UNIT IV VECTOR CALCULUS

Scalar and Vector Point Functions:(i) If to each point p (R) of a region E in space there corresponds a definite scalar denoted by f (R), then f (R) is called a scalar point function in E. The region E is called a scalar field.

EX:(i) (ii) (iii) (ii) The temperature at any instant, Density of a body Potential due to gravitational Matter. If to each point P ( R) of a region E in space, there corresponds a definite vector denoted by F (R ), then it is called the vector point function in E. the region E is called a vector field.

EX:(i) (ii) The velocity of a moving fluid at any instant Gravitational intensity of force.

Note: - If F (x, y, z) b a vector point function, then and df = = =

Vector Operator Del:The operator is called del and denoted by .

Del applied to scalar point functions (Gradient):The Vector function f is defined as the gradient of the scalar point function f and is written as grad f. Thus grad f = f= ( )f

Geometrical Interpretation:Grad f is a vector normal to the surface f = constant and has a magnitude equal to the rate of change of f along this normal.

Directional Derivative:The directional derivative of a scalar point function f in the direction of a unit vector N is f. N. Note: - f gives the maximum rate of change of f. 1. Prove that r n = n r n-2 R where R=xi+yj+zk Sol: - We have f =

= n x r n-2 Similarly, Thus, r n= =nr n-2 (x i + y j + z k) = nr n-2 R. 2. Find the directional derivative of f (x, y, z ) = xy2 + yz3 at (2,-1,1) in the direction of the vector I + 2j + 2k.

Sol: - f = y2 I + (2xy + z3) j + 3yz2 k = I 3j 3k at the point (2,-1,1) A unit vector in the direction. I + 2j + 2k is

Directional derivative of f in the direction I + 2j + 2k = ( I 3j 3k) 3. Find the angle between the surfaces x2 + y2 +z2 = 9 and z = x2 +y2-3 at the point (2,-1, 2) f1 = x2 + y2 +z2 - 9 = 0 and F2 = x2 + y2-z -3 = 0

Sol: - Let

Then

N1 = f1 at (2, -1, 2) = 2xi + 2yj + 2zk at (2, -1, 2) = 4i 2j + 4k

And

N2 = f2 at (2, -1, 2) = 2xi + 2yj - k at (2, -1, 2) = 4i 2j k. Angle between the surfaces at (2, -1, 2) = angle between their normals at (2, -1, 2) = =

4.

Find the values of a and b such that the surfaces ax2 b y z = (a +2) x and 4x2 y + z3 = 4 cut orthogonally at (1, -1, 2)

Sol: - Let ax2 b y z (a +2) x = 0 And f2 = 4x2y + z3 4 = 0 Then f1 = (2ax a-2) I 4z j b y k. = (a -2) I 2b j + b k at (1, -1, 2) f2 = 8x y I + 4 x2 j + 3 z2 k. = -8i + 4j +12k at (1, -1, 2) The surfaces will cut orthogonally If f1. f2 = 0 i. e 8 (a-2) -8b + 12b = 0. (or) -2a + b + 4 = 0 ----- (1).

Also, since the point (1,-1, 2) lies on both of the surfaces, A + 2b (a +2) = 0 - 2a + 5 = 0 a = 5/2 and b = 1 a = 5/2. b = 1.

Exercise:1. If = log (x2 + y2 + z2) , find 2. What is the directional derivative of = x y2 + y z3 at the point (2, -1, 1) in the direction of the normal to the surface x log z y2 = -4 at (-1, 2, ) 3. In what direction from (3, 1, -2) is the directional derivative of = x2 y2 z4 maximum? Find also the magnitude of this maximum. 4. Calculate the angle between the normals to the surface x y = z2 at the points (4, 1,2 ) and (3, 3, -3)

Del applied to vector point Functions Divergence:The divergence of a continuously differentiable vector point function f is denoted by div f and is defined by the equation Div f = f = I . if f = f1 I + f2 j + f3 k Then div f = Thus, the divergence of a vector point function is the sum of the partial derivatives of the i, j, k components with respect to x, y, z respectively.

Physical Interpretation:The divergence of a vector point function representing any physical quantity gives at each point, the rate unit volume at which the physical quantity is issuing from that point. If div f = 0, the vector point function f is said to be solenoid. The equation div f = 0 is known in hydrodynamics as the equation of continuity for incompressible fluids.

Curl:The curl of a continuously differentiable vector point function f is defined by the equation Curl f = X f If f = f1 i + f2 j + f3 k then

Curl f =

Physical Interpretation:The curl of any vector point function gives the measure of the angular velocity at any point of the vector field. If curl f = 0, then f is said to be irrotational. (1) If R = x I + y j + z k, show that (i) .R=3 (ii) XR=0 Sol: .R=

xR = = (0-0)I + (0-0) j + (0-0)k = 0 (2) Prove that div (r n R) = (n + 3) r n. Hence show that R/ r3 is solenoidal. Sol:- we have R = x I + y j + z k and r = div (rn R) =

= = = 3 r n + nr2 . rn-2 = (n + 3) r n

If n = -3, div (R / r3) = 0. i.e R/r3 is solenoidal. (3) Calculate curl (grad f ) given f (x, y, z) = x2 + y2 z Sol:- grad f = = 2x I + 2y j k. curl (grad f) = = (0-0) I + ( 0 -0) j + ( 0 0) k. = 0. (4) Find curl (curl A) given A = x2 y i + y2 z j + z2 y k. Sol: - curl A = = ( z2 y2) i + (0 0) j + ( 0- x2) k . = ( z2 y2) i - x2k. curl (curl A) = = (0 0)i + (2z + 2x) j + ( 0 + 2y) k. = 2 (z + x) j + 2y k. (5) Find the value of a if the vector (ax2 y + y z) i + (xy2 xz2) j + (2 x y z 2x2 y2) k has zero divergence. Find the curl of the above vector which has zero. Divergence. Sol: - f = (ax2 y + y z) i + (xy2 xz2) j + (2 x y z 2x2 y2) k. Given div f = 0 i.e (ax2 y + y z) + + (xy2 xz2) + (2 x y z 2x2 y2) = 0. 2 a xy + 2 xy + 2 x y = 0 . a = -2 . f = (-2x2 y + y z) i + (xy2 xz2) j + (2 x y z 2x2 y2) k. 2 x y (a + 2) = 0.

curl f =

= ( 2 x z 4x2 y ) i + ( y 2 y z + 4 x y2) j + 2 x z + ( y2 z2 + 2x 2 z ) k. = 4 x (z x y ) i + ( y 2 y z + 4 x y2 ) j + ( 2 x2 + y 2 - z2-z ) k.

Exercise:1. If f = ( x+ y +1) i + j ( x + y) k, show that f. curl f = 0 2. Evaluate div f and curl f at the point (1, 2, 3) if f = grad ( x3 y+ y3 z + z3 x) 3. If A is a constant vector and R = xi + y j + z k , prove that (i) Grad (A. R ) = A. (ii) Div (A X R)= 0 (iii) Curl (A X R)= 2A (iv) Curl ((A.R) R) = A X R

Del applied to products of point functions:If f, g are scalar point functions and f, G are vector point functions, then (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Grad (fg) = f ( grad g) + g (grad f) Div ( f G) = ( grad f ) X G + f (curl G) Curl (f G) = (grad f ) X G + f (curl G) Grad (f. G) = (f .) G + (G . ) f + f X curl G + G X curl f Div (f X G) = G. (curl f ) f. (curl G) Curl ( f X G) = f (div G ) G (div f ) + (G. ) f ( f . ) G

Del applied twice to point functions: If f and X f are vector point functions, then (i) Div (grad f) = . f = 2 f = (ii) (iii) (iv) 2 = equation. 1. Show that 2 (rn) = n(n + 1) r n-2 Sol:- 2 ( r n) = ( r n ) = n r n-1 ( r n) + ( r n) + ( r n) f

Curl grad f = 0 Div curl f = 0 Curl curl f = grad div f - 2f. is called the. Laplacian operator and 2 f = 0 is called the laplaces

= nr n-1 . x/r = n r n-2 x.

( r n ) = n( r n-2 + ( n -2) r n-3 . = n( r n-2 + ( n -2) r n-3 . .x) = n( r n-2 + ( n -2) r n-4 . x2) Lly,

.x)

( r n ) = n( r n-2+ ( n -2) r n-4 . y2) ( r n ) = n( r n-2+ ( n -2) r n-4 . z2)

2 ( r n ) = n [3 r n-2+ ( n -2) r n-4( x2 + y2 + z2) ] = n [3 r n-2+ ( n -2) r n-4.r2] = n ( n+1) r n-2. 2. If A and B are irrotational, prove that A X B is solenoidal. Sol: - div (A X B) =B. curl A A. curl B = B .0 A.0 ( curl A = curl B = 0 since they are irrotational) =0 A X B is solenoidal

Exercise:1. Prove that div (rn R) = ( n+3) r n and curl ( rn R) = 0 2. Show that 2 f ( r) = f11 ( r ) + 2/r f1 ( r) 3. If f = ( x2+ y2 + z2) n, Find div grad f and determine n if div grad f = 0 1. If f= (y2 2x y z3 ) j + (3 + 2 x y x2 z3 ) j + ( 6z3 3x2 y z2) k , find f if f (1, 0, 1) = 8 Sol:- f = = (y2 2x y z3 ) j + (3 + 2 x y x2 z3 ) j + ( 6z3 3x2 y z2) k = y2 2 x y z3 ---- (1) = 3 + 2 x y x2 z3 ---- (2) = 6z3 3x2 y z2 --- (3) Integrating partially (1) , (2), (3) with reference to x, y, z respectively,

f = xy2 x2 y x3 + c1 (y, z) --- (4) f = 3 y + xy2 x2 y x3 + c2 (x, z) --- (5) f = 6/4 z4 x2 y z3 + c3 (x , y) --- (6) Differentiate (4) partially w r t z, and equate with (3) -3 x2 y z2 + = = 6z3 3 x2 y z2

= 6z3 --- (7) Integrating (7) partially with reference to z, we get c1 (y, z ) = 6/4 z4 + c4 (y) - -(8) Substituting (8) in (4), f = xy2 x2 y z2 + 3/2 z4 + c4 (y) --- (9) Differentiate (9) partially with reference to y and equate with (z), 2 x y x2 z3 + = 3 --- (10) Integrating (10) with reference to y, C4 = 3y + C5 ---- (11) Substituting (11) in (5), f = x y2 x2 y z3 + 3/2 z4 + 3y + C5. f ( 1, 0, 1) = 8 = 3/2 + C5 C5 = 8 3/2 = 13/2. = 3 + 2 x y x2 z3

f = x y2 x2 y z3 + 3/2 z4 + 3y + 13/2 .