SPARQL By Example: The Cheat Sheet

Accompanies slides at:

http://www.cambridgesemantics.com/2008/09/sparql-by-example/
Comments & questions to:

Lee Feigenbaum <[email protected]> VP Technology & Standards, Cambridge Semantics Co-chair, W3C SPARQL Working Group

Conventions
Red text means: This is a core part of the SPARQL syntax or language. Blue text means: This is an example of query-specific text or values that might go into a SPARQL query.

Nuts & Bolts

URIs
Write full URIs: <http://this.is.a/full/URI/written#out>

Literals
a plain literal

Plain literals:

Abbreviate URIs with prefixes: PREFIX foo: <http://this.is.a/URI/prefix#> foo:bar http://this.is.a/URI/prefix#bar Shortcuts: a

Plain literal with language tag: bonjour@fr Typed literal: 13^^xsd:integer Shortcuts: true true^^xsd:boolean 3 3^^xsd:integer 4.2 4.2^^xsd:decimal

rdf:type

Variables
Variables: ?var1, ?anotherVar, ?and_one_more

Comments
Comments: # Comments start with a # # continue to the end of the line

Triple Patterns
Match an exact RDF triple: ex:myWidget ex:partNumber XY24Z1 . Match one variable: ?person foaf:name Lee Feigenbaum . Match multiple variables: conf:SemTech2009 ?property ?value .

Common Prefixes
prefix... rdf: rdfs: owl: xsd: dc: foaf: stands for http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl# http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/ http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/

More common prefixes at http://prefix.cc

Anatomy of a Query
Declare prefix shortcuts (optional)

Define the dataset (optional)

Query modifiers (optional)

PREFIX foo: <> PREFIX bar: <> SELECT FROM <> FROM NAMED <> WHERE { } GROUP BY HAVING ORDER BY LIMIT OFFSET BINDINGS

Query result clause

Query pattern

4 Types of SPARQL Queries

SELECT queries
Project out specific variables and expressions: SELECT ?c ?cap (1000 * ?people AS ?pop) Project out all variables: SELECT * Project out distinct combinations only: SELECT DISTINCT ?country Results in a table of values (in XML or JSON):
?c ?cap ?pop

CONSTRUCT queries
Construct RDF triples/graphs: CONSTRUCT { ?country a ex:HolidayDestination ; ex:arrive_at ?capital ; ex:population ?population . } Results in RDF triples (in any RDF serialization): ex:France a ex:HolidayDestination ; ex:arrive_at ex:Paris ; ex:population 635000000 . ex:Canada a ex:HolidayDestination ; ex:arrive_at ex:Ottawa ; ex:population 329000000 .

ex:France

ex:Paris

63,500,000

ex:Canada
ex:Italy

ex:Ottawa
ex:Rome

32,900,000
58,900,000

ASK queries
Ask whether or not there are any matches: ASK Result is either true or false (in XML or JSON): true, false

DESCRIBE queries
Describe the resources matched by the given variables: DESCRIBE ?country Result is RDF triples (in any RDF serialization) : ex:France a geo:Country ; ex:continent geo:Europe ; ex:flag <http:///flag-france.png> ;

Combining SPARQL Graph Patterns

Consider A and B as graph patterns.
A Basic Graph Pattern one or more triple patterns
A . B Conjunction. Join together the results of solving A and B by matching the values of any variables in common. Optional Graph Patterns A OPTIONAL { B } Left join. Join together the results of solving A and B by matching the values of any variables in common, if possible. Keep all solutions from A whether or not theres a matching solution in B

Combining SPARQL Graph Patterns

Consider A and B as graph patterns.
Either-or Graph Patterns

{ A } UNION { B }
Disjunction. Include both the results of solving A and the results of solving B.

Subtracted Graph Patterns (SPARQL 1.1)

A MINUS { B } Negation. Solve A. Solve B. Include only those results from solving A that are not compatible with any of the results from B.

SPARQL Subqueries (SPARQL 1.1)

Consider A and B as graph patterns.
A . { SELECT WHERE { B } } C . Join the results of the subquery with the results of solving A and C.

SPARQL Filters
SPARQL FILTERs eliminate solutions that do not cause an expression to evaluate to true. Place FILTERs in a query inline within a basic graph pattern
A . B . FILTER ( expr )
Category
Logical
Math Existence
(SPARQL 1.1)

Functions / Operators
!, &&, ||, =, !=, <, <=, >, >=
+, -, *, /

Examples
?hasPermit || ?age < 25
?decimal * 10 > ?minPercent

EXISTS, NOT EXISTS

isURI, isBlank, isLiteral, bound str, lang, datatype

NOT EXISTS { ?p foaf:mbox ?email }

isURI(?person) || !bound(?person) lang(?title) = en

SPARQL tests Accessors Miscellaneous

sameTerm, langMatches, regex(?ssn, \\d{3}-\\d{2}-\\d{4}) regex

Aggregates (SPARQL 1.1)

?key ?val 4 4 5 4 ?other1

1. Partition results into groups based on the expression(s) in the GROUP BY clause 2. Evaluate projections and aggregate functions in SELECT clause to get one result per group 3. Filter aggregated results via the HAVING clause

1 1 2 2

2
2 2 3

10
2 1 3

?key
1 2 3

?sum_of_val
8 22 3

?key 1 3

?sum_of_val 8 3

SPARQL 1.1 includes: COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX, SAMPLE, GROUP_CONCAT

Property Paths (SPARQL 1.1)

Property paths allow triple patterns to match arbitrarylength paths through a graph Predicates are combined with regular-expression-like operators:
Construct
path1/path2 ^path1 path1|path2 path1* path1+

Meaning
Forwards path (path1 followed by path2) Backwards path (object to subject) Either path1 or path2
path1, repeated zero or more times path1, repeated one or more times

path1?
path1{m,n} path1{n} path1{m,} path1{,n}

path1, optionally

At least m and no more than n occurrences of path1 Exactly n occurrences of path1 At least m occurrences of path1 At most n occurrences of path1

RDF Datasets
A SPARQL queries a default graph (normally) and zero or more named graphs (when inside a GRAPH clause).
Default graph (the merge of zero or more graphs)
ex:g1

ex:g4

Named graphs ex:g3 ex:g1

OR OR

ex:g2

PREFIX ex: <> SELECT FROM ex:g1 FROM ex:g4 FROM NAMED ex:g1 FROM NAMED ex:g2 FROM NAMED ex:g3 WHERE { A GRAPH ex:g3 { B } GRAPH ?g { C } }

SPARQL Over HTTP (the SPARQL Protocol)

http://host.domain.com/sparql/endpoint?<parameters> where <parameters> can include: query=<encoded query string> e.g. SELECT+*%0DWHERE+{ default-graph-uri=<encoded graph URI> e.g. https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fexmaple.com%2Ffoo n.b. zero of more occurrences of default-graph-uri named-graph-uri=<encoded graph URI> e.g. https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fexmaple.com%2Fbar n.b. zero of more occurrences of named-graph-uri

HTTP GET or POST. Graphs given in the protocol override graphs given in the query.

Federated Query (SPARQL 1.1)

PREFIX ex: <> SELECT FROM ex:g1 WHERE { A SERVICE ex:s1 { B } SERVICE ex:s2 { C } }

Local Graph Store

ex:g1

SPARQL Endpoint

ex:s1

Web
SPARQL Endpoint

ex:s2

SPARQL 1.1 Update

SPARQL Update Language Statements
INSERT DATA { triples }
DELETE DATA {triples} [ DELETE { template } ] [ INSERT { template } ] WHERE { pattern } LOAD <uri> [ INTO GRAPH <uri> ] CLEAR GRAPH <uri> CREATAE GRAPH <uri> DROP GRAPH <uri>

[ ] denotes optional parts of SPARQL 1.1 Update syntax

Some Public SPARQL Endpoints

Name SPARQLer URL http://sparql.org/sparql.html Whats there? General-purpose query endpoint for Web-accessible data Extensive RDF data from Wikipedia Bibliographic data from computer science journals and conferences Films, actors, directors, writers, producers, etc. Country statistics from the CIA World Factbook Bioinformatics data from around 40 public databases

DBPedia

http://dbpedia.org/sparql

DBLP

http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/dblp/snorql/

LinkedMDB
World Factbook bio2rdf

http://data.linkedmdb.org/sparql
http://www4.wiwiss.fuberlin.de/factbook/snorql/ http://bio2rdf.org/sparql

SPARQL Resources
The SPARQL Specification
http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/

SPARQL implementations
http://esw.w3.org/topic/SparqlImplementations

SPARQL endpoints
http://esw.w3.org/topic/SparqlEndpoints

SPARQL Frequently Asked Questions

http://www.thefigtrees.net/lee/sw/sparql-faq

SPARQL Working Group

http://www.w3.org/2009/sparql/wiki/

Common SPARQL extensions

http://esw.w3.org/topic/SPARQL/Extensions