$enario? +)siness Pro$esses an# Pro$ess Steps" T0e #e$ision to 0a1e t0ree pro$ess le1els 7as (a#e to ens)re $o(pati6ilit* 7it0 SAP Sol)tion ,anager? 70i$0 also (aps t0ese t0ree le1els" Note t0at t0e .ollo7ing paragrap0s $an 6e entere# (an)all* or generate# .ro( t0e SAP Sol)tion ,anager )sing t0e +)siness S$enario an# +)siness Pro$ess te(plates .or t0is p)rpose" T0e generate# 6l)eprint 7ill 0a1e to 6e inserte# in t0is o1erall #o$)(ent on t0is pla$e or as appen#i5" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*"
*%*
2121861 !"#o$
page -222
T0e 0ig0est pro$ess le1el )s)all* $ontains relati1el* generi$ 6)siness topi$s s)$0 as Me5ternal a$$o)nting?N Msales?N an# M0)(an reso)r$esN 70i$0 are (ore areas o. t0e $)sto(er enterpise" Spe$i.i$all* in t0e logisti$s area *o) 7ill .in# 0ere real 6)siness s$enario 1ariants li=e MSales .ro( Sto$=N" T0is le1el is a (an#ator* se$tion" T0ere s0o)l# 6e an intro#)$tion o. ea$0 s$enario pro$ess le1el" In a .e7 lines? gi1e a##itional in.or(ationB Intro#)$tion? 6a$=gro)n#? ai( o. t0e s$enario pro$ess or enterprise area? people in1ol1e#" T0e (a@or reH)ire(ents .or $0ange? i. an*" T0e (a@or organiIational i(pa$ts T0e =e* #e$isions T0e .it to t0e stan#ar# SAP .)n$tionalit*
Des$riptions in t0e 0ig0est pro$ess (o#el le1el o.ten ta=e t0e .or( o. a6stra$t lists? not topi$s t0at are $onne$te# to ea$0 ot0er li=e a .lo7 #iagra(" 4rap0i$all*? t0is is #ispla*e# as a $olle$tions o. 6o5es t0at are pla$e# ne5t to ea$0 ot0er 7it0o)t an* spe$i.i$ $onne$tions" I. t0ere are : 1 in#i1i#)al topi$s on ea$0 le1el % $op* t0e te(plate se$tions .or t0is"
*%+
<E5a(plesB Per.or( Closing OperationsJ Noti$e o. Loss 6* Letter or D,E> T0is pro$ess le1el .or(s t0e (ain 6o#* o. t0e +)siness +l)eprint an# s0o)l# 6e #es$ri6e# in #etail a$$or#ing to t0e .ollo7ing $0apters" T0e .)t)re <toC6e> 6)siness en1iron(ent s0o)l# 6e #es$ri6e#"
*%,
*%,%!
In no (ore t0an 0al. a page? gi1e a s)((ar* o. t0e pro$ess $ontent to pro1i#e an intro#)$tion to t0e #etaile# pro$ess #es$riptions t0at (a=e )p t0e (ain part o. t0e 6l)eprint $on$ept" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*" *%,%* 5lo6 diagram
Diagra(2grap0i$? (an#ator*"
*%,%+
RAC" or alternati)e 6ritten description 7Roles and relation to process step0 input0 output0 systems0 business objects0 8uantities9
2121861 !"#o$
page 8222
*%,%,
/in:ed Processes
In t0is se$tion? lin= t0e in#i1i#)al pro$esses toget0er" T0e 7a* *o) ill)strate t0is #epen#s pri(aril* on t0e pro@e$t8s $o(ple5it*" Do) s0o)l# pre.era6l* #es$ri6e t0e sit)ation in 7riting? .o$)sing on t0e .a$t)al aspe$ts" <L0* is t0ere a lin= 0ereO L0at triggers t0e s7it$0 .ro( one pro$ess to anot0erO> I. *o) realiIe t0at *o)r #es$ription o. t0e lin=s is )n$lear? t0is (a* 6e a sign t0at t0e #e.initions o. t0e pro$esses $o)l# still 6e i(pro1e#" In t0at $ase? eit0er re7or= t0e pro$ess #e.initions or (a=e *o)r #es$ription o. t0e pro$esses $learer 6* s0o7ing t0e lin=s 6et7een t0e( in a ta6le .or(at" T0is se$tion s0o)l# not 6e longer t0an one page" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*" I. t0ere are no lin=s 6et7een t0e pro$ess? state t0at t0is is t0e $ase"
*%,%-
Des$ri6e t0e triggers $an t0at initiate ea$0 pro$ess" +e s)re to gi1e all rele1ant in.or(ation an# #o not lea1e o)t an* i(portant #etails" T0e #es$ription s0o)l# 6e in t0e .or( o. a s0ort list" Later? t0is 7ill 6e 0elp.)l 70en $reating test $ases an# 1ariants" L0en s)6seH)ent $0e$=s are #one? it ()st 6e $0e$=e# 70et0er all inp)ts are also o)tp)ts o. ot0er pro$esses" Triggers $an 6e s*ste( e1ents as 7ell as realC7orl# e1ents <s)$0 as M$all .ro( $)sto(erN>" In parti$)lar? #es$ri6e t0e )n)s)al triggers? not onl* t0e $o((on ones t0at 7o)l# o$$)r in t0e per.e$t pro$ess .lo7" T0is se$tion s0o)l# )s)all* 6e 3C13 lines long" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*"
*%,%;
Des$ri6e t0e res)lts o. t0e pro$ess" E5a(ples o. res)lts areB print .or(s <s)$0 as or#er $on.ir(ation>? sen# an eC(ail? trigger a 7or=.lo7" Des$ri6e t0e o)tp)t o. t0e pro$ess in a .e7 =e* points" T0is se$tion s0o)l# not 6e (ore t0an 1 page long? in$l)#ing an* e5planations t0at are nee#e# to )n#erstan# t0e o)tp)t" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*" I. t0ere is NO o)tp)t? state t0is 0ere"
*%,%<
Business Re8uirements
Des$ri6e t0e p)rpose t0at t0e spe$i.i$ pro$ess .)l.ills" Note t0at t0is #es$ription is not t0e sa(e as t0e s0ort #es$ription o. t0e pro$ess <se$tion 3"2"1> an# t0e #es$ription o. t0e o)tp)t <se$tion 3"1"1"1"2"!">" Instea#? it s0o)l# state .ro( a 7i#er perspe$ti1e 70* t0e pro$ess is ne$essar*J t0at is? 70i$0 6)siness reH)ire(ents it .)l.ills" Regar#less o. t0e siIe o. t0e pro@e$t? t0is #es$ription s0o)l# not 6e (ore t0an 1 page long" In (ost $ases? *o) $an gi1e t0e ne$essar* in.or(ation on a 0al. page i. *o) 7rite in note .or(" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*"
*%,%=
2121861 !"#o$
page '222
It is i(portant t0at *o) $learl* state t0e $)sto(er8s )sers an# t0eir .)t)re roles sin$e t0is in.or(ation is nee#e# .or #esigning portal an# a)t0oriIation roles as 7ell as .or organiIational $0ange (anage(ent a$ti1ities" >ser Role A$$o)ntant Description o the Role Des$ription <as pre$ise as possi6le> Acti)ities Spe$i.i$ a$ti1ities? tas=s? transa$tions? et$" t0at are relate# to t0e )ser role
T0is se$tion s0o)l# t*pi$all* 6e a6o)t 3 lines long" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*"
*%,%A
Buanti ication
Lrite a .e7 lines as an intro#)$tion to t0e iss)e o. 1ol)(es in t0is se$tion" It is 0elp.)l i. *o) state 70i$0 so)r$es <people? #epart(ents? e1al)ations> t0e .ollo7ing in.or(ation $o(es .ro(" T0is intro#)$tion is (an#ator*" T0e in.or(ation se$tion .or(s t0e 6asis .or #e$i#ing on t0e priorit* o. t0e respe$ti1e pro$esses an# 0o7 $riti$al potential errors are" 2.4.9.1 Transaction and Data Volumes
4i1e an esti(ation o. 0o7 o.ten t0e pro$ess an# t0e in#i1i#)al steps or transa$tions 7ill 6e e5e$)te# per )nit o. ti(e" T0is is onl* rele1ant .or steps t0at alrea#* e5iste# 7it0 t0e $)sto(er8s ol# s*ste(s" A1oi# (a=ing )n.o)n#e# pre#i$tions? 6e$a)se t0is $an $a)se legal lia6ilit* pro6le(s" ,a=e s)re t0at an* n)(6ers t0at *o) present 7ere pro1i#e# 6* t0e $)sto(er8s e(plo*ees" As an alternati1e to t0e H)estion M0o7 o.ten #oes so(eone per.or( so(et0ingON *o) $an also e5a(ine t0e H)estion M0o7 (an* #o$)(ents o. 70at t*pe are generate#ON T0is $an 6e a )se.)l 7a* o. ans7ering H)estions a6o)t ar$0i1ing an# siIing" Also =eep t0e aspe$ts o. #ata 1ol)(es an# ar$0i1ing in (in#P A list a6o)t 3 lines in lengt0 is s)..i$ient in t0is se$tion" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*" 2.4.9.2 Frequency of the Processes
On a1erage? 0o7 o.ten is t0is pro$ess per.or(e# <per #a*27ee=2(ont02*ear>O Are t0ere an* seasonal .l)$t)ationsO I. t0e pro$ess 0as 6een $reate# .ro( s$rat$0 an# t0ere are no past e5perien$es 7it0 itB /o7 o.ten is t0e pro$ess e5pe$te# to 6e per.or(e#O L0at e..e$t #oes t0e .reH)en$* o. t0is pro$ess 0a1e on t0e ar$0i1ing o. 70i$0 o6@e$tsO T0is se$tion s0o)l# 6e no (ore t0an 0al. a page long" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*" Process Name Name o the Process
2121861 !"#o$
page 1&222
5re8uency at Chich the Process Ta:es Place Data Volume That "s Trans erred
*%,%!D
Measurable EP"s
T0e .ollo7ing se$tions #es$ri6e t0e GPIs .or t0e pro@e$t" T0is se$tion an# its s)6se$tions are optional" 2.4.10.1 Status of KPIs before the Project
List t0e GPIs t0at 7ere (eas)re# 6e.ore t0e pro@e$t" Do) ()st gi1e #etaile# in.or(ation a6o)t t0e so)r$es o. t0ese .ig)res <s*ste(s? people? #epart(ents? #ates>" Do) ()st also gi1e 1er* e5tensi1e #es$riptions o. t0e $ir$)(stan$es )n#er 70i$0 t0e (eas)re(ents 7ere per.or(e#" T0ese $ir$)(stan$es s0o)l# 6e #es$ri6e# in at least 1&C2& linesJ t0e (ore pre$ise? t0e 6etter" Des$riptions .or in#i1i#)al GPIs are also 0elp.)l" T0is se$tion is generall* optional" /o7e1er? i. *o) spe$i.* target GPIs? *o) ()st al7a*s also state t0e ol# GPIs an# $ir$)(stan$es" 2.4.10.2 Target KPIs
Co(pare t0e GPIs 6e.ore t0e pro@e$t 7it0 t0e GPIs t0at are to 6e a$0ie1e# 6* t0e en# o. t0e pro@e$t" *%,%!! "mpro)ements to the Process Compared to AsF"s Status
L0at i(pro1e(ents 7ill t0e ne7 pro$esses $a)seO Also state 6ene.its t0at $annot 6e H)anti.ie# in t0e GPIs" T0e 6est 7a* to #es$ri6e t0e a#1antages is to 6egin 7it0 t0e (ost i(portant .)n$tions an# pro$esses t0at 0a1e 6een $0ange# an# #es$ri6e t0e 6ene.its 6ro)g0t a6o)t 6* ea$0 o. t0e("
2121861 !"#o$
page 11222
+
+%!
+%!%!
E5plain t0e SAP organiIational str)$t)re an# )nits <$lients? $o(pan* $o#es? plants? an# so on> t0at 7ere $0osen .or t0e pro@e$t" Le 0ig0l* re$o((en# )sing grap0i$al ill)strations to #o so" Note t0at 6o#* o. t0is paragrap0 $an 6e entere# (an)all* or generate# .ro( t0e SAP Sol)tion ,anager )sing t0e OrganiIational Unit te(plate .or t0is p)rpose" T0e generate# 6l)eprint 7ill 0a1e to 6e inserte# in t0is o1erall #o$)(ent" Ea$0 organiIational )nit 7ill 6e #es$ri6e# 6elo7" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*" 3.1.1.1 Introduction Organizational Unit <Org Unit name>
T0is se$tion 7ill intro#)$e t0e OrganiIational Str)$t)re Unit? it8s p)rpose an# (a@or $0ara$teristi$s .or t0e 6)siness"" +%!%!%!%! Business Re8uirements
T0is se$tion 7ill #es$ri6e t0e (a@or reH)ire(ents o. t0e $o(pan* in respe$t to t0is )nit" T0is in$l)#es .inan$ial? logisti$s? a)t0oriIation an# reporting reH)ire(ents +%!%!%!%* Design Aspects
T0is se$tion 7ill #es$ri6e t0e $0osen #esign" It #o$)(ents t0e relation 6et7een t0e SAP OrganiIation str)$t)re )nit an# $o(panies 6)siness organiIation (o#elJ t0e $onseH)en$es o. t0e $0oi$es (a#e an# t0e na(ing2$o#ing $on1entions" T0is in$l)#es t0e $onseH)en$es .or t0e .inan$ial? logisti$s? a)t0oriIation an# reporting $on$epts"
+%!%*
T0e (aster #ata $on$ept s0o)l# state all (aster #ata ele(ents <(aterial (aster? $)sto(er (aster? 1en#or (aster? 6ill o. (aterial an# so on> t0at 7ill 6e nee#e# to operate t0e so.t7are" For t0e (aster #ata? *o) ()st #es$ri6e 70i$0 reH)ire(ents t0ere 7ill 6e in ter(s o. #ata (aintenan$e an# #ata trans.er .ro( t0e lega$* s*ste(" Also state 70i$0 te$0ni$al an# 6)siness reH)ire(ents t0ere are 7it0 regar# to 0ar(oniIing an# (aintaining t0e (aster #ata" It is i(portant t0at *o) #e.ine t0e organiIational (aintenan$e o. (aster #ata an# spe$i.* t0e #istri6)tion $on$epts" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*" Note t0at t0is paragrap0 $an 6e entere# (an)all* or generate# .ro( t0e SAP Sol)tion ,anager )sing t0e ,aster Data te(plate .or t0is p)rpose" T0e generate# 6l)eprint 7ill 0a1e to 6e inserte# in t0is o1erall #o$)(ent on t0is pla$e"
+%!%+
In t0is se$tion? #es$ri6e 0o7 t0e reH)ire# (aster #ata an# transa$tion #ata 7ill 6e (igrate# .ro( t0e ol# s*ste( into t0e pro@e$t8s ne7 s*ste(<s>" For e5a(ple? it (a* 6e ne$essar* to (igrate $)sto(er (asters?
2121861 !"#o$
page 12222
(aterial (asters? a$$o)nting #o$)(ents? or pro#)$tion or#ers" State 70i$0 (igration progra(s are reH)ire# .or 70i$0 (aster #ata an# 70i$0 transa$tion #ata? an# an* possi6le #epen#en$ies 6et7een t0e #ata" <For e5a(ple? a (aterial (aster is ne$essar* 6e.ore an* pro#)$tion or#ers $an 6e $reate#"> T0is se$tion is ne$essar* in or#er to pro1i#e an o1er1ie7 o. t0e a##itional progra((ing e..ort t0at t0e pro@e$t 7ill reH)ire" ,ost o. t0ese progra(s nee# to r)n sta6l* in t0e 4oCLi1e Preparation ASAP p0ase" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*" I. t0ere is no (igration $on$ept? state t0at t0is is t0e $ase"
+%!%,
Roles
+%!%-
+%!%;
Ser)ice model
+%*
+%+
+%,
Business Process !
<E5a(plesB Re$on$ile an# Close A$$o)ntsJ Pro$ess In$o(ing Paper Do$)(ent> T0e lo7est pro$ess le1el #es$ri6es t0e in#i1i#)al steps 7it0in a pro$ess" T0is is an optional le1el to #es$ri6e as a part o. t0e +)siness +l)eprint" Des$ri6ing t0is le1el o. #etail 7ill onl* 6e reH)ire# i. a 1er* #etaile# 6l)eprint is reH)ire#" <For e5a(ple i. anot0er partner 7ill per.or( t0e $on.ig)ration o. t0e s*ste(> Please (a=e s)re t0is is #is$)sse# 7it0 t0e $)sto(er )p.ront in or#er to (anage ()t)al e5pe$tations an# to (a=e s)re t0at t0e pro@e$t s$0e#)le <an# 6)#get> is in line 7it0 t0is le1el o. #o$)(enting t0e reH)ire(ents an# sol)tions" I. t0is le1el o. #etail is reH)ire#? t0e Pro$ess ,o#el Le1el 2 is onl* )se# as (anage(ent s)((ar*"
+%,%!
Des$ri6e an* gaps 70ere t0e SAP stan#ar# #oes not pro1i#e all ne$essar* .)n$tions .or t0e pro$esses" State t0e pro@e$t8s general attit)#e to7ar#s a##itional progra((ing an# (o#i.i$ationsB Are t0e* pro0i6ite#2allo7e#2 #esire# an# so onO An* (ore #etaile# in.or(ation s0o)l# 6e gi1en in t0e rele1ant s)6se$tion" Use a separate E5$el sprea#s0eet to a#(inister an# tra$= t0e (o#i.i$ations" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*"
2121861 !"#o$
page 1!222
+%,%*
T0is is one o. t0e (ost i(portant se$tions o. t0e pro$ess #es$ription" All gaps t0at are i#enti.ie# 0ere ()st 6e eli(inate# eit0er 6* #e1elop(ent 7or= <possi6l* e1en (o#i.i$ations>? 7or=aro)n#s <7or=ing aro)n# t0e gap )sing organiIational reg)lations>? or 6* a6an#oning t0e pro$ess <i. t0e #e1elop(ent 7or= 7o)l# 6e too great or t0e pro$ess is not i(portant eno)g0>" In (ost $ases? 0o7e1er? t0ese $onsi#erations t0e(sel1es $a)se (ore e..ort <#is$)ssions 7it0 t0e $)sto(er a6o)t t0e ne$essit* o. t0e pro$ess? e1al)ation o. t0e #e1elop(ent e..ort? $0ange reH)ests? ris= e1al)ations? or re$al$)lation o. t0e pro@e$t 6)#get an# s$0e#)le>" Des$ri6e t0ese gaps (eti$)lo)sl*? so t0at t0e pro@e$t is as transparent as possi6le" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*" +%,%+ Solutions or the #aps
+%,%,
.rgani@ational Aspects
T0e organiIational aspe$ts are #es$ri6e# in #etail in t0e .ollo7 se$tions" 3.4.4.1 Compulsory Organizational Changes
E5plain t0e e..e$ts t0at t0e ne7 pro$esses 7ill 0a1e on t0e $)sto(er8s organiIational str)$t)re an# pro$e#)res" SAP pro#)$ts o.ten reH)ire ne7 a$ti1ities t0at #i# not 0a1e to 6e per.or(e# 6e.ore" T0ese a$ti1ities ()st 6e allo$ate# to an e5isting organiIational )nit" Alternati1el*? t0e $)sto(er s0o)l# 6e re$o((en#e# to esta6lis0 a ne7 organiIational )nit" Do) s0o)l# also state 70i$0 ol# a$ti1ities 7ill 6e eli(inate#" It is also i(portant t0at *o) state an* ne7 organiIational #ire$ti1es t0at 7ere #e.ine# .or t0e pro@e$t" For e5a(ple? t0ese $o)l# 6e ne7 value limits .or releasing p)r$0ase or#ers or t0e instr)$tion to e(plo*ees to per.or( spe$i.i$ $0e$=s at pre#e.ine# intervals" T0e lengt0 o. t0is se$tion $an 1ar* #epen#ing on t0e pro@e$t" T0e (ain t0ing is to in$l)#e all in.or(ation t0at is a1aila6le" I. t0is pro@e$t 0as organiIational e..e$ts? t0is se$tion is (an#ator*" 3.4.4.2 Recommended Organizational Changes
L0i$0 organiIational $0anges to t0e $)rrent pro$ess are not a6sol)tel* ne$essar* 6)t are ne1ert0eless re$o((en#a6leO <4i1e reasonsB .or e5a(ple? s0orten pro$esses? sa1e reso)r$es s)$0 as personnel or (aterials? i(pro1e $)sto(er or s)pplier relations0ips"> 4i1e a separate reason .or ea$0 s)ggeste# $0ange" T0is se$tion s0o)l# 6e no (ore t0an one page long" T0is se$tion is optional" 3.4.4.3 Special Training Requirements
State t0e pro$essCrelate# training reH)ire(ents in t0is se$tion" L0i$0 )ser gro)ps nee# to 6e traine# .or t0is pro$essO /o7 an# 6* 70o( s0o)l# t0e #i..erent )ser gro)ps 6e traine#O Are t0ere an* spe$ial training reH)ire(ents t0at are not #ire$tl* relate# to t0e s*ste(O T0is se$tion is not inten#e# to repla$e t0e training $on$ept an# t0e a$t)al training plan" Instea#? it s0o)l# pro1i#e t0e 6asi$ in.or(ation an# topi$s 7it0 70i$0 a training $on$ept $an 6e generate#"
2121861 !"#o$ page 1 222
3.4.4.4
List an* la7s? reg)lations? r)les? an# $)sto(erCspe$i.i$ poli$ies t0at t0e pro$ess ()st a#0ere to" For e5a(ple? t0ese $o)l# 6e H)alit* aspe$ts? t0e prin$iple o. #)al $ontrol? #o$)(entation reH)ire(ents? se$)rit* poli$ies? an# so on" It is s)..i$ient i. *o) pro1i#e a re.eren$e an# an e5planation" T0is se$tion s0o)l# 6e a .e7 lines long" T0is se$tion is optional"
+%,%-
3.4.5.1
T0is s)6se$tion .or(s t0e 6ri#ge 6et7een t0e p)rel* 6)sinessCrelate# $onsi#erations an# t0e 7a*s in 70i$0 t0e* 7ill 6e realiIe# in t0e SAP s*ste(" It is i(portant to .in# t0e rig0t le1el o. #etail .or t0is se$tion" Do not gi1e spe$i.i$ instr)$tions .or $)sto(iIing e1er* I,4 entr*" Li=e7ise? *o) s0o)l# not list 1er* long $)sto(iIing ta6les 7it0 : 3& entries 0ere? e5$ept in 1er* rare $ases 70ere it (ig0t 6e appropriate" Do) s0o)l#? 0o7e1er? state an* i(portant settings t0at 7ere #is$)sse# an# agree# )pon in t0e 6)siness 6l)eprint p0ase" In$l)#e an*t0ing t0at is nee#e# so t0at t0e pro$esses .)n$tion as reH)ire#" It is i(possi6le to gi1e an in#i$ation o. 0o7 long t0is se$tion s0o)l# 6e" Ro)g0l*? it s0o)l# (a=e )p no (ore t0an 2&R o. t0e te5t in t0e entire pro$ess se$tion" "n this section0 you must state precisely 6hy each o the customi@ing entries is to be made% T0is se$tion is (an#ator*"
+%,%;
Core enhancement
List all #e1elop(ents t0at 7ere #ee(e# ne$essar* 6* t0e anal*sis o. gaps in t0e pro$ess $o1erage or 70i$0 are nee#e# to s)pport a gi1en pro$ess" I. t0ere are an* ot0er t*pes o. $)sto( #e1elop(ents t0at are not a##resse# 6* t0e se$tions 6elo7? *o) $an a## t0e( to t0e in.or(ation in t0ese se$tions" T0is se$tion .or(s t0e 6asis .or t0e entire #e1elop(ent e..ort .or all pro$esses in t0e pro@e$t" To pre1ent (a=ing ina$$)rate esti(ates o. e..ort? (a=e s)re t0at *o)r #es$riptions o. t0e $)sto( #e1elop(ents are 1er* #etaile#" Please noteB T0e 6)siness 6l)eprint #o$)(ent is also inten#e# .or )se as #o$)(entation a.ter t0e goCli1e" T0ere.ore? #o not #o$)(ent an* esti(ate# e..ort .or $)sto( #e1elop(ents 0ere" Also ta=e note o. t0e in.or(ation in se$tion 6"11" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*" 3.4.6.1 Permanent Interfaces
Also see se$tion "1"1"1"-" <Lega$* S*ste(s T0at Are Still ReH)ire#>" An inter.a$e is an*70ere 70ere t0ere is a trans.er .ro( one s*ste( to anot0er 7it0in a pro$ess" I. t0is trans.er is #e.ine# in t0e $on$ept? it is a per(anent inter.a$e" T0e #i..eren$e 6et7een per(anent inter.a$es an# oneCo.. inter.a$es $an 6e seen in t0e le1el o. #etail 7it0 70i$0 t0e* are #es$ri6e#" Lit0 per(anent inter.a$es? it is 1er* li=el* t0at t0e* 7ill 6e $0ange# #)ring t0e $o)rse o. t0eir li.e $*$le <)pgra#es or pat$0es>" T0ese inter.a$es t0ere.ore 0a1e to 6e o. a
2121861 !"#o$
page 13222
1er* 0ig0 H)alit*" T0e #o$)(entation also 0as to 7ritten in s)$0 a 7a* t0at people 70o are not in1ol1e# in t0e pro@e$t $an )n#erstan# it" T0e per(anent inter.a$es .or a pro$ess are #es$ri6e# in #etail in t0is se$tion" It $an 6e )p to ! pages long" T0is se$tion is (an#ator* i. t0ere are per(anent inter.a$es" 3.4.6.2 Migration Programs
+rie.l* #es$ri6e t0e (igration progra(s t0at are nee#e# .or t0is pro$ess" T0is in$l)#es oneCti(e loa#ing progra(s an# progra(s t0at initiall* generate #ata in t0e SAP s*ste(s 6ase# on algorit0(s? as 7ell as progra(s .or #ata $leansing i. #ata $leansing is planne#" 4i1e a si(ple list 7it0 2C3 lines o. e5planations .or ea$0 entr*" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*" 3.4.6.3 Required Evaluations/Reports
List t0e e1al)ations an# reports t0at o$$)r in t0e pro$ess" State spe$i.i$all* 70* ea$0 e1al)ation2report is nee#e#" Do) $an 7rite t0is se$tion in note .or(" T0is se$tion is optional" 3.4.6.4 Workflows
List all 7or=.lo7s t0at are triggere# in t0e $o)rse o. t0e pro$ess" Des$ri6e in #etail t0e p)rpose o. ea$0 7or=.lo7 an# 70i$0 )ser gro)ps or in#i1i#)al )sers it a..e$ts" Ca)tionB M)serN an# M)ser gro)psN are )se# in an a6stra$t sense 0ere" Do not 7rite Mt0e )ser ,r" S(it0"N Instea#? .or e5a(ple? 7rite Mor#er pro$essorN or Mp)r$0aser"N T0is se$tion is (an#ator*" I. t0ere are no 7or=.lo7s? state t0at t0is is t0e $ase" 3.4.6.5 Forms/Print-Outs
List all .or(s? $orrespon#en$e? ot0er printCo)ts? an# o)tp)ts t0at are reH)ire# in t0is pro$ess" Di..erentiate 6et7een SAP stan#ar# .or(s an# reH)ire(ents .or .or(s t0at in1ol1e ne7 progra((ing" State 70i$0 te$0nologies are )se# <SAP S(art For(s 1s" SAPs$ript> an#2or t0e lega$* s*ste(s t0at are in1ol1e#" For ea$0 .or(? 7rite 2C3 lines" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*" 3.4.6.6 Changes to the Program Code
In t0e .ollo7ing se$tions? t0e $0anges to t0e progra( $o#e <so)r$e $o#e> are #es$ri6e# in #etail" 'nhancements En0an$e(ents are an* Mper(itte#N $0anges or en0an$e(ents to t0e SAP so)r$e $o#e" In ot0er 7or#sB all progra((ing t0at 7o)l# not $a)se (ore e..ort .or a so)r$e $o#e $o(parison 70en an )pgra#e? pat$0? or release )pgra#e is per.or(e#" In#i1i#)all* #es$ri6e ea$0 o. t0e en0an$e(ents an# its .)n$tionalit* in note .or(" For en0an$e(ents? *o) #o not ne$essaril* 0a1e to e5plain 70* t0e so)r$e $o#e is 6eing $0ange# % t0is is optional" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*" I. t0ere are no en0an$e(ents? state t0at t0is is t0e $ase"
2121861 !"#o$
page 16222
Modi ications ,o#i.i$ations are $0anges to t0e so)r$e $o#e t0at $a)se a##itional e..ort #)ring )pgra#es? pat$0es? an# release )pgra#es" ,o#i.i$ations s0o)l# 6e a1oi#e# 70ene1er possi6le? 6e$a)se t0e* reH)ire a (ore intensi1e test p0ase an# $an $a)se )ne5pe$te# si#e e..e$ts .or t0e pro@e$t" In li1e operation? (o#i.i$ations $a)se a 0ig0er TCO an# also t0reaten s*ste( sta6ilit*" F)st one (o#i.ie# line in t0e so)r$e $o#e $an $a)se (a@or pro6le(s" In t0is se$tion? #es$ri6e all (o#i.i$ations to pro$esses in 7riting <no $o#ingP> an# e5plain e5a$tl* 70* t0e (o#i.i$ations are ne$essar*" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*" I. t0ere are no (o#i.i$ations? state t0at t0is is t0e $ase"
3.4.6.7
Business objects
+%,%<
3.4.7.1
3.4.7.2
3.4.7.3
3.4.7.4
Business Objects
3.4.7.5
Business Services
3.4.7.6
+%,%=
3.4.8.1
2121861 !"#o$
page 1-222
3.4.8.2
2121861 !"#o$
page 18222
,
,%!
Des$ri6e t0e planne# s*ste( lan#s$ape as it 7ill 6e a.ter t0e goCli1e" E5plain t0e ar$0ite$t)re t0at is planne# .or li1e operation" Do) s0o)l# (ostl* )se grap0i$al (eans o. ill)strating t0e ar$0ite$t)re an# *o) ()st in$l)#e t0e neig06oring lega$* s*ste(s" T0is se$tion is not a6o)t 0ar#7are or ser1ers" Do (ention per(anent inter.a$es" T0is se$tion s0o)l# 6e 1C2 pages long" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*"
,%*
4i1e a si(ple #es$ription o. t0e a$t)al s*ste( lan#s$ape as it is 6e.ore t0e pro@e$t la)n$0" Do not in$l)#e $lients? onl* (ention s*ste(s an# $o(ponents" Do not in$l)#e transport ro)tes" 4i1e a grap0i$al o1er1ie7 o. t0e inter.a$es" T0is se$tion s0o)l# 6e 6et7een 0al. a page an# 2 pages in lengt0" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*"
,%*%!
E5plain an* #epen#en$ies 6et7een t0is pro$ess an# $ertain )ser roles or se$)rit* le1els" T0e #epen#en$ies .or t0e a)t0oriIation $on$ept t0at 7ill 6e $reate# are #eter(ine# 6ase# on t0is in.or(ation" In so(e $ases? $ertain pro$esses 7ill lea# to ne7 )ser roles 6eing $reate#" Depen#ing on t0e $ontent o. t0e pro$ess? t0is se$tion $an 6e$o(e 1er* long" In t0at $ase? na(e t0e roles in H)estion an# re.er to anot0er #o$)(ent t0at $ontains t0e .)ll #etails" 4enerall*? t0is se$tion s0o)l# not 6e longer t0an 1 page" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*" E1en i. t0ere are no reH)ire(ents .or t0e a)t0oriIation $on$ept? it is i(portant t0at *o) state t0at t0is is t0e $ase"
,%*%*
So(eti(es? it is not possi6le to $o(pletel* repla$e all lega$* s*ste(s" In s)$0 $ases? $o(panies still nee# to a$$ess t0eir ol# s*ste(s" To #o so? t0e* 0a1e to )se an inter.a$e? 70i$0 ()st 6e #es$ri6e# in t0e rele1ant se$tion o. t0is #o$)(ent" I(portant in.or(ation t0at ()st 6e in t0e se$tionB L0at is t0e lega$* s*ste(O /o7 7ill t0e inter.a$e to t0e lega$* s*ste( 6e realiIe# <(an)al? EDI? S>O /o7 ()$0 longer 7ill t0e lega$* s*ste( e5istO /o7 7ill t0e pro$ess $0ange 70en t0e lega$* s*ste( 0as 6een #ea$ti1ate#O Ca)tionB +e s)re to ta=e t0ese lega$* s*ste(s into a$$o)nt .or #ata 6a$=)ps an# t0e ar$0i1ing $on$ept" T0is se$tion s0o)l# not 6e longer t0an one page" T0is se$tion is optional"
2121861 !"#o$
page 1'222
,%+
Security Re8uirements
,%,
,%-
2121861 !"#o$
page 2&222
#lossary
In t0e 4lossar* se$tion? e5plain t0e ter(s t0at *o) 0a1e )se# in t0e 6l)eprint" T0ro)g0o)t t0e #o$)(ent? it is i(portant t0at *o) .in# t0e rig0t 6alan$e in t0e ter(inolog* t0at *o) )seB Do) #o not 7ant to e5plain too (an* ter(s in t0e glossar*? 6)t *o) s0o)l# also a1oi# )sing too ()$0 SAPCspe$i.i$ ter(inolog* t0at o)tsi#e rea#ers 7ill 0a1e #i..i$)lt* 7it0 % an# (a=e s)re t0at an* s)$0 SAP ter(inolog* is e5plaine# in t0e glossar*" Geep in (in# t0at t0e 6l)eprint #o$)(ent 6elongs to t0e $)sto(er? 70o 7ill still nee# to )se it a.ter t0e pro@e$t is .inis0e# % in .a$t t0is is o.ten 70en t0e? #o$)(ent is )se# (ost" T0is se$tion is (an#ator*"
Term
'(planation
"nde( o illustrations
"nde( o tables
Re erences&Bibliography
All so)r$es? to 70i$0 t0e te5t re.ers? are to 6e spe$i.ie# 0ere? i"e" onl* one $ross re.eren$e is inserte# in t0e appropriate pla$e in t0e te5t" T0at (eans t0at no #o$)(ent na(e or so(et0ing si(ilar s0o)l# appear in t0e te5t" In or#er to =eep t0e #o$)(ent 1isi6le an# a##itionall* si(pli.* )p#ating? t0e 6i6liograp0* al7a*s 0as to 6e at t0e en#"
T1U T2U A)t0or Title File Na(e Co(pan* Date2Version
2121861 !"#o$
page 21222
Appendi( B H 3Topic4
Lrite a .e7 intro#)$tor* senten$es to e5plain t0e $ontent o. t0e appen#i5" T0e appen#i5 s0o)l# $ontain all long? $o(pli$ate# te5ts t0at are not i((e#iatel* essential .or )n#erstan#ing t0e 6l)e print" T0is intro#)$tion is (an#ator*"
2121861 !"#o$
page 22222