Scribd
Upload
213 views

Departure Function

1. The document derives expressions for the change in enthalpy and entropy of gases during isothermal and adiabatic processes using different equations of state. 2. It provides examples of using the expressions to calculate changes in properties for various gas processes involving changes in temperature and pressure. 3. One example calculates the downstream temperature and entropy change for CO2 gas throttled from high to low pressure while keeping temperature constant.

Uploaded by

zidinho
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
213 views

Departure Function

1. The document derives expressions for the change in enthalpy and entropy of gases during isothermal and adiabatic processes using different equations of state. 2. It provides examples of using the expressions to calculate changes in properties for various gas processes involving changes in temperature and pressure. 3. One example calculates the downstream temperature and entropy change for CO2 gas throttled from high to low pressure while keeping temperature constant.

Uploaded by

zidinho
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

Derive an expression for enthalpy change of a gas during an isothermal process assuming using

the following EOS:


Example 5.1
( ) P V b RT =

p
P
V
dH C dT V T dP
T
( | |
= +
| (

\ .


P (V-b) =RT
P
V R
T P
| |
=
|

\ .

dH =C
p
p
RT
V dP C dT bdP
P
| |
= +
|
\ .
dT +
2 1
( )
P
H C dT b P P = +



Derive an expression for enthalpy change of a gas during an isothermal process assuming
using the following EOS: Z =1 +AP
Example 5.2
r
/ T
2
0
r
r
P
R
r
r
c r r
P
dP H Z
T
RT T P
| |
=
|

\ .

r


2
2
0
r
P
R
r r
r r
c r r
AP dP H
T AP
RT T P
| |
= =
|
\ .


2 1
ig R R
H H H H = +
2 1
( )
ig
r r c
H A P P RT = +

Derive expressions for H
Example 5.3
R
, S
R
General expressions are:
from RK-EOS.
( ) 1
V
R
V V
P
H RT Z T P dV
T
=
( | |
= +
| (

\ .

..(1)
ln
V
R
V V
P R
S R Z dV
T V
=
( | |
= +
| (

\ .

..(2)

( ) ( )
RT a RT a
P
V b V V b V b V V b T

= =
+ +
..(3)
Where,
2 2.5
0.42748 0.08664
;
C
C
C C
R T
a b RT
P P
= =

3/2
'
2 ( )
V
P R a
T P T
T V b V V b T
( | |
= +
| (
+
\ .



-
1/2
'
( )
RT a
V b V V b T
(

(
+


=
1/2
3 '
2 ( )
a
V V b T +

( )
3 '
1
( ) 2
V
R
V
a dV
H RT Z
V V b T
=
= +
+


Putting / Z PV RT =
3
ln
2
R
a V b
H PV RT
b V
+ (
=
(


Replacing P we get:
( ) ( )
3
ln
2
R
bRT a a V b
H
V b V b b V
+ (
=
(
+


Similarly using (2) and (3) one may show:
( )
ln ln ln
2
R
PV
V b a V b
S R R
RT V bT V
+ | | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .

Carbon dioxide at upstream conditions T
Example 5.4
1
=350 K and P
1
For CO
=80 bar is throttled to a
downstream pressure of 1.2 bar. Estimate the downstream temperature and S of the gas.
2
3 5
2
1.157
/ 5.457 1.045 10 10
ig
p
C R T
T

= +
:
T
1
=350K, P
1
=80 bar, T
C
=304.2K, P
C

= 73.8 bar and = 0.224
For the process H
2
H
1
Now H
=0 (Isenthalpic, from energy balance)
2
H
1
2 1
...........( )
R R ig
H H H A + =
Tr
1
=T
1
/T
c
=1.151, Pr
1
=P
1
/P
c

=1.084
If one assume that at 1.2 bar (at exit), the gas is ideal, then:
2
1

2 1
0; then
T
R ig ig R
p
T
H H C dT H = =

.. (B)
Use generalized correlations for residual properties, and read from relevant figures for
residual properties to find
1
R
H at given Tr
1
, & Pr
1
and then solve Equation (B) by trial &
error to get T
2
280K
Thus:
2 2
2 1 1
1 1
ln ln 31.5 /
R R ig R
p
T P
S S S S S C R J molK
T P
(
= + +
(



Estimate the final temperature and the work required when 1 mol of n-butane is compressed
isentropically in a steady-flow process from 1 bar and 50
Example 5.5
o
=0.2, T
C to 7.8 bar.
c
=425.1 K, P
c
T
=37.96 bar
1
=323 K, P
1
=1 bar, P
2
For the process,
=7.8 bar
0 S =
T
r2
=0.76017, P
r2
P
=0.2052,
r1
-3 -6 2
/ 1.9 36.9 1 For n-butane: 0 11.4 10
ig
p
C R T T = +
=0.02639; hence we assume that at state 1 the residual properties are zero as the gas is at
ideal state.

Using generalized correlations for state 2 and reading from relevant figures for residual
properties one finally obtains the following residual property values at 2:
From generalized correction at point 2
( )
0.5679
o
R
C
H
RT
= ,
( )
0.05210
o
R
C
S
RT
=
2
1
2
2 1
1
ln
T
R R
p
T
P dT
S C R S S
T P
= +


Assume T
2
S and solve iteratively with =0 to obtain the final value of T
2
Next use generalized correlation figures for residual enthalpies; whereby at point 2:
which is =381K.
0.30330
R
c
H
RT
=
W =
2 1
( )
ig R R
c
H H RT H H = +

2
1
2 1
( )
T
ig R R
p c
T
C dT RT H H = +


Finally, 5678 W = J /mol



Calculate the changes in enthalpy and entropy per mole when a mixture of 70 mole %
ethylene (1) and 30 mole% propylene (2) at 323K and 10 bar is taken to 60 bar and 600 K
using the generalized compressibility factor approach.
Example 5.6

3 6 2 9 3
1
4.196 154.565 10 81.076 10 16.813 10
ig
p
C x T x T x T

= + + ;

3 6 2 9 3
2
3.305 235.821 10 117.58 10 22.673 10
ig
p
C x T x T x T

= + +
Use pure species data to compute those of mixture.
Thus,
(1 =ethylene, 2 =Propylene)
Similarly

At state 1,
Now,
From Tables at given T
r,mix
and P
r,mix





At state 1
and
Thus,
Similarly on repeating the calculation for state 2, T =600K, P =60 bar, we obtain

Now,

Thus,
Where,
For component 1,

Similarly,


Similarly,
Hence,


Now,

Final answer on substitution of all parameters



A certain gas is compressed adiabatically from 293 K and 135 KPa to 550 KPa. What is the
work needed? What is the final T
Example 5.7
2
For the gas: C
? Assume ideal gas behavior. Compressor =0.8.
p
ig
=1.65 +8.9 x 10
-3
T 2.2 x 10
-6
T
For rev. process S =S
2

2
-S
1
Flow process thus lead to:
=0
(1) (2) S =

2
1
2
1
T
T
P
P
ig
p
P
dP
R
T
dT
C

s
W

2
T
293
(1.65 +8.9 x 10
-3
T 2.2 x 10
-6
T
2
T
dT
) =8.314 ln
550
135
| |
|
\ .

T
2
reversible

(by iteration) ~395 K
By first Law Q (=0) +W
s
W
=H
s
(isentropic, reversible) =H
2
H
1

2
1
T
T
ig
p
C = dT

395
reversible 3 6 2
S
293
W [1.65 8.9 x 10 T 2.2 x 10 T ) dT

= +

~3960 J /mol.
Thus actual work needed = W
rev
S

=3960/0.8 =4950 J /mol

= =
2
1
T
T
ig
p
rev
S
dT C H W
4950 =
2
3 6 2
293
[1.65 8.9 10 2.2 10 ]
irrev
T
x T x T dT

+


T
2
(actual) ~420
o
K 147
o

C

You might also like