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Chapter 2 - Number System II

This document discusses complex numbers and their properties. It begins by defining a complex number as an expression of the form x + iy, where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part. It describes adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing complex numbers. It also discusses representing complex numbers graphically using Argand diagrams and representing them using polar coordinates. The document concludes by covering De Moivre's theorem, which can be used to find roots of complex numbers.

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Joey Chow C A
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81 views49 pages

Chapter 2 - Number System II

This document discusses complex numbers and their properties. It begins by defining a complex number as an expression of the form x + iy, where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part. It describes adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing complex numbers. It also discusses representing complex numbers graphically using Argand diagrams and representing them using polar coordinates. The document concludes by covering De Moivre's theorem, which can be used to find roots of complex numbers.

Uploaded by

Joey Chow C A
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2 :

Number System (cont.)

SM0013 Mathematics I Khadizah Ghazali Lecture 4 15/06/2011

Section 2.3

Complex Numbers
A complex number z is a number of the form

x + iy

where

i = 1

x is the real part and y the imaginary part, written as x = Re z, and y = Im z. i is called the imaginary unit If x = 0, then z = iy is a pure imaginary number. The complex conjugate of a complex number, z = x + iy, denoted by z* , is given by z* = x iy. Two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts are equal and their imaginary parts are equal.
2

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Square roots of negative numbers

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Using i

Now we can handle quantities that occasionally show up in mathematical solutions a = 1 a = i a What about

49
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4

???

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Warning

Consider

16 49

It is tempting to combine them


16 49 = +16 49 = 4 7 = 28

The multiplicative property of radicals only works for positive values under the radical sign Instead; use imaginary numbers
16 49 = 4i 7i = 4 7 i 2 = 28
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Example 2.12 :

Given that the following complex numbers as,

Identify the real part and the imaginary part of these complex number.
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Solution :

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Example 2.13 :

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Operations on Complex Numbers


Complex numbers can be combined with Addition ( 2 4i ) + ( 4 3i ) 6 7i


Subtraction ( 3 + i ) ( 8 + 2i ) Multiplication division

11 i

(1 i ) ( 4 + 2i )

6 2i

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Division technique

Multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator


3i 3i 5 + 2i = 5 2i 5 2i 5 + 2i 15i + 6i 2 = 25 4i 2 6 + 15i 6 15 = = + i 29 29 29
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Square roots

If z2 = a + bi and z = x + yi, therefore

( x + yi ) = a + bi 2 2 x y ( ) + ( 2 xy ) i = a + bi
2

Using the properties of complex number equality we have

x y = a and
2 2
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2 xy = b
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Example Example 2.14 2.14 ::

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Example Example 2.14 2.14 ::

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Argand Diagram
Any complex number z = a + bi can be represented by any ordered pair (a, b) and hence plotted on xy-axes with the real part measured along x-axis and the imaginary part along the y-axis. The graphical representation of the complex number field is called an Argand diagram.
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Example 2.15: Represent the following complex numbers on an Argand diagram. (a) (b) z = 3 + 2i z = 4 5i

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Solution Im (y)

2 1

(3,2) Re (x)

-3 -2 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
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(4,-5)
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Modulus and argument of complex number


modulus of a complex number

argument of complex number

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Properties of modulus

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Properties of argument

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Polar Coordinates
With x = r cos ,

y = r sin

z takes the polar form:

z = r (cos + j sin )

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Using Polar Representation


Recall that a complex number can be represented as

z = r ( cos + i sin )

Then it follows that z 2 = r ( cos + i sin ) r ( cos + i sin )


= r 2 ( cos 2 + i sin 2 ) What about z3 ?
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DeMoivre's Theorem

In general (a + bi)n is

z = r ( cos ( n ) + i sin ( n ) )
n n

Apply to

(3 ( cos 330 + i sin 330 ))



12

2 2 Try 2 +i 2
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Using DeMoivre to Find Roots


Again, starting with

a + bi = z = r ( cos + i sin )

z n = r n ( cos ( n ) + i sin ( n ) ) also works when n is a fraction


Thus we can take a root of a complex number
1/ n

=r

1/ n

+ 360 k + 360 k cos + i sin n n


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Using DeMoivre to Find Roots


Note that there will be n such roots
z
1/ n

=r

1/ n

+ 360 k + 360 k cos + i sin n n

One each for k = 0, k = 1, k = n 1

Find the two square roots of


Represent as z = r cis What is r? What is ? SM0013 - 15/06/2011

1 + i 3

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Graphical Interpretation of Roots


Solutions are:
1 + i 3 = ( 2 ( cos120 + i sin120 ) )
1/ 2

2 6 +i 2 2

120 120 = 2 cos + i sin 2 i 2 2 2 120 + 360 120 + 360 + i sin and 2 cos 2 2

6 2

Roots Rootswill willbe beequally equallyspaced spaced 1/2 around arounda acircle circlewith withradius radiusrr1/2
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Graphical Interpretation of Roots


Consider cube root of 27 27 = 27 cis 0 Using DeMoivre's Theorem
3

0 + 360 k 27 = 27 cis 3 = 3 cis 0, 3 cis 120, and 3 cis 240


1/ 3

3 3 3 + 2 2

3+ i 0

Roots Rootswill willbe beequally equallyspaced spaced 1/3 around arounda acircle circlewith withradius radiusrr1/3
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3 3 3 2 2

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Section 2.4

Inequalities of Real Numbers


is a statement that shows the relationship between two (or more) expressions with one of the following five signs:

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Some properties of inequalities:

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2.16 :

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b)

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Section 2.7
The Absolute Value in Real Numbers

Section 2.5

The Absolute Value in Real Numbers

is the distance from that number to the origin (zero) on the number line. that distance is always given as a non-negative number.
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Some properties of absolute value:

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Some properties of absolute value (cont.):

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2.17 :

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The Triangle Inequality

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2.18 :

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