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Computer Networks: Lecture #1 Instructor: Engr. Iftikhar Rasheed Dept of Telecommunication Engineering Iub (Ucet)

This document provides an overview of a lecture on computer networks. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences: The lecture will cover fundamental principles of computer networks, including network architectures, technologies, protocols, and applications. Networking is an indispensable part of modern society and appears in many facets of engineering. The course objectives are to develop an understanding of network design principles, protocols, technologies, and performance as well as interests in computer network research.

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Saad Khaliq
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89 views

Computer Networks: Lecture #1 Instructor: Engr. Iftikhar Rasheed Dept of Telecommunication Engineering Iub (Ucet)

This document provides an overview of a lecture on computer networks. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences: The lecture will cover fundamental principles of computer networks, including network architectures, technologies, protocols, and applications. Networking is an indispensable part of modern society and appears in many facets of engineering. The course objectives are to develop an understanding of network design principles, protocols, technologies, and performance as well as interests in computer network research.

Uploaded by

Saad Khaliq
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Networks

Lecture #1 Instructor: Engr. Iftikhar Rasheed Dept of Telecommunication Engineering IUB (UCET)

What is this Course All About


Fundamental principles of Computer Networks First course Broad coverage of topics (important topics in depth) Topics categorized to:
Network architectures - technologies Protocols Applications

Why Learn about Networking?


Indispensable part of modern society
Commercial e-commerce, banking, inventorying, telecommunications, archiving, health Social critical infrastructure, homeland security, policing Human interaction/communication email, chat, videoconferencing, social networking, entertainment

Appears in every facet of engineering


Modern trend Network every (electronic) device (computers, phones, sensors, planes, cars, TVs, appliances, heart monitors, )

Prolific field to pursue graduate studies


Many problems remain unsolved Research funding is still strong
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Course Logistics
Textbook
Computer Networks: A Systems Approach L. Peterson, and B. Davie, 5th edition. Additional References Data Networks D. Bertsekas, and R. Gallager, 2nd edition Computer Networks S. Tanenbaum and D. Wetherall, 5th edition,

Where to find me
My Office: UCET old Building Office Hours 08:30 04:30 PM and by Appointment My Email: [email protected]

Class Expectations
Class participation Your input is needed for good discussion Keep up with reading material Complete assignments and projects on time Submit clean, organized, and concise reports (back of a flyer is not ok!) Identify potential project partners early (in one week, if possible) Brush up prior knowledge (Probability theory, C Programming) Follow academic integrity code
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Lecture Etiquette
Be on time (if you are late enter the class quiet) Your ringer is not that great! (cell phones off or muted) You can do without facebook/youtube/twitter for 1:15 - If you have to, dont disturb your peers Interrupt for questions there is no dumb question

Key to Success
Attendance
Pay attention to lectures and keep extra notes Ask questions

Effort
Do homework on your own. Its ok to ask others, but make your own effort Read extra material on your own. Wealth of information available (library books, online articles, research papers)

Consistency
Keep up with the class pace
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Grading Scheme
Assignment
Assignment + Quiz Midterm Project Final Exam Lab Total

Points
05+05 30 10 50 50 150

Course Objectives
Develop a fundamental understanding of the network design principles and performance metrics Become familiar with the mechanisms and protocols for reliable data communication via a computer network Be able to evaluate the performance of various network technologies and protocols Think as an engineer: What technologies should be employed to build a network with particular specifications? Develop interest in performing research in the area of Computer Networks

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Topics to be covered
Network architectures, performance metrics, layering Medium access control Internetworking, routing End-to-end protocols, flow control Congestion control and resource allocation Applications Network security

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Definition of a Network
A system that carries a commodity between 2 or more entities
Examples: Transportation network, electric grid, postal, water, telephone

Computer network: A system that carries information between 2 or more entities, in the form of electric signals

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Transportation vs. Computer Networks


Transportation Network Vehicles/People Street address Intersection Street, highway, path Traffic jam Stop and go traffic light Taking alternative path Collision HOV lane Following a route to school Computer Network Packets/Payload IP address Bridge/router Link/broadband/path Network congestion Flow control Alternative route Collision of packets Flow Priority Routing algorithm
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Most commonly known Networks

The Internet* Ethernet (LAN) WiFi


3G/4G An internet**

* The global network adopting the IP technology **Internet: A network of networks


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How does the Internet Look Like?

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How Many Users?

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How many more Users?

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How is Time Spent?

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What Do Users Expect?

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How do they get it?

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Where are we headed?

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Biggest Internet Challenge

Scale
How to manage such a large system, growing rapidly and uncontrollably, consisting of heterogeneous devices, managed by multiple entities having limited resources Lets take things one at a time
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Network Elements
Nodes: Special purpose devices

PC server switch Links: Connections between nodes

bridge

router

Optical fiber

Coaxial cable

wireless

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Network Design
The task of connecting nodes via links, so that nodes can exchange information, reliably, timely, efficiently, safely, privately, greenly, and with low cost. Need to define the network architecture, protocols, applications, interfaces, policies, usages. Lets start with the architecture
Directly connected networks Circuit-switched networks Packet-switched Networks

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What Drives Network Design?


Applications
WWW, email, chat, videoconferencing, e-commerce, audio/video streaming, VOIP, file sharing

Who deploys the network


Enterprise, government, end-user

Where is the network deployed


Home, building, campus, state, country, continent, globe

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How do we Evaluate a Network


Metrics (think again a transportation network)
How many cars can it service (throughput)? How fast can it service them (delay)? How reliable can it service them (collisions, losses, outage probabilities, etc)? Can it provide any guarantees (QoS)? Any other metrics you can think of?

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Directly-Connected Networks
Point-to-point links: Each node is directly connected to all others via a link Multiple access: All nodes share the same physical medium

point-to-point

multiple access
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Switched Networks
Circuit-Switched
A dedicated circuit is established across a set of links Example: Telephone network terminal/ host

Packet-Switched
Data is split into blocks called packets or messages. Store-and-forward strategy Switches: Store and forward packets

switch

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Circuit-Switched Networks
End-to-end permanent connection
Dedicated path for communication No need for a destination address since a path is already established

Once communication is complete, connection is ended and links are released.

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Advantages of Circuit Switching


Guaranteed bandwidth (Quality of Service)
Predictable bitrate and delay Good for delay-sensitive applications

Reliable communication
Rare packet loss Packets are delivered in order

Simple data routing


Forwarding based on time slot or frequency (multiplexing) No need to inspect a packet header for address

Low per-packet overhead


Forwarding based on time slot or frequency No IP (and TCP/UDP) header on each packet
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Disadvantages of Circuit Switching


Wasted bandwidth Bursty traffic leads to idle connection during silent period Blocked connections Connection refused when resources are not sufficient Unable to offer okay service to everybody Connection set-up delay No communication until the connection is set up Unable to avoid extra latency for small data transfers Network state Network nodes must store per-connection information Unable to avoid per-connection storage and state

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Packet Switched Networks


Data is divided into packets (messages)
Each packet contains identification info (source/destination address seq. number, etc)

Packets traverse the network individually


Use the destination address to forward packets May use more than one routes, nodes may store packets temporarily

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Advantages of Packet Switching


No wasted bandwidth (not entirely true) Links are not reserved during idle period Multiplexing (see next slides) Frequency, time, statistical multiplexing Service More connections of lesser quality No blocking of users Adaptation Can adapt to network congestion and failures

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Multiplexing

Three pairs of senders/receivers share the same physical link to communicate

A switch is multiplexing packets from different senders into one packet stream

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Multiplexing Methods
Time Division Multiplexing
S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3

time Frequency Division Multiplexing frequency


f3 f2 f1 S3 S2 S1

time
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Multiplexing Methods
Statistical multiplexing
Division of the communication medium into a number of channels of variable bandwidth

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Disadvantages of Packet Switching


No guaranteed bandwidth Harder to build applications requiring QoS Per packet overhead Need a header with source/dest. address, etc. Complex end-to-end control Packets can be lost, corrupted or delivered out-of-order Delay and Congestion No congestion control, can lead to arbitrary delays and packet drops

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