AEROSPACE PROPULSION & AERODYNAMICS - ASSIGNMENT 2 BSc Aerospace Technology & BSc Aeronautical Engineering

2012/2013 session MODULE I.D. : - !22

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Assignment 2: Wind Tunnel Testing Laboratory - Aerofoil odels

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This assignment contains 4 parts covering laboratory report structure, aerodynamic load measurements, pressure measurements and an application question to take your wind tunnel data and use it to analyse a simple flight problem. Note that the lab report and the assignment are integrated as one single report submission. The work conducted should be documented as a formal report of no more than 3000 words. REMEM'ER ",is is $n e:e%"(oni% s1=<ission ONLY. You may answer the analytical aspects with neat ,$n3-C(i""en %$:%1:$"ions. However please answer the discussion sections with typed answers. S"$"e $n* (e#e(en%es in ",e "e5" $n3 $ (e#e(en%e se%"ion (e<o9e3 "o ",e =$%2. If you havent done so already, it would be worth learning how to use the equation editor in Word to present your workings or calculations but hand written calcs scanned and inserted into the te t is fine also. !se "I units throughout and where necessary estimate values from the literature citing the source. # contents page must be included and pages numbered for ease of referencing where necessary. N.'. A:: $ssi7n<en"s "o =e ,$n3e3 in 9i$ ",e :in2 $9$i:$=:e on ':$%2=o$(3+ ",is is $n e:e%"(oni% ONLY s1=<ission+ 1n:ess #i:e "oo :$(7e in C,i%, %$se s1=<i" $ CD o( $:"e(n$"i9e 3is/os$=:e <e3i$ 9i$ S,e$# (e%e/"ion+ no"e ",$" ",is 3o%1<en" is =o", ",e Assi7n<en" AND ",e :$= ,$n3 o1".

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!uthor" #r. $onny otts, %heaf &11'

Wind Tunnel Laboratory Objective The objective of the present low speed wind tunnel laboratory is to reinforce the principles presented in the aerodynamics part of the lecture notes and illustrate the equations hold in the physical environment. The chosen set of wind tunnel models are simple 2D aerofoils with symmetric profile. Studying these aerodynamic bodies in the wind tunnel and collecting load and pressure data via the data acquisition system will provide basic exposure to standard facilities and experimental techniques used in aerospace engineering.

1. Lab Report Structure The basic structure of a laboratory report should start with an introduction to set the scene and provide background. ! section on e(perimental models, techniques, apparatus, methods such as )!*! aerofoils used, data collection techniques such as pressures measured relative to a reference, pressure water manometer apparatus, including the wind tunnel itself, methods used to vary measured aero parameters etc. etc. resent tabulated form of data collected, which could be removed to an appendi(. !ppropriate graphical representation of results in standard industry formats, such as *+, *# plots. #iscussion of results moving beyond description to add analysis and intuitive discussion on the meaning of the results with regards to aircraft and flight. *onclusions should summarise the most important points focussing on meaning of findings in brief rather than simply stating results again. D20 <$(2sE

. Load !ata symmetrical "ir#oil !!Note that the Spreadsheets you used to manipulate the data are required as part of your submission!!

Testingdegree increments)!*!001' symmetric aerofoil at '0m-s, !o! ./ to '0 changing angle by '-3

0 30m-s, !o! ./ to '0 degrees. Plot Lift, Drag and PM curves against AoA for both speeds on three graphs Plot !L, !D, !M curves against AoA for both speeds on three graphs *omment on what you notice about the graphs when you plot the coefficients compared to the force graphs.
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!uthor" #r. $onny otts, %heaf &11'

1 don2t think your lecture notes talk about pitching moment in coefficient form *3, this assessment doesn2t focus too much on 3, 4ust to give you the heads up on the coefficient form of an aerodynamic moment for the plotting e(ercise, which has an e(tra characteristic length which generally tends to be the chord c, so therefore the pitching moment can be written" 3 5 0./ ( rho ( 67' ( % ( c ( *3 which should be used when calculating the *3 values from your data. D1 <$(2sE

*alculate the 8eynolds number 9using the chord as the reference length: for each of the flow speeds tested and using the best fit line function 9Trendline in ;(cel: in e(cel or otherwise state the *+0, *+alpha, *#0, *#alpha values taken from your graph, where, *+ 5 *+alpha ( !o! < *+0 *# 5 *#alpha ( !o!7' < *#0 these equations can be found in similar form in any basic aerodynamics te(tbook. D <$(2sE

Plot L"D against AoA, plot !L against !D and also !L#$ against !D ;stimate what would be the suggested cruise angle of attack for this aerofoil ie the most aerodynamically efficient condition. =hat can you say about the proportionality relationship between *+ and *#, perhaps refer to the advanced notes posted on >lackboard and provide some background. D <$(2sE

?ow does your wind tunnel data compare to information on this aerofoil from the literature, quote your reference 9starting point" try ;%#@ sheets or Theory of =ing %ections by !bbot 0 #oenhoff, 9www: !erofoil 1nvestigation #atabase:. lot data found in the literature on the same graph as your wind tunnel data as a way of presenting your comparisons. #iscuss the differences between your e(perimental data and that taken from your source, comment on why they might be different.
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!uthor" #r. $onny otts, %heaf &11'

=hat do you notice about the *3 curve between typical flight angles of attack, !o! range ./ and 10 degrees. 1f the lift acts at the centre of pressure cp and generates a moment about the cg, assuming the cg is directly at the strut chord position, calculate where the cp 9centre of pressure: location is from the leading edge and state it as a ratio to the aerofoil chord (-c, where ( is positive displacement from the leading edge. D10 <$(2sE

$. %ressure Tappings &odel !!Note that the Spreadsheets you used to manipulate the data are required as part of your submission!!
Testing )!*!001' symmetric aerofoil at '0m-s, !o! .10, 0, 10, '0 degrees 30m-s, !o! 10 degrees. 0

Plot !p data for $%m"s, AoA &'%, %, '%, $% degrees on separate graphs Plot !p data for $%m"s, AoA '% degrees from both mm($) measurements and DAS results on the same graph *DAS & data acquisition system+ Plot !p data for , $%, -%, AoA '% degrees on the same graph Note that the !p in this case is the pressure coefficient N). the centre of pressure cp D10 <$(2sE

*p 9pressure coeff: 5 9pmeasured . pstatic: - pdynamic pdynamic 5 0./ ( rho ( 67', rho 5 density of air msl 1.'3 kg-m73 Aou will be provided with a graph or an equation of ptotal and pstatic against velocity so you can work out the correct values to choose for static and dynamic pressure, recall that, ptotal 5 pstatic < pdynamic 8efer to the )!*!001' !erofoil with Tappings manual !B10' uploaded to >lackboard, the ( position along the chord for each pressure tapping is listed in tabulated form. !lso the TrapeCium 8ule is e(plained in a lot more detail in there too. %o, calculate *+ using TrapeCium 8ule 1ntegration 9area between curves: for '0m-s !o! 10 degrees. 8emember your pressure 9normal: force is perpendicular to the
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!uthor" #r. $onny otts, %heaf &11'

chord so don2t forget to resolve your calculated value to the vertical to get your *+. Then plot your *+ point from your pressure data for 10 degrees on the same graph as the *+ curve from the load data. *ompare your *+ value to load data from the other )!*!001' model tested, how does it compare, what are the differences and whyD )ote that the, +ift - unit span 5 !rea between upper and lower surface pressure curves
i.e. *+ - b 5 sum of cp areas along the chord c

where b is the span of a wing. D10 <$(2sE

4. "pplication 'uestion 1f the '# aerofoil section tested was selected as a possible profile for a wing section that could be strapped to your shoulders to enable you to become a human aeroplane, assume you would be wearing roller blades as a simple means of having an undercarriage. !ssuming your weight was E/kg and the weight of the wing was '/kg and assuming you have unlimited thrust, using the data you have collected from the wind tunnel present the information necessary including calculations, workings etc. to show what the design parameters 9chord, span: of your wing need to be for take.off, cruise and landing. #iscuss a number of different wing configurations including high and low aspect ratio alternatives. #on2t spend too much attention to the induced drag that you would e(pect on a finite span wing, assume the lift per unit span is the same along the entire span. erhaps a good starting point would be to look at what the span would need to be to lift you off the ground at a small angle of attack. 1Fve deliberately left this Guestion open ended so you have the liberty to investigate various possibilities yourself, there is no single right answer, you should be looking to outline your discussion with simple calculations and inputs from your *+, *# graphs to back up your arguments. 1 have given it a weighting of '/H of the overall assignment so please provide a fairly comprehensive and detailed answer worthy of a quarter of the marks. D2 <$(2sE
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!uthor" #r. $onny otts, %heaf &11'

Assignment Submission ELECTRONIC SUBMMISSION ONLY Preferably submit your work in t e form of an ele!troni! re"ort #in eit er $%o!&' $"%f format( )ia t e Bla!kboar% link$ If t e file is too lar*e' an% ONLY if t e file is too lar*e' alternati)ely you !oul% submit on eit er a C+,+-+ )ia t e S eaf re!e"tion alon* wit a !om"lete% assi*nment !o)er s eet$ If you submit usin* S eaf re!e"tion' "lease ensure you submit your work on or before ."m /ri%ay "rior to or on t e an%0in %ate s"e!ifie% in t e assi*nment brief$ /inally' make sure all your %rawin*s,ima*es,"lots are !lear' rea%able an% are a!!om"anie% by a written e&"lanation$ Submissions may well be multi"le file #most likely $&ls( wit su""ortin* s"rea%s eets to outline any !al!ulations' !larity of "resentation is essential to enable assessor to follow a lo*i!al route t rou* ea! s eet$ Note failure to submit your assi*nment by t e an%0in %ate will result in a non0submission an% a mark of 1ero will be re!or%e%$ E&tensions to t e assi*nment an%0in %ate !an only be *rante% by your Stu%ent Su""ort Mana*er$ If you %o not make a 2)ali% attem"t3 in any of t e assessment tasks in t e mo%ule you will fail t e mo%ule$ 4 )ali% attem"t must %emonstrate en*a*ement wit t e sub5e!t matter of t e assessment set6 for e&am"le' t at some or all of t e assessment !riteria an% learnin* out!omes are "artially or fully met6 an% it must be !a"able of !arryin* a mark$

Minimum Pass Criteria T e minimum "ass !riteria for t is assi*nment is .78' t is may be a! ie)e% by !om"letin* all or some of t e assessment tasks "re)iously %es!ribe%$ IMPORTANT: Normal University regulations regarding cheating !lagiarism and collusion a!!ly any student"s# deemed to be in breach o$ these regulations %ill be re&uired to attend an Academic Conduct Panel and this may result in a $ailure o$ the module' Please refer to tt"s9,,stu%ents$s u$a!$uk,re*ulations,mis!on%u!t,C eatin* 8:7Re*ulations8:7:7;;;:$"%f for %etails on t e Uni)ersity re*ulations re*ar%in* ! eatin*' "la*iarism an% !ollusion$

I| !uthor" #r. $onny otts, %heaf &11'

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