Journal of Environmental Sciences 2011, 23(3) 388395

Treatment and remediation of a wastewater lagoon using microelectrolysis and modied DAT/IAT methods
Qiong Wu1 , Tao Hua1 , Qixing Zhou1,2,
1. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control/Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China. E-mail: [email protected] 2. Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Process, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China Received 20 March 2010; revised 05 July 2010; accepted 09 July 2010

Abstract To examine treatment and remediation of a wastewater lagoon with poor biodegradability, a typical wastewater lagoon in Tianjin, China, was treated and remedied using microelectrolysis and modied demand aeration tank (DAT)/intermittent aeration tank (IAT) methods. After pretreatment by microelectrolysis, the removal eciency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was up to 64.6% and the ratio of BOC/COD in the euent increased from 0.013 to 0.609. The removal rates of CODCr and NH+ 4 -N were aected by sludge backow rate, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), and hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the modied DAT/IAT reactor. The highest removal rates of CODCr and NH+ 4 -N were up to 78.9% and 62.6%, respectively, when the sludge backow rate was 38.0 mL/min, the total HRT was 8.0 hr and MLSS was 4088.0 mg/L. In this case, some protozoa and metazoa were observed in activated sludge and biolm carriers. Most of chrominance was removed by microelectrolysis treatment, while the modied DAT/IAT methods were more eective for CODCr and NH+ 4 -N removal. Key words: wastewater lagoon; biodegradability; microelectrolysis; DAT/IAT; ecological remediation DOI: 10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60421-4 Citation: Wu Q, Hua T, Zhou Q X, 2011. Treatment and remediation of a wastewater lagoon using microelectrolysis and modied DAT/IAT methods. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 23(3): 388395

Introduction
Global deterioration of water quality and water resources, along with peoples increasing requirements of high-quality water, has increased concern of and requirement for appropriate wastewater treatment technologies (Liu et al., 2006; Zhou et al., 2006; Kong et al., 2010). In recent years, the development of wastewater treatment technologies have greatly improved water quality and quantity and reduced the cost of treatment processes (Scholz and Fuchs, 2000; Zakkour et al., 2001; Dhouib et al., 2003, 2006). However, treatment and remediation of some wastewater lagoons receiving highly toxic chemical industrial wastewater with poor biodegradability remains unsolved (Mariem et al., 2009). The ferrite process can be an eective technology in treating wastewater with poor degradability, but its expense has limited its remediation use (Montserrat et al., 2002; Lou et al., 2009). Additionally, although membrane bioreactors have been successfully applied to treat industrial wastewater over the past decade (Acharya et al., 2004; Kurian et al., 2006), the membranes can be deled easily when used in mixed industrial
* Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

wastewater treatment (Geng and Hall, 2006; Nghiem and Hawkes, 2007). Traditional activated sludge and its modied technology are inexpensive and widely used for wastewater treatment; however, many wastewater lagoons contain hazardous materials from industrial production that inhibit bioactivity of living organisms and reduce removal eciency of toxic pollutants. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to electrochemical methods for industrial wastewater treatment. Electrolysis, in particular, has been the most frequently used unit process because of its rapid reaction rate, high eciency, and low sludge production. However, the high consumption of electricity limits its application and leads to the development of interior microelectrolysis in wastewater treatment (Jin et al., 2003). Interior microelectrolysis (or iron chips ltration) has been used to pretreat industrial wastewater as it is highly adaptable to wide variations in wastewater composition (Yang et al., 2009). It has been studied for treatment of poorly biodegradable wastewater, including pesticide wastewater (Wu et al., 2003), pharmacy wastewater (Liu et al., 2005), and dye wastewater (Cheng et al., 2005). The iron and carbon materials cast into the container form numerous microscopic galvanic cells, while electrons

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are supplied from the galvanic corrosion of iron (anode) (Zhou and Fu, 2001; Cheng et al., 2007). Products released from the galvanic cell reaction include hydroxyl, atomic hydrogen and Fe(II), which have high activities to decompose contaminants (Li et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2008). In addition, some pollutants can also be removed by electrophoresis and adsorption (Han, 1991; Yang et al., 2009). Furthermore, interior microelectrolysis pretreatment is low-cost and eective because it does not require chemical coagulants and external power in the cases of coagulation and electrolysis (Xu et al., 2007). The demand aeration tank (DAT) and intermittent aeration tank (IAT) are processes that possess the continuity of conventional activated sludge and the exibility of the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) activated sludge process (Zhang and Wang, 1996; Zhang et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2007). Generally speaking, the inuent and aeration of DAT is continuous. The euent of DAT then ows into IAT through double guide walls and completes procedures such as aeration, sedimentation, decantation and discharge of excess activated sludge in the IAT process (Zhang et al., 2007). According to the poor biodegradability and complexity of chemical industrial wastewater, a sequential system of microelectrolysis and modied DAT/IAT was proposed. Hazardous materials and pollutants with poor biodegradability can be eliminated by the preset microelectrolysis and the ratio of BOD/COD can be greatly improved so that microorganism activity cannot be restrained by hazardous materials in the wastewater. Other organic pollutants, ammonia nitrogen, and biodegradable pollutants can also be removed through DAT/IAT, and water quality can be greatly improved through the combined process. As a cooperation project between the Chinese and Singapore Governments, the goal of the Tianjin Ecocity is to help mitigate global climate changes, strengthen environmental protection, save natural resources, reconcile energy conservation, and build a harmonious society. The Sino-Singapore Eco-city is located in Bin-Hai New District, a rapidly developing area in Tianjin, China, which has a 2.52.6 km2 wastewater lagoon with an average depth of 2 m and a wastewater storage volume of about 5 million m3 . For over 30 years, the wastewater lagoon has accepted a great deal of household sewage and chemical industrial wastewater with poor biodegradability. Selfpurication capacity has progressively deteriorated and the quality of water is worse than Class V. This lagoon is a threat to human health and hampers social and economical development of the Sino-Singapore Eco-city and it is important to develop and innovative economical and practical technologies to treat and remedy this wastewater lagoon.

Fig. 1 Scene of the wastewater lagoon studied.

COD, NH+ 4 -N, and other hazardous substances, including heavy metals and organic pollutants such as pesticides were the main contaminants of the lagoon. As the wastewater lagoon contains wastewater of varied composition and still accepts wastewater from surrounding industrial areas everyday, wastewater samples were used for the entire study. Water quality parameters are listed in Table 1.
Table 1 Water quality of experimental raw wastewater Parameter COD (mg/L) BOD5 (mg/L) NH+ 4 -N (mg/L) Pb (mg/L) TDS (mg/L) Chloride (mg/L) Salinity (%) Chroma pH Maximum 353.4 15.0 32.2 0.19 15,920 7615 1.2 55 6.87 Minimum 327.9 2.7 29.9 0.14 15,326 7345 1.0 45 7.11 Average 338.3 8.8 31.0 0.16 15,623 7480 1.1 50 (celadon) 6.99

TDS: total dissolved solids.

1.2 Tested materials Waste iron scraps were obtained from a mechanical processing plant in Tianjin, China. The iron scraps were immersed into a 10% NaOH solution for 10 min and soaked in 5% sulfuric acid for 20 min to remove surface oxidation and increase reaction activities. Finally, the scraps were cleaned two or three times with deionized water (Li et al., 2008). The granular activated carbon (GAC) with 0.651.04 mm particle size was also washed two or three times with water, and then soaked in water for 12 hr before use to eliminate GAC adsorption. The suspended biolm carriers used in the modied DAT/IAT were bought from the Chunqiu Dingsheng Environmental Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China. 1.3 Experimental equipments The modied DAT/IAT experimental equipment without microelectrolysis pretreatment is shown in Fig. 2. The reactor was manufactured using 5 mm thick lucites. The volume of the hydrolytic acidication tank, DAT, and IAT with a protecting height of 80 mm was 100 mm 200 mm

1 Materials and methods

1.1 Raw wastewater The raw wastewater samples used in this study were taken from a wastewater lagoon (Fig. 1) in the Sino-Singapore Eco-city, Tianjin, China. Analytical results indicated that

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4 6 6 Hydrolytic acidification DAT tank 8 3 5 DAT 9 IAT 9 7 Effluent 1 Influent 3

4 5 IAT 8 8 7 Effluent

1 Influent

Return wastewater Return wastewater 2 Fig. 2 Sketch of the modied DAT/IAT experimental equipment (without microelectrolysis pretreatment). (1) intake pump; (2) return-sludge pump; (3) aerator; (4) air blower; (5) air valve; (6) time controller; (7) electromagnetic valve; (8) mixer; (9) biolm carrier. 2 Fig. 4 Modied DAT/IAT experimental equipment (with microelectrolysis pretreatment). (1) intake pump; (2) return-sludge pump; (3) aerator; (4) air blower; (5) air valve; (6) time controller; (7) electromagnetic valve; (8) biolm carrier.

1.4 Experimental procedures Activated sludge used in the reactor was collected from the TEDA Wastewater Treatment Plant in Tianjin, China. After 14-day culture and acclimation using wastewater samples from the wastewater lagoon, activated sludge and suspended biolm carriers were placed in the modied DAT/IAT reactor without microelectrolysis. Water quality parameters including COD and NH+ 4 -N in both inuent and euent were determined. In this stage, the operating parameters of DAT/IAT included sludge backow rate at 38.8 mL/min, hydraulic retention time (HRT) at 12.0 hr, and mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) at 3383.0 mg/L. The orthogonal method was used to optimize the experimental design of microelectrolysis, and inuences on treatment eciency of dierent parameters were investigated. The parameters chosen were pH in reaction beakers, volume ratio of Fe and reaction wastewater (V(Fe)/V), volume ratio of Fe and GAC (V(Fe)/V(C)), and mixing speed and HRT (Xu et al., 2003). Orthogonal experiment arrangement is listed in Table 2. The modied DAT/IAT with microelectrolysis pretreatTable 2 Orthogonal experimental design and arrangement using L16 (45 ) Level Factor a pH 2 3 4 5 Factor b V(Fe)/V 0.01875 0.02500 0.03125 0.03750 Factor c V(Fe)/ V(C) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Factor d Mixing speed (r/min) 150 200 250 300 Factor e HRT (hr) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

300 mm, 280 mm 200 mm 300 mm, and 200 mm 200 mm 300 mm, respectively. The eective volume of DAT/IAT was 21.12 L. Because the wastewater samples contained some hazardous materials, several suspended biolm carriers were put into the DAT reactor to promote their biodegradation. Processed iron scraps and GAC at a certain proportion were put into a 1 L beaker. Then 800 mL of wastewater was poured into the beaker and pH was adjusted to a certain value by sulfuric acid. The beaker was stirred continuously with a mixer. Because of the high salinity (Table 1), the raw wastewater worked as an electrolyte and promoted microelectrolysis. After a certain time of mixing and reaction, the pH value was regulated to 8.5 with NaOH (Li et al., 2008). It was then aerated for 30 min. After sedimentation, the hydroxide precipitation was separated from the reaction system, and the supernatant owed into the DAT process and then into the IAT process where biocarriers were added to enrich the biofacies. To make full use of the reactor, wastewater was owed into the reactor intermittently by a time controller, which was dierent from the normal DAT/IAT which operated continuously. A proportion of sludge owed back to the DAT process at a certain backow rate, and the rest owed out of the IAT process after sedimentation. The technological ow chart of the combined process is shown in Fig. 3 and the modied DAT/IAT experimental equipment with microelectrolysis pretreatment is shown in Fig. 4. The reactor of modied DAT/IAT experimental equipment with microelectrolysis pretreatment was exactly the same as that without microelectrolysis pretreatment, except the former had no hydrolytic acidication tank.
Sulfuric acid Influent Regulating tank Iron scraps and GAC Reaction tank

1 2 3 4

* L16 (45 ) means 5 factors with 4 levels. HRT: hydraulic retention time.

Sodium hydroxide Neutralizing tank

Air blower

DAT

IAT Effluent

Return wastewater
Fig. 3 Technological ow chart of the microelectrolysis and modied DAT/IAT joint process.

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ment had two important stages. The rst stage was start-up. After a 30-day culture and acclimation with euent from microelectrolysis, wastewater samples were turned into clean water. In the meantime, the average removal eciency of COD increased from less than 15% of the initial concentration to about 40% of the initial concentration and the euent looked clear. The second stage was the operating stage, with operating parameters of DAT/IAT involved in 3 L of the inuent per period pumped into the DAT reactor within 30 min, 30005500 mg/L of MLSS, and 5.0 mg/L of the average dissolved oxygen (DO). 1.5 Analytical methods Water quality was analyzed according to the standard methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater (CEPA, 2002). Chroma, salinity, and COD were determined by the potassium dichromate method, the visual colorimetry, and a hand-held refractometer manufactured by the Xingchenguang Optical Instruments Factory (China), respectively. The parameters including DO, pH, biofacies, NH+ 4 -N, and BOD were analyzed using a HQ-10 DO detecting instrument (HACH Company, USA) the PB10 pH instrument (Sartorius Company), Leica DMIL uorescence microscope (Leica Company), the nesslers reagents spectrophotometer using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (WD-9403D, Beijing, China), and a LY-05 rapid detection equipment (Lv Yu Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., China), respectively. The concentration of Pb was determined by the ame atomic absorption using a ame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA240FS, Varian, USA).

35 30 Removal efficiency(%) 25 20 15 10 5 0

COD NH4+-N

15 20 25 30 Time (day) Fig. 5 Removal eciency of COD and NH+ 4 -N by the modied DAT/IAT.

10

As a result, euent water quality from the modied DAT/IAT worsened. 2.2 Optimum conditions of microelectrolysis In principle, the operation of interior microelectrolysis is similar to electrochemical methods. Iron and carbon are applied as the anode and cathode, and electron ows are created by the galvanic cell instead of the external power supply (Yang, 2009). The half-cell reactions are represented as follows (Fan et al., 2009): Anode (oxidation): 2Fe 4e 2Fe2+ E 0 (Fe2+ /Fe) = 0.44 V Cathode (reduction): 4H + 4e 4[H] 2H2 (Acidic) E (H /H2 ) = 0.00 V
0 + +

(1)

(2)

2 Results and discussion

2.1 Treatment eciency of the modied DAT/IAT After the activated sludge was placed into the modied DAT/IAT reactor, the operation of the reactor commenced. At the initial stage, it took some time for degrading microorganisms to adapt to the operating system. Therefore, removal eciencies of COD and NH+ 4 -N at the initial stage were low. As shown in Fig. 5, the removal eciencies of both COD and NH+ 4 -N by the modied DAT/IAT increased with time for the rst 4 days during the adaptive period. When growth of degrading microorganisms stabilized, removal eciencies of both COD and NH4 + -N were subjected to the operating parameters and water quality. Conversely, COD and NH+ 4 -N removal eciencies decreased continuously after day 4. After that, the euent turned a little yellow and foamy, accompanied with smaller sludge particles, sludge disintegration, and oats. From the microscopic examination of sludge, almost no protozoa or metazoan was found, except several rotifer bodies. There were many hazardous materials in the wastewater samples from the lagoon, including heavy metal ions and poorly biodegradable pollutants. With an increase in treatment time, heavy metals and other hazardous materials accumulated in the microbial bodies can also aect biological activity, biodegradation and longevity of microorganisms.

O2 + 4H + 4e 2H2 O(Acidic) E 0 (O2 ) = 1.23 V (3) O2 + 2H2 O + 4e 4OH (Neutral to alkaline) E 0 (O2 /OH ) = 0.40 V (4)

In Table 3, K i j was the sum of removal eciency of COD in the i level (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) of j factor ( j = a, b, c, d, e) and ki j was the average value of K i j . R j = max(k1 j , k2 j , k3 j , k4 j ) min(k1 j , k2 j , k3 j , k4 j ). The larger the R value was, the larger the eect of various factors on the index, and the largest R value should be the major inuencing factor. From the orthogonal experiment, the R value of 5 dierent factors on the removal eciency of COD was Ra (35.96) > Rd (13.08) > Rc (10.47) > Rb (9.32) > Re (3.78). Thus, it can be inferred that the important sequence of these factors was pH > mixing speed > V(Fe)/V(C) > V(Fe)/V > HRT. The relationship between COD removal eciency and orthogonal experimental conditions is depicted in Fig. 6. According to the preliminary analysis of the orthogonal experimental results, the optimum program was a1, b4, c4, d2 and e3, and the corresponding conditions included: pH = 2.0, V(Fe)/V = 0.03750 (the volume of the inuent was 800 mL ), V(Fe)/V(C) = 2.0, mixing speed = 200 r/min, and HRT = 1.5 hr. Further verication showed that COD in euent under optimum conditions was 121.6 mg/L and

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2011, 23(3) 388395 / Qiong Wu et al. Table 3 Calculated results of orthogonal experiments using L16 (45 ) b 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 137.04 132.21 140.99 169.47 34.26 33.05 35.25 42.37 9.32 42.37 b4 c 1 2 3 4 2 1 4 3 3 4 1 2 4 3 2 1 129.41 145.97 133.03 171.3 32.35 36.49 33.26 42.82 10.47 42.82 c4 d 1 2 3 4 3 4 1 2 4 3 2 1 2 1 4 3 121.31 173.63 140.69 144.07 30.33 43.41 35.17 36.02 13.08 43.41 d2 e 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 2 1 4 3 3 4 1 2 134.35 149.09 149.48 146.79 33.59 37.27 37.37 36.70 3.78 37.37 e3

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Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 K1 j K2 j K3 j K4 j k1 j k2 j k3 j k4 j R Max (k) Optimum condition

a 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 188.48 151.46 137.16 102.61 47.12 37.86 34.29 11.16 35.96 47.12 a1

COD removal eciency (%) 32.7 52.4 43.2 60.1* 35.6 31.7 38.6 45.6 30.2 34.0 37.1 35.9 38.6 14.1 22.1 27.9 = 579.71 Average = 36.23

* COD removal eciency of the 4th orthogonal experiment (black font) was the best of the 16 orthogonal experiments. * and Average mean total value and average value of COD removal eciency, respectively.

50 COD removal efficiency (%) 40 30 20 10 0

a1 a2 a3 a4 b1 b2 b3 b4 c1 c2 c3 c4 d1 d2 d3 d4 e1 e2 e3 e4 Experimental conditions Fig. 6 Relationship between COD removal eciency and orthogonal experimental conditions.

microelectrolysis. As mixing speed increased, pollutants reacted more often with reaction materials and degradation was accelerated. When the mixing speed was more than 200 r/min, occulation of pollutants was scattered, and the removal eciency of COD decreased. As the value of V(Fe)/V(C) increased, the removal eciency of COD improved because pollutants did not degrade adequately when the Fe concentration in the reactor was insucient for forming enough primary cells. Superuous Fe in the reactor may also generate a large amount of Fe2+ and Fe3+ , however, and exist as Fe(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3 in basic medium. They can cover the surface of iron scraps and GAC, and inhibit the process of microelectrolysis. The same thing also occurs when HRT is too long. 2.3 Improvement of wastewater lagoon biodegradability by microelectrolysis Changes in COD, BOD, NH+ 4 -N, and Pb in inuent and euent after microelectrolysis under optimum conditions are summarized in Table 4. Noticeably, removal eciency of Pb was up to 31.6% after microelectrolysis. This led to lower euent toxicity. Generally speaking, microelectrolysis aims to remove COD and NH+ 4 -N, with limited attention paid to removal of Pb. In this work, the higher removal eciency of Pb was attained through special regulation of various parameters (Lucio et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2009). Conversely, it can be seen from Table 4 that NH+ 4 -N can be partly removed by microelectrolysis. The iron ions (Fe3+ ) generated in the electrode reaction enhanced activity of degrading microorganisms in the treatment unit of the follow-up bioprocess and changed

its removal eciency of COD was up to 64.6%, better than the best orthogonal experiment (No. 4 test in Table 3). Chroma in the euent was quite low, but turned a little yellow because of the small amount of Fe3+ contained in the water. The pH value was the main factor aecting removal eciency of COD by microelectrolysis (R = 35.96), which was three times the second most important factor (R = 13.08). The fact that wastewater had higher removal eciency of COD in acid than alkali media indicates that H+ ions play an important role in removal of COD. The H+ ions can react with organic pollutants in wastewater and cause the chain rupture of chromophoric groups, thus macromolecules can be broken down into small molecules and biodegradability of wastewater samples is improved. The mixing speed was also an important parameter in

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Treatment and remediation of a wastewater lagoon using microelectrolysis and modied DAT/IAT methods Table 4 Water-quality improvement of the wastewater lagoon after microelectrolysis Pb (mg/L) 0.19 0.13 31.6 1.08 COD (mg/L) 343.26 121.55 64.6 4.73 BOD (mg/L) 4.3 74.0 B/C ratio 0.013 0.609 Chloride (mg/L) 7480 2592 65.3 7.60 TDS (mg/L) 15623 1864 88.1 6.26 Salinity (%) 1.1 1 9.1 0.55

393

Water quality Inuent Euent Removal rate (%) Standard deviation

pH 5.4 5.7

NH4 + -N (mg/L) 31.30 20.69 33.9 2.04

Chroma 50 2 96 5.19

the structure of sludge particles, which was good for the simultaneous action of nitrication and denitrication (Liu et al., 2008). The BOD/COD ratio of wastewater was greatly improved, because Cl ions in the water were turned into Cl, Cl2 and ClO in the electric eld, resulting in indirect degradation of organic pollutants (Lichoung et al., 1995; Ribirdy, 1997). In addition, poorly biodegradable pollutants became easily biodegradable and toxic substances became less toxic through redox reactions, which were also probably responsible for the higher BOD/COD ratio in the euent and provided a foundation for the follow-up bioprocess. Some protozoa and metazoan such as vorticellas, ciliates, rotifers, and nematodes were observed in sewage sludge and suspended biolm carriers of DAT/IAT through a microscope during the later stage of the combined process. Some microorganisms were immobilized on the carriers by the eects of covalent bonds and ionic bonds between the chemical groups on the carrier surface and the functional groups on the biological membranes. In practice, the carriers protected the immobilized microorganisms from shock at any sudden change in sludge backow rate or HRT. The poison function also decreased by protection of the carriers, and microbial activities therefore improved. The experiment showed that the average sludge volume index (SVI) of DAT and IAT was 62.4 and the average SV30 was 27%, which indicated favorable biodegradation in the combined process. 2.4 Inuences of sludge backow rate from IAT to DAT According to the above experimental method, the eect of sludge backow rate from IAT to DAT on removal eciencies of COD and NH+ 4 -N was investigated with an HRT of 12 hr (Fig. 7). When the backow rate was 27 mL/min, the removal eciencies of COD and NH+ 4N were both low. When it increased to 38 mL/min, the removal eciencies reached the highest value during the experiments. In the modied DAT/IAT, full degradation of toxic pollutants was gradually attained when sludge owed back from IAT to DAT. Wastewater and sludge in the two reactors would not fully mix and the degradation of toxic pollutants and the nitration process was not adequate when the backow rate was low. When the IAT reactor was in the sedimentation condition and a deep layer of sludge was in the anaerobic state, some macromolecules degraded into small molecules. In this sense, a proper sludge backow rate from IAT to DAT can improve the exchange of pollutants between the anaerobic state and the aerobic state, and enhance the removal of pollutants. When

80 Removal efficiency (%) 70 60 50 40 30

COD NH4+-N

60 90 120 150 Sludge backflow rate (mL/min) Fig. 7 Inuence of the sludge backow rate on the removal eciency of COD and NH4 + -N.

30

IAT was in the sedimentary stage and wastewater owed back to DAT, sludge accumulated alongside the sludge discharge pipe and the return-sludge pump brought back only wastewater. Wastewater from the DAT process to the IAT process contained a signicant amount of sludge. The faster the backow rate, the less MLSS in the DAT process; therefore, the removal eciencies of COD and NH+ 4 -N both reduced when the backow rate was faster than 38 mL/min. Additionally, when the sludge backow rate was too fast, the retention time of wastewater in the DAT reactor was too short, and nitrication was also restricted. 2.5 Inuences of HRT and MLSS in the modied DAT/IAT At the optimal sludge backow rate (38 mL/min), the eect of HRT (HRT in the DAT reactor) on the removal eciencies of COD and NH+ 4 -N were also investigated. In this investigation, HRT in the DAT reactor equaled that in the IAT reactor, and half the HRT in the IAT reactor was aeration and half sedimentation. Euent owed out of the IAT reactor through an electromagnetic valve for the last 30 min. The results (Fig. 8a) indicated that the removal eciency of COD was up to 77.0% when HRT was 8 hr. When HRT either increased or decreased, the removal eciency of COD decreased. Organic pollutants cannot be adequately degraded at a short HRT, but too long HRT caused self-degradation of microorganisms, thus COD in the euent increases. It is clear that COD is the major removal indicator in this experiment, and HRT at 8 hr is recommended for the modied DAT/IAT reactor. Similarly, the removal eciency of NH+ 4 -N reached 66.2%, the highest value when HRT was 6 hr. Generally speaking, HRT for nitration is often 6 hr at least. Thus, the high removal eciency of NH+ 4 -N can be attained with HRT

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COD 80 Removal efficiency (%) 70 60 50 40 40 30 4 6 a Removal efficiency (%) 80

NH4+-N b

70

60

50

3000 3500 4000 4500 8 10 12 MLSS (mg/L) HRT (hr) Fig. 8 Inuence of HRT (a) and MLSS (b) on the removal eciencies of COD and NH4 + -N.

5000

longer than 6 hr. Biological treatment of wastewater basically depends on the activity of degraded microorganisms in the sludge. In other words, MLSS can directly aect removal of organic pollutants. The eect of MLSS on the removal eciencies of COD and NH+ 4 -N by the modied DAT/IAT was also investigated according to the above experimental methods. The results indicated that highest COD and NH4 + -N removal eciencies were 78.9% and 62.6%, respectively, when MLSS was 4088 mg/L. As shown in Fig. 8b, too high or too low MLSS limited COD and NH+ 4 -N removal. When MLSS was too low pollutants were not fully removed, when MLSS was too high degraded microorganisms received insucient nutrition. Under such conditions, the self-degradation of microorganisms resulted in lower removal eciencies of COD and NH+ 4 -N. Water quality was greatly improved after the combined process of microelectrolysis and modied DAT/IAT, with more major pollutants removed compared with only the DAT/IAT process. Thus, we concluded that the combined process of microelectrolysis and modied DAT/IAT was an eective method to improve water quality of lagoon wastewater containing mixed chemical industrial pollution.

at 8 hr, and MLSS in the reactor at 4088 mg/L. Under the optimal conditions, microorganisms grew well in the reactor, the removal eciencies of COD and NH+ 4 -N reached 78.9% and 62.6%, respectively, and euent water quality reached the state standard for water and wastewater analysis in China. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Tianjin Committee of Science and Technology as a Special Innovative Project (No. 08FDZDSF03402), the National Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 2007AA061201), and the Open Fund Project from the Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, China.

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3 Conclusions
In the modied DAT/IAT reactor without microelectrolysis pretreatment, microbial activities were seriously aected by heavy metals and other hazardous materials in the wastewater samples from the lagoon, which resulted in the continuous decrease in COD and NH+ 4 -N removal eciencies. Microelectrolysis is a feasible method for the treatment and remediation of wastewater with low COD and high toxicity. After pretreatment, the removal eciency of COD reached 64.6%, other hazardous materials were partly removed, and the BOD/COD ratio in the euent increased from 0.013 to 0.609, which provided a good foundation for the follow-up bioprocess. Optimal parameters for the modied DAT/IAT were a sludge backow rate at 38 mL/min, HRT of DAT/IAT

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