Fundamentals of Mathematics

Fundamentals of Mathematics
By: Denny Burzynski Wade Ellis
By: Denny Burzynski Wade Ellis
Online: < http://cnx.org/content/col10615/1.4/ >
CONNEXIONS
Rice University, Houston, Texas
This selection and arrangement of content as a collection is copyrighted by Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis. It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/). Collection structure revised: August 18, 2010 PDF generated: July 29, 2013 For copyright and attribution information for the modules contained in this collection, see p. 699.
Table of Contents
Preface
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Acknowledgements
1 Addition and Subtraction of Whole Numbers 1.1 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.2 Whole Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3 Reading and Writing Whole Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.4 Rounding Whole Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.5 Addition of Whole Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.6 Subtraction of Whole Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 1.7 Properties of Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 1.8 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 1.9 Exercise Supplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 1.10 Prociency Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2 Multiplication and Division of Whole Numbers 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Multiplication of Whole Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Concepts of Division of Whole Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Division of Whole Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Some Interesting Facts about Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Properties of Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Exercise Supplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Prociency Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Exponents and Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Grouping Symbols and the Order of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Prime Factorization of Natural Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 172 The Greatest Common Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 The Least Common Multiple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Exercise Supplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Prociency Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Fractions of Whole Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Proper Fractions, Improper Fractions, and Mixed Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Equivalent Fractions, Reducing Fractions to Lowest Terms, and Raising Fractions to Higher Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Multiplication of Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Division of Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Applications Involving Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Exercise Supplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
3 Exponents, Roots, and Factorization of Whole Numbers 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9
4 Introduction to Fractions and Multiplication and Division of Fractions 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9
iv
4.10
Prociency Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Addition and Subtraction of Fractions with Like Denominators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Addition and Subtraction of Fractions with Unlike Denominators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Addition and Subtraction of Mixed Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Comparing Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Complex Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Combinations of Operations with Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Exercise Supplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Prociency Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
5 Addition and Subtraction of Fractions, Comparing Fractions, and Complex Fractions 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10
6 Decimals 6.1 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 339 6.2 Reading and Writing Decimals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 6.3 Converting a Decimal to a Fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 6.4 Rounding Decimals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 350 6.5 Addition and Subtraction of Decimals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 6.6 Multiplication of Decimals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 360 6.7 Division of Decimals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 371 6.8 Nonterminating Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 383 6.9 Converting a Fraction to a Decimal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 6.10 Combinations of Operations with Decimals and Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 394 6.11 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 6.12 Exercise Supplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 6.13 Prociency Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
7 Ratios and Rates 7.1 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 419 7.2 Ratios and Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 7.3 Proportions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 7.4 Applications of Proportions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 431 7.5 Percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 437 7.6 Fractions of One Percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 7.7 Applications of Percents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 7.8 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 7.9 Exercise Supplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 7.10 Prociency Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
8 Techniques of Estimation 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 477 Estimation by Rounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 477 Estimation by Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 Mental Arithmetic-Using the Distributive Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 Estimation by Rounding Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 493 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 Exercise Supplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 Prociency Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col10615/1.4>
v Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
9 Measurement and Geometry 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 513 Measurement and the United States System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 The Metric System of Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 Simplication of Denominate Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 Perimeter and Circumference of Geometric Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 Area and Volume of Geometric Figures and Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 Exercise Supplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 Prociency Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 564 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
10 Signed Numbers 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 Variables, Constants, and Real Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 Signed Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584 Absolute Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 588 Addition of Signed Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 Subtraction of Signed Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 599 Multiplication and Division of Signed Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613 Exercise Supplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614 Prociency Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 Algebraic Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632 Combining Like Terms Using Addition and Subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 Solving Equations of the Form x+a=b and x-a=b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 Solving Equations of the Form ax=b and x/a=b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 Applications I: Translating Words to Mathematical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 657 Applications II: Solving Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672 Exercise Supplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674 Prociency Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
11 Algebraic Expressions and Equations 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694 Attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .699
vi
Preface
To the next generation of explorers: Kristi, BreAnne, Lindsey, Randi, Piper, Meghan, Wyatt, Lara, Mason, and Sheanna.
Fundamentals of Mathematics is a work text that covers the traditional topics studied in a modern prealgebra course, as well as the topics of estimation, elementary analytic geometry, and introductory algebra. It is intended for students who
1. have had a previous course in prealgebra, 2. wish to meet the prerequisite of a higher level course such as elementary algebra, and 3. need to review fundamental mathematical concepts and techniques. This text will help the student develop the insight and intuition necessary to master arithmetic techniques and manipulative skills. It was written with the following main objectives: 1. to provide the student with an understandable and usable source of information, 2. to provide the student with the maximum opportunity to see that arithmetic concepts and techniques are logically based, 3. to instill in the student the understanding and intuitive skills necessary to know how and when to use particular arithmetic concepts in subsequent material, courses, and nonclassroom situations, and 4. to give the student the ability to correctly interpret arithmetically obtained results. We have tried to meet these objectives by presenting material dynamically, much the way an instructor might present the material visually in a classroom. (See the development of the concept of addition and subtraction of fractions in Section 5.3, for example.) Intuition and understanding are some of the keys to creative thinking; we believe that the material presented in this text will help the student realize that mathematics is a creative subject. This text can be used in standard lecture or self-paced classes. To help meet our objectives and to make the study of prealgebra a pleasant and rewarding experience, Fundamentals of Mathematics is organized as follows.
Pedagogical Features
The work text format gives the student space to practice mathematical skills with ready reference to sample problems. The chapters are divided into sections, and each section is a complete treatment of a particular topic, which includes the following features:
Section Overview Sample Sets Practice Sets

1 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m18884/1.4/>.
Section Exercises Exercises for Review Answers to Practice Sets

The chapters begin with Objectives and end with a Summary of Key Concepts, an Exercise Supplement, and a Prociency Exam.
Objectives
Each chapter begins with a set of objectives identifying the material to be covered. Each section begins with an overview that repeats the objectives for that particular section. Sections are divided into subsections that correspond to the section objectives, which makes for easier reading.
Sample Sets
Fundamentals of Mathematics contains examples that are set o in boxes for easy reference. The examples
are referred to as Sample Sets for two reasons: 1. They serve as a representation to be imitated, which we believe will foster understanding of mathematical concepts and provide experience with mathematical techniques. 2. Sample Sets also serve as a preliminary representation of problem-solving techniques that may be used to solve more general and more complicated problems. The examples have been carefully chosen to illustrate and develop concepts and techniques in the most instructive, easily remembered way. Concepts and techniques preceding the examples are introduced at a level below that normally used in similar texts and are thoroughly explained, assuming little previous knowledge.
Practice Sets
A parallel Practice Set follows each Sample Set, which reinforces the concepts just learned. There is adequate space for the student to work each problem directly on the page.
Answers to Practice Sets
The Answers to Practice Sets are given at the end of each section and can be easily located by referring to the page number, which appears after the last Practice Set in each section.
Section Exercises
The exercises at the end of each section are graded in terms of diculty, although they are not grouped into categories. There is an ample number of problems, and after working through the exercises, the student will be capable of solving a variety of challenging problems. The problems are paired so that the odd-numbered problems are equivalent in kind and diculty to the even-numbered problems. Answers to the odd-numbered problems are provided at the back of the book.
Exercises for Review
This section consists of ve problems that form a cumulative review of the material covered in the preceding sections of the text and is not limited to material in that chapter. The exercises are keyed by section for easy reference. Since these exercises are intended for review only, no work space is provided.
Summary of Key Concepts
A summary of the important ideas and formulas used throughout the chapter is included at the end of each chapter. More than just a list of terms, the summary is a valuable tool that reinforces concepts in preparation for the Prociency Exam at the end of the chapter, as well as future exams. The summary keys each item to the section of the text where it is discussed.
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Exercise Supplement
In addition to numerous section exercises, each chapter includes approximately 100 supplemental problems, which are referenced by section. Answers to the odd-numbered problems are included in the back of the book.
Prociency Exam
Each chapter ends with a Prociency Exam that can serve as a chapter review or evaluation. The Prociency Exam is keyed to sections, which enables the student to refer back to the text for assistance. Answers to all the problems are included in the Answer Section at the end of the book.
Content
The writing style used in Fundamentals of Mathematics is informal and friendly, oering a straightforward approach to prealgebra mathematics. We have made a deliberate eort not to write another text that minimizes the use of words because we believe that students can best study arithmetic concepts and understand arithmetic techniques by using words and symbols rather than symbols alone. It has been our experience that students at the prealgebra level are not nearly experienced enough with mathematics to understand symbolic explanations alone; they need literal explanations to guide them through the symbols. We have taken great care to present concepts and techniques so they are understandable and easily remembered. After concepts have been developed, students are warned about common pitfalls. We have tried to make the text an information source accessible to prealgebra students.
Addition and Subtraction of Whole Numbers
This chapter includes the study of whole numbers, including a discussion of the Hindu-Arabic numeration and the base ten number systems. Rounding whole numbers is also presented, as are the commutative and associative properties of addition.
Multiplication and Division of Whole Numbers
The operations of multiplication and division of whole numbers are explained in this chapter. Multiplication is described as repeated addition. Viewing multiplication in this way may provide students with a visualization of the meaning of algebraic terms such as 8x when they start learning algebra. The chapter also includes the commutative and associative properties of multiplication.
Exponents, Roots, and Factorizations of Whole Numbers
The concept and meaning of the word root is introduced in this chapter. A method of reading root notation and a method of determining some common roots, both mentally and by calculator, is then presented. We also present grouping symbols and the order of operations, prime factorization of whole numbers, and the greatest common factor and least common multiple of a collection of whole numbers.
Introduction to Fractions and Multiplication and Division of Fractions
We recognize that fractions constitute one of the foundations of problem solving. We have, therefore, given a detailed treatment of the operations of multiplication and division of fractions and the logic behind these operations. We believe that the logical treatment and many practice exercises will help students retain the information presented in this chapter and enable them to use it as a foundation for the study of rational expressions in an algebra course.
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Addition and Subtraction of Fractions, Comparing Fractions, and Complex Fractions
A detailed treatment of the operations of addition and subtraction of fractions and the logic behind these operations is given in this chapter. Again, we believe that the logical treatment and many practice exercises will help students retain the information, thus enabling them to use it in the study of rational expressions in an algebra course. We have tried to make explanations dynamic. A method for comparing fractions is introduced, which gives the student another way of understanding the relationship between the words denominator and denomination. This method serves to show the student that it is sometimes possible to compare two dierent types of quantities. We also study a method of simplifying complex fractions and of combining operations with fractions.
Decimals
The student is introduced to decimals in terms of the base ten number system, fractions, and digits occurring to the right of the units position. A method of converting a fraction to a decimal is discussed. The logic behind the standard methods of operating on decimals is presented and many examples of how to apply the methods are given. The word of as related to the operation of multiplication is discussed. Nonterminating divisions are examined, as are combinations of operations with decimals and fractions.
Ratios and Rates
We begin by dening and distinguishing the terms ratio and rate. The meaning of proportion and some applications of proportion problems are described. Proportion problems are solved using the "Five-Step Method." We hope that by using this method the student will discover the value of introducing a variable as a rst step in problem solving and the power of organization. The chapter concludes with discussions of percent, fractions of one percent, and some applications of percent.
Techniques of Estimation
One of the most powerful problem-solving tools is a knowledge of estimation techniques. We feel that estimation is so important that we devote an entire chapter to its study. We examine three estimation techniques: estimation by rounding, estimation by clustering, and estimation by rounding fractions. We also include a section on the distributive property, an important algebraic property.
Measurement and Geometry
This chapter presents some of the techniques of measurement in both the United States system and the metric system. Conversion from one unit to another (in a system) is examined in terms of unit fractions. A discussion of the simplication of denominate numbers is also included. This discussion helps the student understand more clearly the association between pure numbers and dimensions. The chapter concludes with a study of perimeter and circumference of geometric gures and area and volume of geometric gures and objects.
Signed Numbers
A look at algebraic concepts and techniques is begun in this chapter. Basic to the study of algebra is a working knowledge of signed numbers. Denitions of variables, constants, and real numbers are introduced. We then distinguish between positive and negative numbers, learn how to read signed numbers, and examine the origin and use of the double-negative property of real numbers. The concept of absolute value is presented both geometrically (using the number line) and algebraically. The algebraic denition is followed by an interpretation of its meaning and several detailed examples of its use. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of signed numbers are presented rst using the number line, then with absolute value.
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Algebraic Expressions and Equations
The student is introduced to some elementary algebraic concepts and techniques in this nal chapter. Algebraic expressions and the process of combining like terms are discussed in Section 11.2 and Section 11.3. The method of combining like terms in an algebraic expression is explained by using the interpretation of multiplication as a description of repeated addition (as in Section 2.1).
Acknowledgements
Many extraordinarily talented people are responsible for helping to create this text. We wish to acknowledge the eorts and skill of the following mathematicians. Their contributions have been invaluable. Barbara Conway, Berkshire Community College Bill Hajdukiewicz, Miami-Dade Community College Virginia Hamilton, Shawnee State University David Hares, El Centro College Norman Lee, Ball State University Ginger Y. Manchester, Hinds Junior College John R. Martin, Tarrant County Junior College Shelba Mormon, Northlake College Lou Ann Pate, Pima Community College Gus Pekara, Oklahoma City Community College David Price, Tarrant County Junior College David Schultz, Virginia Western Community College Sue S. Watkins, Lorain County Community College Elizabeth M. Wayt, Tennessee State University Prentice E. Whitlock, Jersey City State College Thomas E. Williamson, Montclair State College Special thanks to the following individuals for their careful accuracy reviews of manuscript, galleys, and page proofs: Steve Blasberg, West Valley College; Wade Ellis, Sr., University of Michigan; John R. Martin, Tarrant County Junior College; and Jane Ellis. We would also like to thank Amy Miller and Guy Sanders, Branham High School. Our sincere thanks to Debbie Wiedemann for her encouragement, suggestions concerning psychobiological examples, proofreading much of the manuscript, and typing many of the section exercises; Sandi Wiedemann for collating the annotated reviews, counting the examples and exercises, and untiring use of "white-out"; and Jane Ellis for solving and typing all of the exercise solutions. We thank the following people for their excellent work on the various ancillary items that accompany Fundamentals of Mathematics : Steve Blasberg, West Valley College; Wade Ellis, Sr., University of Michigan; and Jane Ellis ( Instructor's Manual); John R. Martin, Tarrant County Junior College (Student Solutions Manual and Study Guide); Virginia Hamilton, Shawnee State University (Computerized Test Bank); Patricia Morgan, San Diego State University (Prepared Tests); and George W. Bergeman, Northern Virginia Community College (Maxis Interactive Software). We also thank the talented people at Saunders College Publishing whose eorts made this text run smoothly and less painfully than we had imagined. Our particular thanks to Bob Stern, Mathematics Editor, Ellen Newman, Developmental Editor, and Janet Nuciforo, Project Editor. Their guidance, suggestions, open
8 minds to our suggestions and concerns, and encouragement have been extraordinarily helpful. Although there were times we thought we might be permanently damaged from rereading and rewriting, their eorts have improved this text immensely. It is a pleasure to work with such high-quality professionals. Denny Burzynski Wade Ellis, Jr. San Jose, California December 1988 I would like to thank Doug Campbell, Ed Lodi, and Guy Sanders for listening to my frustrations and encouraging me on. Thanks also go to my cousin, David Raety, who long ago in Sequoia National Forest told me what a dierential equation is. Particular thanks go to each of my colleagues at West Valley College. Our everyday conversations regarding mathematics instruction have been of the utmost importance to the development of this text and to my teaching career. D.B.
Chapter 1
Addition and Subtraction of Whole Numbers
1.1 Objectives1
After completing this chapter, you should
Whole Numbers (Section 1.2)
know the dierence between numbers and numerals know why our number system is called the Hindu-Arabic numeration system understand the base ten positional number system be able to identify and graph whole numbers
Reading and Writing Whole Numbers (Section 1.3)
be able to read and write a whole number

Rounding Whole Numbers (Section 1.4)
understand that rounding is a method of approximation be able to round a whole number to a specied position
Addition of Whole Numbers (Section 1.5)
understand the addition process be able to add whole numbers be able to use the calculator to add one whole number to another
Subtraction of Whole Numbers (Section 1.6)
understand the subtraction process be able to subtract whole numbers be able to use a calculator to subtract one whole number from another whole number
Properties of Addition (Section 1.7)
understand the commutative and associative properties of addition understand why 0 is the additive identity
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CHAPTER 1. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF WHOLE NUMBERS
1.2 Whole Numbers2

1.2.1 Section Overview
Numbers and Numerals The Hindu-Arabic Numeration System The Base Ten Positional Number System Whole Numbers Graphing Whole Numbers
1.2.2 Numbers and Numerals
We begin our study of introductory mathematics by examining its most basic building block, the number.
Number A number
is a concept. It exists only in the mind.
The earliest concept of a number was a thought that allowed people to mentally picture the size of some collection of objects. To write down the number being conceptualized, a numeral is used.
Numeral A numeral
is a symbol that represents a number.
In common usage today we do not distinguish between a number and a numeral. In our study of introductory mathematics, we will follow this common usage.
1.2.2.1 Sample Set A
The following are numerals. In each case, the rst represents the number four, the second represents the number one hundred twenty-three, and the third, the number one thousand ve. These numbers are represented in dierent ways.
Hindu-Arabic numerals 4, 123, 1005 Roman numerals IV, CXXIII, MV Egyptian numerals
1.2.2.2 Practice Set A
Do the phrases "four," "one hundred twenty-three," and "one thousand ve" qualify as numerals? Yes or no?
Exercise 1.2.1
(Solution on p. 76.)
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1.2.3 The Hindu-Arabic Numeration System
Hindu-Arabic Numeration System Our society uses the Hindu-Arabic numeration system.
the third century when the Hindus invented the numerals 0123456789
Leonardo Fibonacci
This system of numeration began shortly before
About a thousand years later, in the thirteenth century, a mathematician named Leonardo Fibonacci of Pisa introduced the system into Europe. It was then popularized by the Arabs. Thus, the name, Hindu-Arabic numeration system.
1.2.4 The Base Ten Positional Number System
Digits
The Hindu-Arabic numerals 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 are called digits. We can form any number in the number system by selecting one or more digits and placing them in certain positions. Each position has a particular value. The Hindu mathematician who devised the system about A.D. 500 stated that "from place to place each is ten times the preceding."
Base Ten Positional Systems
It is for this reason that our number system is called a positional number system with base ten.
Commas
When numbers are composed of more than three digits, commas are sometimes used to separate the digits into groups of three.
Periods
These groups of three are called periods and they greatly simplify reading numbers. In the Hindu-Arabic numeration system, a period has a value assigned to each or its three positions, and the values are the same for each period. The position values are
Thus, each period contains a position for the values of one, ten, and hundred. Notice that, in looking from right to left, the value of each position is ten times the preceding. Each period has a particular name.
As we continue from right to left, there are more periods. The ve periods listed above are the most common, and in our study of introductory mathematics, they are sucient. The following diagram illustrates our positional number system to trillions. (There are, to be sure, other periods.)
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In our positional number system, the value of a digit is determined by its position in the number.
1.2.4.1 Sample Set B Example 1.1
Find the value of 6 in the number 7,261.
Since 6 is in the tens position of the units period, its value is 6 tens. 6 tens = 60
Example 1.2
Find the value of 9 in the number 86,932,106,005.
Since 9 is in the hundreds position of the millions period, its value is 9 hundred millions. 9 hundred millions = 9 hundred million
Example 1.3
Find the value of 2 in the number 102,001.
Since 2 is in the ones position of the thousands period, its value is 2 one thousands. 2 one thousands = 2 thousand
1.2.4.2 Practice Set B Exercise 1.2.2
Find the value of 5 in the number 65,000. Find the value of 4 in the number 439,997,007,010. Find the value of 0 in the number 108.
(Solution on p. 76.) (Solution on p. 76.) (Solution on p. 76.)
Exercise 1.2.3 Exercise 1.2.4
1.2.5 Whole Numbers

Whole Numbers
Numbers that are formed using only the digits 0123456789 are called whole numbers. They are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, . . . The three dots at the end mean "and so on in this same pattern."
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1.2.6 Graphing Whole Numbers
Number Line
Whole numbers may be visualized by constructing a number line. To construct a number line, we simply draw a straight line and choose any point on the line and label it 0.
Origin
This point is called the origin. We then choose some convenient length, and moving to the right, mark o consecutive intervals (parts) along the line starting at 0. We label each new interval endpoint with the next whole number.
Graphing
We can visually display a whole number by drawing a closed circle at the point labeled with that whole number. Another phrase for visually displaying a whole number is graphing the whole number. The word graph means to "visually display."
1.2.6.1 Sample Set C Example 1.4
Graph the following whole numbers: 3, 5, 9.
Example 1.5
Specify the whole numbers that are graphed on the following number line. The break in the number line indicates that we are aware of the whole numbers between 0 and 106, and 107 and 872, but we are not listing them due to space limitations.
The numbers that have been graphed are 0, 106, 873, 874
1.2.6.2 Practice Set C Exercise 1.2.5
Graph the following whole numbers: 46, 47, 48, 325, 327.
Exercise 1.2.6
Specify the whole numbers that are graphed on the following number line.
A line is composed of an endless number of points. Notice that we have labeled only some of them. As we proceed, we will discover new types of numbers and determine their location on the number line.
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1.2.7 Exercises
Exercise 1.2.7
What is a number? What is a numeral? Does the word "eleven" qualify as a numeral? How many dierent digits are there?
Our number system, the Hindu-Arabic number system, is a . base

Exercise 1.2.12
number system with
Numbers composed of more than three digits are sometimes separated into groups of three by commas. These groups of three are called .
Exercise 1.2.13
In our number system, each period has three values assigned to it. These values are the same for each period. From right to left, what are they?
Exercise 1.2.14 Exercise 1.2.15 Exercise 1.2.16 Exercise 1.2.17 Exercise 1.2.18 Exercise 1.2.19
Each period has its own particular name. From right to left, what are the names of the rst four? In the number 841, how many tens are there? In the number 3,392, how many ones are there? In the number 10,046, how many thousands are there? In the number 779,844,205, how many ten millions are there? In the number 65,021, how many hundred thousands are there?
For following problems, give the value of the indicated digit in the given number.
Exercise 1.2.20
5 in 599
Exercise 1.2.21
1 in 310,406 9 in 29,827
Exercise 1.2.22 Exercise 1.2.23 Exercise 1.2.24 Exercise 1.2.25 Exercise 1.2.26
6 in 52,561,001,100 Write a two-digit number that has an eight in the tens position.
Write a four-digit number that has a one in the thousands position and a zero in the ones position. How many two-digit whole numbers are there?
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How many three-digit whole numbers are there? How many four-digit whole numbers are there? Is there a smallest whole number? If so, what is it? Is there a largest whole number? If so, what is it? Another term for "visually displaying" is The whole numbers can be visually displayed on a . .
Graph (visually display) the following whole numbers on the number line below: 0, 1, 31, 34.
Exercise 1.2.34
Construct a number line in the space provided below and graph (visually display) the following whole numbers: 84, 85, 901, 1006, 1007.
Exercise 1.2.35
Specify, if any, the whole numbers that are graphed on the following number line.
Exercise 1.2.36
Specify, if any, the whole numbers that are graphed on the following number line.
1.3 Reading and Writing Whole Numbers3

Reading Whole Numbers Writing Whole Numbers

Because our number system is a positional number system, reading and writing whole numbers is quite simple.
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1.3.2 Reading Whole Numbers
To convert a number that is formed by digits into a verbal phrase, use the following method: 1. Beginning at the right and working right to left, separate the number into distinct periods by inserting commas every three digits. 2. Beginning at the left, read each period individually, saying the period name.
Write the following numbers as words.

Example 1.6
Read 42958.
1. Beginning at the right, we can separate this number into distinct periods by inserting a comma between the 2 and 9. 42,958 2. Beginning at the left, we read each period individually:
Forty-two thousand, nine hundred fty-eight.

Example 1.7
Read 307991343. 1. Beginning at the right, we can separate this number into distinct periods by placing commas between the 1 and 3 and the 7 and 9. 307,991,343 2. Beginning at the left, we read each period individually.
Three hundred seven million, nine hundred ninety-one thousand, three hundred forty-three.
Example 1.8
Read 36000000000001. 1. Beginning at the right, we can separate this number into distinct periods by placing commas. 36,000,000,001
17 2. Beginning at the left, we read each period individually.
Thirty-six trillion, one.
Write each number in words.

Exercise 1.3.1
12,542
Exercise 1.3.2
101,074,003 1,000,008
Exercise 1.3.3
1.3.3 Writing Whole Numbers
To express a number in digits that is expressed in words, use the following method: 1. Notice rst that a number expressed as a verbal phrase will have its periods set o by commas. 2. Starting at the beginning of the phrase, write each period of numbers individually. 3. Using commas to separate periods, combine the periods to form one number.
1.3.3.1 Sample Set B
Write each number using digits.

Example 1.9
Seven thousand, ninety-two. Using the comma as a period separator, we have

18
7,092
Example 1.10
Fifty billion, one million, two hundred thousand, fourteen. Using the commas as period separators, we have
50,001,200,014
Example 1.11
Ten million, ve hundred twelve. The comma sets o the periods. We notice that there is no thousands period. We'll have to insert this ourselves.
10,000,512
1.3.3.2 Practice Set B
Express each number using digits.

Exercise 1.3.4
One hundred three thousand, twenty-ve. Six million, forty thousand, seven.
(Solution on p. 77.) (Solution on p. 77.) (Solution on p. 77.) (Solution on p. 77.)
Exercise 1.3.5 Exercise 1.3.6 Exercise 1.3.7
Twenty trillion, three billion, eighty million, one hundred nine thousand, four hundred two. Eighty billion, thirty-ve.
1.3.4 Exercises
For the following problems, write all numbers in words.

Exercise 1.3.8
912 84
Exercise 1.3.9
19
Exercise 1.3.10
1491 8601
35,223 71,006
437,105 201,040
8,001,001
Exercise 1.3.17
16,000,053
Exercise 1.3.18
770,311,101
Exercise 1.3.19
83,000,000,007
Exercise 1.3.20
106,100,001,010 3,333,444,777
800,000,800,000
Exercise 1.3.23 Exercise 1.3.24 Exercise 1.3.25 Exercise 1.3.26 Exercise 1.3.27 Exercise 1.3.28 Exercise 1.3.29 Exercise 1.3.30 Exercise 1.3.31 Exercise 1.3.32
A particular community college has 12,471 students enrolled. A person who watches 4 hours of television a day spends 1460 hours a year watching T.V. Astronomers believe that the age of the earth is about 4,500,000,000 years. Astronomers believe that the age of the universe is about 20,000,000,000 years. There are 9690 ways to choose four objects from a collection of 20. If a 412 page book has about 52 sentences per page, it will contain about 21,424 sentences. In 1980, in the United States, there was $1,761,000,000,000 invested in life insurance. In 1979, there were 85,000 telephones in Alaska and 2,905,000 telephones in Indiana.
In 1975, in the United States, it is estimated that 52,294,000 people drove to work alone. In 1980, there were 217 prisoners under death sentence that were divorced.
20
Exercise 1.3.33

In 1979, the amount of money spent in the United States for regular-session college education was $50,721,000,000,000.
Exercise 1.3.34
In 1981, there were 1,956,000 students majoring in business in U.S. colleges.
In 1980, the average fee for initial and follow up visits to a medical doctors oce was about $34.
In 1980, there were approximately 13,100 smugglers of aliens apprehended by the Immigration border patrol.
Exercise 1.3.37
In 1980, the state of West Virginia pumped 2,000,000 barrels of crude oil, whereas Texas pumped 975,000,000 barrels.
Exercise 1.3.38
The 1981 population of Uganda was 12,630,000 people.
Exercise 1.3.39
In 1981, the average monthly salary oered to a person with a Master's degree in mathematics was $1,685. For the following problems, write each number using digits.
Exercise 1.3.40 Exercise 1.3.41 Exercise 1.3.42 Exercise 1.3.43 Exercise 1.3.44 Exercise 1.3.45 Exercise 1.3.46 Exercise 1.3.47 Exercise 1.3.48 Exercise 1.3.49 Exercise 1.3.50 Exercise 1.3.51 Exercise 1.3.52
Six hundred eighty-one Four hundred ninety Seven thousand, two hundred one Nineteen thousand, sixty-ve Five hundred twelve thousand, three Two million, one hundred thirty-three thousand, eight hundred fty-nine Thirty-ve million, seven thousand, one hundred one One hundred million, one thousand Sixteen billion, fty-nine thousand, four
Nine hundred twenty billion, four hundred seventeen million, twenty-one thousand Twenty-three billion Fifteen trillion, four billion, nineteen thousand, three hundred ve One hundred trillion, one
(Solution on p. 78.) (Solution on p. 78.)
21
1.3.4.1 Exercises for Review Exercise 1.3.53 Exercise 1.3.54
(Section 1.2) How many digits are there? (Section 1.2) In the number 6,641, how many tens are there? (Section 1.2) What is the value of 7 in 44,763? (Section 1.2) Is there a smallest whole number? If so, what is it? (Section 1.2) Write a four-digit number with a 9 in the tens position.
1.4 Rounding Whole Numbers4

Rounding as an Approximation The Method of Rounding Numbers
1.4.2 Rounding as an Approximation
A primary use of whole numbers is to keep count of how many objects there are in a collection. Sometimes we're only interested in the approximate number of objects in the collection rather than the precise number. For example, there are approximately 20 symbols in the collection below.
The precise number of symbols in the above collection is 18.

Rounding
We often approximate the number of objects in a collection by mentally seeing the collection as occurring in groups of tens, hundreds, thousands, etc. This process of approximation is called rounding. Rounding is very useful in estimation. We will study estimation in Chapter 8. When we think of a collection as occurring in groups of tens, we say we're rounding to the nearest ten. When we think of a collection as occurring in groups of hundreds, we say we're rounding to the nearest hundred. This idea of rounding continues through thousands, ten thousands, hundred thousands, millions, etc. The process of rounding whole numbers is illustrated in the following examples.
Example 1.12
Round 67 to the nearest ten.

22

On the number line, 67 is more than halfway from 60 to 70. The digit immediately to the right of the tens digit, the round-o digit, is the indicator for this.
est ten, is 70.

Example 1.13
Thus, 67, rounded to the near-
Round 4,329 to the nearest hundred. On the number line, 4,329 is less than halfway from 4,300 to 4,400. The digit to the immediate right of the hundreds digit, the round-o digit, is the indicator.
nearest hundred is 4,300.

Example 1.14
Thus, 4,329, rounded to the
Round 16,500 to the nearest thousand.
On the number line, 16,500 is exactly halfway from 16,000 to 17,000.
By convention, when the number to be rounded is exactly halfway between two numbers, it is rounded to the higher number. Thus, 16,500, rounded to the nearest thousand, is 17,000.
Example 1.15
A person whose salary is $41,450 per year might tell a friend that she makes $41,000 per year. She has rounded 41,450 to the nearest thousand. The number 41,450 is closer to 41,000 than it is to 42,000.
1.4.3 The Method of Rounding Whole Numbers
From the observations made in the preceding examples, we can use the following method to round a whole number to a particular position. 1. Mark the position of the round-o digit. 2. Note the digit to the immediate right of the round-o digit.
23 a. If it is less than 5, replace it and all the digits to its right with zeros. Leave the round-o digit unchanged. b. If it is 5 or larger, replace it and all the digits to its right with zeros. Increase the round-o digit by 1.
Use the method of rounding whole numbers to solve the following problems.
Example 1.16
Round 3,426 to the nearest ten. 1. We are rounding to the tens position. Mark the digit in the tens position
2. Observe the digit immediately to the right of the tens position. It is 6. Since 6 is greater than 5, we round up by replacing 6 with 0 and adding 1 to the digit in the tens position (the round-o position): 2 + 1 = 3 . 3,430 Thus, 3,426 rounded to the nearest ten is 3,430.
Example 1.17
Round 9,614,018,007 to the nearest ten million. 1. We are rounding to the nearest ten million.
2. Observe the digit immediately to the right of the ten millions position. It is 4. Since 4 is less than 5, we round down by replacing 4 and all the digits to its right with zeros. 9,610,000,000 Thus, 9,614,018,007 rounded to the nearest ten million is 9,610,000,000.
Example 1.18
Round 148,422 to the nearest million. 1. Since we are rounding to the nearest million, we'll have to imagine a digit in the millions position. We'll write 148,422 as 0,148,422.
2. The digit immediately to the right is 1. Since 1 is less than 5, we'll round down by replacing it and all the digits to its right with zeros. 0,000,000 This number is 0.
24

Thus, 148,422 rounded to the nearest million is 0.
Example 1.19
Round 397,000 to the nearest ten thousand. 1. We are rounding to the nearest ten thousand.
2. The digit immediately to the right of the ten thousand position is 7. Since 7 is greater than 5, we round up by replacing 7 and all the digits to its right with zeros and adding 1 to the digit in the ten thousands position. But 9 + 1 = 10 and we must carry the 1 to the next (the hundred thousands) position. 400,000 Thus, 397,000 rounded to the nearest ten thousand is 400,000.
Use the method of rounding whole numbers to solve each problem.

Exercise 1.4.1
Round 3387 to the nearest hundred. Round 26,515 to the nearest thousand. Round 30,852,900 to the nearest million. Round 39 to the nearest hundred. Round 59,600 to the nearest thousand.
(Solution on p. 78.) (Solution on p. 78.) (Solution on p. 78.) (Solution on p. 78.) (Solution on p. 78.)
Exercise 1.4.2 Exercise 1.4.3 Exercise 1.4.4 Exercise 1.4.5
1.4.4 Exercises
For the following problems, complete the table by rounding each number to the indicated positions.
Exercise 1.4.6
1,642
hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
Table 1.1
Exercise 1.4.7
5,221
25
hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
Table 1.2
Exercise 1.4.8
91,803
Hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
Table 1.3
Exercise 1.4.9
106,007
hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
Table 1.4
Exercise 1.4.10
208
hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
Table 1.5
Exercise 1.4.11
199
hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
Table 1.6
Exercise 1.4.12
863
hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
Table 1.7
26
Exercise 1.4.13

794
hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
Table 1.8
Exercise 1.4.14
925
hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
Table 1.9
Exercise 1.4.15
909
hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
Table 1.10
Exercise 1.4.16
981
hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
Table 1.11
Exercise 1.4.17
965
hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
Table 1.12
Exercise 1.4.18
551,061,285
hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
27
Table 1.13
Exercise 1.4.19
23,047,991,521
hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
Table 1.14
Exercise 1.4.20
106,999,413,206
Hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
Table 1.15
Exercise 1.4.21
5,000,000
hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
Table 1.16
Exercise 1.4.22
8,006,001
hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
Table 1.17
Exercise 1.4.23
94,312
hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
Table 1.18
Exercise 1.4.24
33,486
28

hundred thousand ten thousand million
Table 1.19
Exercise 1.4.25
560,669
hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
Table 1.20
Exercise 1.4.26
388,551
hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
Table 1.21
Exercise 1.4.27
4,752
hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
Table 1.22
Exercise 1.4.28
8,209
hundred
thousand
ten thousand
million
Table 1.23
Exercise 1.4.29
In 1950, there were 5,796 cases of diphtheria reported in the United States. Round to the nearest hundred. In 1979, 19,309,000 people in the United States received federal food stamps. Round to the nearest ten thousand.
In 1980, there were 1,105,000 people between 30 and 34 years old enrolled in school. Round to the nearest million.
29
Exercise 1.4.32
In 1980, there were 29,100,000 reports of aggravated assaults in the United States. Round to the nearest million. For the following problems, round the numbers to the position you think is most reasonable for the situation.
Exercise 1.4.33
In 1980, for a city of one million or more, the average annual salary of police and reghters was $16,096.
Exercise 1.4.34 Exercise 1.4.35 Exercise 1.4.36 Exercise 1.4.37 Exercise 1.4.38 Exercise 1.4.39 Exercise 1.4.40 Exercise 1.4.41
The average percentage of possible sunshine in San Francisco, California, in June is 73%.
In 1980, in the state of Connecticut, $3,777,000,000 in defense contract payroll was awarded. In 1980, the federal government paid $5,463,000,000 to Viet Nam veterans and dependants. In 1980, there were 3,377,000 salespeople employed in the United States. In 1948, in New Hampshire, 231,000 popular votes were cast for the president. In 1970, the world production of cigarettes was 2,688,000,000,000. In 1979, the total number of motor vehicle registrations in Florida was 5,395,000. In 1980, there were 1,302,000 registered nurses the United States.
1.4.4.1 Exercises for Review Exercise 1.4.42
(Section 1.2) There is a term that describes the visual displaying of a number. What is the term? (Section 1.2) What is the value of 5 in 26,518,206? (Section 1.3) Write 42,109 as you would read it. (Section 1.3) Write "six hundred twelve" using digits. (Section 1.3) Write "four billion eight" using digits.
1.5 Addition of Whole Numbers5

Addition Addition Visualized on the Number Line The Addition Process

30

Addition Involving Carrying Calculators
1.5.2 Addition
Suppose we have two collections of objects that we combine together to form a third collection. For example,
We are combining a collection of four objects with a collection of three objects to obtain a collection of seven objects.
Addition
The process of combining two or more objects (real or intuitive) to form a third, the total, is called addition.
plus symbol
In addition, the numbers being added are called addends or terms, and the total is called the sum. The (+) is used to indicate addition, and the equal symbol (=) is used to represent the word "equal." For example, 4 + 3 = 7 means "four added to three equals seven."
1.5.3 Addition Visualized on the Number Line
Addition is easily visualized on the number line. Let's visualize the addition of 4 and 3 using the number line. To nd 4 + 3, 1. Start at 0. 2. Move to the right 4 units. We are now located at 4. 3. From 4, move to the right 3 units. We are now located at 7. Thus, 4 + 3 = 7.
1.5.4 The Addition Process
We'll study the process of addition by considering the sum of 25 and 43.
25 +43
means
We write this as 68. We can suggest the following procedure for adding whole numbers using this example.
Example 1.20: The Process of Adding Whole Numbers To add whole numbers,
The process:
31 1. Write the numbers vertically, placing corresponding positions in the same column. 25
+43 2. Add the digits in each column. Start at the right (in the ones position) and move to the left, placing the sum at the bottom. 25 +43 68
Caution:
Confusion and incorrect sums can occur when the numbers are not aligned in columns properly. Avoid writing such additions as
25 +43 25 +43
1.5.4.1 Sample Set A Example 1.21
Add 276 and 103.
276 +103 379
6+3=9. 7+0=7. 2+1=3.
Example 1.22
Add 1459 and 130
1459 +130 1589
9+0=9. 5+3=8. 4+1=5. 1+0=1.
In each of these examples, each individual sum does not exceed 9. We will examine individual sums that exceed 9 in the next section.
Perform each addition. Show the expanded form in problems 1 and 2.

Exercise 1.5.1
Add 63 and 25. Add 4,026 and 1,501. Add 231,045 and 36,121.
32
1.5.5 Addition Involving Carrying
It often happens in addition that the sum of the digits in a column will exceed 9. This happens when we add 18 and 34. We show this in expanded form as follows.
Notice that when we add the 8 ones to the 4 ones we get 12 ones. We then convert the 12 ones to 1 ten and 2 ones. In vertical addition, we show this conversion by carrying the ten to the tens column. We write a 1 at the top of the tens column to indicate the carry. This same example is shown in a shorter form as follows:
8 + 4 = 12 Write 2, carry 1 ten to the top of the next column to the left.
Perform the following additions. Use the process of carrying when needed.
Example 1.23
Add 1875 and 358.
5 + 8 = 13 1 + 7 + 5 = 13 1 + 8 + 3 = 12 1+1=2
The sum is 2233.
Example 1.24
Write 3, carry 1 ten. Write 3, carry 1 hundred. Write 2, carry 1 thousand.
Add 89,208 and 4,946.
33
8 + 6 = 14 1+0+4=5 2 + 9 = 11 1 + 9 + 4 = 14 1+8=9
The sum is 94,154.
Example 1.25
Write 4, carry 1 ten. Write the 5 (nothing to carry). Write 1, carry one thousand. Write 4, carry one ten thousand.
Add 38 and 95.
8 + 5 = 13 1 + 3 + 9 = 13 1+0=1
Write 3, carry 1 ten. Write 3, carry 1 hundred.
As you proceed with the addition, it is a good idea to keep in mind what is actually happening.
The sum is 133.

Example 1.26
Find the sum 2648, 1359, and 861.
8 + 9 + 1 = 18 1 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 16 1 + 6 + 3 + 8 = 18 1+2+1=4
The sum is 4,868.
Write 8, carry 1 ten. Write 6, carry 1 hundred. Write 8, carry 1 thousand.
Numbers other than 1 can be carried as illustrated in Example 1.27.

Example 1.27
Find the sum of the following numbers.
34
6 + 5 + 1 + 7 = 19 1+1+0+5+1=8 0 + 9 + 9 + 8 = 26 2 + 8 + 9 + 8 + 6 = 33 3 + 7 + 3 + 5 = 18 1+8=9
The sum is 983,689.
Example 1.28
Write 9, carry the 1. Write 8. Write 6, carry the 2. Write 3, carry the 3. Write 8, carry the 1. Write 9.
The number of students enrolled at Riemann College in the years 1984, 1985, 1986, and 1987 was 10,406, 9,289, 10,108, and 11,412, respectively. What was the total number of students enrolled at Riemann College in the years 1985, 1986, and 1987? We can determine the total number of students enrolled by adding 9,289, 10,108, and 11,412, the number of students enrolled in the years 1985, 1986, and 1987.
The total number of students enrolled at Riemann College in the years 1985, 1986, and 1987 was 30,809.
Perform each addition. For the next three problems, show the expanded form.
Exercise 1.5.4
Add 58 and 29. Add 476 and 85. Add 27 and 88. Add 67,898 and 85,627.
For the next three problems, nd the sums.

Exercise 1.5.8
57 26 84
35
Exercise 1.5.9
847 825 796

Exercise 1.5.10
16, 945 8, 472 387, 721 21, 059

629
1.5.6 Calculators
Calculators provide a very simple and quick way to nd sums of whole numbers. For the two problems in Sample Set C, assume the use of a calculator that does not require the use of an ENTER key (such as many Hewlett-Packard calculators).
1.5.6.1 Sample Set C
Use a calculator to nd each sum.

Example 1.29
34 + 21 Type Press Type Press 34 + 21 =
Display Reads 34 34 21 55
Table 1.24
The sum is 55.

Example 1.30
36

106 + 85 + 322 + 406 Type Press Type Press Type Press Type Press 106 + 85 = 322 + 406 = Display Reads 106 106 85 191 322 513 406 919 The calculator keeps a running subtotal
106 + 85 191 + 322 513 + 406

Table 1.25
The sum is 919.
1.5.6.2 Practice Set C
Use a calculator to nd the following sums.

Exercise 1.5.11
62 + 81 + 12
9, 261 + 8, 543 + 884 + 1, 062
10, 221 + 9, 016 + 11, 445
1.5.7 Exercises
For the following problems, perform the additions. If you can, check each sum with a calculator.
Exercise 1.5.14
14 + 5 12 + 7 46 + 2
83 + 16 77 + 21
321 + 42
37
Exercise 1.5.20
916 + 62
Exercise 1.5.21
104 +561
Exercise 1.5.22
265 +103
Exercise 1.5.23
552 + 237
Exercise 1.5.24
8, 521 + 4, 256 16, 408 + 3, 101
Exercise 1.5.25
Exercise 1.5.26
16, 515 +42, 223

616, 702 + 101, 161 43, 156, 219 + 2, 013, 520

17 + 6
Exercise 1.5.30
25 + 8
Exercise 1.5.31
84 + 7
Exercise 1.5.32
75 + 6
Exercise 1.5.33
36 + 48
Exercise 1.5.34
74 + 17
Exercise 1.5.35
486 + 58 743 + 66
381 + 88
38
Exercise 1.5.38

687 +175
Exercise 1.5.39
931 +853
Exercise 1.5.40
1, 428 + 893
Exercise 1.5.41
12, 898 + 11, 925
Exercise 1.5.42
631, 464 +509, 740

Exercise 1.5.43
805, 996 + 98, 516

Exercise 1.5.44
38, 428, 106 +522, 936, 005

5, 288, 423, 100 + 16, 934, 785, 995

98, 876, 678, 521, 402 + 843, 425, 685, 685, 658
41 + 61 + 85 + 62
21 + 85 + 104 + 9 + 15
116 27 110 110 + 8

Exercise 1.5.50
75, 206 4, 152 +16, 007
39
Exercise 1.5.51
8, 226 143 92, 015 8 487, 553 5, 218

Exercise 1.5.52
50, 006 1, 005 100, 300 20, 008 1, 000, 009 800, 800
Exercise 1.5.53
616 42, 018 1, 687 225 8, 623, 418 12, 506, 508 19 2, 121 195, 643
For the following problems, perform the additions and round to the nearest hundred.
Exercise 1.5.54
1, 468 2, 183
Exercise 1.5.55
928, 725 15, 685

Exercise 1.5.56
82, 006 3, 019, 528

Exercise 1.5.57
18, 621 5, 059
40
Exercise 1.5.58

92 48
Exercise 1.5.59
16 37
Exercise 1.5.60
21 16
Exercise 1.5.61
11, 172 22, 749 12, 248

Exercise 1.5.62
240 280 210 310

Exercise 1.5.63
9, 573 101, 279 122, 581

For the next ve problems, replace the letter m with the whole number that will make the addition true.
Exercise 1.5.64
62 + m 67
Exercise 1.5.65
106 + m 113
Exercise 1.5.66
432 + m 451
Exercise 1.5.67
803 + m 830
41
Exercise 1.5.68
1, 893 + m 1, 981
Exercise 1.5.69
The number of nursing and related care facilities in the United States in 1971 was 22,004. In 1978, the number was 18,722. What was the total number of facilities for both 1971 and 1978?
Exercise 1.5.70
The number of persons on food stamps in 1975, 1979, and 1980 was 19,179,000, 19,309,000, and 22,023,000, respectively. What was the total number of people on food stamps for the years 1975, 1979, and 1980?
Exercise 1.5.71
The enrollment in public and nonpublic schools in the years 1965, 1970, 1975, and 1984 was 54,394,000, 59,899,000, 61,063,000, and 55,122,000, respectively. What was the total enrollment for those years? The area of New England is 3,618,770 square miles. The area of the Mountain states is 863,563 square miles. The area of the South Atlantic is 278,926 square miles. The area of the Pacic states is 921,392 square miles. What is the total area of these regions?
In 1960, the IRS received 1,188,000 corporate income tax returns. In 1965, 1,490,000 returns were received. In 1970, 1,747,000 returns were received. In 1972 1977, 1,890,000; 1,981,000; 2,043,000; 2,100,000; 2,159,000; and 2,329,000 returns were received, respectively. What was the total number of corporate tax returns received by the IRS during the years 1960, 1965, 1970, 1972 1977?
Exercise 1.5.74
Find the total number of scientists employed in 1974.
Exercise 1.5.75
Find the total number of sales for space vehicle systems for the years 1965-1980.
42
Exercise 1.5.76
Find the total baseball attendance for the years 1960-1980.
Exercise 1.5.77
Find the number of prosecutions of federal ocials for 1970-1980.
For the following problems, try to add the numbers mentally.

43
Exercise 1.5.78
5 5 3 7
Exercise 1.5.79
8 2 6 4
Exercise 1.5.80
9 1 8 5 2
Exercise 1.5.81
5 2 5 8 3 7
Exercise 1.5.82
6 4 3 1 6 7 9 4
Exercise 1.5.83
20 30
Exercise 1.5.84
15 35
44
Exercise 1.5.85

16 14
Exercise 1.5.86
23 27
Exercise 1.5.87
82 18
Exercise 1.5.88
36 14
(Section 1.2) Each period of numbers has its own name. From right to left, what is the name of the fourth period?
Exercise 1.5.90
(Section 1.2) In the number 610,467, how many thousands are there? (Section 1.3) Write 8,840 as you would read it. (Section 1.4) Round 6,842 to the nearest hundred. (Section 1.4) Round 431,046 to the nearest million.
1.6 Subtraction of Whole Numbers6

Subtraction Subtraction as the Opposite of Addition The Subtraction Process Subtraction Involving Borrowing Borrowing From Zero Calculators
45
1.6.2 Subtraction
Subtraction Subtraction
is the process of determining the remainder when part of the total is removed.
Suppose the sum of two whole numbers is 11, and from 11 we remove 4. Using the number line to help our visualization, we see that if we are located at 11 and move 4 units to the left, and thus remove 4 units, we will be located at 7. Thus, 7 units remain when we remove 4 units from 11 units.
The Minus Symbol The minus symbol (-)
subtracted from 11.

Minuend
is used to indicate subtraction. For example, 11 4 indicates that 4 is to be
The number immediately in front of or the minus symbol is called the minuend, and it represents the original number of units.
Subtrahend
The number immediately following or below the minus symbol is called the subtrahend, and it represents the number of units to be removed.
Dierence
The result of the subtraction is called the dierence of the two numbers. For example, in 11 4 = 7, 11 is the minuend, 4 is the subtrahend, and 7 is the dierence.
1.6.3 Subtraction as the Opposite of Addition
Subtraction can be thought of as the opposite of addition. We show this in the problems in Sample Set A.
1.6.3.1 Sample Set A Example 1.31 Example 1.32
8 5 = 3 since 3 + 5 = 8. 9 3 = 6 since 6 + 3 = 9.
Complete the following statements.

Exercise 1.6.1
75=
Exercise 1.6.2
since since since
+5 = 7. +1 = 9. +8 = 17.
91=
Exercise 1.6.3
17 8 =
46
1.6.4 The Subtraction Process
We'll study the process of the subtraction of two whole numbers by considering the dierence between 48 and 35.
which we write as 13.

Example 1.33: The Process of Subtracting Whole Numbers To subtract two whole numbers,
The process
1. Write the numbers vertically, placing corresponding positions in the same column. 48
35 2. Subtract the digits in each column. Start at the right, in the ones position, and move to the left, placing the dierence at the bottom. 48 35 13
Perform the following subtractions.

Example 1.34
275 142 133

5-2=3. 7-4=3. 2-1=1.
Example 1.35
46, 042 1, 031 45, 011

2-1=1. 4-3=1. 0-0=0. 6-1=5. 4-0=4.
47
Example 1.36
Find the dierence between 977 and 235.
Write the numbers vertically, placing the larger number on top. Line up the columns properly.
977 235 742

The dierence between 977 and 235 is 742.
Example 1.37
In Keys County in 1987, there were 809 cable television installations. In Flags County in 1987, there were 1,159 cable television installations. How many more cable television installations were there in Flags County than in Keys County in 1987? We need to determine the dierence between 1,159 and 809.
There were 350 more cable television installations in Flags County than in Keys County in 1987.

Exercise 1.6.4
534 203
Exercise 1.6.5
857 43
Exercise 1.6.6
95, 628 34, 510

Exercise 1.6.7
11, 005 1, 005

Exercise 1.6.8
Find the dierence between 88,526 and 26,412.
In each of these problems, each bottom digit is less than the corresponding top digit. This may not always be the case. We will examine the case where the bottom digit is greater than the corresponding top digit in the next section.
48
1.6.5 Subtraction Involving Borrowing

Minuend and Subtrahend
It often happens in the subtraction of two whole numbers that a digit in the minuend (top number) will be less than the digit in the same position in the subtrahend (bottom number). This happens when we subtract 27 from 84.
84 27
We do not have a name for 4 7. We need to rename 84 in order to continue. We'll do so as follows:
Our new name for 84 is 7 tens + 14 ones.
= 57 Notice that we converted 8 tens to 7 tens + 1 ten, and then we converted the 1 ten to 10 ones. We then had 14 ones and were able to perform the subtraction.
Borrowing
The process of borrowing (converting) is illustrated in the problems of Sample Set C.

Example 1.38
1. Borrow 1 ten from the 8 tens. This leaves 7 tens. 2. Convert the 1 ten to 10 ones. 3. Add 10 ones to 4 ones to get 14 ones.
Example 1.39
1. Borrow 1 hundred from the 6 hundreds. This leaves 5 hundreds.

49 2. Convert the 1 hundred to 10 tens. 3. Add 10 tens to 7 tens to get 17 tens.
Perform the following subtractions. Show the expanded form for the rst three problems.
Exercise 1.6.9
53 35
Exercise 1.6.10
76 28
Exercise 1.6.11
872 565
Exercise 1.6.12
441 356
Exercise 1.6.13
775 66
Exercise 1.6.14
5, 663 2, 559
Borrowing More Than Once
Sometimes it is necessary to borrow more than once. This is shown in the problems in Section 1.6.5.3 (Sample Set D).
1.6.5.3 Sample Set D
Perform the Subtractions. Borrowing more than once if necessary
Example 1.40
1. 2. 3. 4.
Borrow 1 ten from the 4 tens. This leaves 3 tens. Convert the 1 ten to 10 ones. Add 10 ones to 1 one to get 11 ones. We can now perform 11 8. Borrow 1 hundred from the 6 hundreds. This leaves 5 hundreds.
50 5. 6. 7. 8.

Convert the 1 hundred to 10 tens. Add 10 tens to 3 tens to get 13 tens. Now 13 5 = 8. 5 3 = 2.
Example 1.41
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Borrow 1 ten from the 3 tens. This leaves 2 tens. Convert the 1 ten to 10 ones. Add 10 ones to 4 ones to get 14 ones. We can now perform 14 5. Borrow 1 hundred from the 5 hundreds. This leaves 4 hundreds. Convert the 1 hundred to 10 tens. Add 10 tens to 2 tens to get 12 tens. We can now perform 12 8 = 4. Finally, 4 0 = 4.
Example 1.42
71529 - 6952 After borrowing, we have
1.6.5.4 Practice Set D

Exercise 1.6.15
526 358
Exercise 1.6.16
63, 419 7, 779

Exercise 1.6.17
4, 312 3, 123
51
1.6.6 Borrowing from Zero
It often happens in a subtraction problem that we have to borrow from one or more zeros. This occurs in problems such as 1.
503 37
and
2.
5000 37
We'll examine each case.

Example 1.43: Borrowing from a single zero.
Consider the problem
503 37
Since we do not have a name for 3 7, we must borrow from 0.
Since there are no tens to borrow, we must borrow 1 hundred. One hundred = 10 tens.
We can now borrow 1 ten from 10 tens (leaving 9 tens). One ten = 10 ones and 10 ones + 3 ones = 13 ones.
Now we can suggest the following method for borrowing from a single zero.
Borrowing from a Single Zero
To borrow from a single zero,
1. Decrease the digit to the immediate left of zero by one. 2. Draw a line through the zero and make it a 10. 3. Proceed to subtract as usual.
1.6.6.1 Sample Set E Example 1.44
Perform this subtraction.
503 37
The number 503 contains a single zero
52

1. The number to the immediate left of 0 is 5. Decrease 5 by 1.
51=4
2. Draw a line through the zero and make it a 10. 3. Borrow from the 10 and proceed.
1 ten + 10 ones 10 ones + 3 ones = 13 ones
1.6.6.2 Practice Set E
Perform each subtraction.

Exercise 1.6.18
906 18
Exercise 1.6.19
5102 559
Exercise 1.6.20
9055 386
Example 1.45: Borrowing from a group of zeros
Consider the problem
5000 37
In this case, we have a group of zeros.
Since we cannot borrow any tens or hundreds, we must borrow 1 thousand. One thousand = 10 hundreds.
We can now borrow 1 hundred from 10 hundreds. One hundred = 10 tens.
53
We can now borrow 1 ten from 10 tens. One ten = 10 ones.
From observations made in this procedure we can suggest the following method for borrowing from a group of zeros.
Borrowing from a Group of zeros
To borrow from a group of zeros,
1. Decrease the digit to the immediate left of the group of zeros by one. 2. Draw a line through each zero in the group and make it a 9, except the rightmost zero, make it 10. 3. Proceed to subtract as usual.
1.6.6.3 Sample Set F

Example 1.46
40, 000 125
The number 40,000 contains a group of zeros. 1. The number to the immediate left of the group is 4. Decrease 4 by 1.
41=3 2. Make each 0, except the rightmost one, 9. Make the rightmost 0 a 10.
3. Subtract as usual.
Example 1.47
8, 000, 006 41, 107
The number 8,000,006 contains a group of zeros. 1. The number to the immediate left of the group is 8. Decrease 8 by 1. 8 1 = 7 2. Make each zero, except the rightmost one, 9. Make the rightmost 0 a 10.
54
3. To perform the subtraction, we'll need to borrow from the ten.
1 ten = 10 ones 10 ones + 6 ones = 16 ones
1.6.6.4 Practice Set F

Exercise 1.6.21
21, 007 4, 873

Exercise 1.6.22
10, 004 5, 165

Exercise 1.6.23
16, 000, 000 201, 060
1.6.7 Calculators
In practice, calculators are used to nd the dierence between two whole numbers.
1.6.7.1 Sample Set G
Find the dierence between 1006 and 284. Display Reads Type Press Type Press 1006 1006 1006 284 722
284 =
Table 1.26
55 The dierence between 1006 and 284 is 722. (What happens if you type 284 rst and then 1006? We'll study such numbers in Chapter 10.)
1.6.7.2 Practice Set G Exercise 1.6.24
Use a calculator to nd the dierence between 7338 and 2809.
Exercise 1.6.25
Use a calculator to nd the dierence between 31,060,001 and 8,591,774.
1.6.8 Exercises
For the following problems, perform the subtractions. You may check each dierence with a calculator.
Exercise 1.6.26
15 8
Exercise 1.6.27
19 8
Exercise 1.6.28
11 5
Exercise 1.6.29
14 6
Exercise 1.6.30
12 9
Exercise 1.6.31
56 12
Exercise 1.6.32
74 33
Exercise 1.6.33
80 61
Exercise 1.6.34
350 141
56
Exercise 1.6.35
800 650
Exercise 1.6.36
35, 002 14, 001

Exercise 1.6.37
5, 000, 566 2, 441, 326

Exercise 1.6.38
400, 605 121, 352

Exercise 1.6.39
46, 400 2, 012

Exercise 1.6.40
77, 893 42 18
Exercise 1.6.42
421
Exercise 1.6.41
51 27
Exercise 1.6.43
622 88
Exercise 1.6.44
261 73
Exercise 1.6.45
242 158
Exercise 1.6.46
3, 422 1, 045
Exercise 1.6.47
5, 565 3, 985
57
Exercise 1.6.48
42, 041 15, 355

Exercise 1.6.49
304, 056 20, 008

Exercise 1.6.50
64, 000, 002 856, 743

Exercise 1.6.51
4, 109 856
Exercise 1.6.52
10, 113 2, 079

Exercise 1.6.53
605 77
Exercise 1.6.54
59 26
Exercise 1.6.55
36, 107 8, 314

Exercise 1.6.56
92, 526, 441, 820 59, 914, 805, 253

Exercise 1.6.57
1, 605 881
Exercise 1.6.58
30, 000 26, 062

Exercise 1.6.59
600 216
Exercise 1.6.60
9, 000, 003 726, 048

For the following problems, perform each subtraction.
58
Exercise 1.6.61

Subtract 63 from 92. The word "from" means "beginning at." Thus, 63 from 92 means beginning at 92, or
Hint:
92 63.
Exercise 1.6.62
Subtract 35 from 86. Subtract 382 from 541. Subtract 1,841 from 5,246. Subtract 26,082 from 35,040. Find the dierence between 47 and 21. Find the dierence between 1,005 and 314. Find the dierence between 72,085 and 16. Find the dierence between 7,214 and 2,049. Find the dierence between 56,108 and 52,911. How much bigger is 92 than 47? How much bigger is 114 than 85? How much bigger is 3,006 than 1,918? How much bigger is 11,201 than 816? How much bigger is 3,080,020 than 1,814,161?
Exercise 1.6.63 Exercise 1.6.64 Exercise 1.6.65 Exercise 1.6.66 Exercise 1.6.67 Exercise 1.6.68 Exercise 1.6.69 Exercise 1.6.70 Exercise 1.6.71 Exercise 1.6.72 Exercise 1.6.73 Exercise 1.6.74 Exercise 1.6.75 Exercise 1.6.76
In Wichita, Kansas, the sun shines about 74% of the time in July and about 59% of the time in November. How much more of the time (in percent) does the sun shine in July than in November?
Exercise 1.6.77
The lowest temperature on record in Concord, New Hampshire in May is 21 F, and in July it is 35 F. What is the dierence in these lowest temperatures?
Exercise 1.6.78
In 1980, there were 83,000 people arrested for prostitution and commercialized vice and 11,330,000 people arrested for driving while intoxicated. How many more people were arrested for drunk driving than for prostitution?
Exercise 1.6.79
In 1980, a person with a bachelor's degree in accounting received a monthly salary oer of $1,293, and a person with a marketing degree a monthly salary oer of $1,145. How much more was oered to the person with an accounting degree than the person with a marketing degree?
59
Exercise 1.6.80
In 1970, there were about 793 people per square mile living in Puerto Rico, and 357 people per square mile living in Guam. How many more people per square mile were there in Puerto Rico than Guam?
Exercise 1.6.81
The 1980 population of Singapore was 2,414,000 and the 1980 population of Sri Lanka was 14,850,000. How many more people lived in Sri Lanka than in Singapore in 1980? In 1977, there were 7,234,000 hospitals in the United States and 64,421,000 in Mainland China. How many more hospitals were there in Mainland China than in the United States in 1977?
In 1978, there were 3,095,000 telephones in use in Poland and 4,292,000 in Switzerland. How many more telephones were in use in Switzerland than in Poland in 1978? For the following problems, use the corresponding graphs to solve the problems.
How many more life scientists were there in 1974 than mathematicians? (this image)
How many more social, psychological, mathematical, and environmental scientists were there than life, physical, and computer scientists? (this image)
Exercise 1.6.86
How many more prosecutions were there in 1978 than in 1974? (this image)
Exercise 1.6.87
How many more prosecutions were there in 1976-1980 than in 1970-1975? (this image)
60
Exercise 1.6.88
How many more dry holes were drilled in 1960 than in 1975? (this image)
Exercise 1.6.89
How many more dry holes were drilled in 1960, 1965, and 1970 than in 1975, 1978 and 1979? (this image)
For the following problems, replace the [U+2610] with the whole number that will make the subtraction true.
Exercise 1.6.90
14 3
61
Exercise 1.6.91
21 14
Exercise 1.6.92
35 25
Exercise 1.6.93
16 9
Exercise 1.6.94
28 16
For the following problems, nd the solutions.
Subtract 42 from the sum of 16 and 56. Subtract 105 from the sum of 92 and 89. Subtract 1,127 from the sum of 2,161 and 387. Subtract 37 from the dierence between 263 and 175. Subtract 1,109 from the dierence between 3,046 and 920. Add the dierence between 63 and 47 to the difference between 55 and 11.
Add the dierence between 815 and 298 to the dierence between 2,204 and 1,016. Subtract the dierence between 78 and 43 from the sum of 111 and 89.
Subtract the dierence between 18 and 7 from the sum of the dierences between 42 and 13, and 81 and 16.
Exercise 1.6.104
Find the dierence between the dierences of 343 and 96, and 521 and 488.
62
(Section 1.2) In the number 21,206, how many hundreds are there? (Section 1.2) Write a three-digit number that has a zero in the ones position. (Section 1.2) How many three-digit whole numbers are there? (Section 1.4) Round 26,524,016 to the nearest million. (Section 1.5) Find the sum of 846 + 221 + 116.
1.7 Properties of Addition7

The Commutative Property of Addition The Associative Property of Addition The Additive Identity
We now consider three simple but very important properties of addition.
1.7.2 The Commutative Property of Addition
Commutative Property of Addition
If two whole numbers are added in any order, the sum will not change.
Add the whole numbers
8 + 5 = 13 5 + 8 = 13
The numbers 8 and 5 can be added in any order. Regardless of the order they are added, the sum is 13.
63
1.7.2.2 Practice Set A Exercise 1.7.1
Use the commutative property of addition to nd the sum of 12 and 41 in two dierent ways.
Exercise 1.7.2
Add the whole numbers
1.7.3 The Associative Property of Addition

Associative Property of Addition
If three whole numbers are to be added, the sum will be the same if the rst two are added rst, then that sum is added to the third, or, the second two are added rst, and that sum is added to the rst.
Using Parentheses
It is a common mathematical practice to use parentheses to show which pair of numbers we wish to combine rst.
Add the whole numbers.
Use the associative property of addition to add the following whole numbers two dierent ways.
Exercise 1.7.4
64
1.7.4 The Additive Identity

0 Is the Additive Identity
The whole number 0 is called the additive identity, since when it is added to any whole number, the sum is identical to that whole number.
Add the whole numbers.
29 + 0 = 29 0 + 29 = 29 Zero added to 29 does not change the identity of 29.
Add the following whole numbers.

Exercise 1.7.5
Exercise 1.7.6
Suppose we let the letter x represent a choice for some whole number. For the rst two problems, nd the sums. For the third problem, nd the sum provided we now know that x represents the whole number 17.
Exercise 1.7.7
Exercise 1.7.8
65
Exercise 1.7.9
1.7.5 Exercises
For the following problems, add the numbers in two ways.

Exercise 1.7.10
Exercise 1.7.11
Exercise 1.7.12
Exercise 1.7.13
Exercise 1.7.14
Exercise 1.7.15
Exercise 1.7.16
66
Exercise 1.7.17
Exercise 1.7.18
Exercise 1.7.19
Exercise 1.7.20
Exercise 1.7.21
Exercise 1.7.22
Exercise 1.7.23
Exercise 1.7.24
For the following problems, show that the pairs of quantities yield the same sum.
(11 + 27) + 9 and 11 + (27 + 9) (80 + 52) + 6 and 80 + (52 + 6)

67
(114 + 226) + 108 and 114 + (226 + 108) (731 + 256) + 171 and 731 + (256 + 171)
The fact that (a rst number + a second number) + third number = a rst number + (a second property of addition. number + a third number) is an example of the
Exercise 1.7.30
The fact that 0 + any number = that particular number is an example of the erty of addition.
Exercise 1.7.31
prop-
The fact that a rst number + a second number = a second number + a rst number is an example of the property of addition.
Exercise 1.7.32
Use the numbers 15 and 8 to illustrate the commutative property of addition.
Use the numbers 6, 5, and 11 to illustrate the associative property of addition. The number zero is called the additive identity. Why is the term identity so appropriate?
(Section 1.2) How many hundreds in 46,581? (Section 1.3) Write 2,218 as you would read it. (Section 1.4) Round 506,207 to the nearest thousand.
(Section 1.5) Find the sum of

Exercise 1.7.39
482 + 68 3, 318 429
(Section 1.6) Find the dierence:
68
1.8 Summary of Key Concepts8

1.8.1 Summary of Key Concepts
Number / Numeral (Section 1.2) A number is a concept. It exists only
in the mind. A numeral is a symbol that represents a number. It is customary not to distinguish between the two (but we should remain aware of the dierence).
Hindu-Arabic Numeration System (Section 1.2) In our society, we use the Hindu-Arabic numeration system.
It was invented by the Hindus shortly before the third century and popularized by the Arabs about a thousand years later.
Digits (Section 1.2)
The numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are called digits. The Hindu-Arabic numeration system is a positional number system with base ten. Each position has value that is ten times the value of the position to its right.
Base Ten Positional System (Section 1.2)
Commas / Periods (Section 1.2) Commas are used to separate digits
into groups of three. Each group of three is called a period. Each period has a name. From right to left, they are ones, thousands, millions, billions, etc.
Whole Numbers (Section 1.2) A whole number is any number that
is formed using only the digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).
Number Line (Section 1.2) The number line allows us to Graphing (Section 1.2) Graphing a whole number
visually display the whole numbers.
below.
is a term used for visually displaying the whole number. The graph of 4 appears
Reading Whole Numbers (Section 1.3)
To express a whole number as a verbal phrase: 1. Begin at the right and, working right to left, separate the number into distinct periods by inserting commas every three digits. 2. Begin at the left, and read each period individually.
Writing Whole Numbers (Section 1.3)
To rename a number that is expressed in words to a number expressed in digits:

69 1. Notice that a number expressed as a verbal phrase will have its periods set o by commas. 2. Start at the beginning of the sentence, and write each period of numbers individually. 3. Use commas to separate periods, and combine the periods to form one number.
Rounding (Section 1.4) Rounding is the process
of approximating the number of a group of objects by mentally "seeing" the collection as occurring in groups of tens, hundreds, thousands, etc.
Addition (Section 1.5) Addition is the process of
the total, or sum.
combining two or more objects (real or intuitive) to form a new, third object,
Addends / Sum (Section 1.5)
In addition, the numbers being added are called addends and the result, or total, the sum.
Subtraction (Section 1.6) Subtraction is the process of
determining the remainder when part of the total is removed.
Minuend / Subtrahend Dierence (Section 1.6)
Commutative Property of Addition (Section 1.7)
If two whole numbers are added in either of two orders, the sum will not change. 3+5=5+3
Associative Property of Addition (Section 1.7)
If three whole numbers are to be added, the sum will be the same if the rst two are added and that sum is then added to the third, or if the second two are added and the rst is added to that sum. (3 + 5) + 2 = 3 + (5 + 2)
Parentheses in Addition (Section 1.7) Parentheses in addition indicate which numbers Additive Identity (Section 1.7) The whole number 0 is called the additive identity
are to be added rst. since, when it is added to any particular whole number,
the sum is identical to that whole number. 0+7=7 7+0=7
1.9 Exercise Supplement9

1.9.1 Exercise Supplement
For problems 1-35, nd the sums and dierences.

Exercise 1.9.1
908 + 29
70
Exercise 1.9.2
529 +161
Exercise 1.9.3
549 + 16
Exercise 1.9.4
726 +892
Exercise 1.9.5
390 +169
Exercise 1.9.6
166 +660
Exercise 1.9.7
391 +951
Exercise 1.9.8
48 +36
Exercise 1.9.9
1, 103 + 898
Exercise 1.9.10
1, 642 + 899
Exercise 1.9.11
807 +1, 156

Exercise 1.9.12
80, 349 + 2, 679

Exercise 1.9.13
70, 070 + 9, 386

Exercise 1.9.14
90, 874 + 2, 945
71
Exercise 1.9.15
45, 292 +51, 661

Exercise 1.9.16
1, 617 +54, 923

Exercise 1.9.17
702, 607 + 89, 217

Exercise 1.9.18
6, 670, 006 + 2, 495

Exercise 1.9.19
267 +8, 034

Exercise 1.9.20
7, 007 +11, 938

Exercise 1.9.21
131, 294 + 9, 087 5, 292 + 161

17, 260 +58, 964

Exercise 1.9.24
7, 006 5, 382
Exercise 1.9.25
7, 973 3, 018
Exercise 1.9.26
16, 608 1, 660

Exercise 1.9.27
209, 527 23, 916
72
Exercise 1.9.28
584 226
Exercise 1.9.29
3, 313 1, 075
Exercise 1.9.30
458 122
Exercise 1.9.31
1, 007 + 331
Exercise 1.9.32
16, 082 + 2, 013

Exercise 1.9.33
926 48
Exercise 1.9.34
736 +5, 869

Exercise 1.9.35
676, 504 58, 277

For problems 36-39, add the numbers.
Exercise 1.9.36
769 795 298 746

Exercise 1.9.37
554 184 883
73
Exercise 1.9.38
30, 188 79, 731 16, 600 66, 085 39, 169 95, 170
Exercise 1.9.39
2, 129 6, 190 17, 044 30, 447 292 41 428, 458

For problems 40-50, combine the numbers as indicated.
Exercise 1.9.40
2, 957 + 9, 006
Exercise 1.9.41
19, 040 + 813
350, 212 + 14, 533 970 + 702 + 22 + 8

3, 704 + 2, 344 + 429 + 10, 374 + 74

874 + 845 + 295 900
904 + 910 881
521 + 453 334 + 600
892 820 9
159 + 4, 085 918 608
2, 562 + 8, 754 393 385 910

For problems 51-63, add and subtract as indicated.

Exercise 1.9.51
Subtract 671 from 8,027.
74

Subtract 387 from 6,342. Subtract 2,926 from 6,341. Subtract 4,355 from the sum of 74 and 7,319. Subtract 325 from the sum of 7,188 and 4,964. Subtract 496 from the dierence of 60,321 and 99. Subtract 20,663 from the dierence of 523,150 and 95,225. Add the dierence of 843 and 139 to the dierence of 4,450 and 839. Add the dierence of 997,468 and 292,513 to the dierence of 22,140 and 8,617. Subtract the dierence of 8,412 and 576 from the sum of 22,140 and 8,617. Add the sum of 2,273, 3,304, 847, and 16 to the dierence of 4,365 and 864.
Exercise 1.9.54 Exercise 1.9.55 Exercise 1.9.56 Exercise 1.9.57 Exercise 1.9.58 Exercise 1.9.59 Exercise 1.9.60 Exercise 1.9.61 Exercise 1.9.62
Add the sum of 19,161, 201, 166,127, and 44 to the dierence of the sums of 161, 2,455, and 85, and 21, 26, 48, and 187.
Exercise 1.9.63
Is the sum of 626 and 1,242 the same as the sum of 1,242 and 626? Justify your claim.
1.10 Prociency Exam10

1.10.1 Prociency Exam
Exercise 1.10.1
(Section 1.2) What is the largest digit?
(Section 1.2) In the Hindu-Arabic number system, each period has three values assigned to it. These values are the same for each period. From right to left, what are they?
Exercise 1.10.3
Exercise 1.10.2
(Section 1.2) In the number 42,826, how many hundreds are there? (Section 1.2) Is there a largest whole number? If so, what is it?
(Section 1.2) Graph the following whole numbers on the number line: 2, 3, 5.
75
(Section 1.3) Write the number 63,425 as you would read it aloud.
(Section 1.3) Write the number eighteen million, three hundred fty-nine thousand, seventy-two. (Section 1.4) Round 427 to the nearest hundred. (Section 1.4) Round 18,995 to the nearest ten.
Exercise 1.10.10
(Section 1.4) Round to the most reasonable digit: During a semester, a mathematics instructor uses 487 pieces of chalk. For problems 11-17, nd the sums and dierences.
Exercise 1.10.11
(Section 1.5)
627 + 48
(Section 1.5) 3106 + 921 (Section 1.5)
152 + 36
Exercise 1.10.14
5, 189
(Section 1.5)
6, 189 4, 122 +8, 001

(Section 1.5) 21 + 16 + 42 + 11 (Section 1.6) 520 216 (Section 1.6)
80, 001 9, 878

Exercise 1.10.18
(Section 1.6) Subtract 425 from 816. (Section 1.6) Subtract 712 from the sum of 507 and 387.
(Section 1.7) Is the sum of 219 and 412 the same as the sum of 412 and 219? If so, what makes it so?
76
Solutions to Exercises in Chapter 1

Solution to Exercise 1.2.1 (p. 10) Solution to Exercise 1.2.2 (p. 12)
Yes. Letters are symbols. Taken as a collection (a written word), they represent a number. ve thousand
Solution to Exercise 1.2.3 (p. 12)
four hundred billion zero tens, or zero
4, 5, 6, 113, 978 concept
Yes, since it is a symbol that represents a number. positional; 10
ones, tens, hundreds 4 0 0
Solution to Exercise 1.2.15 (p. 14) Solution to Exercise 1.2.17 (p. 14) Solution to Exercise 1.2.19 (p. 14) Solution to Exercise 1.2.21 (p. 14)
ten thousand
6 ten millions = 60 million 1,340 (answers may vary) 900
Solution to Exercise 1.2.25 (p. 14) Solution to Exercise 1.2.27 (p. 15) Solution to Exercise 1.2.29 (p. 15)
yes; zero
graphing
61, 99, 100, 102
Twelve thousand, ve hundred forty-two One hundred one million, seventy-four thousand, three
77
One million, eight 103,025
6,040,007
20,003,080,109,402 80,000,000,035
nine hundred twelve
one thousand, four hundred ninety-one thirty-ve thousand, two hundred twenty-three four hundred thirty-seven thousand, one hundred ve eight million, one thousand, one
seven hundred seventy million, three hundred eleven thousand, one hundred one one hundred six billion, one hundred million, one thousand ten eight hundred billion, eight hundred thousand four; one thousand, four hundred sixty twenty billion
Solution to Exercise 1.3.26 (p. 19) Solution to Exercise 1.3.28 (p. 19) Solution to Exercise 1.3.30 (p. 19) Solution to Exercise 1.3.32 (p. 19) Solution to Exercise 1.3.34 (p. 20) Solution to Exercise 1.3.36 (p. 20) Solution to Exercise 1.3.38 (p. 20) Solution to Exercise 1.3.40 (p. 20)
four hundred twelve; fty-two; twenty-one thousand, four hundred twenty-four one thousand, nine hundred seventy-nine; eighty-ve thousand; two million, nine hundred ve thousand one thousand, nine hundred eighty; two hundred seventeen one thousand, nine hundred eighty one; one million, nine hundred fty-six thousand one thousand, nine hundred eighty; thirteen thousand, one hundred twelve million, six hundred thirty thousand 681
7,201
512,003
35,007,101
78
16,000,059,004 23,000,000,000
100,000,000,000,001 4
yes, zero 3400
27,000
31,000,000 0
60,000
hundred 1,600
thousand 2000
ten thousand 0
million 0
Table 1.27
Hundred 91,800
thousand 92,000
ten thousand 90,000
million 0
Table 1.28
hundred 200
thousand 0
ten thousand 0
million 0
Table 1.29
hundred 900
thousand 1,000
ten thousand 0
million 0
79
Table 1.30
hundred 900
thousand 1,000
ten thousand 0
million 0
Table 1.31
hundred 1,000
thousand 1,000
ten thousand 0
million 0
Table 1.32
hundred 551,061,300
thousand 551,061,000
ten thousand 551,060,000
million 551,000,000
Table 1.33
hundred 106,999,413,200
thousand 106,999,413,000
ten thousand 106,999,410,000
million 106,999,000,000
Table 1.34
Hundred 8,006,000
Thousand 8,006,000
ten thousand 8,010,000
Million 8,000,000
Table 1.35
hundred 33,500
thousand 33,000
ten thousand 30,000
million 0
80

Table 1.36
hundred 388,600
thousand 389,000
ten thousand 390,000
million 0
Table 1.37
hundred 8,200
thousand 8,000
ten thousand 10,000
million 0
Table 1.38
19,310,000 29,000,000
70% or 75%
$5,500,000,000 230,000
5,400,000 graphing
Forty-two thousand, one hundred nine 4,000,000,008 88
5,527
267,166
81
87
= 7 tens + 1 ten + 7 ones = 8 tens + 7 ones = 87

561
= 4 hundreds + 15 tens + 1 ten + 1 one = 4 hundreds + 16 tens + 1 one = 4 hundreds + 1 hundred + 6 tens + 1 one = 5 hundreds + 6 tens + 1 one
= 561
115
= 10 tens + 1 ten + 5 ones = 11 tens + 5 ones = 1 hundred + 1 ten + 5 ones
= 115
153,525 167
2,468
434,826 155
19,750 30,682 19 48
82
98
978 368
12,777 58,738
45,169,739 33 81 91
809 862
2,321
1,141,204
561,364,111
942,302,364,207,060 234
95,365
1,972,128 3,700
3,101,500 100 0
1,000 5
19
83
88
60,511,000
5,682,651 square miles 1,190,000
271,564,000 20 25 40 50 50 50 0
6,800
7 5 = 2 since 2 + 5 = 7 9 1 = 8 since 8 + 1 = 9
17 8 = 9 since 9 + 8 = 17
331 814
61,118 10,000
62,114
84
85
709
3,104 168
55,640 1,189 888
85
4,543 8,669
16,134 4,839
15,789,940
4,529
22,468,227 7 6 3
41
209
21,001
279,253 77,472 24
188
2,377
26,686
63,143,259 8,034 33
32,611,636,567 3,938
8,273,955
86
51
3,405 26
72,069 3,197 29
10,385 15%
11,247,000 436
57,187,000 165,000 74
4,547 11 10
12
76 51 60
165 214
330 (answers may vary) 27,000,000
12 + 41 = 53 and 41 + 12 = 53
87
837 + 1, 958 = 2, 795 and 1, 958 + 837 = 2, 795
(17 + 32) + 25 = 49 + 25 = 74 and 17 + (32 + 25) = 17 + 57 = 74
(1, 629 + 806) + 429 = 2, 435 + 429 = 2, 864
1, 629 + (806 + 429) = 1, 629 + 1, 235 = 2, 864

x x
17 37 45
568
122,323 45
100 556
43,461
132 + 6 =80 + 58 = 138
987 + 171 =731 + 427 = 1, 158 Identity
15 + 8 = 8 + 15 = 23
. . .because its partner in addition remains identically the same after that addition
Two thousand, two hundred eighteen. 550 937 565
88
559
1,342 2,001 1,963
79,456 96,953
791,824 8,301
140,381 76,224 4,955
185,611 2,238 1,338 878
618,227 1,621
484,601 19,853 1,702 1,114 1,300 2,718 7,356 3,415
Solution to Exercise 1.9.41 (p. 73) Solution to Exercise 1.9.43 (p. 73) Solution to Exercise 1.9.45 (p. 73) Solution to Exercise 1.9.47 (p. 73) Solution to Exercise 1.9.49 (p. 73) Solution to Exercise 1.9.51 (p. 73) Solution to Exercise 1.9.53 (p. 74)
89
11,827
407,262 718,478 9,941
626 + 1, 242 = 1, 242 + 626 = 1, 868

ones, tens, hundreds 8
no
Sixty-three thousand, four hundred twenty-ve 18,359,072 400

19,000 500 675
4,027 188
23,501 90
304
70,123 391 182
Yes, commutative property of addition
90
Chapter 2
Multiplication and Division of Whole Numbers
2.1 Objectives1
Multiplication of Whole Numbers (Section 2.2)
understand the process of multiplication be able to multiply whole numbers be able to simplify multiplications with numbers ending in zero be able to use a calculator to multiply one whole number by another
Concepts of Division of Whole Numbers (Section 2.3)
understand the process of division understand division of a nonzero number into zero understand why division by zero is undened be able to use a calculator to divide one whole number by another
Division of Whole Numbers (Section 2.4)
be able to divide a whole number by a single or multiple digit divisor be able to interpret a calculator statement that a division results in a remainder
Some Interesting Facts about Division (Section 2.5)
be able to recognize a whole number that is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, or 10

Properties of Multiplication (Section 2.6)
understand and appreciate the commutative and associative properties of multiplication understand why 1 is the multiplicative identity
91
92
CHAPTER 2. MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF WHOLE NUMBERS
2.2 Multiplication of Whole Numbers2

Multiplication The Multiplication Process With a Single Digit Multiplier The Multiplication Process With a Multiple Digit Multiplier Multiplication With Numbers Ending in Zero Calculators
2.2.2 Multiplication
Multiplication
is a description of repeated addition.
In the addition of
5+5+5
the number 5 is repeated 3 times. Therefore, we say we have three times ve and describe it by writing
35
Thus,
35=5+5+5
In a multiplication, the repeated addend (number being added) is called the multiplicand. In 3 5, the 5 is the multiplicand.
Multiplier Multiplicand
Also, in a multiplication, the number that records the number of times the multiplicand is used is called the multiplier. In 3 5, the 3 is the multiplier.
Express each repeated addition as a multiplication. In each case, specify the multiplier and the multiplicand.
Example 2.1
7+7+7+7+7+7 6 7.
Multiplier is 6. Multiplicand is 7.
Example 2.2
18 + 18 + 18
3 18.
Multiplier is 3.
Multiplicand is 18.
93
Express each repeated addition as a multiplication. In each case, specify the multiplier and the multiplicand.
Exercise 2.2.1
12 + 12 + 12 + 12 . Multiplier is . Multiplicand is .
Exercise 2.2.2
36 + 36 + 36 + 36 + 36 + 36 + 36 + 36 . Multiplier is . Multiplicand is .
Exercise 2.2.3
0+0+0+0+0
. Multiplier is
Exercise 2.2.4
. Multiplicand is
.
1847 + 1847 + ... + 1847 12, 000 times

. Multiplier is
Factors
. Multiplicand is
In a multiplication, the numbers being multiplied are also called factors.

Products
The result of a multiplication is called the product. In 3 5 = 15, the 3 and 5 are not only called the multiplier and multiplicand, but they are also called factors. The product is 15.
Indicators of Multiplication ,,( ) The multiplication symbol () is not the only symbol used to indicate multiplication. Other symbols include the dot ( ) and pairs of parentheses ( ). The expressions
3 5,
3 5,
3 (5),
(3) 5,
(3) (5)
all represent the same product.

2.2.3 The Multiplication Process With a Single Digit Multiplier
Since multiplication is repeated addition, we should not be surprised to notice that carrying can occur. Carrying occurs when we nd the product of 38 and 7:
First, we compute 7 8 = 56. Write the 6 in the ones column. Carry the 5. Then take 7 3 = 21. Add to 21 the 5 that was carried: 21 + 5 = 26. The product is 266.
94
Find the following products.

Example 2.3
3 4 = 12 3 6 = 18
Write the 2, carry the 1. Add to 18 the 1 that was carried: 18 + 1 = 19.
The product is 192.

Example 2.4
5 6 = 30 5 2 = 10 5 5 = 25
The product is 2,630.
Example 2.5
Write the 0, carry the 3. Add to 10 the 3 that was carried: 10 + 3 = 13. Write the 3, carry the 1. Add to 25 the 1 that was carried: 25 + 1 = 6.
9 4 = 36 90=0 9 8 = 72 91=9
Write the 6, carry the 3. Add to the 0 the 3 that was carried: 0 + 3 = 3. Write the 3. Write the 2, carry the 7. Add to the 9 the 7 that was carried: 9 + 7 = 16. Since there are no more multiplications to perform,write both the 1 and 6.

Exercise 2.2.5
37 5
95
Exercise 2.2.6
78 8
Exercise 2.2.7
536 7
Exercise 2.2.8
40, 019 8
Exercise 2.2.9
301, 599 3
2.2.4 The Multiplication Process With a Multiple Digit Multiplier
In a multiplication in which the multiplier is composed of two or more digits, the multiplication must take place in parts. The process is as follows:
Part 1: First Partial Product Multiply the multiplicand by the ones digit of the multiplier. This product is called the rst partial product. Part 2: Second Partial Product Multiply the multiplicand by the tens digit of the multiplier. This product is called the second partial product. Since the tens digit is used as a factor, the second
partial product is written below the rst partial product so that its rightmost digit appears in the tens column. Part 3: If necessary, continue this way nding partial products. Write each one below the previous one so that the rightmost digit appears in the column directly below the digit that was used as a factor. Part 4: Total Product Add the partial products to obtain the total product.
note:
It may be necessary to carry when nding each partial product.
Multiply 326 by 48.
Part 1:
Part 2:
96
Part 3: Part 4:

This step is unnecessary since all of the digits in the multiplier have been used. Add the partial products to obtain the total product.

Example 2.7
Multiply 5,369 by 842.
Part 1:
Part 2:
Part 3:
The product is 4,520,698.
Example 2.8
Multiply 1,508 by 206.
Part 1:
Part 2:
97 Since 0 times 1508 is 0, the partial product will not change the identity of the total product (which is obtained by addition). Go to the next partial product.
Part 3:
The product is 310,648
2.2.4.2 Practice Set C Exercise 2.2.10 Exercise 2.2.11 Exercise 2.2.12 Exercise 2.2.13 Exercise 2.2.14 Exercise 2.2.15 Exercise 2.2.16 Exercise 2.2.17 Exercise 2.2.18 Exercise 2.2.19
Multiply 73 by 14. Multiply 86 by 52. Multiply 419 by 85. Multiply 2,376 by 613. Multiply 8,107 by 304. Multiply 66,260 by 1,008. Multiply 209 by 501. Multiply 24 by 10. Multiply 3,809 by 1,000. Multiply 813 by 10,000.
(Solution on p. 142.) (Solution on p. 142.) (Solution on p. 142.) (Solution on p. 142.) (Solution on p. 142.) (Solution on p. 142.) (Solution on p. 142.) (Solution on p. 142.) (Solution on p. 142.) (Solution on p. 142.)
2.2.5 Multiplications With Numbers Ending in Zero
Often, when performing a multiplication, one or both of the factors will end in zeros. Such multiplications can be done quickly by aligning the numbers so that the rightmost nonzero digits are in the same column.
98
Perform the multiplication (49, 000) (1, 200). (49,000)(1,200)
49000
1200
Since 9 and 2 are the rightmost nonzero digits, put them in the same column.
Draw (perhaps mentally) a vertical line to separate the zeros from the nonzeros.
Multiply the numbers to the left of the vertical line as usual, then attach to the right end of this product the total number of zeros.
The product is 58,800,000

2.2.5.2 Practice Set D Exercise 2.2.20
Multiply 1,800 by 90. Multiply 420,000 by 300. Multiply 20,500,000 by 140,000.
2.2.6 Calculators
Most multiplications are performed using a calculator.

Multiply 75,891 by 263. Display Reads Type Press Type Press 75891 75891 75891 263 19959333
263 =
99
Table 2.1
The product is 19,959,333.

Example 2.10
Multiply 4,510,000,000,000 by 1,700. Display Reads Type Press Type Press 451 451 451 17 7667
17 =
Table 2.2
The display now reads 7667. We'll have to add the zeros ourselves. There are a total of 12 zeros. Attaching 12 zeros to 7667, we get 7,667,000,000,000,000. The product is 7,667,000,000,000,000.
Example 2.11
Multiply 57,847,298 by 38,976. Display Reads Type Press Type Press 57847298 57847298 57847298 38976 2.2546563 12
Table 2.3
38976 =
The display now reads 2.2546563 12. What kind of number is this? This is an example of a whole number written in scientic notation. We'll study this concept when we get to decimal numbers.
2.2.6.2 Practice Set E
Use a calculator to perform each multiplication.

Exercise 2.2.23
52 27
Exercise 2.2.24
1, 448 6, 155
Exercise 2.2.25
8, 940, 000 205, 000
100
2.2.7 Exercises
For the following problems, perform the multiplications. You may check each product with a calculator.
Exercise 2.2.26
8 3
Exercise 2.2.27
3 5
Exercise 2.2.28
8 6
Exercise 2.2.29
5 7
Exercise 2.2.30
61 45
75 3 35 5
45 6
Exercise 2.2.35
31 7
Exercise 2.2.36
97 6
Exercise 2.2.37
75 57
Exercise 2.2.38
64 15
Exercise 2.2.39
73 15
101
Exercise 2.2.40
81 95
Exercise 2.2.41
31 33
Exercise 2.2.42
57 64 76 42
894 52
Exercise 2.2.45
684 38
Exercise 2.2.46
115 22
Exercise 2.2.47
706 81
Exercise 2.2.48
328 21
Exercise 2.2.49
550 94
Exercise 2.2.50
930 26 318 63
582 127
Exercise 2.2.53
247 116
Exercise 2.2.54
305 225
102
Exercise 2.2.55
782 547
Exercise 2.2.56
771 663
Exercise 2.2.57
638 516
Exercise 2.2.58
1,905 710
Exercise 2.2.59
5,757 5,010
Exercise 2.2.60
3, 106 1, 752
Exercise 2.2.61
9, 300 1, 130
Exercise 2.2.62
7, 057 5, 229
Exercise 2.2.63
8, 051 5, 580
Exercise 2.2.64
5, 804 4, 300
Exercise 2.2.65
357 16
Exercise 2.2.66
724 0
Exercise 2.2.67
2, 649 41
Exercise 2.2.68
5, 173 8
103
Exercise 2.2.69
1, 999 0
Exercise 2.2.70
1, 666 0
Exercise 2.2.71
51, 730 142

Exercise 2.2.72
387 190
Exercise 2.2.73
3, 400 70
Exercise 2.2.74
460, 000 14, 000

Exercise 2.2.75
558, 000, 000 81, 000

Exercise 2.2.76
37, 000 120 498, 000 0

4, 585, 000 140 30, 700, 000 8, 000 10

180
Exercise 2.2.80
Suppose a theater holds 426 people. If the theater charges $4 per ticket and sells every seat, how much money would they take in?
104
Exercise 2.2.82

In an English class, a student is expected to read 12 novels during the semester and prepare a report on each one of them. If there are 32 students in the class, how many reports will be prepared?
Exercise 2.2.83
In a mathematics class, a nal exam consists of 65 problems. If this exam is given to 28 people, how many problems must the instructor grade?
Exercise 2.2.84
A business law instructor gives a 45 problem exam to two of her classes. If each class has 37 people in it, how many problems will the instructor have to grade?
Exercise 2.2.85
An algebra instructor gives an exam that consists of 43 problems to four of his classes. If the classes have 25, 28, 31, and 35 students in them, how many problems will the instructor have to grade?
Exercise 2.2.86
In statistics, the term "standard deviation" refers to a number that is calculated from certain data. If the data indicate that one standard deviation is 38 units, how many units is three standard deviations?
Exercise 2.2.87
Soft drinks come in cases of 24 cans. If a supermarket sells 857 cases during one week, how many individual cans were sold?
There are 60 seconds in 1 minute and 60 minutes in 1 hour. How many seconds are there in 1 hour? There are 60 seconds in 1 minute, 60 minutes in one hour, 24 hours in one day, and 365 days in one year. How many seconds are there in 1 year?
Exercise 2.2.90
Light travels 186,000 miles in one second. How many miles does light travel in one year? (Hint: Can you use the result of the previous problem?)
Exercise 2.2.91
An elementary school cafeteria sells 328 lunches every day. Each lunch costs $1. How much money does the cafeteria bring in in 2 weeks?
Exercise 2.2.92
A computer company is selling stock for $23 a share. If 87 people each buy 55 shares, how much money would be brought in?
2.2.7.1 Exercises for Review Exercise 2.2.93 Exercise 2.2.94 Exercise 2.2.95 Exercise 2.2.96 Exercise 2.2.97
(Section 1.2) In the number 421,998, how may ten thousands are there? (Section 1.4) Round 448,062,187 to the nearest hundred thousand. (Section 1.5) Find the sum. 22,451 + 18,976. (Section 1.6) Subtract 2,289 from 3,001.
(Section 1.7) Specify which property of addition justies the fact that (a rst whole number + a second whole number) = (the second whole number + the rst whole number)
105
2.3 Concepts of Division of Whole Numbers3

Division 0 Division into Zero (Zero As a Dividend: a , a = 0) 0 Division by Zero (Zero As a Divisor: a , a = 0) Division by and into Zero (Zero As a Dividend and Divisor: Calculators
0 0)
2.3.2 Division
Division
is a description of repeated subtraction.
In the process of division, the concern is how many times one number is contained in another number. For example, we might be interested in how many 5's are contained in 15. The word times is signicant because it implies a relationship between division and multiplication. There are several notations used to indicate division. Suppose Q records the number of times 5 is contained in 15. We can indicate this by writing
Q 5)15
5 into 15
15 =Q 5
15 divided by 5
15/5 = Q
15 divided by 5
15 5 = Q
15 divided by 5
Each of these division notations describes the same number, represented here by the symbol Q. Each notation also converts to the same multiplication form. It is 15 = 5 Q In division,
Dividend
the number being divided into is called the dividend.

Divisor
the number dividing into the dividend is the divisor.

Quotient
the result of the division is called the quotient. quotient divisor)dividend

dividend = quotient divisor
dividend/divisor = quotient
dividend divisor = quotient
106
Find the following quotients using multiplication facts.

Example 2.12
18 6
Since 6 3 = 18, 18 6 = 3 Notice also that
18 6 12 6 }Repeated subtraction 6 6 0
Thus, 6 is contained in 18 three times.
Example 2.13
24
3
Since 3 8 = 24,
24 = 8 3
Notice also that 3 could be subtracted exactly 8 times from 24. This implies that 3 is contained in 24 eight times.
Example 2.14
36 6
Since 6 6 = 36,
36 6
=6
Thus, there are 6 sixes in 36.

Example 2.15
9)72
Since 9 8 = 72,
8 9)72
Thus, there are 8 nines in 72.
107
Use multiplication facts to determine the following quotients.

Exercise 2.3.1
32 8 18 9
25
5
(Solution on p. 144.) (Solution on p. 144.) (Solution on p. 144.) (Solution on p. 144.) (Solution on p. 144.) (Solution on p. 144.)
48
8
Exercise 2.3.5
28
7
Exercise 2.3.6
4)36
2.3.3 Division into Zero (Zero as a Dividend: a ,
a = 0)
Let's look at what happens when the dividend (the number being divided into) is zero, and the divisor (the number doing the dividing) is any whole number except zero. The question is
0 What number, if any, is any nonzero whole number ?
Let's represent this unknown quotient by Q. Then,

0 any nonzero whole number = Q
Converting this division problem to its corresponding multiplication problem, we get
0 = Q (any nonzero whole number)

From our knowledge of multiplication, we can understand that if the product of two whole numbers is zero, then one or both of the whole numbers must be zero. Since any nonzero whole number is certainly not zero, Q must represent zero. Then,
0 any nonzero whole number = 0
Zero Divided By Any Nonzero Whole Number Is Zero
Zero divided any nonzero whole number is zero.
2.3.4 Division by Zero (Zero as a Divisor: 0 ,
a = 0)
Now we ask,
number ? What number, if any, is any nonzero whole 0
Letting Q represent a possible quotient, we get

any nonzero whole number = Q 0
Converting to the corresponding multiplication form, we have
108
(any nonzero whole number) = Q 0

Since Q 0 = 0, (any nonzero whole number) = 0. But this is absurd. This would mean that 6 = 0, or 37 = 0. A nonzero whole number cannot equal 0! Thus,
any nonzero whole number does
0
not name a number
Division by Zero is Undened
Division by zero does not name a number. It is, therefore, undened.

2.3.5 Division by and Into Zero (Zero as a Dividend and Divisor: 0 )
0
We are now curious about zero divided by zero

0 0
0 0
. If we let Q represent a potential quotient, we get
=Q
Converting to the multiplication form,
0=Q0
This results in
0=0
This is a statement that is true regardless of the number used in place of Q. For example,
0 0 0 0 0 0
= 5, since 0 = 5 0. = 31, since 0 = 31 0. = 286, since 0 = 286 0.
A unique quotient cannot be determined.

Indeterminant
Since the result of the division is inconclusive, we say that

0 0 is Indeterminant The division 0 0 is indeterminant.
0 0
is indeterminant.
Perform, if possible, each division.

Example 2.16
undened
19 . Since division by 0 does not name a whole number, no quotient exists, and we state 19 is 0 0
Example 2.17
0)14 . Since division by 0 does not name a dened number, no quotient exists, and we state 0)14 is undened
Example 2.18
9)0 . Since division into 0 by any nonzero whole number results in 0, we have
0 9)0
109
Example 2.19
0 7.
Since division into 0 by any nonzero whole number results in 0, we have
0 7
=0
Perform, if possible, the following divisions.

Exercise 2.3.7
5 0
Exercise 2.3.8
0 4
Exercise 2.3.9
0)0
Exercise 2.3.10
0)8
Exercise 2.3.11
9 0
Exercise 2.3.12
0 1
2.3.6 Calculators
Divisions can also be performed using a calculator.

Divide 24 by 3.
Display Reads Type Press Type Press 24 24 24 3 8
3 =
Table 2.4
The display now reads 8, and we conclude that 24 3 = 8.

Example 2.21
Divide 0 by 7.
110

Display Reads Type Press Type Press 0 0 0 7 0
7 =
Table 2.5
The display now reads 0, and we conclude that 0 7 = 0.

Example 2.22
Divide 7 by 0.
Since division by zero is undened, the calculator should register some kind of error message. Display Reads Type Press Type Press 7 7 7 0 Error
0 =
Table 2.6
The error message indicates an undened operation was attempted, in this case, division by zero.
Use a calculator to perform each division.

Exercise 2.3.13
35 7 56 8
06
Exercise 2.3.16
30
Exercise 2.3.17
00
111
2.3.7 Exercises
For the following problems, determine the quotients (if possible). You may use a calculator to check the result.
Exercise 2.3.18
4)32
Exercise 2.3.19
7)42
Exercise 2.3.20
6)18
Exercise 2.3.21
2)14
Exercise 2.3.22
3)27
Exercise 2.3.23
1)6
Exercise 2.3.24
4)28
Exercise 2.3.25
30
5
Exercise 2.3.26
16
4
Exercise 2.3.27
24 8
Exercise 2.3.28
10 2
Exercise 2.3.29
21 7
Exercise 2.3.30
21 3
Exercise 2.3.31
06
Exercise 2.3.32
80
Exercise 2.3.33
12 4
Exercise 2.3.34
3)9
Exercise 2.3.35
0)0
Exercise 2.3.36
7)0
Exercise 2.3.37
6)48
112
Exercise 2.3.38

15
3
Exercise 2.3.39
35
0
Exercise 2.3.40
56 7
0 9
72 8
Write 16 2 = 8 using three dierent notations. Write 27 9 = 3 using three dierent notations.
In the statement 6 is called the 24 is called the 4 is called the

Exercise 2.3.46
4 6)24
. . .
In the statement 56 8 = 7, . . .
7 is called the 8 is called the 56 is called the
(Section 1.2) What is the largest digit?

(Section 1.5) Find the sum.

Exercise 2.3.49
8, 006 +4, 118 631 589

(Section 1.6) Find the dierence.

Exercise 2.3.50
(Section 1.7) Use the numbers 2, 3, and 7 to illustrate the associative property of addition. (Section 2.2) Find the product.
Exercise 2.3.51
86 12
113
2.4 Division of Whole Numbers 4

Division with a Single Digit Divisor Division with a Multiple Digit Divisor Division with a Remainder Calculators
2.4.2 Division with a Single Digit Divisor
Our experience with multiplication of whole numbers allows us to perform such divisions as 755. We perform the division by performing the corresponding multiplication, 5 Q = 75. Each division we considered in Section 2.3 had a one-digit quotient. Now we will consider divisions in which the quotient may consist of two or more digits. For example, 75 5. Let's examine the division 75 5. We are asked to determine how many 5's are contained in 75. We'll approach the problem in the following way. 1. 2. 3. 4. Make an educated guess based on experience with multiplication. Find how close the estimate is by multiplying the estimate by 5. If the product obtained in step 2 is less than 75, nd out how much less by subtracting it from 75. If the product obtained in step 2 is greater than 75, decrease the estimate until the product is less than 75. Decreasing the estimate makes sense because we do not wish to exceed 75.
We can suggest from this discussion that the process of division consists of
The Four Steps in Division
1. 2. 3. 4.
an educated guess a multiplication a subtraction bringing down the next digit (if necessary)
The educated guess can be made by determining how many times the divisor is contained in the dividend by using only one or two digits of the dividend.
Find 75 5.
5)75 Rewrite the problem using a division bracket. 10 5)75 Make an educated guess by noting that one 5 is contained in 75 at most 10 times. Since 7 is the tens digit, we estimate that 5 goes into 75 at most 10 times.
114

10 5)75 50 25 Now determine how close the estimate is. 10 ves is 10 5 = 50. Subtract 50 from 75. Estimate the number of 5's in 25. There are exactly 5 ves in 25. 5 10 5)75 50 25 25 0
Check: Thus, 75 5 = 15. The notation in this division can be shortened by writing.
10 ves + 5 ves = 15 ves. There are 15 ves contained in 75.
15 5)75 5 25 25 0
Divide: 5 goes into 7 at most 1 time. 7 - 5 = 2. Bring down the 5. Divide: Subtract: 5 goes into 25 exactly 5 times. 5 5 = 25. Write 25 below 25. 25 - 25 = 0.
{ Multiply:
Subtract:
1 5 = 5. Write 5 below 7. { Multiply:
Example 2.24
Find 4, 944 8.
8)4944 Rewrite the problem using a division bracket. 600 8)4944 4800 144
115 8 goes into 49 at most 6 times, and 9 is in the hundreds column. We'll guess 600. Then, 8 600 = 4800.
10 600 8)4944 4800 144 80 64 8 goes into 14 at most 1 time, and 4 is in the tens column. We'll guess 10. 8 10 600 8)4944 4800 144 80 64 64 0
8 goes into 64 exactly 8 times. 600 eights + 10 eights + 8 eights = 618 eights.
Check: Thus, 4, 944 8 = 618. As in the rst problem, the notation in this division can be shortened by eliminating the subtraction signs and the zeros in each educated guess.
116 Divide:

8 goes into 49 at most 6 times. 6 8 = 48. Write 48 below 49. 49 - 48 = 1. Bring down the 4. 8 goes into 64 exactly 8 times. 8 8 = 64. Write 64 below 64. 64 - 64 = 0. Divide: 8 goes into 14 at most 1 time. 1 8 = 8. Write 8 below 14. 14 - 8 = 6. Bring down the 4.
{ Multiply:
Subtract: Divide:
{ Multiply:
Subtract:
{ Multiply:
Subtract:
note:
Not all divisions end in zero. We will examine such divisions in a subsequent subsection.
Perform the following divisions.

Exercise 2.4.1
126 7 324 4
2, 559 3 5, 645 5
757, 125 9
2.4.3 Division with a Multiple Digit Divisor
The process of division also works when the divisor consists of two or more digits. We now make educated guesses using the rst digit of the divisor and one or two digits of the dividend.
Find 2, 232 36.
36)2232
Use the rst digit of the divisor and the rst two digits of the dividend to make the educated guess. 3 goes into 22 at most 7 times. Try 7: 7 36 = 252 which is greater than 223. Reduce the estimate. Try 6: 6 36 = 216 which is less than 223.
117
Multiply: Subtract:
6 36 = 216. Write 216 below 223. 223 - 216 = 7. Bring down the 2.
Divide 3 into 7 to estimate the number of times 36 goes into 72. The 3 goes into 7 at most 2 times. Try 2: 2 36 = 72.
Check :
Thus, 2, 232 36 = 62.
Example 2.26
Find 2, 417, 228 802.
802)2417228
First, the educated guess: 24 8 = 3. Then 3 802 = 2406, which is less than 2417. Use 3 as the guess. Since 3 802 = 2406, and 2406 has four digits, place the 3 above the fourth digit of the dividend.
Subtract: 2417 - 2406 = 11. Bring down the 2. The divisor 802 goes into 112 at most 0 times. Use 0.
118 Multiply: Subtract: Bring down the 2.

0 802 = 0. 112 - 0 = 112.
The 8 goes into 11 at most 1 time, and 1 802 = 802, which is less than 1122. Try 1.
Subtract 1122 802 = 320 Bring down the 8. 8 goes into 32 at most 4 times.
4 802 = 3208.
Use 4.
Check: Thus, 2, 417, 228 802 = 3, 014.

Exercise 2.4.6
1, 376 32
Exercise 2.4.7
6, 160 55
Exercise 2.4.8
18, 605 61
Exercise 2.4.9
144, 768 48
119
2.4.4 Division with a Remainder
We might wonder how many times 4 is contained in 10. Repeated subtraction yields
10 4 6 4 2
Since the remainder is less than 4, we stop the subtraction. Thus, 4 goes into 10 two times with 2 remaining. We can write this as a division as follows.
2 4)10 8 2
Divide: Multiply: Subtract: 4 goes into 10 at most 2 times. 2 4 = 8. Write 8 below 0. 10 - 8 = 2.
Since 4 does not divide into 2 (the remainder is less than the divisor) and there are no digits to bring down to continue the process, we are done. We write
2 R2 4) 10 8 2
or 10 4 =
2R 2
2 with remainder 2
Find 85 3.
120 Divide:

3 goes into 8 at most 2 times. 2 3 = 6. Write 6 below 8. 8 - 6 = 2. Bring down the 5. Divide: 3 goes into 25 at most 8 times. 3 8 = 24. Write 24 below 25. 25 - 24 = 1.
{ Multiply:
Subtract:
{ Multiply:
Subtract:
There are no more digits to bring down to continue the process. We are done. One is the remainder. Check: Multiply 28 and 3, then add 1.
28 3 84 + 1 85
Thus, 85 3 = 28R1.
Example 2.28
Find 726 23.
Check: Multiply 31 by 23, then add 13.
Thus, 726 23 = 31R13.

Exercise 2.4.10
75 4
Exercise 2.4.11
346 8
Exercise 2.4.12
489 21
Exercise 2.4.13
5, 016 82
121
Exercise 2.4.14
41, 196 67
2.4.5 Calculators
The calculator can be useful for nding quotients with single and multiple digit divisors. If, however, the division should result in a remainder, the calculator is unable to provide us with the particular value of the remainder. Also, some calculators (most nonscientic) are unable to perform divisions in which one of the numbers has more than eight digits.

Example 2.29
328 8
Type Press Type Press
328
8 =
Table 2.7
The display now reads 41.

Example 2.30
53, 136 82
Type Press Type Press
53136
82 =
Table 2.8
The display now reads 648.

Example 2.31
730, 019, 001 326
We rst try to enter 730,019,001 but nd that we can only enter 73001900. If our calculator has only an eight-digit display (as most nonscientic calculators do), we will be unable to use the calculator to perform this division.
Example 2.32
3727 49
122

Type Press Type Press 3727
49 =
Table 2.9
The display now reads 76.061224. This number is an example of a decimal number (see Section 6.1). When a decimal number results in a calculator division, we can conclude that the division produces a remainder.

Exercise 2.4.15
3, 330 74
Exercise 2.4.16
63, 365 115
21, 996, 385, 287 53
4, 558 67
2.4.6 Exercises
For the following problems, perform the divisions. The rst 38 problems can be checked with a calculator by multiplying the divisor and quotient then adding the remainder.
Exercise 2.4.19
52 4
Exercise 2.4.20
776 8 603 9
240 8 208 4
576 6 21 7
Exercise 2.4.25
123
Exercise 2.4.26
00
Exercise 2.4.27
140 2
Exercise 2.4.28
528 8 244 4
07
Exercise 2.4.31
177 3
Exercise 2.4.32
96 8
Exercise 2.4.33
67 1
Exercise 2.4.34
896 56
Exercise 2.4.35
1, 044 12
Exercise 2.4.36
988 19
Exercise 2.4.37
5, 238 97
Exercise 2.4.38
2, 530 55
Exercise 2.4.39
4, 264 82
Exercise 2.4.40
637 13
Exercise 2.4.41
3, 420 90
Exercise 2.4.42
5, 655 87
Exercise 2.4.43
2, 115 47
Exercise 2.4.44
9, 328 22
Exercise 2.4.45
55, 167 71
Exercise 2.4.46
68, 356 92
Exercise 2.4.47
27, 702 81
Exercise 2.4.48
6, 510 31
124
Exercise 2.4.49

60, 536 94
Exercise 2.4.50
31, 844 38
Exercise 2.4.51
23, 985 45
Exercise 2.4.52
60, 606 74
Exercise 2.4.53
2, 975, 400 285
Exercise 2.4.54
1, 389, 660 795
Exercise 2.4.55
7, 162, 060 879
Exercise 2.4.56
7, 561, 060 909
Exercise 2.4.57
38 9 97 4
199 3
Exercise 2.4.60
573 6
Exercise 2.4.61
10, 701 13
Exercise 2.4.62
13, 521 53
Exercise 2.4.63
3, 628 90
Exercise 2.4.64
10, 592 43
Exercise 2.4.65
19, 965 30
Exercise 2.4.66
8, 320 21
Exercise 2.4.67
61, 282 64
Exercise 2.4.68
1, 030 28 7, 319 11
3, 628 90
Exercise 2.4.71
35, 279 77
125
Exercise 2.4.72
52, 196 55 67, 751 68
Exercise 2.4.73
For the following 5 problems, use a calculator to nd the quotients.

Exercise 2.4.74
4, 346 53
Exercise 2.4.75
3, 234 77
Exercise 2.4.76
6, 771 37
Exercise 2.4.77
4, 272, 320 520
Exercise 2.4.78
7, 558, 110 651
Exercise 2.4.79
A mathematics instructor at a high school is paid $17,775 for 9 months. How much money does this instructor make each month?
Exercise 2.4.80
A couple pays $4,380 a year for a one-bedroom apartment. How much does this couple pay each month for this apartment?
Exercise 2.4.81
Thirty-six people invest a total of $17,460 in a particular stock. If they each invested the same amount, how much did each person invest?
Exercise 2.4.82
Each of the 28 students in a mathematics class buys a textbook. If the bookstore sells $644 worth of books, what is the price of each book? A certain brand of refrigerator has an automatic ice cube maker that makes 336 ice cubes in one day. If the ice machine makes ice cubes at a constant rate, how many ice cubes does it make each hour?
A beer manufacturer bottles 52,380 ounces of beer each hour. If each bottle contains the same number of ounces of beer, and the manufacturer lls 4,365 bottles per hour, how many ounces of beer does each bottle contain?
Exercise 2.4.85
A computer program consists of 68,112 bits. 68,112 bits equals 8,514 bytes. How many bits in one byte?
Exercise 2.4.86
A 26-story building in San Francisco has a total of 416 oces. If each oor has the same number of oces, how many oors does this building have?
Exercise 2.4.87
A college has 67 classrooms and a total of 2,546 desks. How many desks are in each classroom if each classroom has the same number of desks?
126
(Section 1.2) What is the value of 4 in the number 124,621? (Section 1.4) Round 604,092 to the nearest hundred thousand. (Section 1.7) What whole number is the additive identity? (Section 2.2) Find the product. 6, 256 100. (Section 2.3) Find the quotient. 0 11.
2.5 Some Interesting Facts about Division 5

Division by 2, 3, 4, and 5 Division by 6, 8, 9, and 10

Quite often, we are able to determine if a whole number is divisible by another whole number just by observing some simple facts about the number. Some of these facts are listed in this section.
2.5.2 Division by 2, 3, 4, and 5
Division by 2
A whole number is divisible by 2 if its last digit is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8. The numbers 80, 112, 64, 326, and 1,008 are all divisible by 2 since the last digit of each is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8, respectively. The numbers 85 and 731 are not divisible by 2.
Division by 3
A whole number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3. The number 432 is divisible by 3 since 4 + 3 + 2 = 9 and 9 is divisible by 3. 432 3 = 144 The number 25 is not divisible by 3 since 2 + 5 = 7, and 7 is not divisible by 3.
Division by 4
A whole number is divisible by 4 if its last two digits form a number that is divisible by 4. The number 31,048 is divisible by 4 since the last two digits, 4 and 8, form a number, 48, that is divisible by 4. 31048 4 = 7262
127
The number 137 is not divisible by 4 since 37 is not divisible by 4.

Division by 5
A whole number is divisible by 5 if its last digit is 0 or 5.

The numbers 65, 110, 8,030, and 16,955 are each divisible by 5 since the last digit of each is 0 or 5.
State which of the following whole numbers are divisible by 2, 3, 4, or 5. A number may be divisible by more than one number.
Exercise 2.5.1
26 81 51
(Solution on p. 148.) (Solution on p. 148.) (Solution on p. 148.) (Solution on p. 148.) (Solution on p. 148.) (Solution on p. 148.) (Solution on p. 148.)
385
Exercise 2.5.5
6,112 470
113,154
2.5.3 Division by 6, 8, 9, 10
Division by 6 A number is divisible by 6
if it is divisible by both 2 and 3.
The number 234 is divisible by 2 since its last digit is 4. It is also divisible by 3 since 2 + 3 + 4 = 9 and 9 is divisible by 3. Therefore, 234 is divisible by 6. The number 6,532 is not divisible by 6. Although its last digit is 2, making it divisible by 2, the sum of its digits, 6 + 5 + 3 + 2 = 16, and 16 is not divisible by 3.
Division by 8
A whole number is divisible by 8 if its last three digits form a number that is divisible by 8. The number 4,000 is divisible by 8 since 000 is divisible by 8. The number 13,128 is divisible by 8 since 128 is divisible by 8. The number 1,170 is not divisible by 8 since 170 is not divisible by 8.
128
Division by 9
A whole number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9. The number 702 is divisible by 9 since 7 + 0 + 2 is divisible by 9. The number 6588 is divisible by 9 since 6 + 5 + 8 + 8 = 27 is divisible by 9. The number 14,123 is not divisible by 9 since 1 + 4 + 1 + 2 + 3 = 11 is not divisible by 9.
Division by 10
A Whole number is divisible by 10 if its last digit is 0.
The numbers 30, 170, 16,240, and 865,000 are all divisible by 10.
State which of the following whole numbers are divisible 6, 8, 9, or 10. Some numbers may be divisible by more than one number.
Exercise 2.5.8
900
Exercise 2.5.9
6,402 6,660
55,116
2.5.4 Exercises
For the following 30 problems, specify if the whole number is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, or 10. Write "none" if the number is not divisible by any digit other than 1. Some numbers may be divisible by more than one number.
Exercise 2.5.12
48 85 30 83 98
972 892
Exercise 2.5.18
129
Exercise 2.5.19
676 903 800 223 836 665
4,381 2,195 2,544 5,172 1,307 1,050 3,898 1,621
27,808 45,764 49,198
296,122 178,656
5,102,417
Exercise 2.5.39
16,990,792
Exercise 2.5.40
620,157,659 457,687,705
Exercise 2.5.41
130
2.5.4.1 Exercises for Review Exercise 2.5.42 Exercise 2.5.43 Exercise 2.5.44 Exercise 2.5.45
(Section 1.2) In the number 412, how many tens are there? (Section 1.6) Subtract 613 from 810. (Section 1.7) Add 35, 16, and 7 in two dierent ways. (Section 2.3) Find the quotient 35 0, if it exists. (Section 2.4) Find the quotient. 3654 42.
Exercise 2.5.46
2.6 Properties of Multiplication

The Commutative Property of Multiplication The Associative Property of Multiplication The Multiplicative Identity
We will now examine three simple but very important properties of multiplication.
2.6.2 The Commutative Property of Multiplication
Commutative Property of Multiplication
The product of two whole numbers is the same regardless of the order of the factors.
Multiply the two whole numbers.
6 7 = 42 7 6 = 42
The numbers 6 and 7 can be multiplied in any order. Regardless of the order they are multiplied, the product is 42.
131
Use the commutative property of multiplication to nd the products in two ways.
Exercise 2.6.1
Exercise 2.6.2
2.6.3 The Associative Property of Multiplication

Associative Property of Multiplication
If three whole numbers are multiplied, the product will be the same if the rst two are multiplied rst and then that product is multiplied by the third, or if the second two are multiplied rst and that product is multiplied by the rst. Note that the order of the factors is maintained. It is a common mathematical practice to use parentheses to show which pair of numbers is to be combined rst.
Multiply the whole numbers.
(8 3) 14 = 24 14 = 336 8 (3 14) = 8 42 = 336
Use the associative property of multiplication to nd the products in two ways.
Exercise 2.6.3
132
Exercise 2.6.4

2.6.4 The Multiplicative Identity

The Multiplicative Identity is 1 The whole number 1 is called the multiplicative identity,
changed.
since any whole number multiplied by 1 is not
12 1 = 12
1 12 = 12

Exercise 2.6.5
2.6.5 Exercises
For the following problems, multiply the numbers.

Exercise 2.6.6
Exercise 2.6.7
133
Exercise 2.6.8
Exercise 2.6.9
Exercise 2.6.10
Exercise 2.6.11
Exercise 2.6.12
Exercise 2.6.13
Exercise 2.6.14
Exercise 2.6.15
134
Exercise 2.6.16

Exercise 2.6.17
For the following 4 problems, show that the quantities yield the same products by performing the multiplications.
(4 8) 2 and 4 (8 2)
(100 62) 4 and 100 (62 4)

23 (11 106) and (23 11) 106
1 (5 2) and (1 5) 2
The fact that (a rst number a second number) a third number = a rst number property of multiplication. (a second number a third number)is an example of the
Exercise 2.6.23
The fact that 1 any number = that particular numberis an example of the multiplication.
property of
Use the numbers 7 and 9 to illustrate the commutative property of multiplication.
Use the numbers 6, 4, and 7 to illustrate the associative property of multiplication.
(Section 1.2) In the number 84,526,098,441, how many millions are there?
Exercise 2.6.27
85 (Section 1.5) Replace the letter m with the whole number that makes the addition true. + m 97
(Section 1.7) Use the numbers 4 and 15 to illustrate the commutative property of addition. (Section 2.3) Find the product. 8, 000, 000 1, 000.
135
Exercise 2.6.30
(Section 2.5) Specify which of the digits 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8,10 are divisors of the number 2,244.
136
2.7 Summary of Key Concepts 7

Multiplication (Section 2.2) Multiplication is a description
of repeated addition.
7+7+7+7
7 appears 4 times
This expression is described by writing 4 X 7.

Multiplicand/Multiplier/Product (Section 2.2)
In a multiplication of whole numbers, the repeated addend is called the multiplicand, and the number that records the number of times the multiplicand is used is the multiplier. The result of the multiplication is the product. In a multiplication, the numbers being multiplied are also called factors. Thus, the multiplicand and the multiplier can be called factors.
Division (Section 2.3) Division is a description Factors (Section 2.2)
of repeated subtraction.
Dividend/Divisor/Quotient (Section 2.3)
In a division, the number divided into is called the dividend, and the number dividing into the dividend is called the divisor. The result of the division is called the quotient. quotient divisor)dividend
Division into Zero (Section 2.3)
Zero divided by any nonzero whole number is zero.

Division by Zero (Section 2.3)
Division by zero does not name a whole number. It is, therefore, undened. The quotient
Division by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 (Section 2.5)
0 0
is indeterminant.
Division by the whole numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 10 can be determined by noting some certain properties of the particular whole number.
Commutative Property of Multiplication (Section 2.6)
The product of two whole numbers is the same regardless of the order of the factors. 3 5 = 5 3 If three whole numbers are to be multiplied, the product will be the same if the rst two are multiplied rst and then that product is multiplied by the third, or if the second two are multiplied rst and then that product is multiplied by the rst. (3 5) 2 = 3 (5 2) Note that the order of the factors is maintained.
Multiplicative Identity (Section 2.6) The whole number 1 is called the multiplicative identity Associative Property of Multiplication (Section 2.6)
changed.
since any whole number multiplied by 1 is not
137
41=4 14=4
2.8 Exercise Supplement 8

2.8.1.1 Multiplication of Whole Numbers (Section 2.2) Exercise 2.8.1
In the multiplication 5 9 = 45, 5 and 9 are called In the multiplication 4 8 = 32, 4 and 8 are called
and 45 is called the and 32 is called the
. .
Exercise 2.8.2
2.8.1.2 Concepts of Division of Whole Numbers (Section 2.3) Exercise 2.8.3
In the division 24 6 = 4, 6 is called the In the division 36 2 = 18, 2 is called the
, and 4 is called the , and 18 is called the
Exercise 2.8.4
2.8.1.3 Some Interesting Facts about Division (Section 2.5) Exercise 2.8.5 Exercise 2.8.6
A number is divisible by 2 only if its last digit is
A number is divisible by 3 only if
of its digits is divisible by 3.

Exercise 2.8.7
A number is divisible by 4 only if the rightmost two digits form a number that is
2.8.1.4 Multiplication and Division of Whole Numbers (Section 2.2,Section 2.4)
Find each product or quotient.

Exercise 2.8.8
24 3
Exercise 2.8.9
14 8
Exercise 2.8.10
21 7
Exercise 2.8.11
35 5
138
Exercise 2.8.12
36 22
Exercise 2.8.13
87 35
Exercise 2.8.14
117 42
Exercise 2.8.15
208 52
Exercise 2.8.16
521 87
Exercise 2.8.17
1005 15
Exercise 2.8.18
1338 446
Exercise 2.8.19
2814 201
Exercise 2.8.20
5521 8
Exercise 2.8.21
6016 7
Exercise 2.8.22
576 24
Exercise 2.8.23
3969 63
Exercise 2.8.24
5482 322
Exercise 2.8.25
9104 115
Exercise 2.8.26
6102 1000
139
Exercise 2.8.27
10101 10000
Exercise 2.8.28
162, 006 31
Exercise 2.8.29
0 25
25 0
4280 10
Exercise 2.8.32
2126000 100 84 15
126 4 424 0
1198 46 995 31
0 18
Exercise 2.8.39
2162 1421
Exercise 2.8.40
00
Exercise 2.8.41
50
Exercise 2.8.42
64 1
Exercise 2.8.43
10
Exercise 2.8.44
03
Exercise 2.8.45
14 0 35 1
11
140
2.8.1.5 Properties of Multiplication (Section 2.6) Exercise 2.8.48 Exercise 2.8.49 Exercise 2.8.50
Use the commutative property of multiplication to rewrite 36 128. Use the commutative property of multiplication to rewrite 114 226.
Use the associative property of multiplication to rewrite (5 4) 8. Use the associative property of multiplication to rewrite 16 (14 0).
Exercise 2.8.51
2.8.1.6 Multiplication and Division of Whole Numbers (Section 2.2,Section 2.4) Exercise 2.8.52 Exercise 2.8.53
A computer store is selling diskettes for $4 each. At this price, how much would 15 diskettes cost? Light travels 186,000 miles in one second. How far does light travel in 23 seconds?
Exercise 2.8.54
A dinner bill for eight people comes to exactly $112. How much should each person pay if they all agree to split the bill equally?
Exercise 2.8.55
Each of the 33 students in a math class buys a textbook. If the bookstore sells $1089 worth of books, what is the price of each book?
2.9 Prociency Exam

Exercise 2.9.1
(Section 2.2) In the multiplication of 8 7 = 56, what are the names given to the 8 and 7 and the 56?
(Section 2.2) Multiplication is a description of what repeated process?
(Section 2.3) In the division 12 3 = 4, what are the names given to the 3 and the 4? (Section 2.5) Name the digits that a number must end in to be divisible by 2.
Exercise 2.9.4
Exercise 2.9.5
(Section 2.6) Name the property of multiplication that states that the order of the factors in a multiplication can be changed without changing the product.
Exercise 2.9.6
(Section 2.6) Which number is called the multiplicative identity?
For problems 7-17, nd the product or quotient.

Exercise 2.9.7
(Section 2.2) 14 6
141
(Section 2.2) 37 0 (Section 2.2) 352 1000 (Section 2.2) 5986 70 (Section 2.2) 12 12 (Section 2.3) 856 0 (Section 2.3) 0 8 (Section 2.4) 136 8 (Section 2.4) 432 24 (Section 2.4) 5286 37 (Section 2.6) 211 1
(Solution on p. 151.) (Solution on p. 151.) (Solution on p. 151.) (Solution on p. 151.) (Solution on p. 151.) (Solution on p. 151.) (Solution on p. 151.) (Solution on p. 151.) (Solution on p. 151.) (Solution on p. 151.)
For problems 18-20, use the numbers 216, 1,005, and 640.
(Section 2.5) Which numbers are divisible by 3? (Section 2.5) Which number is divisible by 4? (Section 2.5) Which number(s) is divisible by 5?
142

Solution to Exercise 2.2.1 (p. 93) Solution to Exercise 2.2.2 (p. 93) Solution to Exercise 2.2.3 (p. 93) Solution to Exercise 2.2.4 (p. 93) Solution to Exercise 2.2.5 (p. 94)
4 12. Multiplier is 4. Multiplicand is 12. 8 36. Multiplier is 8. Multiplicand is 36. 5 0. Multiplier is 5. Multiplicand is 0.
12, 000 1, 847. Multiplier is 12,000. Multiplicand is 1,847.
185 624
3,752
320,152 904,797 1,022 4,472
35,615
1,456,488 2,464,528
66,790,080 104,709 240
3,809,000 8,130,000 162,000
126,000,000
2,870,000,000,000 1,404
8,912,440
1,832,700,000,000
143
24 48 6
225 270 582 960
7,695 3,648
46,488 2,530 6,888
24,180 73,914 68,625
511,173
1,352,550 5,441,712
36,901,053 24,957,200 0
41,384 0
73,530
6,440,000,000
144
4,440,000
641,900,000 80,000
384 reports
3,330 problems 114 units
3,600 seconds
5,865,696,000,000 miles per year $110,055
448,100,000 712 4 2 5 6
Solution to Exercise 2.2.96 (p. 104) Solution to Exercise 2.3.1 (p. 107) Solution to Exercise 2.3.2 (p. 107) Solution to Exercise 2.3.3 (p. 107) Solution to Exercise 2.3.4 (p. 107) Solution to Exercise 2.3.5 (p. 107)
undened 0
indeterminant undened undened 0 5
145
An error message tells us that this operation is undened. The particular message depends on the calculator.
An error message tells us that this operation cannot be performed. Some calculators actually set 0 0 equal to 1. We know better! 0 0 is indeterminant.
8 3 9 7 4 5 7
not dened 3 0 5 8 9
27 9 = 3; 9)27 = 3 ; 27 9 =3
7 is quotient; 8 is divisor; 56 is dividend 12,124
(2 + 3) + 7 = 2 + (3 + 7) = 12
5+7=2+10=12
18 81
853
1,129
146
84,125 43
112 305
3,016
18 R3 43 R2 23 R6
61 R14
614 R58 45
551
Since the dividend has more than eight digits, this division cannot be performed on most nonscientic calculators. On others, the answer is 415,026,137.4
This division results in 68.02985075, a decimal number, and therefore, we cannot, at this time, nd the value of the remainder. Later, we will discuss decimal numbers.
13 67 52 3
70 61 59 67 87 54
147
52 38 45
777 342 644 533
10,440
8,147 remainder 847 4 remainder 2
66 remainder 1
823 remainder 2 40 remainder 28
665 remainder 15 957 remainder 34 665 remainder 4
458 remainder 13 996 remainder 23 42
8,216
$1,975 per month
$485 each person invested 14 cubes per hour
8 bits in each byte 38
148
600,000 625,600 2 3 3 5
2, 4 2, 5 2, 3
6, 9, 10 6
6, 9, 10 6, 9
2, 3, 4, 6, 8
2, 3, 5, 6, 10 2
2, 4 3
none 5 5
2, 3, 4, 6
2, 3, 5, 6, 10 none 2, 4
149
none none 1
(35 + 16) + 7 = 51 + 7 = 58 35 + (16 + 7) = 35 + 23 = 58

87
15 6 = 90 and 6 15 = 90
432 428 = 184, 896 and 428 432 = 184, 896

168
165,564 843 234
4,032
326,000 252
21,340 8,316
32 2 = 64 = 4 16
23 1, 166 = 26, 818 = 253 106 associative
7 9 = 63 = 9 7 6
4 + 15 = 19
15 + 4 = 19
2, 3, 4, 6
150
factors; product
divisor; quotient
an even digit (0, 2, 4, 6, or 8) divisible by 4 112 7
3,045 4
15,075 14
42,112 63
1,046,960
101,010,000 0
428
5 remainder 9 not dened
32 remainder 3 3,072,202 0 0
not dened 1
226 114
151
(16 14) 0
4,278,000 $33
8 and 7 are factors; 56 is the product Addition
3 is the divisor; 4 is the quotient 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 commutative 1
84 0
352,000 419,020 252
not dened 0
17 18
142 remainder 32 211
216; 1,005 216; 640
1,005; 640
152
Chapter 3
Exponents, Roots, and Factorization of Whole Numbers
3.1 Objectives1
Exponents and Roots (Section 3.2)
understand and be able to read exponential notation understand the concept of root and be able to read root notation be able to use a calculator having the y x key to determine a root
Grouping Symbols and the Order of Operations (Section 3.3)
understand the use of grouping symbols understand and be able to use the order of operations use the calculator to determine the value of a numerical expression
Prime Factorization of Natural Numbers (Section 3.4)
be be be be
able to determine the factors of a whole number able to distinguish between prime and composite numbers familiar with the fundamental principle of arithmetic able to nd the prime factorization of a whole number
The Greatest Common Factor (Section 3.5)
be able to nd the greatest common factor of two or more whole numbers
The Least Common Multiple (Section 3.6)
be able to nd the least common multiple of two or more whole numbers
153
154
CHAPTER 3. EXPONENTS, ROOTS, AND FACTORIZATION OF WHOLE NUMBERS
3.2 Exponents and Roots 2

Exponential Notation Reading Exponential Notation Roots Reading Root Notation Calculators
3.2.2 Exponential Notation

Exponential Notation
We have noted that multiplication is a description of repeated addition. Exponential notation is a description of repeated multiplication. Suppose we have the repeated multiplication
88888
The factor 8 is repeated 5 times. Exponential notation uses a superscript for the number of times the factor is repeated. The superscript is placed on the repeated factor, 85 , in this case. The superscript is called an exponent.
The Function of an Exponent An exponent records the number 3.2.2.1 Sample Set A Exponent
of identical factors that are repeated in a multiplication.
Write the following multiplication using exponents.

Example 3.1
3 3. Since the factor 3 appears 2 times, we record this as 32

Example 3.2
62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62. Since the factor 62 appears 9 times, we record this as 629 Expand (write without exponents) each number.
Example 3.3
124 . The exponent 4 is recording 4 factors of 12 in a multiplication. Thus, 124 = 12 12 12 12

Example 3.4
7063 . The exponent 3 is recording 3 factors of 706 in a multiplication. Thus, 7063 = 706 706 706
155
Write the following using exponents.

Exercise 3.2.1
37 37
16 16 16 16 16
9999999999
Write each number without exponents.
Exercise 3.2.4
853
Exercise 3.2.5
47
Exercise 3.2.6
1, 7392
3.2.3 Reading Exponential Notation
In a number such as 85 ,
Base
8 is called the base.

Exponent, Power 5 is called the exponent,
or power. 85 is read as "eight to the fth power," or more simply as "eight to the fth," or "the fth power of eight."
Squared
When a whole number is raised to the second power, it is said to be squared. The number 52 can be read as 5 to the second power, or 5 to the second, or 5 squared.
Cubed
When a whole number is raised to the third power, it is said to be cubed. The number 53 can be read as 5 to the third power, or 5 to the third, or 5 cubed. When a whole number is raised to the power of 4 or higher, we simply say that that number is raised to that particular power. The number 58 can be read as 5 to the eighth power, or just 5 to the eighth.
156
3.2.4 Roots
In the English language, the word "root" can mean a source of something. In mathematical terms, the word "root" is used to indicate that one number is the source of another number through repeated multiplication. We know that 49 = 72 , that is, 49 = 7 7. Through repeated multiplication, 7 is the source of 49. Thus, 7 is a root of 49. Since two 7's must be multiplied together to produce 49, the 7 is called the second or square root of 49.
Cube Root Square Root
We know that 8 = 23 , that is, 8 = 2 2 2. Through repeated multiplication, 2 is the source of 8. Thus, 2 is a root of 8. Since three 2's must be multiplied together to produce 8, 2 is called the third or cube root of 8. We can continue this way to see such roots as fourth roots, fth roots, sixth roots, and so on.
3.2.5 Reading Root Notation
There is a symbol used to indicate roots of a number. It is called the radical sign
The Radical Sign
The symbol
is called a radical sign and indicates the nth root of a number.
We discuss particular roots using the radical sign as follows: number indicates the square root of the number under the radical sign. It is customary to drop the 2 in the radical sign when discussing square roots. The symbol is understood to be the square root radical sign. 49 = 7 since 7 7 = 72 = 49
2
Square Root
Cube Root
3
number indicates the cube root of the number under the radical sign.
8 = 2 since 2 2 2 = 23 = 8
number indicates the fourth root of the number under the radical sign.
Fourth Root
4
81 = 3 since 3 3 3 3 = 34 = 81 In an expression such as 5 32
Radical Sign
is called the radical sign.
Index
5 is called the index. (The index describes the indicated root.)

Radicand
32 is called the radicand.

Radical
5
32 is called a radical (or radical expression).
157
Find each root.

Example 3.5
25 To determine the square root of 25, we ask, "What whole number squared equals 25?" From our experience with multiplication, we know this number to be 5. Thus, 25 = 5
Check: 5 5 = 52 = 25
Example 3.6
5
32 To determine the fth root of 32, we ask, "What whole number raised to the fth power equals 32?" This number is 2. 5 32 = 2
Check: 2 2 2 2 2 = 25 = 32
Find the following roots using only a knowledge of multiplication.

Exercise 3.2.7
64
Exercise 3.2.8
100 64 64
Exercise 3.2.9
3
Exercise 3.2.10
6
3.2.6 Calculators
Calculators with the
x, y x , and 1/x keys can be used to nd or approximate roots.
Use the calculator to nd
121 Display Reads Type Press 121 x 121 11
Table 3.1
Example 3.8
Find
2187.
158

Display Reads Type Press Type Press Press 2187 2187 2187 7 .14285714 3
Table 3.2
y
7
1/x
=
2187 = 3 (Which means that 37 = 2187 .)
Use a calculator to nd the following roots.

Exercise 3.2.11
3
729
Exercise 3.2.12
4
8503056
Exercise 3.2.13
53361
Exercise 3.2.14
12
16777216
3.2.7 Exercises
For the following problems, write the expressions using exponential notation.
Exercise 3.2.15
44
Exercise 3.2.16
12 12
Exercise 3.2.17
9999
10 10 10 10 10 10 826 826 826

3, 021 3, 021 3, 021 3, 021 3, 021

666
85 factors of 6
Exercise 3.2.22
222
112 factors of 2
159
Exercise 3.2.23
111
3,008 factors of 1
For the following problems, expand the terms. (Do not nd the actual value.)
Exercise 3.2.24
53
Exercise 3.2.25
74
Exercise 3.2.26
152
Exercise 3.2.27
1175 616 302
For the following problems, determine the value of each of the powers. Use a calculator to check each result.
Exercise 3.2.30
32
Exercise 3.2.31
42
Exercise 3.2.32
12
Exercise 3.2.33
102 112 122 132 152
14
Exercise 3.2.39
34
Exercise 3.2.40
73
Exercise 3.2.41
103
Exercise 3.2.42
1002
Exercise 3.2.43
83
160
Exercise 3.2.44

55
Exercise 3.2.45
93
Exercise 3.2.46
62
Exercise 3.2.47
71
Exercise 3.2.48
128 27
05
Exercise 3.2.51
84
Exercise 3.2.52
58
Exercise 3.2.53
69
Exercise 3.2.54
253
Exercise 3.2.55
422 313 155
220
Exercise 3.2.59
8162
For the following problems, nd the roots (using your knowledge of multiplication). Use a calculator to check each result.
Exercise 3.2.60
Exercise 3.2.61
16 36 64
121 144
Exercise 3.2.65
161
Exercise 3.2.66
169 225 27 32

3
Exercise 3.2.69
5
Exercise 3.2.70
4
256 216
Exercise 3.2.71
3
Exercise 3.2.72
7
Exercise 3.2.73
400 900
10, 000 324
3, 600
For the following problems, use a calculator with the keys

Exercise 3.2.78
x, y x , and 1/x to nd each of the values.
676
Exercise 3.2.79
1, 156
Exercise 3.2.80
46, 225
Exercise 3.2.81
17, 288, 964
Exercise 3.2.82
3, 375
Exercise 3.2.83
331, 776
Exercise 3.2.84
5, 764, 801
Exercise 3.2.85
12
16, 777, 216
Exercise 3.2.86
16, 777, 216
Exercise 3.2.87
10
9, 765, 625
162
Exercise 3.2.88

4
160, 000 531, 441
Exercise 3.2.89
(Section 1.7) Use the numbers 3, 8, and 9 to illustrate the associative property of addition.
(Section 2.2) In the multiplication 8 4 = 32, specify the name given to the numbers 8 and 4.
(Section 2.3) Does the quotient 15 0 exist? If so, what is it?

(Section 2.3) Does the quotient 0 15exist? If so, what is it?
(Section 2.6) Use the numbers 4 and 7 to illustrate the commutative property of multiplication.
3.3 Grouping Symbols and the Order of Operations

Grouping Symbols Multiple Grouping Symbols The Order of Operations Calculators
3.3.2 Grouping Symbols
Grouping symbols are used to indicate that a particular collection of numbers and meaningful operations are to be grouped together and considered as one number. The grouping symbols commonly used in mathematics are the following:
( ), [ ], { }, Parentheses: Brackets: [ ] Braces: { } Bar:
()
In a computation in which more than one operation is involved, grouping symbols indicate which operation to perform rst. If possible, we perform operations inside grouping symbols rst.
163
If possible, determine the value of each of the following.

Example 3.9
9 + (3 8)
Since 3 and 8 are within parentheses, they are to be combined rst.
9 + (3 8)
= 9 + 24 = 33
Thus,
9 + (3 8) = 33
Example 3.10
(10 0) 6
Since 10 0 is undened, this operation is meaningless, and we attach no value to it. We write, "undened."
If possible, determine the value of each of the following.

Exercise 3.3.1
16 (3 2)
Exercise 3.3.2
5 + (7 9)
Exercise 3.3.3
(4 + 8) 2
Exercise 3.3.4
28 (18 11)
Exercise 3.3.5
(33 3) 11 4 + (0 0)
Exercise 3.3.6
3.3.3 Multiple Grouping Symbols
When a set of grouping symbols occurs inside another set of grouping symbols, we perform the operations within the innermost set rst.
164
Determine the value of each of the following.

Example 3.11
2 + (8 3) (5 + 6)
Combine 8 and 3 rst, then combine 5 and 6.
2 + 24 11 Now combine left to right. 26 11 15

Example 3.12
10 + [30 (2 9)]
Combine 2 and 9 since they occur in the innermost set of parentheses.
10 + [30 18] 10 + 12 22
Now combine 30 and 18.

Exercise 3.3.7
(17 + 8) + (9 + 20) (55 6) (13 2)

23 + (12 4) (11 2) 86 + [14 (10 8)] 31 + {9 + [1 + (35 2)]}
Exercise 3.3.10
{6 [24 (4 2)]}
3.3.4 The Order of Operations
Sometimes there are no grouping symbols indicating which operations to perform rst. For example, suppose we wish to nd the value of 3 + 5 2. We could do either of two things: Add 3 and 5, then multiply this sum by 2.
3+52
= 8 2 = 16
Multiply 5 and 2, then add 3 to this product.

165
3+52
= 3 + 10 = 13
We now have two values for one number. To determine the correct value, we must use the accepted order of operations.
Order of Operations
1. Perform all operations inside grouping symbols, beginning with the innermost set, in the order 2, 3, 4 described below, 2. Perform all exponential and root operations. 3. Perform all multiplications and divisions, moving left to right. 4. Perform all additions and subtractions, moving left to right.

Example 3.13
21 + 3 12 21 + 36 57
Multiply rst. Add.
Example 3.14
(15 8) + 5 (6 + 4) . Simplify inside parentheses rst. 7 + 5 10 7 + 50 57

Example 3.15
Multiply. Add.
63 (4 + 6 3) + 76 4 63 (4 + 18) + 76 4 63 22 + 76 4 41 + 76 4 117 4 113

Example 3.16
Simplify rst within the parenthesis by multiplying, then adding. Now perform the additions and subtractions, moving left to right. Add 41 and 76: 41 + 76 = 117. Subtract 4 from 117:
117 4 = 113.
7 6 42 + 15 7 6 16 + 1
42 16 + 1 26 + 1
Evaluate the exponential forms, moving left to right. Multiply 7 and 6: 7 6 = 42 Subtract 16 from 42: 42 16 = 26 Add 26 and 1: 26 + 1 = 27
27
166
Example 3.17

6 32 + 2 2 + 4 2 6 (9 + 4) + 42 6 (13) + 42 6 (13) + 16 78 + 16 94
Example 3.18
62 +22 42 +622 1 +8 + 10 2 195
3 2
Evaluate the exponential forms in the parentheses: 32 = 9 and 22 = 4 Add the 9 and 4 in the parentheses: 9 + 4 = 13 Evaluate the exponential form: 42 = 16 Multiply 6 and 13: 6 13 = 78 Add 78 and 16: 78 + 16 = 94
Recall that the bar is a grouping symbol.

+2 2 2 The fraction 46 42 + 6 22 2 +622 is equivalent to 6 + 2
2 2
1+64 36+4 16+64 + 100195 1+64 36+4 16+24 + 10095 65 40 40 + 5
1 + 13
14

Exercise 3.3.13
8 + (32 7)
Exercise 3.3.14
(34 + 18 2 3) + 11 8 (10) + 4 (2 + 3) (20 + 3 15 + 40 5) 5 8 + 42 22
4 62 33 42 4
Exercise 3.3.18
(8 + 9 3) 7 + 5 (8 4 + 7 + 3 5)
Exercise 3.3.19
33 +23 62 29
+5
82 +24 72 32
83+18 23 3
3.3.5 Calculators
Using a calculator is helpful for simplifying computations that involve large numbers.
167
Use a calculator to determine each value.

Example 3.19
9, 842 + 56 85
Key Perform the multiplication rst. Type Press Type Now perform the addition. Press Type Press
Table 3.3
Display Reads 56 56 56 85 4760 9842 14602
85 + 9842 =
The display now reads 14,602.

Example 3.20
42 (27 + 18) + 105 (810 18) Key Operate inside the parentheses Type Press Type Press Multiply by 42. Press Type Press
Table 3.4
Display Reads 27 + 18 = 27 27 18 45 45 42 1890
42 =
Place this result into memory by pressing the memory key.
168

Key Now operate in the other parentheses. Type Press Type Press Now multiply by 105. Press Type Press We are now ready to add these two quantities together. Press the memory recall key. Press
Table 3.5
Display Reads 810 810 810 18 45 45 105 4725 4725 1890 = 6615
18 =
105 = +
Press
Thus, 42 (27 + 18) + 105 (810 18) = 6, 615

Example 3.21
164 + 373
Nonscientic Calculators Key Type Press Type Press Type Press Type Press Press the memory key Type Press Type Press Type Press Press Press memory recall key Press = 37 37 37 37 1396 37 50653 50653 65536 116189 16 Display Reads 16 16 16 256 16 4096 16 65536
16
16
16 =
37
37
169
Table 3.6
Calculators with y x Key Key Type Press Type Press Press Type Press Type Press 16 Display Reads 16 16 4 4096 4096 37 37 3 116189
yx
4 = + 37
y
3
Table 3.7
Thus, 164 + 373 = 116, 189 We can certainly see that the more powerful calculator simplies computations.
Example 3.22
Nonscientic calculators are unable to handle calculations involving very large numbers.
85612 21065 Key Type Press Type Press 85612 Display Reads 85612 85612 21065
21065 =
Table 3.8
This number is too big for the display of some calculators and we'll probably get some kind of error message. On some scientic calculators such large numbers are coped with by placing them in a form called "scientic notation." Others can do the multiplication directly. (1803416780)
Use a calculator to nd each value.

Exercise 3.3.20
9, 285 + 86 (49)
Exercise 3.3.21
55 (84 26) + 120 (512 488)
170
Exercise 3.3.22

1063 174
Exercise 3.3.23
6, 0533
3.3.6 Exercises
For the following problems, nd each value. Check each result with a calculator.
Exercise 3.3.24
2 + 3 (8)
Exercise 3.3.25
18 + 7 (4 1)
3 + 8 (6 2) + 11 1 5 (8 8)
Exercise 3.3.28
37 1 62
Exercise 3.3.29
98 2 72
Exercise 3.3.30
42 2 4 23
Exercise 3.3.31
9 + 14
100 +

3
81 42
8+825
16 1 + 52
Exercise 3.3.34
4
Exercise 3.3.35
61 22 + 4 [3 (10) + 11] 121 4 [(4) (5) 12] + 16 2

(1+16)3 7 8(6+20) 8
+ 5 (12)
3(6+16)
Exercise 3.3.38
22
10 [8 + 2 (6 + 7)] 21 7 3
Exercise 3.3.41
102 3 52 3 2 3
171
Exercise 3.3.42
85 5 5 85
Exercise 3.3.43
51 + 7 2 5 12 17 3
22 3 + 23 (6 2) (3 + 17) + 11 (6)
20 26 2 { 6+ 13 }
Exercise 3.3.46
2 {(7 + 7) + 6 [4 (8 + 2)]}
Exercise 3.3.47
0 + 10 (0) + 15 {4 3 + 1}
18 +
7+2 9
(4 + 7) (8 3)
Exercise 3.3.50
(6 + 8) (5 + 2 4)
(21 3) (6 1) (7) + 4 (6 + 3)
(10 + 5) (10 + 5) 4 (60 4) 6 {2 8 + 3} (5) (2) +

8 4
+ (1 + 8) (1 + 11)
Exercise 3.3.54
25 + 3 (8 + 1)
Exercise 3.3.55
34 + 24 (1 + 5)
Exercise 3.3.56
16 + 08 + 52 (2 + 8)
23 7 52
(7) (16) 34 + 22 17 + 32
Exercise 3.3.59
(1+6)2 +2 36+1 62 1 23 3
Exercise 3.3.60
43 +23 25
Exercise 3.3.61
5(82 96) 25 7
72 42 24 5
Exercise 3.3.62
(2+1)3 +23 +110 62 63 2102 22
152 [25]2
552
Exercise 3.3.63
18(23 +72 ) 2(19)33
172
2( 81 3 125) 2 4 10+22

2 {6 + 102 6 25 } 181 3 2 36 + 3 3 64
(Section 1.7) The fact that 0 + any whole number = that particular whole number is an example of which property of addition?
(Section 2.2) Find the product. 4, 271 630.
(Section 2.3) In the statement 27 3 = 9, what name is given to the result 9?

(Section 2.7) What number is the multiplicative identity? (Section 2.7) Find the value of 24 .
3.4 Prime Factorization of Natural Numbers4

Factors Determining the Factors of a Whole Number Prime and Composite Numbers The Fundamental Principle of Arithmetic The Prime Factorization of a Natural Number
3.4.2 Factors
From observations made in the process of multiplication, we have seen that
(factor) (factor) = product

The two numbers being multiplied are the factors and the result of the multiplication is the product. Now, using our knowledge of division, we can see that a rst number is a factor of a second number if the rst number divides into the second number a whole number of times (without a remainder).
One Number as a Factor of Another A rst number is a factor of a second number Factors, Product
number of times (without a remainder).
if the rst number divides into the second number a whole
173 We show this in the following examples:

Example 3.23 Example 3.24 Example 3.25
3 is a factor of 27, since 27 3 = 9, or 3 9 = 27.
7 is a factor of 56, since 56 7 = 8, or 7 8 = 56. 4 is not a factor of 10, since 10 4 = 2R2. (There is a remainder.)
3.4.3 Determining the Factors of a Whole Number
We can use the tests for divisibility from Section 2.5 to determine all the factors of a whole number.
Find all the factors of 24. Try 1: Try 2: Try 3: Try 4: Try 5: 24 1 = 24 24 is even, so 24 is divisible by 2. 24 2 = 12 2 and 12 are factors 3 and 8 are factors 4 and 6 are factors 1 and 24 are factors
2 + 4 = 6 and 6 is divisible by 3, so 24 is divisible by 3.

24 3 = 8 24 4 = 6 24 5 = 4R4
5 is not a factor.
The next number to try is 6, but we already have that 6 is a factor. Once we come upon a factor that we already have discovered, we can stop. All the whole number factors of 24 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24.
Find all the factors of each of the following numbers.

Exercise 3.4.1
Exercise 3.4.2
12 18 5
10 33
Exercise 3.4.6
174
Exercise 3.4.7

19
3.4.4 Prime and Composite Numbers
Notice that the only factors of 7 are 1 and 7 itself, and that the only factors of 3 are 1 and 3 itself. However, the number 8 has the factors 1, 2, 4, and 8, and the number 10 has the factors 1, 2, 5, and 10. Thus, we can see that a whole number can have only two factors (itself and 1) and another whole number can have several factors. We can use this observation to make a useful classication for whole numbers: prime numbers and composite numbers.
Prime Number
A whole number (greater than one) whose only factors are itself and 1 is called a prime number.
The Number 1 is
The rst seven prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, and 17. Notice that the whole number 1 is not considered to be a prime number, and the whole number 2 is the rst prime and the only even prime number.
Composite Number
Not a Prime Number
A whole number composed of factors other than itself and 1 is called a composite number. Composite numbers are not prime numbers. Some composite numbers are 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, and 15.
Determine which whole numbers are prime and which are composite.
Example 3.27 Example 3.28
39. Since 3 divides into 39, the number 39 is composite: 39 3 = 13
47. A few division trials will assure us that 47 is only divisible by 1 and 47. Therefore, 47 is prime.
Determine which of the following whole numbers are prime and which are composite.
Exercise 3.4.8
Exercise 3.4.9
16 21 35 47 29
175
Exercise 3.4.14
101 51
Exercise 3.4.15
3.4.5 The Fundamental Principle of Arithmetic
Prime numbers are very useful in the study of mathematics. We will see how they are used in subsequent sections. We now state the Fundamental Principle of Arithmetic.
Fundamental Principle of Arithmetic
Except for the order of the factors, every natural number other than 1 can be factored in one and only one way as a product of prime numbers.
Prime Factorization
When a number is factored so that all its factors are prime numbers. the factorization is called the prime factorization of the number. The technique of prime factorization is illustrated in the following three examples. 1. 10 = 5 2. Both 2 and 5 are primes. Therefore, 2 5 is the prime factorization of 10. 2. 11. The number 11 is a prime number. Prime factorization applies only to composite numbers. Thus, 11 has no prime factorization. 3. 60 = 2 30. The number 30 is not prime: 30 = 2 15. 60 = 2 2 15 The number 15 is not prime: 15 = 3 5 60 = 2 2 3 5 We'll use exponents. 60 = 22 3 5 The numbers 2, 3, and 5 are each prime. Therefore, 22 3 5 is the prime factorization of 60.
3.4.6 The Prime Factorization of a Natural Number
The following method provides a way of nding the prime factorization of a natural number.
The Method of Finding the Prime Factorization of a Natural Number
1. Divide the number repeatedly by the smallest prime number that will divide into it a whole number of times (without a remainder). 2. When the prime number used in step 1 no longer divides into the given number without a remainder, repeat the division process with the next largest prime that divides the given number. 3. Continue this process until the quotient is smaller than the divisor. 4. The prime factorization of the given number is the product of all these prime divisors. If the number has no prime divisors, it is a prime number. We may be able to use some of the tests for divisibility we studied in Section 2.5 to help nd the primes that divide the given number.
176
Find the prime factorization of 60. Since the last digit of 60 is 0, which is even, 60 is divisible by 2. We will repeatedly divide by 2 until we no longer can. We shall divide as follows:
30 is divisible by 2 again. 15 is not divisible by 2, but it is divisible by 3, the next prime. 5 is not divisble by 3, but it is divisible by 5, the next prime. The quotient 1 is nally smaller than the divisor 5, and the prime factorization of 60 is the product of these prime divisors. 60 = 2 2 3 5 We use exponents when possible. 60 = 22 3 5
Example 3.30
Find the prime factorization of 441.
441 is not divisible by 2 since its last digit is not divisible by 2. 441 is divisible by 3 since 4 + 4 + 1 = 9 and 9 is divisible by 3.
147 is divisible by 3 (1 + 4 + 7 = 12) . 49 is not divisible by 3, nor is it divisible by 5. It is divisible by 7. The quotient 1 is nally smaller than the divisor 7, and the prime factorization of 441 is the product of these prime divisors. 441 = 3 3 7 7 Use exponents. 441 = 32 72
Example 3.31
Find the prime factorization of 31.
177 31 is not divisible by 2 Its last digit is not even
31 2 = 15R1
The quotient, 15, is larger than the divisor, 3. Continue. 31 is not divisible by 3 The digits 3 + 1 = 4, and 4 is not divisible by 3.
31 3 = 10R1
The quotient, 10, is larger than the divisor, 3. Continue. 31 is not divisible by 5 The last digit of 31 is not 0 or 5.
31 5 = 6R1
The quotient, 6, is larger than the divisor, 5. Continue. 31 is not divisible by 7. Divide by 7.
31 7 = 4R1
The quotient, 4, is smaller than the divisor, 7. We can stop the process and conclude that 31 is a prime number. The number 31 is a prime number
Find the prime factorization of each whole number.

Exercise 3.4.16
22 40 48 63
(Solution on p. 204.) (Solution on p. 204.) (Solution on p. 204.) (Solution on p. 204.) (Solution on p. 204.) (Solution on p. 204.) (Solution on p. 204.) (Solution on p. 204.)
945
Exercise 3.4.21
1,617 17 61
3.4.7 Exercises
For the following problems, determine the missing factor(s).

Exercise 3.4.24
14=7
178
Exercise 3.4.25

20=4
Exercise 3.4.26
36=9
Exercise 3.4.27
42 = 21 44=4
38=2
Exercise 3.4.30
18=3
Exercise 3.4.31

28=2
Exercise 3.4.32
300=25
Exercise 3.4.33

840=2
Exercise 3.4.34
For the following problems, nd all the factors of each of the numbers. 16 22 56
105 220 15 32 80
142 218
Exercise 3.4.43
For the following problems, determine which of the whole numbers are prime and which are composite.
Exercise 3.4.44
23 25
Exercise 3.4.45
179
Exercise 3.4.46
27 2 3 5 7 9
11 34 55 63
1,044 924 339 103 209 667
4,575 119
Exercise 3.4.63
For the following problems, nd the prime factorization of each of the whole numbers.
Exercise 3.4.64
26 38 54 62
180
Exercise 3.4.68

56
Exercise 3.4.69
176 480 819
2,025
Exercise 3.4.73
148,225
3.4.7.1 Exercises For Review Exercise 3.4.74
(Section 1.4) Round 26,584 to the nearest ten. (Section 1.6) How much bigger is 106 than 79?
(Section 2.3) True or false? Zero divided by any nonzero whole number is zero. (Section 2.4) Find the quotient. 10, 584 126. (Section 3.3) Find the value of
Exercise 3.4.78
121
81 + 62 3.
3.5 The Greatest Common Factor 5

The Greatest Common Factor (GCF) A Method for Determining the Greatest Common Factor
3.5.2 The Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
Using the method we studied in Section 3.4, we could obtain the prime factorizations of 30 and 42. 30 = 2 3 5 42 = 2 3 7 We notice that 2 appears as a factor in both numbers, that is, 2 is a common factor of 30 and 42. We also notice that 3 appears as a factor in both numbers. Three is also a common factor of 30 and 42.
Common Factor
181
Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
When considering two or more numbers, it is often useful to know if there is a largest common factor of the numbers, and if so, what that number is. The largest common factor of two or more whole numbers is called the greatest common factor, and is abbreviated by GCF. The greatest common factor of a collection of whole numbers is useful in working with fractions (which we will do in Section 4.1).
3.5.3 A Method for Determining the Greatest Common Factor
A straightforward method for determining the GCF of two or more whole numbers makes use of both the prime factorization of the numbers and exponents.
Finding the GCF To nd the greatest common factor (GCF)
of two or more whole numbers:
1. Write the prime factorization of each number, using exponents on repeated factors. 2. Write each base that is common to each of the numbers. 3. To each base listed in step 2, attach the smallest exponent that appears on it in either of the prime factorizations. 4. The GCF is the product of the numbers found in step 3.
Find the GCF of the following numbers.

Example 3.32
12 and 18 1.
12 = 2 6 = 2 2 3 = 22 3
18 = 2 9 = 2 3 3 = 2 32 2. The common bases are 2 and 3. 3. The smallest exponents appearing on 2 and 3 in the prime factorizations are, respectively, 1 and 1 ( 21 and 31 ), or 2 and 3. 4. The GCF is the product of these numbers. 2 3 = 6 The GCF of 30 and 42 is 6 because 6 is the largest number that divides both 30 and 42 without a remainder.
Example 3.33
18, 60, and 72
18 = 2 9 = 2 3 3 = 2 32 1. 60 = 2 30 = 2 2 15 = 2 2 3 5 = 22 3 5 72 = 2 36 = 2 2 18 = 2 2 2 9 = 2 2 2 3 3 = 23 32 2. The common bases are 2 and 3. 3. The smallest exponents appearing on 2 and 3 in the prime factorizations are, respectively, 1 and 1:
21 from 18 31 from 60 4. The GCF is the product of these numbers.

GCF is 2 3 = 6
182

Thus, 6 is the largest number that divides 18, 60, and 72 without a remainder.
Example 3.34
700, 1,880, and 6,160
700
2 350
2 2 175
= = =
2 2 5 35 22557 22 52 7 2 2 2 235 2 2 2 5 47 23 5 47 2 2 2 770 2 2 2 2 385 2 2 2 2 5 77 2 2 2 2 5 7 11 24 5 7 11
1, 880
1.
2 940
2 2 470
= = =
6, 160
2 3, 080
2 2 1, 540
= = = = =
2. The common bases are 2 and 5 3. The smallest exponents appearing on 2 and 5 in the prime factorizations are, respectively, 2 and 1.
22 from 700. 51 from either 1,880 or 6,160. 4. The GCF is the product of these numbers.
GCF is 22 5 = 4 5 = 20 Thus, 20 is the largest number that divides 700, 1,880, and 6,160 without a remainder.
Find the GCF of the following numbers.

Exercise 3.5.1
24 and 36 48 and 72
50 and 140 21 and 225
450, 600, and 540
183
3.5.4 Exercises
For the following problems, nd the greatest common factor (GCF) of the numbers.
Exercise 3.5.6
6 and 8
Exercise 3.5.7
5 and 10 8 and 12 9 and 12
20 and 24
Exercise 3.5.11
35 and 175 25 and 45
45 and 189 66 and 165
264 and 132 99 and 135 65 and 15 33 and 77
245 and 80
Exercise 3.5.20
351 and 165
60, 140, and 100 147, 343, and 231 24, 30, and 45
175, 225, and 400 210, 630, and 182 14, 44, and 616
184

1,617, 735, and 429 1,573, 4,862, and 3,553 3,672, 68, and 920 7, 2,401, 343, 16, and 807 500, 77, and 39
Exercise 3.5.32
441, 275, and 221
(Section 2.2) Find the product. 2, 753 4, 006.

(Section 2.4) Find the quotient. 954 18.
(Section 2.5) Specify which of the digits 2, 3, or 4 divide into 9,462. (Section 3.2) Write 8 8 8 8 8 8 using exponents.
(Section 3.4) Find the prime factorization of 378.
3.6 The Least Common Multiple6

Multiples Common Multiples The Least Common Multiple (LCM) Finding the Least Common Multiple
3.6.2 Multiples
When a whole number is multiplied by other whole numbers, with the exception of zero, the resulting products are called multiples of the given whole number. Note that any whole number is a multiple of itself.
185
Multiples of 2
Multiples of 3
Multiples of 8
Multiples of 10 10 1 = 10 10 2 = 20 10 3 = 30 10 4 = 40 10 5 = 50 . . .
21=2 22=4 23=6 24=8 2 5 = 10 . . .
31=3 32=6 33=9 3 4 = 12 3 5 = 15 . . .
81=8 8 2 = 16 8 3 = 24 8 4 = 32 8 5 = 40 . . .
Table 3.9
Find the rst ve multiples of the following numbers.

Exercise 3.6.1
4 5 6 7 9
3.6.3 Common Multiples
There will be times when we are given two or more whole numbers and we will need to know if there are any multiples that are common to each of them. If there are, we will need to know what they are. For example, some of the multiples that are common to 2 and 3 are 6, 12, and 18.
We can visualize common multiples using the number line.
Notice that the common multiples can be divided by both whole numbers.
186
Find the rst ve common multiples of the following numbers.

Exercise 3.6.6
2 and 4 3 and 4 2 and 5 3 and 6 4 and 5
3.6.4 The Least Common Multiple (LCM)
Notice that in our number line visualization of common multiples (above), the rst common multiple is also the smallest, or least common multiple, abbreviated by LCM. of two or more whole numbers is the smallest whole number that each of the given numbers will divide into without a remainder. The least common multiple will be extremely useful in working with fractions (Section 4.1).
3.6.5 Finding the Least Common Multiple
Finding the LCM Least Common Multiple The least common multiple, LCM,
To nd the LCM of two or more numbers: 1. 2. 3. 4. Write the prime factorization of each number, using exponents on repeated factors. Write each base that appears in each of the prime factorizations. To each base, attach the largest exponent that appears on it in the prime factorizations. The LCM is the product of the numbers found in step 3.
There are some major dierences between using the processes for obtaining the GCF and the LCM that we must note carefully:
The Dierence Between the Processes for Obtaining the GCF and the LCM
1. Notice the dierence between step 2 for the LCM and step 2 for the GCF. For the GCF, we use only the bases that are common in the prime factorizations, whereas for the LCM, we use each base that appears in the prime factorizations. 2. Notice the dierence between step 3 for the LCM and step 3 for the GCF. For the GCF, we attach the smallest exponents to the common bases, whereas for the LCM, we attach the largest exponents to the bases.
187
Find the LCM of the following numbers.

Example 3.36
9 and 12 1.
9 = 3 3 = 32
12 = 2 6 = 2 2 3 = 22 3 2. The bases that appear in the prime factorizations are 2 and 3. 3. The largest exponents appearing on 2 and 3 in the prime factorizations are, respectively, 2 and 2: 22 from 12.
32 from 9. 4. The LCM is the product of these numbers. LCM = 22 32 = 4 9 = 36

Thus, 36 is the smallest number that both 9 and 12 divide into without remainders.
Example 3.37
90 and 630
90
1.
= =
2 45 = 2 3 15 = 2 3 3 5 = 2 32 5 2 315 = 2 3 105 = 2 3 3 35 =23357
630
= 2 32 5 7 2. The bases that appear in the prime factorizations are 2, 3, 5, and 7. 3. The largest exponents that appear on 2, 3, 5, and 7 are, respectively, 1, 2, 1, and 1: 21 32 51 71
from from from from either 90 or 630. either 90 or 630. either 90 or 630. 630.
4. The LCM is the product of these numbers. LCM = 2 32 5 7 = 2 9 5 7 = 630 Thus, 630 is the smallest number that both 90 and 630 divide into with no remainders.
Example 3.38
33, 110, and 484
33
1.
= =
3 11 2 55 = 2 5 11
110
484 = 2 242 = 2 2 121 = 2 2 11 11 = 22 112 . 2. The bases that appear in the prime factorizations are 2, 3, 5, and 11. 3. The largest exponents that appear on 2, 3, 5, and 11 are, respectively, 2, 1, 1, and 2: 22 from 484. 31 from 33. 51 from 110 112 from 484.
LCM 4. The LCM is the product of these numbers.
= = =
22 3 5 112 4 3 5 121 7260
Thus, 7260 is the smallest number that 33, 110, and 484 divide into without remainders.
188
Find the LCM of the following numbers.

Exercise 3.6.11
20 and 54 14 and 28 6 and 63
28, 40, and 98
Exercise 3.6.15
16, 27, 125, and 363
3.6.6 Exercises
For the following problems, nd the least common multiple of the numbers.
Exercise 3.6.16
8 and 12 6 and 15 8 and 10
10 and 14 4 and 6
6 and 12 9 and 18 6 and 8 5 and 6 7 and 8 3 and 4 2 and 9 7 and 9
28 and 36
189
Exercise 3.6.30
24 and 36 28 and 42
240 and 360 162 and 270 20 and 24 25 and 30 24 and 54 16 and 24 36 and 48 24 and 40 15 and 21
50 and 140
Exercise 3.6.42
7, 11, and 33 8, 10, and 15
18, 21, and 42 4, 5, and 21
45, 63, and 98 15, 25, and 40 12, 16, and 20 84 and 96 48 and 54
12, 16, and 24
Exercise 3.6.52
12, 16, 24, and 36
190
Exercise 3.6.53

6, 9, 12, and 18
8, 14, 28, and 32 18, 80, 108, and 490 22, 27, 130, and 225 38, 92, 115, and 189 8 and 8
Exercise 3.6.59
12, 12, and 12
Exercise 3.6.60
3, 9, 12, and 3
(Section 1.4) Round 434,892 to the nearest ten thousand. (Section 1.6) How much bigger is 14,061 than 7,509? (Section 2.4) Find the quotient. 22, 428 14. (Section 3.2) Expand 843 . Do not nd the value.
Exercise 3.6.63
(Section 3.5) Find the greatest common factor of 48 and 72.
191

Exponential Notation (Section 3.2) Exponential notation is a description Exponent (Section 3.2) An exponent records the
of repeated multiplication.
number of identical factors repeated in a multiplication.
In a number such as 73 ,
Base (Section 3.2) 7 is called the base. Exponent (Section 3.2) 3 is called the exponent, or Power (Section 3.2)
power.
73 is read "seven to the third power," or "seven cubed."

Squared, Cubed (Section 3.2)
A number raised to the second power is often called squared. A number raised to the third power is often called cubed.
Root (Section 3.2)
In mathematics, the word root is used to indicate that, through repeated multiplication, one number is the source of another number. The symbol is called a radical sign and indicates the square root of a number. The symbol represents the nth root.
Radical, Index, Radicand (Section 3.2) An expression such as 4 16 is called a radical radicand. Grouping Symbols (Section 3.3) The Radical Sign
(Section 3.2)
and 4 is called the index. The number 16 is called the
Grouping symbols are used to indicate that a particular collection of numbers and meaningful operations are to be grouped together and considered as one number. The grouping symbols commonly used in mathematics are Parentheses: ( ) Brackets: [ ] Braces: { } Bar:
Order of Operations (Section 3.3)
1. Perform all operations inside grouping symbols, beginning with the innermost set, in the order of 2, 3, and 4 below. 2. Perform all exponential and root operations, moving left to right. 3. Perform all multiplications and division, moving left to right.
192
4. Perform all additions and subtractions, moving left to right.

One Number as the Factor of Another (Section 3.4)
A rst number is a factor of a second number if the rst number divides into the second number a whole number of times.
Prime Number (Section 3.4)
A whole number greater than one whose only factors are itself and 1 is called a prime number. The whole number 1 is not a prime number. The whole number 2 is the rst prime number and the only even prime number.
Composite Number (Section 3.4)
A whole number greater than one that is composed of factors other than itself and 1 is called a composite number.
Fundamental Principle of Arithmetic (Section 3.4)
Except for the order of factors, every whole number other than 1 can be written in one and only one way as a product of prime numbers.
Prime Factorization (Section 3.4)
The prime factorization of 45 is 3 3 5. The numbers that occur in this factorization of 45 are each prime.
Determining the Prime Factorization of a Whole Number (Section 3.4)
There is a simple method, based on division by prime numbers, that produces the prime factorization of a whole number. For example, we determine the prime factorization of 132 as follows.
The prime factorization of 132 is 2 2 3 11 = 22 3 11. A factor that occurs in each number of a group of numbers is called a common factor. 3 is a common factor to the group 18, 6, and 45
Greatest Common Factor (GCF) (Section 3.5) Common Factor (Section 3.5)
The largest common factor of a group of whole numbers is called the greatest common factor. For example, to nd the greatest common factor of 12 and 20, 1. Write the prime factorization of each number.
12
2 2 3 = 22 3
60 = 2 2 3 5 = 22 3 5 2. Write each base that is common to each of the numbers: 2 and 3 3. The smallest exponent appearing on 2 is 2. The smallest exponent appearing on 3 is 1. 4. The GCF of 12 and 60 is the product of the numbers 22 and 3. 22 3 = 4 3 = 12
Thus, 12 is the largest number that divides both 12 and 60 without a remainder.
Finding the GCF (Section 3.5)
There is a simple method, based on prime factorization, that determines the GCF of a group of whole numbers.
193
Multiple (Section 3.6)
When a whole number is multiplied by all other whole numbers, with the exception of zero, the resulting individual products are called multiples of that whole number. Some multiples of 7 are 7, 14, 21, and 28. Multiples that are common to a group of whole numbers are called common multiples. Some common multiples of 6 and 9 are 18, 36, and 54.
The LCM (Section 3.6) The least common multiple Common Multiples (Section 3.6)
(LCM) of a group of whole numbers is the smallest whole number that each of the given whole numbers divides into without a remainder. The least common multiple of 9 and 6 is 18.
Finding the LCM (Section 3.6)
There is a simple method, based on prime factorization, that determines the LCM of a group of whole numbers. For example, the least common multiple of 28 and 72 is found in the following way. 1. Write the prime factorization of each number
28
2 2 7 = 22 7
72 = 2 2 2 3 3 = 23 32 2. Write each base that appears in each of the prime factorizations, 2, 3, and 7. 3. To each of the bases listed in step 2, attach the largest exponent that appears on it in the prime factorization. 23 , 32 , and 7 4. The LCM is the product of the numbers found in step 3. 23 32 7 = 8 9 7 = 504
Thus, 504 is the smallest number that both 28 and 72 will divide into without a remainder.
The Dierence Between the GCF and the LCM (Section 3.6)
The GCF of two or more whole numbers is the largest number that divides into each of the given whole numbers. The LCM of two or more whole numbers is the smallest whole number that each of the given numbers divides into without a remainder.

3.8.1.1 Exponents and Roots (Section 3.2)
For problems 1 -25, determine the value of each power and root.
Exercise 3.8.1
33
Exercise 3.8.2
43
Exercise 3.8.3
05
Exercise 3.8.4
14
Exercise 3.8.5
122
Exercise 3.8.6
72
194
Exercise 3.8.7

82
Exercise 3.8.8
112
Exercise 3.8.9
25
Exercise 3.8.10
34
Exercise 3.8.11
152 202 252
36
Exercise 3.8.15
225 64 16
Exercise 3.8.16
3
Exercise 3.8.17
4
Exercise 3.8.18
Exercise 3.8.19
3
Exercise 3.8.20
3
216
Exercise 3.8.21
144 196
Exercise 3.8.24
4
Exercise 3.8.25
6
64
195
3.8.1.2 Section 3.2
For problems 26-45, use the order of operations to determine each value.
Exercise 3.8.26
23 2 4
Exercise 3.8.27
52 10 2 5
Exercise 3.8.28
81 32 + 6 2
Exercise 3.8.29
152 + 52 22
Exercise 3.8.30
3 22 + 32
Exercise 3.8.31
64 32 23
52 +1 3 +1 13 + 14 +7 49 27
3

62 1 57
Exercise 3.8.34
2[3+5(22 +1)] 523 32
Exercise 3.8.35
32 [25 14 (23 +25)] 252 +5+2
Exercise 3.8.36
(52 23 )27
22 1 2
+5
32 3 2 2
+1
Exercise 3.8.37
(8 3) + 2 + 32
Exercise 3.8.38
32 42 +
16 + 9 16 +
25 + 23
81 32
Compare the results of problems 39 and 40. What might we conclude? 18 2
Exercise 3.8.43
66 77 88
An
records the number of identical factors that are repeated in a multiplication.

196
3.8.1.3 Prime Factorization of Natural Numbers (Section 3.4)
For problems 47- 53, nd all the factors of each number.
Exercise 3.8.47
18 24 11 12 51 25 2
Exercise 3.8.48 Exercise 3.8.49 Exercise 3.8.50 Exercise 3.8.51 Exercise 3.8.52 Exercise 3.8.53 Exercise 3.8.54
What number is the smallest prime number?
3.8.1.4 Grouping Symbol and the Order of Operations (Section 3.3)
For problems 55 -64, write each number as a product of prime factors.

Exercise 3.8.55
55 20 80
284 700 845
1,614 921 29 37
197
3.8.1.5 The Greatest Common Factor (Section 3.5)
For problems 65 - 75, nd the greatest common factor of each collection of numbers.
Exercise 3.8.65
5 and 15 6 and 14
10 and 15
Exercise 3.8.68
6, 8, and 12 18 and 24 42 and 54 40 and 60
18, 48, and 72
147, 189, and 315 64, 72, and 108
Exercise 3.8.75
275, 297, and 539
3.8.1.6 The Least Common Multiple (Section 3.6)
For problems 76-86, nd the least common multiple of each collection of numbers.
Exercise 3.8.76
5 and 15 6 and 14
10 and 15 36 and 90 42 and 54
8, 12, and 20
Exercise 3.8.82
40, 50, and 180
Exercise 3.8.83
135, 147, and 324
198

108, 144, and 324
5, 18, 25, and 30 12, 15, 18, and 20 Find all divisors of 24. Find all factors of 24. Write all divisors of 23 52 7.
Write all divisors of 6 82 103 .

Does 7 divide 53 64 72 85 ?
Does 13 divide 83 102 114 132 15?
3.9 Prociency Exam

(Section 3.2) In the number 85 , write the names used for the number 8 and the number 5.
(Section 3.2) Write using exponents. 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
(Section 3.2) Expand 94 .
For problems 4-15, determine the value of each expression.

(Section 3.3) 43 (Section 3.3) 15 (Section 3.3) 03 (Section 3.3) 26 (Section 3.3) 49 27
Exercise 3.9.8
Exercise 3.9.9
(Section 3.3) (Section 3.3)
Exercise 3.9.10
8
199
(Section 3.3) 16 + 2 (8 6) (Section 3.3) 53 (Section 3.3) 3
100 + 8 2 20 5
Exercise 3.9.13
82 232 52 2
63 452
29
20+24 (Section 3.3) 23 252

2
57 81 7+32
(Section 3.3) (8 3) + 33 4 49
10 3
+9 5
For problems 16-20, nd the prime factorization of each whole number. If the number is prime, write "prime."
Exercise 3.9.16
(Section 3.4) 18 (Section 3.4) 68
(Section 3.4) 142 (Section 3.4) 151 (Section 3.4) 468
For problems 21 and 22, nd the greatest common factor.

Exercise 3.9.21
(Section 3.5) 200 and 36 (Section 3.5) 900 and 135 (Section 3.5) Write all the factors of 36. (Section 3.5) Write all the divisors of 18. (Section 3.5) Does 7 divide into 52 63 74 8? Explain. (Section 3.5) Is 3 a factor of 26 32 53 46 ? Explain. (Section 3.5) Does 13 divide into 113 124 152 ? Explain.
For problems 28 and 29, nd the least common multiple.

(Section 3.6) 432 and 180 (Section 3.6) 28, 40, and 95
200

372 165
910
85 85 85
4444444
1, 739 1, 739
8
10 4 2 9
54
231 4
42
94
8263
685
13008
7777
117 117 117 117 117 30 30
4 4 = 16
10 10 = 100 12 12 = 144
201
15 15 = 225
3 3 3 3 = 81
10 10 10 = 1, 000
8 8 8 = 512 9 9 9 = 729 71 = 7
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 128 8 8 8 8 = 4, 096
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 = 10, 077, 696

42 42 = 1, 764
15 15 15 15 15 = 759, 375 816 816 = 665, 856 4 8
12 15 2 6
20
100 60 34
4,158 24 4
202
81
8 is the multiplier; 4 is the multiplicand Yes; 0 10 68 24 4 0

not possible (indeterminant) 54 23 4
93 74 27 33 57 0
52 3
125 7
13,499 6,070
203
1,107,495
This number is too big for a nonscientic calculator. 2.217747109 1011

A scientic calculator will probably give you
26
46 1 0 3
26 97
29 1 0
90
508 19
144 1
52
25,001
25
1
14 0
152
4 5
2,690,730
204
1, 2, 3, 6
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18 1, 5
1, 2, 5, 10
1, 3, 11, 33 1, 19
prime
composite composite composite prime prime prime
composite
22 = 2 11 40 = 23 5 48 = 24 3 63 = 32 7
945 = 33 5 7
1617 = 3 72 11 17 is prime 61 is prime 2
205
11
32
235
1, 2, 4, 8, 16
1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 28, 56
1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 20, 22, 44, 55, 110, 220 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 1, 2, 71, 142 prime
composite prime prime prime
composite ( 5 11) composite composite
composite ( 11 19) composite
2 13 2 33
23 7
25 3 5
34 52
26,580
206
true 14 12 24 10 3
30 2 4 4 5
33 9
11 3 7
25 2
11 1 1
53
86 = 262, 144
4, 8, 12, 16, 20
5, 10, 15, 20, 25
207
6, 12, 18, 24, 30 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 9, 18, 27, 36, 45 4, 8, 12, 16, 20
12, 24, 36, 48, 60 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 6, 12, 18, 24, 30
20, 40, 60, 80, 100 540 28
126
1,960
6,534,000 24 40 12 18 30 12 63 72
Solution to Exercise 3.6.16 (p. 188) Solution to Exercise 3.6.18 (p. 188) Solution to Exercise 3.6.20 (p. 188) Solution to Exercise 3.6.22 (p. 188) Solution to Exercise 3.6.24 (p. 188) Solution to Exercise 3.6.26 (p. 188) Solution to Exercise 3.6.28 (p. 188) Solution to Exercise 3.6.30 (p. 189) Solution to Exercise 3.6.32 (p. 189)
720 120 216 144
208
105 231 126
4,410 240 432 144 224
193,050 8
36
6,552
84 84 84 27 0
144 64 32
225 625 15 2 1
12 1
209
2 0
325 64 -3
9 57
146 5
The sum of square roots is not necessarily equal to the square root of the sum. 6 8
1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18 1, 11
1, 3, 17, 51, 1, 2
5 11 24 5
22 52 7
2 3 269
29 is a prime number 5 5 6
20 21
210
11 42
180 120
79, 380 450
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 14, 20, 25, 35, 40, 50, 56, 70, 100, 140, 175, 200, 280, 700, 1,400 yes
base; exponent 127
94 = 9 9 9 9 = 6, 561
64 1 0
64 7 3 1
20
127 24 8 5
32 2
211
22 17 2 71
prime
22 32 13
4
45
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
Yes, because one of the (prime) factors of the number is 7. Yes, because it is one of the factors of the number. No, because the prime 13 is not a factor any of the listed factors of the number. 2,160 5,320
212
Chapter 4
Introduction to Fractions and Multiplication and Division of Fractions
4.1 Objectives

Fractions of Whole Numbers (Section 4.2)
understand the concept of fractions of whole numbers be able to recognize the parts of a fraction
Proper Fractions, improper Fractions, and Mixed Numbers (Section 4.3)
be able to distinguish between proper fractions, improper fractions, and mixed numbers be able to convert an improper fraction to a mixed number be able to convert a mixed number to an improper fraction
Equivalent Fractions, Reducing Fractions to Lowest Terms, and Raising Fractions to Higher Terms (Section 4.4)
be able to recognize equivalent fractions be able to reduce a fraction to lowest terms be able to raise a fraction to higher terms
Multiplication of Fractions (Section 4.5)
understand the concept of multiplication of fractions be able to multiply one fraction by another be able to multiply mixed numbers be able to nd powers and roots of various fractions
Division of Fractions (Section 4.6)
be able to determine the reciprocal of a number be able to divide one fraction by another
Applications Involving Fractions (Section 4.7)
be able to solve missing product statements be able to solve missing factor statements
213
214
CHAPTER 4. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTIONS AND MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF FRACTIONS
4.2 Fractions of Whole Numbers 2

More Numbers on the Number Line Fractions of Whole Numbers The Parts of a Fraction Reading and Writing Fractions
4.2.2 More Numbers on the Number Line
In Chapters Section 1.1, Section 2.1, and Section 3.1, we studied the whole numbers and methods of combining them. We noted that we could visually display the whole numbers by drawing a number line and placing closed circles at whole number locations.
By observing this number line, we can see that the whole numbers do not account for every point on the line. What numbers, if any, can be associated with these points? In this section we will see that many of the points on the number line, including the points already associated with whole numbers, can be associated with numbers called fractions.
4.2.3 Fractions of Whole Numbers
The Nature of the Positive Fractions
We can extend our collection of numbers, which now contains only the whole numbers, by including fractions of whole numbers. We can determine the nature of these fractions using the number line. If we place a pencil at some whole number and proceed to travel to the right to the next whole number, we see that our journey can be broken into dierent types of equal parts as shown in the following examples. a. 1 part.
b. 2 equal parts.
c. 3 equal parts.
215 d. 4 equal parts.
Notice that the number of parts, 2, 3, and 4, that we are breaking the original quantity into is always a nonzero whole number. The idea of breaking up a whole quantity gives us the word fraction. The word fraction comes from the Latin word "fractio" which means a breaking, or fracture. Suppose we break up the interval from some whole number to the next whole number into ve equal parts.
The Latin Word Fractio
After starting to move from one whole number to the next, we decide to stop after covering only two parts. We have covered 2 parts of 5 equal parts. This situation is described by writing 2 5.
Positive Fraction
A number such as
2 5
is called a positive fraction, or more simply, a fraction.
4.2.4 The Parts of a Fraction
A fraction has three parts. .Fraction Bar 1. The fraction bar The fraction bar serves as a grouping symbol. It separates a quantity into individual groups. These groups have names, as noted in 2 and 3 below. 2. The nonzero number below the fraction bar.Denominator This number is called the denominator of the fraction, and it indicates the number of parts the whole quantity has been divided into. Notice that the denominator must be a nonzero whole number since the least number of parts any quantity can have is one. 3. The number above the fraction bar. Numerator This number is called the numerator of the fraction, and it indicates how many of the specied parts are being considered. Notice that the numerator can be any whole number (including zero) since any number of the specied parts can be considered.
whole number numerator nonzero whole number denominator
The diagrams in the following problems are illustrations of fractions.

Example 4.1
216
(a)
Diagrams 4.1:
(b)
(c)
(a) A whole circle (b) The whole circle divided into 3 equal parts (c) 1 of the 3 equal
parts
The fraction
1 3
is read as "one third."
Example 4.2
(a)
Figure 4.2:
(b)
(c)
(a) A whole rectangle (b) The whole rectangle divided into 5 equal parts (c) 3 of the 5
equal parts
The fraction
3 5
"is read as "three fths."
Example 4.3
217
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 4.3:
(a) The number line between 0 and 1 (b) The number line between 0 and 1 divided into
7 equal parts (c) 6 of the 7 equal parts
The fraction
6 7
is read as "six sevenths."
Example 4.4
(a)
Figure 4.4:
(b)
(c)
(a) A whole circle (b) The whole circle divided into 4 equal parts (c) 4 of the 4 equal parts
When the numerator and denominator are equal, the fraction represents the entire quantity, and its value is 1.
nonzero whole number same nonzero whole number = 1
Specify the numerator and denominator of the following fractions.
218
Exercise 4.2.1
4 7

Exercise 4.2.2
5 8
Exercise 4.2.3
10 15
1 9

0 2
4.2.5 Reading and Writing Fractions
In order to properly translate fractions from word form to number form, or from number form to word form, it is necessary to understand the use of the hyphen. One of the main uses of the hyphen is to tell the reader that two words not ordinarily joined are to be taken in combination as a unit. Hyphens are always used for numbers between and including 21 and 99 (except those ending in zero).
4.2.5.1 Sample Set B Use of the Hyphen
Write each fraction using whole numbers.

Example 4.5
Fifty three-hundredths. The hyphen joins the words three and hundredths and tells us to consider them as a single unit. Therefore, 50 fty three-hundredths translates as 300
Example 4.6
Fifty-three hundredths. The hyphen joins the numbers fty and three and tells us to consider them as a single unit. Therefore, 53 fty-three hundredths translates as 100
Example 4.7
Four hundred seven-thousandths. The hyphen joins the words seven and thousandths and tells us to consider them as a single unit. Therefore, 400 four hundred seven-thousandths translates as 7,000
Example 4.8
407 four hundred seven thousandths translates as 1000 Write each fraction using words.
Example 4.9
thousandths are to be considered individually.
Four hundred seven thousandths.
The absence of hyphens indicates that the words seven and
21 85 translates as twenty-one eighty-fths. 200 3,000 translates as two hundred three-thousandths.
A hyphen is needed between the words three and thousandths to tell the reader that these words are to be considered as a single unit.
Example 4.10
219
Example 4.11
203 1,000 translates as two hundred three thousandths.
Write the following fractions using whole numbers.

Exercise 4.2.6
one tenth
eleven fourteenths sixteen thirty-fths eight hundred seven-thousandths
Write the following using words.

Exercise 4.2.10
3 8
Exercise 4.2.11
10
Exercise 4.2.12
250
Exercise 4.2.13
Name the fraction that describes each shaded portion.

Exercise 4.2.14
114 3,190
Exercise 4.2.15
In the following 2 problems, state the numerator and denominator, and write each fraction in words.
Exercise 4.2.16
The number
5 9
is used in converting from Fahrenheit to Celsius.
Exercise 4.2.17
1 A dime is 10 of a dollar.
220
4.2.6 Exercises
For the following 10 problems, specify the numerator and denominator in each fraction.
Exercise 4.2.18
3 4
Exercise 4.2.19
10
Exercise 4.2.20
1 5
Exercise 4.2.21
5 6
Exercise 4.2.22
7 7
Exercise 4.2.23
4 6
Exercise 4.2.24
12
Exercise 4.2.25
25 25
Exercise 4.2.26
18
1
Exercise 4.2.27
For the following 10 problems, write the fractions using whole numbers.
Exercise 4.2.28
16
four fths
Exercise 4.2.29
two ninths
fteen twentieths forty-seven eighty-thirds ninety-one one hundred sevenths twenty-two four hundred elevenths six hundred ve eight hundred thirty-fourths three thousand three forty-four ten-thousandths ninety-two one-millionths one three-billionths
For the following 10 problems, write the fractions using words.
221
Exercise 4.2.38
5 9
Exercise 4.2.39
10
Exercise 4.2.40
15
Exercise 4.2.41
10 13
Exercise 4.2.42
75 100
Exercise 4.2.43
86 135
Exercise 4.2.44
916 1,014
Exercise 4.2.45
501 10,001 18 31,608

1
For the following 4 problems, name the fraction corresponding to the shaded portion.
Exercise 4.2.48
500,000
Exercise 4.2.49
Exercise 4.2.50
Exercise 4.2.51
For the following 4 problems, shade the portion corresponding to the given fraction on the given gure.
222
Exercise 4.2.52
3 5

Exercise 4.2.53
1 8
Exercise 4.2.54
6 6
Exercise 4.2.55
0 3
State the numerator and denominator and write in words each of the fractions appearing in the statements for the following 10 problems.
A contractor is selling houses on
1 4
acre lots.
The fraction 22 7 is sometimes used as an approximation to the number . (The symbol is read pi.")
Exercise 4.2.58
The fraction
4 3
is used in nding the volume of a sphere.
1 One inch is 12 of a foot.
About
2 7
of the students in a college statistics class received a B in the course.
Exercise 4.2.61
The probability of randomly selecting a club when drawing one card from a standard deck of 52 cards is 13 52 .
223
Exercise 4.2.62
In a box that contains eight computer chips, ve are known to be good and three are known to be 1 . defective. If three chips are selected at random, the probability that all three are defective is 56
Exercise 4.2.63
In a room of 25 people, the probability that at least two people have the same birthdate (date and 569 . month, not year) is 1000
The mean (average) of the numbers 21, 25, 43, and 36 is 125 4 .
32 meters high after If a rock falls from a height of 20 meters on Jupiter, the rock will be 25
6 5
seconds.
4.2.6.1 Exercises For Review Exercise 4.2.66
(Section 1.7) Use the numbers 3 and 11 to illustrate the commutative property of addition. (Section 2.4) Find the quotient. 676 26
(Section 3.2) Write 7 7 7 7 7 using exponents.

8(6+20) 8
(Section 3.3) Find the value of
3(6+16)
22
.
Exercise 4.2.70
(Section 3.6) Find the least common multiple of 12, 16, and 18.
4.3 Proper Fractions, Improper Fractions, and Mixed Numbers3

Positive Proper Fractions Positive Improper Fractions Positive Mixed Numbers Relating Positive Improper Fractions and Positive Mixed Numbers Converting an Improper Fraction to a Mixed Number Converting a Mixed Number to an Improper Fraction
Now that we know what positive fractions are, we consider three types of positive fractions: proper fractions, improper fractions, and mixed numbers.
4.3.2 Positive Proper Fractions
Positive Proper Fraction
Fractions in which the whole number in the numerator is strictly less than the whole number in the denominator are called positive proper fractions. On the number line, proper fractions are located in the interval from 0 to 1. Positive proper fractions are always less than one.
224
The closed circle at 0 indicates that 0 is included, while the open circle at 1 indicates that 1 is not included. Some examples of positive proper fractions are
1 3 2, 5,
20 , and 106 27 255
Note that 1 < 2, 3 < 5, 20 < 27, and 106 < 225.
4.3.3 Positive Improper Fractions
Fractions in which the whole number in the numerator is greater than or equal to the whole number in the denominator are called positive improper fractions. On the number line, improper fractions lie to the right of (and including) 1. Positive improper fractions are always greater than or equal to 1.
Positive Improper Fractions
Some examples of positive improper fractions are

3 8 4 2, 5, 4,
and 105 16
Note that 3 2, 8 5, 4 4, and 105 16.

4.3.4 Positive Mixed Numbers
Positive Mixed Numbers
A number of the form
nonzero whole number + proper fraction is called a positive mixed number. For example, 2 3 5 is a mixed number. On the number line, mixed numbers are located in the interval to the right of (and including) 1. Mixed numbers are always greater than or equal to 1.
4.3.5 Relating Positive Improper Fractions and Positive Mixed Numbers
A relationship between improper fractions and mixed numbers is suggested by two facts. The rst is that improper fractions and mixed numbers are located in the same interval on the number line. The second fact, that mixed numbers are the sum of a natural number and a fraction, can be seen by making the following observations. Divide a whole quantity into 3 equal parts.
225
Now, consider the following examples by observing the respective shaded areas.
2 In the shaded region, there are 2 one thirds, or 3 .
1 3
2 3
3 There are 3 one thirds, or 3 , or 1.
1 3
3 3
or 1
Thus,
3 3
=1
Improper fraction = whole number.
4 There are 4 one thirds, or 3 , or 1 and 1 3.
1 3
4 =3 or 1 and 1 3
1 3
The terms 1 and Thus,

4 3
can be represented as 1 +
1 3
1 or 1 3
= 11 3.
Improper fraction = mixed number.
5 There are 5 one thirds, or 3 , or 1 and 2 3.
1 3
5 3
or 1 and
2 3
2 3 2 3 2 or 1 3 .
The terms 1 and Thus,

5 3
can be represented as 1 +
= 12 3.
Improper fraction = mixed number.
6 There are 6 one thirds, or 3 , or 2.
1 3
6 3
=2
226 Thus,
6 3
=2
Improper fraction = whole number. The following important fact is illustrated in the preceding examples.
Mixed Number = Natural Number + Proper Fraction Mixed numbers are the sum of a natural number and a proper
1 3
+ (proper fraction)
fraction. Mixed number = (natural number)
For example 1 1 3 can be expressed as 1 +
7 The fraction 5 8 can be expressed as 5 + 7 8.
It is important to note that a number such as 5 + 7 8 does not indicate multiplication. To indicate multiplication, we would need to use a multiplication symbol (such as )
note:
57 8 means 5 +
7 8
and not 5 7 8 , which means 5 times
7 8
or 5 multiplied by 7 8.
Thus, mixed numbers may be represented by improper fractions, and improper fractions may be represented by mixed numbers.
4.3.6 Converting Improper Fractions to Mixed Numbers
4 To understand how we might convert an improper fraction to a mixed number, let's consider the fraction, 3 .
4 3
= = =
1 1 1 + + + 3 3 3
1
1 3
1+ 11 3
4 3
1 3
Thus,
= 11 3.
We can illustrate a procedure for converting an improper fraction to a mixed number using this example. However, the conversion is more easily accomplished by dividing the numerator by the denominator and using the result to write the mixed number.
Converting an Improper Fraction to a Mixed Number
To convert an improper fraction to a mixed number, divide the numerator by the denominator. 1. The whole number part of the mixed number is the quotient. 2. The fractional part of the mixed number is the remainder written over the divisor (the denominator of the improper fraction).
227
Convert each improper fraction to its corresponding mixed number.

Example 4.12
5 3
Divide 5 by 3.
The improper fraction
5 3
= 12 3.
Example 4.13
46 . Divide 46 by 9. 9
1 The improper fraction 46 9 = 59.
Example 4.14
83 . Divide 83 by 11. 11
6 The improper fraction 83 11 = 7 11 .
Example 4.15
104 Divide 104 by 4. 4
228
104 = 26 0 = 26 4 4
The improper fraction 104 4 = 26.
Convert each improper fraction to its corresponding mixed number.

Exercise 4.3.1
9 2
Exercise 4.3.2
11
3
Exercise 4.3.3
14 11 31 13 79
4
496
8
4.3.7 Converting Mixed Numbers to Improper Fractions
To understand how to convert a mixed number to an improper fraction, we'll recall mixed number = (natural number) + (proper fraction) and consider the following diagram.
229
Recall that multiplication describes repeated addition. Notice that

5 3 2 can be obtained from 1 3 using multiplication in the following way.
Multiply: 3 1 = 3
Add: 3 + 2 = 5. Place the 5 over the 3:
5 3
The procedure for converting a mixed number to an improper fraction is illustrated in this example.
Converting a Mixed Number to an Improper Fraction
To convert a mixed number to an improper fraction,
1. Multiply the denominator of the fractional part of the mixed number by the whole number part. 2. To this product, add the numerator of the fractional part. 3. Place this result over the denominator of the fractional part.
Convert each mixed number to an improper fraction.

Example 4.16
57 8
1. Multiply: 8 5 = 40. 2. Add: 40 + 7 = 47. 3. Place 47 over 8: 47 8 .
47 Thus, 5 7 8 = 8 .
Example 4.17
16 2 3
1. Multiply: 3 16 = 48. 2. Add: 48 + 2 = 50. 3. Place 50 over 3: 50 3

50 Thus, 16 2 3 = 3
230
Convert each mixed number to its corresponding improper fraction.

Exercise 4.3.7
81 4
Exercise 4.3.8
53 5
Exercise 4.3.9
4 1 15
Exercise 4.3.10
12 2 7
4.3.8 Exercises
For the following 15 problems, identify each expression as a proper fraction, an improper fraction, or a mixed number.
Exercise 4.3.11
3 2
Exercise 4.3.12
4 9
Exercise 4.3.13
5 7
Exercise 4.3.14
1 8
Exercise 4.3.15
61 4
Exercise 4.3.16
11
8
Exercise 4.3.17
1,001
12
Exercise 4.3.18
4 191 5
Exercise 4.3.19
9 1 13
Exercise 4.3.20
6 31 7
Exercise 4.3.21
1 3 40
Exercise 4.3.22
55 12
0 9

8 9
Exercise 4.3.25
1 101 11
231 For the following 15 problems, convert each of the improper fractions to its corresponding mixed number.
Exercise 4.3.26
11
6
Exercise 4.3.27
14
3
Exercise 4.3.28
25
4
Exercise 4.3.29
35
4
Exercise 4.3.30
71
8
Exercise 4.3.31
63
7
Exercise 4.3.32
121 11
Exercise 4.3.33
165 12
Exercise 4.3.34
346 15
Exercise 4.3.35
5,000 9
Exercise 4.3.36
23
5
Exercise 4.3.37
73
2
Exercise 4.3.38
19
2
Exercise 4.3.39
316 41
3
Exercise 4.3.40
800
For the following 15 problems, convert each of the mixed numbers to its corresponding improper fraction.
Exercise 4.3.41
41 8
Exercise 4.3.42
5 1 12
Exercise 4.3.43
67 9
Exercise 4.3.44
1 15 4
Exercise 4.3.45
5 10 11 3 15 10
82 3
232
Exercise 4.3.48
3 44
Exercise 4.3.49
21 2 5
Exercise 4.3.50
9 17 10
Exercise 4.3.51
9 20 21
1 5 16

1 90 100
Exercise 4.3.54
300 1,43 000
Exercise 4.3.55
19 7 8
Exercise 4.3.56
Why does 0 4 7 not qualify as a mixed number? See the denition of a mixed number.
Hint:
Exercise 4.3.57
Why does 5 qualify as a mixed number? See the denition of a mixed number.
note:
Calculator Problems
For the following 8 problems, use a calculator to convert each mixed number to its corresponding improper fraction.
Exercise 4.3.58
11 35 12
Exercise 4.3.59
5 27 61
Exercise 4.3.60
40 83 41
Exercise 4.3.61
105 21 23
605 72 606
816 19 25
Exercise 4.3.64
42 708 51
Exercise 4.3.65
,216 6, 012 4 8,117
233
4.3.8.1 Exercises For Review Exercise 4.3.66 Exercise 4.3.67
(Section 1.4) Round 2,614,000 to the nearest thousand. (Section 2.2) Find the product. 1,004 1,005. (Section 2.5) Determine if 41,826 is divisible by 2 and 3. (Section 3.6) Find the least common multiple of 28 and 36. (Section 4.2) Specify the numerator and denominator of the fraction 12 19 .
4.4 Equivalent Fractions, Reducing Fractions to Lowest Terms, and Raising Fractions to Higher Terms 4
Equivalent Fractions Reducing Fractions to Lowest Terms Raising Fractions to Higher Terms
4.4.2 Equivalent Fractions
Let's examine the following two diagrams.
Notice that both
2 3
and
4 6
represent the same part of the whole, that is, they represent the same number.
Equivalent Fractions
Fractions that have the same value are called equivalent fractions. Equivalent fractions may look dierent, but they are still the same point on the number line. There is an interesting property that equivalent fractions satisfy.
A Test for Equivalent Fractions Using the Cross Product These pairs of products are called cross products.
234
If the cross products are equal, the fractions are equivalent. If the cross products are not equal, the fractions are not equivalent. Thus,
2 3
and
4 6
are equivalent, that is,
2 3
=4 6.
Determine if the following pairs of fractions are equivalent.

Example 4.18
6 3 4 and 8 .
Test for equality of the cross products.
The cross products are equals. The fractions

3 8 3 4
and
6 8
are equivalent, so
3 4
=6 8.
Example 4.19
9 and 16 . Test for equality of the cross products.
The cross products are not equal. The fractions

3 8 9 and 16 are not equivalent.
Determine if the pairs of fractions are equivalent.

Exercise 4.4.1
1 3 2, 6 4 5,
Exercise 4.4.2
12 15
Exercise 4.4.3
8 2 3 , 15 1 5 8 , 40
12 ,
3
1 4
4.4.3 Reducing Fractions to Lowest Terms
It is often very useful to conver t one fraction to an equivalent fraction that has reduced values in the numerator and denominator. We can suggest a method for doing so by considering the equivalent fractions 9 3 9 9 3 15 and 5 . First, divide both the numerator and denominator of 15 by 3. The fractions 15 and 5 are equivalent.
235
9 3 9 3 (Can you prove this?) So, 15 =5 . We wish to convert 15 to 5 . Now divide the numerator and denominator 9 of 15 by 3, and see what happens. 93 153 = 3 5
9 The fraction 15 is converted to 3 5.
A natural question is "Why did we choose to divide by 3?" Notice that

9 15 = 33 53
We can see that the factor 3 is common to both the numerator and denominator.
Reducing a Fraction
From these observations we can suggest the following method for converting one fraction to an equivalent fraction that has reduced values in the numerator and denominator. The method is called reducing a fraction. A fraction can be reduced by dividing both the numerator and denominator by the same nonzero whole number.
Consider the collection of equivalent fractions

20 , 16 , 12 ,
5 4 3 2 1 8, 4
Reduced to Lowest Terms
1 Notice that each of the rst four fractions can be reduced to the last fraction, 4 , by dividing both the numerator and denominator by, respectively, 5, 4, 3, and 2. When a fraction is converted to the fraction that has the smallest numerator and denominator in its collection of equivalent fractions, it is said to be 7 1 3 2 , 8 , 5 , and 10 are all reduced to lowest terms. reduced to lowest terms. The fractions 4
Observe a very important property of a fraction that has been reduced to lowest terms. The only whole number that divides both the numerator and denominator without a remainder is the number 1. When 1 is the only whole number that divides two whole numbers, the two whole numbers are said to be relatively prime.
Relatively Prime
A fraction is reduced to lowest terms if its numerator and denominator are relatively prime.
4.4.3.1 Methods of Reducing Fractions to Lowest Terms Method 1: Dividing Out Common Primes
1. Write the numerator and denominator as a product of primes. 2. Divide the numerator and denominator by each of the common prime factors. We often indicate this division by drawing a slanted line through each divided out factor. This process is also called cancelling common factors. 3. The product of the remaining factors in the numerator and the product of remaining factors of the denominator are relatively prime, and this fraction is reduced to lowest terms.
236
4.4.3.1.1 Sample Set B
Reduce each fraction to lowest terms.

Example 4.20
1 1
18 =
)2)3 )2)33
1 1
1 3
1 and 3 are relatively prime.
Example 4.21
16 = 20
)2)222 )2)25
1 1
4 5
Example 4.22
56 104 =
)2)2)27 )2)2)213
1 1 1
7 7 and 13 are relatively prime (and also truly prime) = 13
Example 4.23
315 = 336
8 15 =
)335)7 2222)3)7
1 1
15 15 and 16 are relatively prime. = 16
Example 4.24
222 35
No common prime factors, so 8 and 15 are relatively prime.
8 The fraction 15 is reduced to lowest terms.
4.4.3.1.2 Practice Set B

Exercise 4.4.6
4 8
Exercise 4.4.7
15
Exercise 4.4.8
48
Exercise 4.4.9
21 48 72 42
135 243
Method 2: Dividing Out Common Factors
1. Mentally divide the numerator and the denominator by a factor that is common to each. Write the quotient above the original number. 2. Continue this process until the numerator and denominator are relatively prime.
237
4.4.3.1.3 Sample Set C

Example 4.25
25 . 5 divides into both 25 and 30. 30

5
)25 )30
6
5 6
Example 4.26
18 . Both numbers are even so we can divide by 2. 24

9
)18 )24
12
Now, both 9 and 12 are divisible by 3.
3 )9
)18 )24
)12 4
3 4
Example 4.27
7 )21
)210 )150
)15 5
=7 5 . 7 and 5 are relatively prime.
Example 4.28
36 = 18 = 9 = 96 48 24
3 8.
4.4.3.1.4 Practice Set C

Exercise 4.4.12
12 16 24
9
21 84 48 64 63 81
150 240
238
4.4.4 Raising Fractions to Higher Terms
Equally as important as reducing fractions is raising fractions to higher terms. Raising a fraction to higher terms is the process of constructing an equivalent fraction that has higher values in the numerator and denominator than the original fraction. The fractions
33 53 9 = 15 3 3 3 5 9 and 15 are equivalent, that is, 3 5 9 = 15 . Notice also,
Notice that
= 1 and that
3 5
3 1= 3 5 . We are not changing the value of 5 .
From these observations we can suggest the following method for converting one fraction to an equivalent fraction that has higher values in the numerator and denominator. This method is called raising a fraction to higher terms.
Raising a Fraction to Higher Terms
A fraction can be raised to an equivalent fraction that has higher terms in the numerator and denominator by multiplying both the numerator and denominator by the same nonzero whole number. The fraction
3 4
can be raised to 24 32 by multiplying both the numerator and denominator by 8.
Most often, we will want to convert a given fraction to an equivalent fraction with a higher specied de5 nominator. For example, we may wish to convert 8 to an equivalent fraction that has denominator 32, that is,
5 8 ? = 32
This is possible to do because we know the process. We must multiply both the numerator and denominator of 5 8 by the same nonzero whole number in order to 8 obtain an equivalent fraction. We have some information. The denominator 8 was raised to 32 by multiplying it by some nonzero whole number. Division will give us the proper factor. Divide the original denominator into the new denominator. 32 8 = 4 Now, multiply the numerator 5 by 4. 5 4 = 20 Thus,
5 8
54 84
20 = 32
So,
5 8
= 20 32
Determine the missing numerator or denominator.
239
Example 4.29
3 7
? = 35 . Divide the original denominator into the new denominator.
35 7 = 5 The quotient is 5. Multiply the original numerator by 5.

3 7 5 6
35 75
15 The missing numerator is 15. = 35
Example 4.30
= 45 ? . Divide the original numerator into the new numerator.

45 The missing denominator is 45. = 54
45 5 = 9 The quotient is 9. Multiply the original denominator by 9.

5 6
59 69
Determine the missing numerator or denominator.

Exercise 4.4.18
4 5 3 7 1 6 3 ? = 40
Exercise 4.4.19
? = 28 ? = 24
45 10 = ?
8
Exercise 4.4.22
? 15 = 165
4.4.5 Exercises
For the following problems, determine if the pairs of fractions are equivalent.
Exercise 4.4.23
1 5 2 , 10
Exercise 4.4.24
2 8 3 , 12
Exercise 4.4.25
5 10 12 , 24
Exercise 4.4.26
1 3 2, 6
Exercise 4.4.27
3 5,
12 15
Exercise 4.4.28
1 7 6 , 42
Exercise 4.4.29
16 49 25 , 75
Exercise 4.4.30
5 20 28 , 112
240
Exercise 4.4.31

36 10 , 110
3
Exercise 4.4.32
6 18 10 , 32 5 8,
Exercise 4.4.33
15 24
Exercise 4.4.34
10 , 15 16 24
4 3 5, 4

5 7, 9
15 21
Exercise 4.4.37
For the following problems, determine the missing numerator or denominator.

Exercise 4.4.38
1 3 1 5 2 3 1 5 2 3 3 4 5 6 4 5 1 2 9 ? = 12
11 11 , 9
Exercise 4.4.39
? = 30
Exercise 4.4.40
? 9
Exercise 4.4.41
? = 30
Exercise 4.4.42
= =
? 9
Exercise 4.4.43
? 16
Exercise 4.4.44
? = 18
Exercise 4.4.45
? = 25
Exercise 4.4.46
4 ?
Exercise 4.4.47
27 25 = ?
3 2 5 3 1 8 4 5 1 2
Exercise 4.4.48
= 18 ? = 80 ? =
3 ?

? = 100
Exercise 4.4.52
= 25 ?
241
Exercise 4.4.53
? 16 = 96 3
Exercise 4.4.54
15 = 225 16 ?
? 11 12 = 168 ? 9 13 = 286

? 32 33 = 1518
Exercise 4.4.58
19 = 1045 20 ? 37 1369 50 = ?
Exercise 4.4.59
For the following problems, reduce, if possible, each of the fractions to lowest terms.
Exercise 4.4.60
6 8
Exercise 4.4.61
10
Exercise 4.4.62
10
Exercise 4.4.63
14
Exercise 4.4.64
12
Exercise 4.4.65
14
Exercise 4.4.66
1 6
Exercise 4.4.67
4 6
Exercise 4.4.68
18 14
8
Exercise 4.4.69
20
Exercise 4.4.70
4 6
Exercise 4.4.71
10
6 6
Exercise 4.4.72
14
Exercise 4.4.73
14
6
Exercise 4.4.74
10 12
242
Exercise 4.4.75

16 70 40 60
20 12 32 28
36 10 36 60
12 18 18 27
18 24 32 40
11 22 27 81
17 51 16 42
39 13 44 11
66 33 15
1
15 16 15 40
36 100 45 32
30 75
243
Exercise 4.4.98
121 132 72 64
30 105 46 60 75 45
40 18
Exercise 4.4.104
108 76 21
7
51
Exercise 4.4.107
51 12
Exercise 4.4.108
100
Exercise 4.4.109
51 54
Exercise 4.4.110
A ream of paper contains 500 sheets. What fraction of a ream of paper is 200 sheets? Be sure to reduce.
There are 24 hours in a day. What fraction of a day is 14 hours?

1 4
A full box contains 80 calculators. How many calculators are in There are 48 plants per at. How many plants are there in
1 3
of a box?
of a at?
A person making $18,000 per year must pay $3,960 in income tax. What fraction of this person's yearly salary goes to the IRS? For the following problems, nd the mistake.
Exercise 4.4.115
24 =
8 10 = 7
)3 )38 )2+6 )2+8 )7 )7+8
= = =
0 8 6 8
=0 =
3 4
15 =
6 7
1 8
Exercise 4.4.118
)5+1 )5+2
1 2
244
Exercise 4.4.119
)9 )9

0 0
=0
(Section 1.4) Round 816 to the nearest thousand. (Section 2.3) Perform the division: 0 6.
(Section 3.4) Find all the factors of 24. (Section 3.5) Find the greatest common factor of 12 and 18. (Section 4.3) Convert 15 8 to a mixed number.
Exercise 4.4.124
4.5 Multiplication of Fractions5

Fractions of Fractions Multiplication of Fractions Multiplication of Fractions by Dividing Out Common Factors Multiplication of Mixed Numbers Powers and Roots of Fractions
4.5.2 Fractions of Fractions
We know that a fraction represents a part of a whole quantity. For example, two fths of one unit can be represented by
2 5
of the whole is shaded.
A natural question is, what is a fractional part of a fractional quantity, or, what is a fraction of a fraction? 2 For example, what 3 of 1 2? We can suggest an answer to this question by using a picture to examine First, let's represent 1 2.
2 3
of 1 2.
1 2
of the whole is shaded.
Then divide each of the
1 2
parts into 3 equal parts.
245
Each part is Now we'll take

2 3
1 6
of the whole.
of the
1 2
unit.
2 3
of
1 2
1 is 2 6 , which reduces to 3 .
4.5.3 Multiplication of Fractions
Now we ask, what arithmetic operation (+, , , ) will produce Notice that, if in the fractions 2 we get precisely 6 .
21 32 2 3
2 6
from
2 3
1 of 2 ?
and 1 2 , we multiply the numerators together and the denominators together,
2 6 1 3
This reduces to
as before.
Using this observation, we can suggest the following: 1. The word "of" translates to the arithmetic operation "times." 2. To multiply two or more fractions, multiply the numerators together and then multiply the denominators together. Reduce if necessary.
numerator 1 numerator 2 numerator 1 numerator 2 denominator 1 denominator 2 = denominator 1 denominator 2
Perform the following multiplications.

Example 4.31
3 4
1 6
=
1 8
31 46
3 = 24
Now, reduce.
)3 )24
8
Thus
3 4
1 6
1 8 3 4
This means that
of
1 6
is 1 8 , that is,
3 4
of
1 6
of a unit is
1 8
of the original unit.
246
Example 4.32
3 8 3 8 3 8

4. Write 4 as a fraction by writing
4 1 4 1
34 81 3 2
= 12 8 =
)12 )8
2
3 2
4=
This means that

Example 4.33
251 584
3 8
of 4 whole units is
1
3 2
of one whole unit.
2 5
5 8
1 4
=
2 5
)10 )160
16
1 = 16
This means that
of
5 8
of
1 4
1 of a whole unit is 16 of the original unit.

Exercise 4.5.1
2 5 1 4 4 9
(Solution on p. 284.) (Solution on p. 284.) (Solution on p. 284.) (Solution on p. 284.) (Solution on p. 284.) (Solution on p. 284.) (Solution on p. 284.) (Solution on p. 284.) (Solution on p. 284.)

2 3 7 4
1 6 8 9 15 16 2 3 8 5 7 8
5 6 2 3
Exercise 4.5.7
5
3 4
Exercise 4.5.8
(10)
Exercise 4.5.9
3 4
8 9
5 12
4.5.4 Multiplying Fractions by Dividing Out Common Factors
We have seen that to multiply two fractions together, we multiply numerators together, then denominators together, then reduce to lowest terms, if necessary. The reduction can be tedious if the numbers in the fractions are large. For example,
9 10 910 90 45 15 16 21 = 1621 = 336 = 168 = 28
We avoid the process of reducing if we divide out common factors before we multiply.
247
10 16 21 =
9
3 5
)9 )16
8
)10 )21
7
35 87
= 15 56
Divide 3 into 9 and 21, and divide 2 into 10 and 16. The product is a fraction that is reduced to lowest terms.
The Process of Multiplication by Dividing Out Common Factors
To multiply fractions by dividing out common factors, divide out factors that are common to both a numerator and a denominator. The factor being divided out can appear in any numerator and any denominator.

Example 4.34
4 5
2
5 6
1
)4 )5
1
)5 )6
3
21 13
2 3
Divide 4 and 6 by 2 Divide 5 and 5 by 5

Example 4.35
8 8 12 10
4 2
)8 )12
3
)8 )10
5
42 35
8 = 15
Divide 8 and 10 by 2. Divide 8 and 12 by 4.

Example 4.36
2
5 8 12 =
)8 1
5 )12
3
25 13
= 10 3
Example 4.37
35 63 18 105
7
1 )7
)35 )63 )18 )105

2 )21 3
17 23
7 6
Example 4.38
13 6 1 9 39 12
1 1 )2
)13 9
)6 )39
)3 1
1 )12
6
111 916
1 = 54
248

Exercise 4.5.10
2 3
7 8
Exercise 4.5.11
25 10 12 45 40 72 48 90

2 7 49
Exercise 4.5.14
12
13
7
3 8
Exercise 4.5.15
14 26
Exercise 4.5.16
16 22 21 10 6 44
4.5.5 Multiplication of Mixed Numbers

Multiplying Mixed Numbers
To perform a multiplication in which there are mixed numbers, it is convenient to rst convert each mixed number to an improper fraction, then multiply.
Perform the following multiplications. Convert improper fractions to mixed numbers.

Example 4.39
2 11 8 43
Convert each mixed number to an improper fraction.

1 18 = 2 43 =
3 7
81+1 8 43+2 3
9 8
= 14 3
1 = 21 4 = 54
)9 )8
4
)14 )3
1
37 41
Example 4.40
16 8 1 5
Convert 8 1 5 to an improper fraction.
81 5 =
16 1
58+1 5
= 41 5
41 5 .
There are no common factors to divide out.

16 41 = 1641 = 656 = 131 1 1 5 15 5 5
249
Example 4.41
3 91 6 12 5
Convert to improper fractions.

1 96 = 69+1 6
= 55 6 = 63 5
12 3 5 =
11 21
512+3 5
)55 )6
2
)63 )5
1
21 231 1 = 11 21 = 2 = 115 2
Example 4.42
3 5
11 8
1 41 2 38
= =
11 8 1135 811
)9 )2
1
)10 )3
1
165 8
= 20 5 8
Perform the following multiplications. Convert improper fractions to mixed numbers.

Exercise 4.5.17
1 22 3 24
Exercise 4.5.18
3 62 3 3 10
Exercise 4.5.19
71 8 12
Exercise 4.5.20
3 1 22 5 34 33
4.5.6 Powers and Roots of Fractions

Find the value of each of the following.

Example 4.43
1 2 6
1 6
1 6
11 66
1 = 36
Example 4.44
9 9 100 . We're looking for a number, call it ?, such that when it is squared, 100 is produced. 9 (?) = 100 2
We know that
32 = 9 and 102 = 100

3 We'll try 10 . Since
10
3 3 33 9 = 10 10 = 10 10 = 100
250
9 3 100 = 10
Example 4.45
42 5
2 2
100 121
)22 )5
1
)10 )11
1
22 11
4 1
=4
2 45
100 = 4 121
Find the value of each of the following.

Exercise 4.5.21
1 2 8
Exercise 4.5.22
10
4 9
Exercise 4.5.23
Exercise 4.5.24
1 4
Exercise 4.5.25
3 8
1 9
Exercise 4.5.26
91 3
8
81 100
Exercise 4.5.27
2 13
169 16
4.5.7 Exercises
For the following six problems, use the diagrams to nd each of the following parts. Use multiplication to verify your result.
Exercise 4.5.28
3 4
of
1 3
Exercise 4.5.29
2 3
of
3 5
251
Exercise 4.5.30
2 7
of
7 8
Exercise 4.5.31
5 6
of
3 4
Exercise 4.5.32
1 8
of
1 8
Exercise 4.5.33
7 12 of 6 7
For the following problems, nd each part without using a diagram.
Exercise 4.5.34
1 2 3 5 1 4
of
4 5
Exercise 4.5.35
5 of 12
Exercise 4.5.36
of
8 9
Exercise 4.5.37
3 12 16 of 15
252
Exercise 4.5.38
2 9 1 8 2 3

of of
6 5 3 8

9 of 10
Exercise 4.5.41
18 of 38 19 54
5 6 3 4 3 2
Exercise 4.5.42
of 2 2 5 of 3 3 5 of 2 2 9
15 of 4 4 4 5
Exercise 4.5.46
3 51 3 of 9 4
Exercise 4.5.47
3 1 13 15 of 8 4 8 9 1 6 1 2
Exercise 4.5.48
of
3 4
of
2 3
Exercise 4.5.49
12 of 26 of 13 36
1 of 3 of 1 4

1 1 13 7 of 5 5 of 8 3 5 5 24 5 of 5 6 of 7 7
Exercise 4.5.52
For the following problems, nd the products. Be sure to reduce.

Exercise 4.5.53
1 3 1 2 3 4 2 5 3 8 5 6 4 7
2 3
Exercise 4.5.54
1 2 3 8

5 6 8 9
14 15
Exercise 4.5.59
7 4
253
Exercise 4.5.60
11 11 3
3
Exercise 4.5.61
20 9 16 27 35 48 36 55 21 15 25 14 76 66 99 38
3 7 4
14 18
6 2
Exercise 4.5.66
10 27 15 3 2
Exercise 4.5.67
14 21 45 15 28 7
8 3
Exercise 4.5.68
16 15 4 21
Exercise 4.5.69
18 21 36 14 35 7
3 5 8 9 6
Exercise 4.5.70
20 18
11 33 18 38 19
5 6 1 9
10 3
3 8 1 4
Exercise 4.5.77
16
2 3 3 8 5
Exercise 4.5.78
12 24
3 4 2 3
18 10
2 5
Exercise 4.5.81
16 50 3 15 10
Exercise 4.5.82
27 51 3 32
254
Exercise 4.5.83
3 26 7 55
Exercise 4.5.84
4 61 4 2 15
Exercise 4.5.85
9 1 91 3 16 1 3
Exercise 4.5.86
13 1 35 9 1 14 10 2
Exercise 4.5.87
2 4 20 1 4 8 3 16 5 2 2 3

3 2 8 2
Exercise 4.5.90
11
Exercise 4.5.91
8 2 9 1 2 2

3 2 5 1 2 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 7
20 3 16 15
8 9

2 2 5 1 2 9
Exercise 4.5.97
For the following problems, nd each value. Reduce answers to lowest terms or convert to mixed numbers.
Exercise 4.5.98
4 9
Exercise 4.5.99
16 25
Exercise 4.5.100
81 121
Exercise 4.5.101
36 49
Exercise 4.5.102
144 25
Exercise 4.5.103
2 3
16
255
Exercise 4.5.104
3 5
8 2 5
25 81
Exercise 4.5.105
25 64
Exercise 4.5.106
2 13 4
49 36 49 64 81
Exercise 4.5.107
22 3
(Section 1.2) How many thousands in 342,810? (Section 1.5) Find the sum of 22, 42, and 101. (Section 2.5) Is 634,281 divisible by 3? (Section 3.4) Is the whole number 51 prime or composite?
36 to lowest terms. (Section 4.4) Reduce 150
4.6 Division of Fractions6

Reciprocals Dividing Fractions
4.6.2 Reciprocals
Reciprocals
Two numbers whose product is 1 are called reciprocals of each other.

The following pairs of numbers are reciprocals.

Example 4.46
4 3 and 4 3
4 3
3 4
=1
256
Example 4.47

7 16 and 16 7
16 7
7 16
=1
Example 4.48
1 6 and 6 1
6 1
1 6
=1
Notice that we can nd the reciprocal of a nonzero number in fractional form by inverting it (exchanging positions of the numerator and denominator).
Find the reciprocal of each number.

Exercise 4.6.1
10
Exercise 4.6.2
2 3
Exercise 4.6.3
7 8
Exercise 4.6.4
1 5
Exercise 4.6.5
22 7
Hint:
Write this number as an improper fraction rst.

Exercise 4.6.6
51 4
Exercise 4.6.7
3 10 16
4.6.3 Dividing Fractions
Our concept of division is that it indicates how many times one quantity is contained in another quantity. For example, using the diagram we can see that there are 6 one-thirds in 2.
There are 6 one-thirds in 2.

1 Since 2 contains six 3 's we express this as
257
Using these observations, we can suggest the following method for dividing a number by a fraction.
Dividing One Fraction by Another Fraction
To divide a rst fraction by a second, nonzero fraction, multiply the rst traction by the reciprocal of the second fraction.
Invert and Multiply
This method is commonly referred to as "invert the divisor and multiply."


Example 4.49
1 3 1 3 1 3 3 8 3 )3
2
3 4 4 . The divisor is 3 4 . Its reciprocal is 3 . Multiply 4 3
1 3
by 4 3.
=
3 4 5 4
1
14 33 4 9
4 9
Example 4.50
5 The divisor is 4 . Its reciprocal is 4 5 . Multiply 31 25 3 = 10
3 8
4 by 5 .
)4 5 5 4
3 8 5 6
1
3 = 10 5 6
Example 4.51
5 5 12 . The divisor is 12 . Its reciprocal is 12 5 . Multiply

2
by 12 5 .
)5 )6
1
)12 =
)5
1
12 11
2 1
=2
5 6
5 12
=2
Example 4.52
1 22 9 3 3 . Convert each mixed number to an improper fraction. 92+2 9 33+1 3
2 29 = 1 33 =
= 20 9 . =
10 3 .
20 10 The divisor is 10 . Its reciprocal is 3 . Multiply 20 by 3 . 9 3 3 10 9 10

2 1
)20 )9
3
)3 )10
1
21 31
2 3
258
2 29 31 3 = 2 3

Example 4.53
12 8. First conveniently write 8 as 11

8 1 1 )8
2
8 1.
12 11
3
1 12 1 The divisor is 8 1 . Its reciprocal is 8 . Multiply 11 by 8 . 31 3 = 11 2 = 22
)12
11
12 8 = 3 11 22
Example 4.54
7 8
1
21 3 . The divisor is 21 . Its reciprocal is 20 . 20 35 20 21

1 )5 1
)7 )8
2
)20
)21
)3 1
)3 )35
7
111 217
1 = 14
7 8
3 1 21 20 25 = 14
Example 4.55
How many 2 3 8 -inch-wide packages can be placed in a box 19 inches wide?
The problem is to determine how many two and three eighths are contained in 19, that is, what is 19 2 3 8?
3 3 28 = 19 8 Convert the divisor 2 8 to an improper fraction.
19 19 = 19 1 Write the dividend 19 as 1 . 19 19 The divisor is 19 . Its reciprocal is 8 . 1 8 8 19

)19 1
1
8 )19
1
18 11
8 1
=8
Thus, 8 packages will t into the box.

Exercise 4.6.8
1 2 3 8
9 8
Exercise 4.6.9
9 24
Exercise 4.6.10
7 14 15 15
Exercise 4.6.11
8 8 15
Exercise 4.6.12
5 61 4 12
259
Exercise 4.6.13
2 31 3 13
Exercise 4.6.14
5 6
2 3
8 25
5 -ounce glasses of grape juice can A container will hold 106 ounces of grape juice. How many 6 8 be served from this container?
Exercise 4.6.15
Determine each of the following quotients and then write a rule for this type of division.
Exercise 4.6.16
1 1 1 1
2 3 3 8 3 4 5 2
When dividing 1 by a fraction, the quotient is the
4.6.4 Exercises
For the following problems, nd the reciprocal of each number.

Exercise 4.6.21
4 5
Exercise 4.6.22
11
Exercise 4.6.23
2 9
Exercise 4.6.24
1 5
Exercise 4.6.25
31 4
Exercise 4.6.26
1 84
Exercise 4.6.27
32 7
Exercise 4.6.28
3 54
Exercise 4.6.29
Exercise 4.6.30
For the following problems, nd each value.

Exercise 4.6.31
3 8
3 5
260
Exercise 4.6.32
5 9 9
5 6
Exercise 4.6.33
15 16 8
4 9 6 15
25 49
4 9
Exercise 4.6.36
15 27 4 8 24 8 75 15
5 7 7 8
0
Exercise 4.6.39
7 8 3 5
Exercise 4.6.40
0
4
Exercise 4.6.41
4 11 11
Exercise 4.6.42
2 3 7
2 3
Exercise 4.6.43
10 10 7
3 4 9 5
Exercise 4.6.44
6
Exercise 4.6.45
Exercise 4.6.46
1 31 46 3
Exercise 4.6.47
1 71 7 83
Exercise 4.6.48
1 12 11 5
Exercise 4.6.49
6 32 5 25
Exercise 4.6.50
1 56 31 6
Exercise 4.6.51
35 3 3 6 4
Exercise 4.6.52
1 51 9 18
Exercise 4.6.53
83 4
7 8
Exercise 4.6.54
12 1 1 8 2
261
Exercise 4.6.55
15 31 8 16
Exercise 4.6.56
11 9 5 11 12 8
Exercise 4.6.57
2 22 9 11 3
Exercise 4.6.58
16 6 2 3 5
Exercise 4.6.59
3 2 56 4 25 75
Exercise 4.6.60
1 1 1000 100
Exercise 4.6.61
3 8 9 16 9 8 6 5
Exercise 4.6.62
3 16 4
6 5
Exercise 4.6.63
2 9 15 25 10
Exercise 4.6.64
21 1 1 9 30 4 10
Exercise 4.6.65
36 81 3 75 4
(Section 1.2) What is the value of 5 in the number 504,216? (Section 2.2) Find the product of 2,010 and 160.
(Section 2.6) Use the numbers 8 and 5 to illustrate the commutative property of multiplication. (Section 3.6) Find the least common multiple of 6, 16, and 72. (Section 4.5) Find
8 9
of 6 3 4.
4.7 Applications Involving Fractions

Multiplication Statements Missing Product Statements Missing Factor Statements

262
4.7.2 Multiplication Statements

Statement, Multiplication Statement
A statement is a sentence that is either true or false. A mathematical statement of the form product = (factor 1) (factor 2) is a multiplication statement. Depending on the numbers that are used, it can be either true or false. Omitting exactly one of the three numbers in the statement will produce exactly one of the following three problems. For convenience, we'll represent the omitted (or missing) number with the letter M (M for Missing). 1. M = (factor 1) (factor 2) Missing product statement. 2. M (factor 2) = product Missing factor statement. 3. (factor 1) M = product Missing factor statement. We are interested in developing and working with methods to determine the missing number that makes the statement true. Fundamental to these methods is the ability to translate two words to mathematical symbols. The word
of translates to times is translates to equals

4.7.3 Missing Products Statements
The equation M = 8 4 is a missing product statement. We can nd the value of M that makes this statement true by multiplying the known factors. Missing product statements can be used to determine the answer to a question such as, "What number is fraction 1 of fraction 2?
8 Find 3 4 of 9 . We are being asked the question, "What number is mathematical symbols. 3 4
of 8 9 ?" We must translate from words to
M=
Thus,
)3 )4
1
)8 =
)9
3
12 13
2 =3
3 4
of
8 9
is 2 3.
263
M=
3 )4
1
)24 1 =
3 4
36 11
= 18 1 = 18
Thus, 18 is
of 24.
Find
3 8
of 16 15 .
9 What number is 10 of
5 6
8 11 16 of 33 is what number?
4.7.4 Missing Factor Statements
The equation 8 M = 32 is a missing factor statement. We can nd the value of M that makes this statement true by dividing (since we know that 32 8 = 4).
Finding the Missing Factor
To nd the missing factor in a missing factor statement, divide the product by the known factor. missing factor = (product) (known factor) Missing factor statements can be used to answer such questions as
3 1. 8 of what number is 9 4? 2 2. What part of 1 7 is 1 13 14 ?
Now, using
264
missing factor = (product) (known factor) We get

3 2
M=
9 4
3 8
9 4
8 3
= = =
)9 )4
1
)8 )3
1
32 11
Thus,
3 8
of 6 is 9 4.
For convenience, let's convert the mixed numbers to improper fractions.
9 7
= 27 14
Now, using missing factor = (product)(known factor) we get
M = 27 14
9 7
= 27 14
7 9
= )27
)14
2
)7 )9
1
31 21 3 =2
265 Thus,
3 2
13 of 1 2 7 is 1 14 .

3 5 9 of what number is 20 ?
Exercise 4.7.5
2 33 4 of what number is 2 9 ? 3 5 9 is 10 ?
Exercise 4.7.6
What part of
Exercise 4.7.7
7 What part of 1 1 4 is 1 8 ?
4.7.5 Exercises
Exercise 4.7.8
Find Find
2 3 5 8
of 3 4.
Exercise 4.7.9
1 of 10 .
Exercise 4.7.10
13 Find 12 13 of 36 .
Exercise 4.7.11
Find
3
1 4
of 4 7.

3
15 10 of 4 is what number?
14 of 20 is what number? 15 21 11 44 of 12 is what number?

Exercise 4.7.15
1 3 1 4
of 2 is what number? of 3 is what number?


1
1 1 10 of 100 is what number? 1 100 of 10 is what number?
4 15 9 of 2 7 is what number? 7 4 1 18 of 15 is what number?
11 11 8 of 1 16 is what number?
Find
2 3
of
1 6
of 9 2.
266
Exercise 4.7.23

Find
5 5 8 9 of 20 of 4 9.
8 3 1 3 1 6 3 4 8
5 12 of what number is 6 ? 3 14 of what number is 6 7? 5 9?
10 of what number is 3
15 of what number is 20 ? 7 21
of what number is 1 7 9?
1 of what number is 3 ? 1 of what number is 6 ? 3 of what number is 4 ?
3 8 2 3
8 11 of what number is 11 ?
of what number is 0? of what number is 1?

1 of what number is 1? 35
9 1 12 of what number is 5 1 4? 8 1 of what number is 2 15 ? 3 25 2 3
What part of
is 1 1 9?
Exercise 4.7.39
9 What part of 10 is 3 3 5?
Exercise 4.7.40
What part of
8 9
is 3 5?
7 What part of 14 15 is 30 ?
What part of 3 is 1 5? What part of 8 is 2 3? What part of 24 is 9? What part of 42 is 26?
267
Exercise 4.7.46
39 Find 12 13 of 40 .

8
14 of 12 is what number? 15 21
2 15 of what number is 2 5 ?
11 of what number is 22 ? 15 35 11 16 of what number is 1?


4
9 What part of 23 40 is 3 20 ? 9 35 of 3 22 is what number?
(Section 1.7) Use the numbers 2 and 7 to illustrate the commutative property of addition. (Section 2.3) Is 4 divisible by 0? (Section 3.5) Expand 37 . Do not nd the actual value.
5 (Section 4.3) Convert 3 12 to an improper fraction. 3 8 9 16 6 5.
268

Fraction (Section 4.2)
The idea of breaking up a whole quantity into equal parts gives us the word fraction.
Fraction Bar, Denominator, Numerator (Section 4.2)
A fraction has three parts:
1. The fraction bar 2. The nonzero whole number below the fraction bar is the denominator. 3. The whole number above the fraction bar is the numerator.
Proper Fraction (Section 4.3) Proper fractions are fractions in

4 5
which the numerator is strictly less than the denominator.
is a proper fraction
which the numerator is greater than or equal to the denominator. Also, any nonzero number placed over 1 is an improper fraction.
5 5 4, 5,
Improper Fraction (Section 4.3) Improper fractions are fractions in
and
5 1
are improper fractions is the sum of a whole number and a proper fraction.
Mixed Number (Section 4.3) A mixed number is a number that

1 11 5 is a mixed number 1 5 = 1 + 1 5
Correspondence Between Improper Fractions and Mixed Numbers (Section 4.3)
Each improper fraction corresponds to a particular mixed number, and each mixed number corresponds to a particular improper fraction.
Converting an Improper Fraction to a Mixed Number (Section 4.3)
A method, based on division, converts an improper fraction to an equivalent mixed number. can be converted to 1 1 4
5 4
Converting a Mixed Number to an Improper Fraction (Section 4.3)
A method, based on multiplication, converts a mixed number to an equivalent improper fraction.
47 57 8 can be converted to 8
Equivalent Fractions (Section 4.4)
Fractions that represent the same quantity are equivalent fractions. and
6 8
3 4
are equivalent fractions
269
Test for Equivalent Fractions (Section 4.4) If the cross products of two fractions are equal,
then the two fractions are equivalent.
Thus,
3 4
and
6 8
are equivalent. when 1 is the only number that divides both of them.
Relatively Prime (Section 4.4) Two whole numbers are relatively prime
3 and 4 are relatively prime

Reduced to Lowest Terms (Section 4.4) A fraction is reduced to lowest terms if its
numerator and denominator are relatively prime.
The number The number
3 4 6 8
is reduced to lowest terms, since 3 and 4 are relatively prime. is not reduced to lowest terms since 6 and 8 are not relatively prime.
Reducing Fractions to Lowest Terms (Section 4.4)
Two methods, one based on dividing out common primes and one based on dividing out any common factors, are available for reducing a fraction to lowest terms.
Raising Fractions to Higher Terms (Section 4.4)
A fraction can be raised to higher terms by multiplying both the numerator and denominator by the same nonzero number.
3 4
32 42
6 8
The Word OF Means Multiplication (Section 4.5)
In many mathematical applications, the word "of" means multiplication.
Multiplication of Fractions (Section 4.5)
To multiply two or more fractions, multiply the numerators together and multiply the denominators together. Reduce if possible.
5 8 4 15 = 54 815
20 = = 120
1 6
Multiplying Fractions by Dividing Out Common Factors (Section 4.5)
Two or more fractions can be multiplied by rst dividing out common factors and then using the rule for multiplying fractions.
1 1
)5 )8
2
)4 )15
3
11 23
1 6
Multiplication of Mixed Numbers (Section 4.5)
To perform a multiplication in which there are mixed numbers, rst convert each mixed number to an improper fraction, then multiply. This idea also applies to division of mixed numbers.
Reciprocals (Section 4.6)
Two numbers whose product is 1 are reciprocals.

1 7
7 and
are reciprocals
270
Division of Fractions (Section 4.6)
To divide one fraction by another fraction, multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor.
2 15 = 4 5
4 5
15 2
Dividing 1 by a Fraction (Section 4.6)
When dividing 1 by a fraction, the quotient is the reciprocal of the fraction.
1
3 7
7 3
Multiplication Statements (Section 4.7)
A mathematical statement of the form
product = (factor 1) (factor 2) is a multiplication statement. By omitting one of the three numbers, one of three following problems result: 1. M = (factor 1) (factor 2) Missing product statement. 2. product = (factor 1) M Missing factor statement. 3. product = M (factor 2) Missing factor statement.
Missing products are determined by simply multiplying the known factors. Missing factors are determined
by missing factor = (product) (known factor)

4.9.1.1 Fractions of Whole Numbers (Section 4.2)
For Problems 1 and 2, name the suggested fraction.

Exercise 4.9.1
Exercise 4.9.2
For problems 3-5, specify the numerator and denominator.

Exercise 4.9.3
4 5
271
Exercise 4.9.4
12
Exercise 4.9.5
1 3
For problems 6-10, write each fraction using digits.

Exercise 4.9.6
Three fths
Eight elevenths Sixty-one forty rsts Two hundred six-thousandths zero tenths
Exercise 4.9.10
For problems 11-15, write each fraction using words.

Exercise 4.9.11
10 17 21 38
606 1431
0 8
For problems 16-18, state each numerator and denominator and write each fraction using digits.
16
One minute is one sixtieth of an hour.

In a box that contains forty-ve electronic components, eight are known to be defective. If three components are chosen at random from the box, the probability that all three are defective is fty-six fourteen thousand one hundred ninetieths.
Exercise 4.9.18
About three fths of the students in a college algebra class received a B in the course.
For problems 19 and 20, shade the region corresponding to the given fraction.
Exercise 4.9.19
1 4
Exercise 4.9.20
3 7
272
4.9.1.2 Proper Fraction, Improper Fraction, and Mixed Numbers (Section 4.3)
For problems 21-29, convert each improper fraction to a mixed number.

Exercise 4.9.21
11
4
Exercise 4.9.22
15
2
Exercise 4.9.23
51
8
Exercise 4.9.24
121 15
3
Exercise 4.9.25
356
Exercise 4.9.26
3 2
Exercise 4.9.27
5 4
Exercise 4.9.28
20
5 9 3
Exercise 4.9.29
For problems 30-40, convert each mixed number to an improper fraction.

Exercise 4.9.30
2 53
Exercise 4.9.31
16 1 8
Exercise 4.9.32
1 18 3
Exercise 4.9.33
31 5
Exercise 4.9.34
9 2 16
Exercise 4.9.35
17 20 21
7 18
11 2
Exercise 4.9.38
1 22
273
Exercise 4.9.39
86 7
Exercise 4.9.40
9 22
1 not qualify as a mixed number? Why does 0 12
Why does 8 qualify as a mixed number?
4.9.1.3 Equivalent Fractions, Reducing Fractions to Lowest Terms, and Raising Fractions to Higher Term (Section 4.4)
For problems 43-47, determine if the pairs of fractions are equivalent.

Exercise 4.9.43
1 2, 8 9,
15 30 32 36
24 3 14 , 110
Exercise 4.9.46
38 23 8 , 16
Exercise 4.9.47
For problems 48-60, reduce, if possible, each fraction.

Exercise 4.9.48
108 , 1 5 77 13
10 25
Exercise 4.9.49
32 44
Exercise 4.9.50
102 266 15 33 18 25
21 35 16
9
45 85 24 42
70 136
274
Exercise 4.9.58

182 580
Exercise 4.9.59
325 810
Exercise 4.9.60
For problems 61-72, determine the missing numerator or denominator.

Exercise 4.9.61
3 7 ? = 35
250 1000
Exercise 4.9.62
? 4 11 = 99
Exercise 4.9.63
? 12 = 72 1
Exercise 4.9.64
5 8
= 25 ?
Exercise 4.9.65
11 = 33 9 ?
Exercise 4.9.66
4 24 15 = ?
Exercise 4.9.67
14 ? 15 = 45
Exercise 4.9.68
0 5
? 20
Exercise 4.9.69
96 12 21 = ?
Exercise 4.9.70
14 = ? 23 253
Exercise 4.9.71
180 15 16 = ?
Exercise 4.9.72
21 = 336 22 ?
4.9.1.4 Multiplication and Division of Fractions (Section 4.5, Section 4.6)
For problems 73-95, perform each multiplication and division.

Exercise 4.9.73
4 5 8 9 1
15 16
3 24

5 10 12
Exercise 4.9.76
14 15
5 6
7 5
Exercise 4.9.77
13 11 22 39
275
Exercise 4.9.78
2 3
15 7
7 2
5 6
Exercise 4.9.79
31 2
Exercise 4.9.80
4 11 29 45
Exercise 4.9.81
3 5 15 16 24 8
Exercise 4.9.82
3 9 8 15 3 5 16
Exercise 4.9.83
14 8 10 15 3 9 21
Exercise 4.9.84
3 18 5 4
Exercise 4.9.85
1 33 7 2 12
Exercise 4.9.86
1 42 24 7
Exercise 4.9.87
1 61 2 34
Exercise 4.9.88
5 7 3 16 2 18
Exercise 4.9.89
7 21 3
Exercise 4.9.90
17 4 1 4
5 8
Exercise 4.9.91
11 4
Exercise 4.9.92
2 33 23 4
Exercise 4.9.93
20 18 4
Exercise 4.9.94
0 41 8
Exercise 4.9.95
25 1 61 4 4
276
4.9.1.5 Applications Involving Fractions (Section 4.7) Exercise 4.9.96
Find
8 9
of 27 2 .
Exercise 4.9.97
What part of
3 8
is 21 16 ?
Exercise 4.9.98
7 What part of 3 1 5 is 1 25 ? 2 9 Find 6 3 of 15 .
7 14 20 of what number is 35 ?
1 What part of 4 16 is 3 3 4? 3 Find 8 10 of 16 2 3. 3
18 20 of what number is 30 ?
1 3
Find
of 0.
Exercise 4.9.105
Find 11 12 of 1.

Exercise 4.10.1
5 (Section 4.2) Shade a portion that corresponds to the fraction 8 .
Exercise 4.10.2
(Section 4.2) Specify the numerator and denominator of the fraction 5 9. (Section 4.2) Write the fraction ve elevenths. (Section 4.2) Write, in words, 4 5.
1 5 (Section 4.3) Which of the fractions is a proper fraction? 4 12 , 12 , 12 5
(Section 4.3) Convert 3 4 7 to an improper fraction. (Section 4.3) Convert 16 5 to a mixed number.
277
5 (Section 4.4) Determine if 12 and 20 48 are equivalent fractions. For problems 9-11, reduce, if possible, each fraction to lowest terms.
Exercise 4.10.8
Exercise 4.10.9
21 (Section 4.4) 35
Exercise 4.10.10
(Section 4.4) 15 51
(Section 4.4) 104 480 For problems 12 and 13, determine the missing numerator or denominator.
Exercise 4.10.12
Exercise 4.10.11
5 9 4 3
? = 36
= 32 ? For problems 14-25, nd each value.

Exercise 4.10.14
4 (Section 4.5) 15 16 25 2 3 (Section 4.5) 3 3 4 29 65
Exercise 4.10.13
25 36
4 9
Exercise 4.10.17
81 64
Exercise 4.10.18
(Section 4.5) 11 30
4 8 (Section 4.6) 15
225 121
8 5 (Section 4.6) 15 12 24 9
(Section 4.6)
6 3 5
1 11 25
5 (Section 4.7) Find 12 of 24 25 . 2 9 1 of what number is 18 ?
(Section 4.7)
21 (Section 4.7) 1 5 7 of 20 is what number?
9 (Section 4.7) What part of 14 is 6 7?
278

4, 7 5, 8
10, 15 1, 9 0, 2
10 11 14 16 35
1
7,000
800
three eighths one tenth
three two hundred ftieths
3 8
one hundred fourteen three thousand one hundred ninetieths
16
5, 9, ve ninths
1, 10, one tenth
numerator, 3; denominator, 4 numerator, 1; denominator, 5 numerator, 7; denominator, 7
numerator, 0; denominator, 12 numerator, 18; denominator, 1

4 5
15 20
279
1,000,000
91 107 605 834
92
ve ninths
eight fteenths
seventy-ve one hundredths
4 7 1 2
nine hundred sixteen one thousand fourteenths eighteen thirty-one thousand six hundred eighths
Numerator, 1; denominator, 4; one fourth Numerator, 4; denominator, 3; four thirds Numerator, 2; denominator, 7; two sevenths Numerator, 1; denominator, 56; one fty-sixth Numerator, 125; denominator, 4; one hundred twenty-ve fourths
3 + 11 = 11 + 3 = 14 75
144
1 42
32 3

3 1 11
280

5 2 13

3 19 4
62
33
4
28
5
19 15 86
7
improper fraction proper fraction mixed number
improper fraction mixed number mixed number
proper fraction mixed number
42 3 83 4 9
9 13 12 or 13 3 4
555 5 9
1 36 2
7 29 41
33
8
61
9
115 11
281
26
3
107
5
209 21
9001 100 159

8

1,652
0 . . . because it may be written as 5 n , where n is any positive whole number.

2,436
61 23
20,419 25
48,803,620 8,117
1,009,020 252
, yes
, yes
30 = 24, no
, yes
, yes
1 8 2 5 1 2
16 12
7
3 8 3 4 5 9
282
5 8 7 9 3 4 1 4
32 12 4
150 88
equivalent equivalent
not equivalent not equivalent not equivalent equivalent
not equivalent not equivalent 6
12
12
20 75 48 80 18
283
154
1,472 1,850
4 5 3 7 2 7 2 3 5 2 5 3 7 3
Solution to Exercise 4.4.59 (p. 241) Solution to Exercise 4.4.61 (p. 241) Solution to Exercise 4.4.63 (p. 241) Solution to Exercise 4.4.65 (p. 241) Solution to Exercise 4.4.67 (p. 241) Solution to Exercise 4.4.69 (p. 241) Solution to Exercise 4.4.71 (p. 241) Solution to Exercise 4.4.73 (p. 241) Solution to Exercise 4.4.75 (p. 242) Solution to Exercise 4.4.77 (p. 242) Solution to Exercise 4.4.79 (p. 242)
5 3
35
18
5
1 3 1 2 3 4 2 3
3 2
already reduced
25
2 5 9 8 9
23 30 20
9
284
1 3
17
4
17 18 12
7
16
Should be 1 8 ; the cancellation is division, so the numerator should be 1.

7 is already reduced. Cancel factors only, not addends; 15
Same as Exercise 4.4.115; answer is 0 6
4 9 2 9
1 1
or 1.
15
12
14
5
35 48 10
3
15
2 5
9 2 2 7 2 3
18 12 25 54
7
285
14
5
22
85 1 2 30
1 64
1 8 1 2 2 3 9 100
82 5 81 2
1 4

1 4
64

2 5
286
3 5 2 9
15
2
10 or 3 1 3 3
52
4 9
24
126
7 9 1 3 1 4
4 3
28 33
12
160 7 13 21 or 21
12 18
25 or 8 1 3 3 15 =1 7
8 8
10 =1 1
9 9 1 2 =4 2
85 =14 1
6
287
72
7 8 1 3 2 3 1 4 4 9
121
15 25
1
11
12 = 2 2 5 5
yes
25 10
3 6
8 7 3 2
4 9
16 21
4
16 163
1 2
15
288
15 2
2 5
16 glasses
3 2 8 3 4 3 2 5
is the reciprocal of the fraction.

5 4 9 2
or 1 1 4 or 4 1 2
13 23
7
3 5 5 8
10
225 or 1 29 196 196
1 1
6 7 3 5
49 100
85 or 14 1 6 6
28 = 14 or 1 5 18 9 9
289
10
4 5 3 2
10 or 3 1 3 3 21
4
or 1 1 2
3 1
321,600 144
2 5 3 4 1 6 3 4
16 27
11 2 11 2
1 2 1 3 9 8
Solution to Exercise 4.7.7 (p. 265) Solution to Exercise 4.7.8 (p. 265) Solution to Exercise 4.7.10 (p. 265) Solution to Exercise 4.7.12 (p. 265) Solution to Exercise 4.7.14 (p. 265) Solution to Exercise 4.7.16 (p. 265) Solution to Exercise 4.7.18 (p. 265) Solution to Exercise 4.7.20 (p. 265) Solution to Exercise 4.7.22 (p. 265) Solution to Exercise 4.7.24 (p. 266)
1 2 1 1,000 3 4
or 1 1 8
16
10 27
290
2 3 1 6
1 1
3 2
or 1 2 3
9 2 3 8 5 3
or 1 2 3
27 40 15
1
10
= 41 2
16 or 1 5 11 11 30 77
no
2 6
41 12
or
1 3
numerator, 4; denominator, 5 numerator, 1; denominator, 3

11
8
6,000
200
ten seventeenths
six hundred six, one thousand four hundred thirty-rsts one sixteenth
numerator, 56; denominator, 14,190
291
23 4 63 8
118 2 3
11 4
3
129
8
16
5
3 2
377 21
62
7
because the whole number part is zero equivalent
not equivalent not equivalent

11 11
3 5 5 8
17 35 68
65 162
15 6
27
292
42
168 192
3 4
24 36
5
48 35
4
50 = 7 1 7 7
2 3
1 2
90 1
7 2
or 3 1 2
12 13
11 12
Numerator, 5; denominator, 9
11
5
Four fths
293
12 25
7
31 5
yes
3 5
17 13 60
20 24
20
3
55
5 6 3 4 1 2
4 3 9 5 1 4 2 5
30 11
1
36 = 1 11 25 25
= 14 5
or 1 1 3
294
Chapter 5
Addition and Subtraction of Fractions, Comparing Fractions, and Complex Fractions
5.1 Objectives1
Addition and Subtraction of Fractions with Like Denominators (Section 5.2)
be able to add and subtract fractions with like denominators

Addition and Subtraction of Fractions with Unlike Denominators (Section 5.3)
be able to add and subtract fractions with unlike denominators

Addition and Subtraction of Mixed Numbers (Section 5.4)
be able to add and subtract mixed numbers

Comparing Fractions (Section 5.5)
understand ordering of numbers and be familiar with grouping symbols be able to compare two or more fractions
Complex Fractions (Section 5.6)
be able to distinguish between simple and complex fractions be able to convert a complex fraction to a simple fraction
Combinations of Operations with Fractions (Section 5.7)
gain a further understanding of the order of operations

295
296
CHAPTER 5. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS, COMPARING FRACTIONS, AND COMPLEX FRACTIONS
5.2 Addition and Subtraction of Fractions with Like Denominators2

Addition of Fraction With Like Denominators Subtraction of Fractions With Like Denominators
5.2.2 Addition of Fraction With Like Denominators
Let's examine the following diagram.
2 one-fths and 1 one fth is shaded. It is shown in the shaded regions of the diagram that (2 one-fths) + (1 one-fth) = (3 one-fths) That is,
2 5
1 5
3 5
From this observation, we can suggest the following rule.

Method of Adding Fractions Having Like Denominators
To add two or more fractions that have the same denominators, add the numerators and place the resulting sum over the common denominator. Reduce, if necessary.
Find the following sums.

Example 5.1
3 7 3 7 1 8 1 8 4 9 4 9 7 8 7 8 2 +7 . The denominators are the same. Add the numerators and place that sum over 7. 2 7
3+2 7
5 7
Example 5.2
3 +8 . The denominators are the same. Add the numerators and place the sum over 8. Reduce. 3 8
1+3 8
4 8
1 2
Example 5.3
5 +9 . The denominators are the same. Add the numerators and place the sum over 9. 5 9
4+5 9
9 9
=1
Example 5.4
5 +8 . The denominators are the same. Add the numerators and place the sum over 8. 5 8
7+5 8
= 12 8 =
3 2
297
Example 5.5
To see what happens if we mistakenly add the denominators as well as the numerators, let's add
1 2
1 2
Adding the numerators and mistakenly adding the denominators produces

1 2
1 2
1+1 2+2
2 4
1 2
1 This means that two 1 2 's is the same as one 2 . Preposterous! We do not add denominators.

Exercise 5.2.1
3 10 + 10 1
3 4
Exercise 5.2.2
1 4 7
1 4
Exercise 5.2.3
4 11 + 11
Exercise 5.2.4
3 5
1 5
Show why adding both the numerators and denominators is preposterous by adding examining the result.
Exercise 5.2.5
and
3 4
and
5.2.3 Subtraction of Fractions With Like Denominators
We can picture the concept of subtraction of fractions in much the same way we pictured addition.
From this observation, we can suggest the following rule for subtracting fractions having like denominators:
Subtraction of Fractions with Like Denominators
To subtract two fractions that have like denominators, subtract the numerators and place the resulting dierence over the common denominator. Reduce, if possible.
Find the following dierences.

Example 5.6
3 5 3 5 1 5 . The denominators are the same. Subtract the numerators. Place the dierence over 5. 1 5
31 5
2 5
298
Example 5.7
8 6 8 6
2 6 . The denominators are the same. Subtract the numerators. Place the dierence over 6. 2 6
82 6
6 6
=1
Example 5.8
16 2 . The denominators are the same. Subtract numerators and place the dierence over 9. 9 9
2 9 2 = 169 = 14 9
16 9
Example 5.9
To see what happens if we mistakenly subtract the denominators, let's consider

3 0
4 74 7 15 15 = 1515 =
We get division by zero, which is undened. We do not subtract denominators.
Find the following dierences.

Exercise 5.2.6
10 8 13 13
1 12 12 5

1 2
1 2
Exercise 5.2.9
26 14 10 10
Exercise 5.2.10
Show why subtracting both the numerators and the denominators is in error by performing the 5 2 subtraction 9 9.
5.2.4 Exercises
For the following problems, nd the sums and dierences. Be sure to reduce.
Exercise 5.2.11
3 8 1 6 9
+ +
2 8 2 6

1 10 + 10
Exercise 5.2.14
3 4 11 + 11
Exercise 5.2.15
4 15 + 15 9
Exercise 5.2.16
3 2 10 + 10
299
Exercise 5.2.17
7 12 + 12 5
Exercise 5.2.18
11 2 16 16
3 16 16 3
15 2 23 23
1 6
Exercise 5.2.21
1 6 1 4
Exercise 5.2.22
1 4 3
1 4
Exercise 5.2.23
1 5 11 + 11 + 11
Exercise 5.2.24
16 + 1 + 2 20 20 20 12 + 8
2 8
Exercise 5.2.25
1 8
Exercise 5.2.26
8 6 1 15 + 15 + 15
Exercise 5.2.27
3 8 2 +8 1 8
Exercise 5.2.28
11 + 9 5 16 16 16
1 9 20 20 + 20 4

7 3 11 10 10 + 10
Exercise 5.2.31
16 5
1 5
2 5
Exercise 5.2.32
21 17 31 35 35 + 35
5 2
Exercise 5.2.33
+ 16 2
1 2
Exercise 5.2.34
1 3 1 4 5 18 + 18 + 18 + 18 18
Exercise 5.2.35
The following rule for addition and subtraction of two fractions is preposterous. Show why by performing the operations using the rule for the following two problems.
Preposterous Rule
6 2 4 1 11 22 22 + 22 22 + 22
To add or subtract two fractions, simply add or subtract the numerators and place this result over the sum or dierence of the denominators.
Exercise 5.2.36
3 3 10 10
300
Exercise 5.2.37
8 15 + 15 8
Exercise 5.2.38
Find the total length of the screw.
Exercise 5.2.39
3 5 Two months ago, a woman paid o 24 of a loan. One month ago, she paid o 24 of the total loan. 5 This month she will again pay o 24 of the total loan. At the end of the month, how much of her total loan will she have paid o?
Exercise 5.2.40
Find the inside diameter of the pipe.
(Section 1.4) Round 2,650 to the nearest hundred.
(Section 2.6) Use the numbers 2, 4, and 8 to illustrate the associative property of addition. (Section 3.4) Find the prime factors of 495. (Section 4.5) Find the value of
8 3 3 4 5 16 25 9 .
(Section 4.7)
5.3 Addition and Subtraction of Fractions with Unlike Denominators3

A Basic Rule Addition and Subtraction of Fractions

301
5.3.2 A Basic Rule
There is a basic rule that must be followed when adding or subtracting fractions.
A Basic Rule
Fractions can only be added or subtracted conveniently if they have like denominators. To see why this rule makes sense, let's consider the problem of adding a quarter and a dime. 1 quarter + 1 dime = 35 cents Now,
25 1 quarter = 100 10 1 dime = 100 35 35, = 100
same denominations
10 25+10 35 25 100 + 100 = 100 = 100
In order to combine a quarter and a dime to produce 35, we convert them to quantities of the same denomination. Same denomination same denominator
5.3.3 Addition and Subtraction of Fractions
Least Common Multiple (LCM) and Least Common Denominator (LCD)
In Section 3.6, we examined the least common multiple (LCM) of a collection of numbers. If these numbers are used as denominators of fractions, we call the least common multiple, the least common denominator (LCD).
Method of Adding or Subtracting Fractions with Unlike Denominators
To add or subtract fractions having unlike denominators, convert each fraction to an equivalent fraction having as a denominator the least common denominator ( LCD) of the original denominators.
Find the following sums and dierences.

Example 5.10
1 6 3 +4 . The denominators are not the same. Find the LCD of 6 and 4.
6 = 2 3 4 = 22
}The LCD = 22 3 = 4 3 = 12
Write each of the original fractions as a new, equivalent fraction having the common denominator 12.
1 6
3 4
= 12 + 12
To nd a new numerator, we divide the original denominator into the LCD. Since the original denominator is being multiplied by this quotient, we must multiply the original numerator by this quotient.
302
12 6 = 2
12 4 = 3
1 6
3 4
= = = =
12
33 12 + 12 2 9 12 + 12 2+9
Now the denominators are the same. Add the numerators and place the sum over the common denominator.
12 11 12
Example 5.11
1 2
2 +3 . The denominators are not the same. Find the LCD of 2 and 3.
LCD = 2 3 = 6 Write each of the original fractions as a new, equivalent fraction having the common denominator 6.
1 2
2 3
To nd a new numerator, we divide the original denominator into the LCD. Since the original denominator is being multiplied by this quotient, we must multiply the original numerator by this quotient. 6 2 = 3 Multiply the numerator 1 by 3. 6 2 = 3 Multiply the numerator 2 by 2.
1 2
2 3
= = = =
13 6 3 6
+ +
3+4 6
23 6 4 6
7 6
1 or 1 6
Example 5.12
5 9
5 12 . The denominators are not the same. Find the LCD of 9 and 12.
9 = 3 3 = 32
12 = 2 6 = 2 2 3 = 22 3
LCD = 22 32 = 4 9 = 36
303
5 9 5 12 = 36 36
36 9 = 4 Multiply the numerator 5 by 4. 36 12 = 3 Multiply the numerator 5 by 3.

5 9 5 12
= = = =
54
36 36 20 15 36 36 2015 36 36
5
53
Example 5.13
5 6
6 8
1 8
7 + 16 The denominators are not the same. Find the LCD of 6, 8, and 16
= = =
1 8
23 2 4 = 2 2 2 = 23 2 8 = 2 2 4 = 2 2 2 2 = 24 } The LCD is 24 3 = 48
16
5 6
7 + 16 = 48 48 + 48
48 6 = 8 Multiply the numerator 5 by 8 48 8 = 6 Multiply the numerator 1 by 6 48 16 = 3 Multiply the numerator 7 by 3

5 6
1 8
7 + 16
= = = =
58
48 48 + 48 40 6 21 48 48 + 48 406+21 48 55 or 1 7 48 48
16
73

Exercise 5.3.1
3 4 1 2 7 1 + 12
Exercise 5.3.2
3 7 5 8 1 2
Exercise 5.3.3
10 15 16 +
1
Exercise 5.3.4
3 4
Exercise 5.3.5
1 32 48
304
5.3.4 Exercises
Exercise 5.3.6
A most basic rule of arithmetic states that two fractions may be added or subtracted conveniently . only if they have
For the following problems, nd the sums and dierences.

Exercise 5.3.7
1 2 1 8 3 4 5 8
+ + + +
1 6
Exercise 5.3.8
1 2 1 3

2 3 1 3
Exercise 5.3.11
1 12 + 6 7
Exercise 5.3.12
1 4 2 5
Exercise 5.3.13
9 10 7 9
Exercise 5.3.14
1 4
Exercise 5.3.15
8 3 15 10
Exercise 5.3.16
5 13 39 8
Exercise 5.3.17
11 12
1
2 5
Exercise 5.3.18
5 15 + 12
Exercise 5.3.19
13 88
1 9
1 4
Exercise 5.3.20
1 81
Exercise 5.3.21
19 + 5 40 12 25 7 26 10
9 4 28 45
22 16 45 35 56 + 22 63 33 16 +
1 3 4
3 8
305
Exercise 5.3.27
5 1 19 12 120 + 20 8 3
Exercise 5.3.28
1 4
7 + 36
Exercise 5.3.29
11 9 12 5
1 7 2 3
+ 16 63 + 17 10

4 9 3 4
13 9 + 21 14
3 5 22 + 24
25 7 5 48 88 + 24
Exercise 5.3.34
27 47 119 40 + 48 126
Exercise 5.3.35
41 5 11 44 99 175
1 1 12 + 18 + 24 5

5 9
1 6
7 + 15
Exercise 5.3.38
21 25 +
1 6
7 + 15 7 9
Exercise 5.3.39
5 1 18 36 +
Exercise 5.3.40
11 1 1 14 36 32
Exercise 5.3.41
21 + 12 + 15 33 22 55
2 11 51 + 34 + 68 5

8 7 7
16 + 19 14 21
Exercise 5.3.44
3 34 15 + 10 60

1 9 7
14 3 6 + 7 15 10 25 20 11 5 + 17 + 25 6 12 30 18 22 5 1 + 21 18 45
Exercise 5.3.48
28 51 26 + 65 104 + 0
306
Exercise 5.3.49
13 hours. The return trip took 57 hours. A morning trip from San Francisco to Los Angeles took 12 60 How much longer did the morning trip take?
Exercise 5.3.50
At the beginning of the week, Starlight Publishing Company's stock was selling for 115 8 dollars per dollars per share. share. At the end of the week, analysts had noted that the stock had gone up 11 4 What was the price of the stock, per share, at the end of the week?
1 15 A recipe for fruit punch calls for 23 3 cups of pineapple juice, 4 cup of lemon juice, 2 cups of orange juice, 2 cups of sugar, 6 cups of water, and 8 cups of carbonated non-cola soft drink. How many cups of ingredients will be in the nal mixture?
Exercise 5.3.51
Exercise 5.3.52
The side of a particular type of box measures 8 3 4 inches in length. Is it possible to place three such 1 boxes next to each other on a shelf that is 26 5 inches in length? Why or why not?
1 3 7 Four resistors, 3 8 ohm, 4 ohm, 5 ohm, and 8 ohm, are connected in series in an electrical circuit. What is the total resistance in the circuit due to these resistors? ("In series" implies addition.)
Exercise 5.3.53
Exercise 5.3.54
3 5 A copper pipe has an inside diameter of 2 16 inches and an outside diameter of 2 34 inches. How thick is the pipe?
Exercise 5.3.55
The probability of an event was originally thought to be 15 32 . Additional information decreased the 3 probability by 14 . What is the updated probability?
(Section 1.6) Find the dierence between 867 and 418. (Section 2.5) Is 81,147 divisible by 3? (Section 3.6) Find the LCM of 11, 15, and 20. (Section 4.5) Find
3 4
of 4 2 9.
8 3 2 (Section 5.2) Find the value of 15 15 + 15 .
5.4 Addition and Subtraction of Mixed Numbers4

The Method of Converting to Improper Fractions

To add or subtract mixed numbers, convert each mixed number to an improper fraction, then add or subtract the resulting improper fractions.
307

Example 5.14
1 83 5 + 5 4 . Convert each mixed number to an improper fraction. 58+3 5 45+1 4 21 4 +3 = 405 = 43 5 +1 43 21 = 204 = 21 4 Now add the improper fractions 5 and 4 .
3 85 = 1 = 54 43 5
The LCD = 20.
43 + 21 5 4
= = = = =
434 + 215 20 20 172 + 105 20 20 172+105 20 277 20 13 17 20
Convert this improper fraction to a mixed number.
3 17 Thus, 8 5 + 51 4 = 13 20 .
Example 5.15
5 31 8 6 . Convert the mixed number to an improper fraction. 38+1 8 5 6 +1 = 248 = 25 8
1 = 38
25 8
The LCD = 24.

5 6
25 8
= = = = =
253 54 24 24 75 20 24 24 7520 24 55 24
7 2 24 5 6 7 = 2 24 .
Convert his improper fraction to a mixed number.
Thus, 3 1 8

Exercise 5.4.1
2 15 9 + 39
Exercise 5.4.2
1 10 3 4 22 1 27 8 + 54

3 83 5 10
Exercise 5.4.5
9 16 + 2 16
308
5.4.2 Exercises
For the following problems, perform each indicated operation.

Exercise 5.4.6
3 31 8 + 48
Exercise 5.4.7
1 53 + 61 3
Exercise 5.4.8
1 5 + 2 12 10 12
Exercise 5.4.9
3 15 1 5 11 5
Exercise 5.4.10
3 3 9 11 + 12 11
Exercise 5.4.11
2 1 11 6 + 36 + 86
Exercise 5.4.12
1 5 53 8 + 18 28
Exercise 5.4.13
3 5
+ 51 5
5 9
Exercise 5.4.14
22 9
Exercise 5.4.15
2 6 + 11 3
Exercise 5.4.16
3 17 8 14 1 51 3 + 24

1 62 7 13
Exercise 5.4.19
2 1 85 + 4 10
Exercise 5.4.20
3 11 3 + 12 8
Exercise 5.4.21
1 1 31 4 + 13 22
Exercise 5.4.22
5 2 43 4 36 + 13
Exercise 5.4.23
1 1 3 12 + 43 + 11 4
Exercise 5.4.24
1 3 5 15 + 8 10 54 5
Exercise 5.4.25
5 1 71 3 + 86 24
309
Exercise 5.4.26
6 5 1 19 20 21 + 42 7 14 + 12 7 3 3 1 16 + 4 4 + 10 8 9 2 9
11
5 2
+ 10 1 3
2 3 1 51 6 + 6 18
Exercise 5.4.29
1 11 + 21 6 + 11 3 6 9 4 1 1 16 32 + 19 8
Exercise 5.4.30
11 8 +
Exercise 5.4.31
3 22 8 16 1 7
Exercise 5.4.32
9 15 4 9 + 4 16
Exercise 5.4.33
9 4 17 88 + 5 110
Exercise 5.4.34
6 11 12 +
9 8 16
2 3 7 9

2 1 5 11 12
Exercise 5.4.37
33 18 15 16 34 89 21 1 112 56
13 11 11 24 7 18
5 1 5 27 84 3 42 + 1 21 1 1 1 16 48 16 96 + 144
Exercise 5.4.42
5 A man pours 2 8 gallons of paint from a bucket into a tray. After he nishes pouring, there are 1 1 4 gallons of paint left in his bucket. How much paint did the man pour into the tray?
Hint:
Think about the wording.
3 A particular computer stock opened at 37 8 and closed at 38 1 4 . What was the net gain for this stock?
Exercise 5.4.43
Exercise 5.4.44
3 A particular diet program claims that 4 16 pounds can be lost the rst month, 3 1 4 pounds can be 1 lost the second month, and 1 2 pounds can be lost the third month. How many pounds does this diet program claim a person can lose over a 3-month period? 3 If a person who weighs 145 4 pounds goes on the diet program described in the problem above, how much would he weigh at the end of 3 months?
Exercise 5.4.45
310
Exercise 5.4.46
If the diet program described in the problem above makes the additional claim that from the fourth 1 pounds a month, how much will a person who begins the program month on, a person will lose 1 8 3 weighing 208 4 pounds weight after 8 months?
5.4.2.1 Exercises for Review Exercise 5.4.47 Exercise 5.4.48 Exercise 5.4.49
(Section 3.2) Use exponents to write 4 4 4.

(Section 3.5) Find the greatest common factor of 14 and 20. (Section 4.3) Convert 16 5 to a mixed number. (Section 5.2) Find the sum.
4 9
1 9
2 +9 .
3 (Section 5.3) Find the dierence. 15 26 10 .
5.5 Comparing Fractions5

Order and the Inequality Symbols Comparing Fractions

5.5.2 Order and the Inequality Symbols
Our number system is called an ordered number system because the numbers in the system can be placed in order from smaller to larger. This is easily seen on the number line.
On the number line, a number that appears to the right of another number is larger than that other number. For example, 5 is greater than 2 because 5 is located to the right of 2 on the number line. We may also say that 2 is less than 5. To make the inequality phrases "greater than" and "less than" more brief, mathematicians represent them with the symbols > and <, respectively.
Symbols for Greater Than > and Less Than < > represents the phrase "greater than." < represents the phrase "less than."
5 > 2 represents "5 is greater than 2." 2 < 5 represents "2 is less than 5."
311
5.5.3 Comparing Fractions
3 Recall that the fraction 4 5 indicates that we have 4 of 5 parts of some whole quantity, and the fraction 5 4 3 indicates that we have 3 of 5 parts. Since 4 of 5 parts is more than 3 of 5 parts, 5 is greater than 5 ; that is, 4 5
>
3 5
We have just observed that when two fractions have the same denominator, we can determine which is larger by comparing the numerators.
Comparing Fractions
If two fractions have the same denominators, the fraction with the larger numerator is the larger fraction. Thus, to compare the sizes of two or more fractions, we need only convert each of them to equivalent fractions that have a common denominator. We then compare the numerators. It is convenient if the common denominator is the LCD. The fraction with the larger numerator is the larger fraction.
Compare
8 9
and 14 15 .
Convert each fraction to an equivalent fraction with the LCD as the denominator. Find the LCD.
9
15
8 9
= =
32 35
} The LCD = 32 5 = 9 5 = 45
5 40 =8 45 = 45 14 = 143 = 42 15 45 45
Since 40 < 42,

40 < 42 45 45
Thus
8 9
< 14 15 .
Example 5.17
7 13 Write 5 6 , 10 , and 15 in order from smallest to largest.
Convert each fraction to an equivalent fraction with the LCD as the denominator. Find the LCD.
6=23
10 = 2 5 }The LCD = 2 3 5 = 30 15 = 3 5
5 6 5 25 =5 30 = 30
7 73 21 10 = 30 = 30
13 = 132 = 26 15 30 30
Since 21 < 25 < 26,

312
21 25 26 30 < 30 < 30
7 10 < 5 6
< 13 15
7 5 13 Writing these numbers in order from smallest to largest, we get 10 , 6 , 15 .
Example 5.18
6 Compare 8 7 and 6 3 4.
To compare mixed numbers that have dierent whole number parts, we need only compare whole number parts. Since 6 < 8,
3 < 86 64 7
Example 5.19
7 Compare 4 5 8 and 4 12
To compare mixed numbers that have the same whole number parts, we need only compare fractional parts.
8
12
5 8
= =
23 22 3
}The LCD = 23 3 = 8 3 = 24
3 15 =5 24 = 24
72 14 7 12 = 24 = 24
Since 14 < 15,

14 < 15 24 24
7 12 < 5 8
7 Hence, 4 12 < 45 8
Compare
3 4
and 4 5.
9 and 13 Compare 10 15 .
13 , 17 , and 33 in order from smallest to largest. Write 16 20 40

2 Compare 11 1 6 and 9 5 . 9 Compare 1 14 and 1 11 16 .
Exercise 5.5.5
313
5.5.4 Exercises
Arrange each collection of numbers in order from smallest to largest.

Exercise 5.5.6
3 5, 1 6, 3 4, 7 9, 3 8, 1 2, 1 2, 3 4, 3 4, 7 8, 5 8 2 7

5 6
Exercise 5.5.9
11 12
2 5 5 8, 3 5, 2 3, 7 9,
16
4 7 5 6

5 4
Exercise 5.5.15
15 11 16 , 12
2 7, 3 4
Exercise 5.5.16
14 ,
Exercise 5.5.17
17 , 25 , 13 32 48 16
Exercise 5.5.18
4 53 5, 57
Exercise 5.5.19
3 1 11 16 , 11 12
Exercise 5.5.20
4 92 3, 95
Exercise 5.5.21
2 73 , 85 6
Exercise 5.5.22
9 1 1 16 , 2 20
Exercise 5.5.23
15 , 20 23 20 16 24
Exercise 5.5.24
3 22 9, 27
Exercise 5.5.25
8 5 13 , 9 5 20
314
(Section 1.4) Round 267,006,428 to the nearest ten million. (Section 2.5) Is the number 82,644 divisible by 2? by 3? by 4? (Section 4.3) Convert 3 2 7 to an improper fraction.
5 6 3 + 10 2 5
1 (Section 5.4) Find the value of 8 3 8 + 54.
5.6 Complex Fractions 6

Simple Fractions and Complex Fractions Converting Complex Fractions to Simple Fractions
5.6.2 Simple Fractions and Complex Fractions

Simple Fraction A simple fraction
is any fraction in which the numerator is any whole number and the denominator is any nonzero whole number. Some examples are the following:
1 2
4 3
1,000
763
Complex Fraction A complex fraction

3 4 5 6 1 3
is any fraction in which the numerator and/or the denominator is a fraction; it is a fraction of fractions. Some examples of complex fractions are the following:
6
9
10
4+ 3 8 5 7 6
5.6.3 Converting Complex Fractions to Simple Fractions
The goal here is to convert a complex fraction to a simple fraction. We can do so by employing the methods of adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing fractions. Recall from Section 4.2 that a fraction bar serves as a grouping symbol separating the fractional quantity into two individual groups. We proceed in simplifying a complex fraction to a simple fraction by simplifying the numerator and the denominator of the complex fraction separately. We will simplify the numerator and denominator completely before removing the fraction bar by dividing. This technique is illustrated in problems 3, 4, 5, and 6 of Section 5.6.3.1 (Sample Set A).
315
Convert each of the following complex fractions to a simple fraction.

Example 5.20
15 16
3 8
Convert this complex fraction to a simple fraction by performing the indicated division.
15 16
3 8
=
1
3 8
2
15 16 =
12 15
15 The divisor is 15 16 .Invert 16 and multiply.
)3 )8
1
)16 )15
5
2 5
Example 5.21
4 9
6
4 9 6 1
Write 6 as 6 1 and divide.
=
2
4 9 )4 9
6 1 2 = 27
1 )6
3
21 93
Example 5.22
3 5+ 4
46
Simplify the numerator.

20+3
45+3 4
46
4 4 = 46 = 46
23
Write 46 as 46 1 .
23 46
4 1
=
1
23 46 4 1
)23 4
1 )46
2
11 42
1 8
Example 5.23
1 3 4+8 1 13 + 2 24
12 24
3 2 8+8
13 + 24
12+13 24
2+3 8
=
3 5
25 24
5 8
5 8
25 24
5 8
25 24 =
4+ 5 6 7 1 3
)5 )8
1
)24 )25
5
13 15
Example 5.24
46+5 6 731 3
29 20
6 3
= =
29 20 6 3 29 )3 = 29 40 )6 20
2
113 10 24
Example 5.25
3 11+ 10
44 5
1110+3 10
45+4 5
=
1
110+3 10 20+4
24 = 113 10 5
113 24 = 113 )5 = 1131 = 113 = 2 17 10 5 224 48 48 )10 24

2
316
Convert each of the following complex fractions to a simple fraction.

Exercise 5.6.1
4 9 8
15
Exercise 5.6.2
7
28
Exercise 5.6.3
2 5+ 5 3+ 3 5
10
Exercise 5.6.4
6 10
1 7 8+8 3
Exercise 5.6.5
5 1 6+8 5 1 94
Exercise 5.6.6
2 1610 3 7 11 5 6 7 6
5.6.4 Exercises
Simplify each fraction.

Exercise 5.6.7
3 5 9
15
Exercise 5.6.8 1
3 1 9
Exercise 5.6.9
1 4 5
12
Exercise 5.6.10 8
9 4
15
Exercise 5.6.11
1 6+ 4 11+ 1 4
Exercise 5.6.12 1
2+ 2 7+ 1 2
Exercise 5.6.13
5+ 1 3 2 2+ 15
Exercise 5.6.14 1
9+ 2 8 1+ 11
Exercise 5.6.15
10 4+ 13 12 39
Exercise 5.6.16 1 2
3+7
26 21
Exercise 5.6.17
5 1 64 1
12
317
Exercise 5.6.18 3 4
10 19 90
+ 12
Exercise 5.6.19
9
16 3 139 48
+7
Exercise 5.6.20 1
8 3 9 16
288
Exercise 5.6.21
27 1 5 11 13
429
Exercise 5.6.22 1 2
3+5 17 3 5 + 45 9
70 13 30
Exercise 5.6.23
5 + 42 1 21
Exercise 5.6.24 1 1
16
2 13 3 60 3 7
+ 14
Exercise 5.6.25
20 19
+ 11 12 1 11 35
Exercise 5.6.26 1 2
2 3 1 2 1 1 4 +1 16
1 +3 1 35 3 6 15 5 63
Exercise 5.6.27
Exercise 5.6.28
1 1 +15 2 5 1 3 5 4 12 1 8 4 1 3 2 11 2 5 11 3 12 5 3 +3 1 4 5 2 1 +15 7 5 10 1 9 4 1 2 6 1 +2 1 8 120
Exercise 5.6.29
(Section 3.4) Find the prime factorization of 882. (Section 4.3) Convert 62 7 to a mixed number. (Section 4.4) Reduce 114 342 to lowest terms.
5 (Section 5.4) Find the value of 6 3 8 46. 1 3 4 2, 5, 7.
(Section 5.5) Arrange from smallest to largest:
318
5.7 Combinations of Operations with Fractions 7

The Order of Operations

5.7.2 The Order of Operations
To determine the value of a quantity such as

1 2
5 8
2 15
where we have a combination of operations (more than one operation occurs), we must use the accepted order of operations.
The Order of Operations:
1. In the order (2), (3), (4) described below, perform all operations inside grouping symbols: ( ), [ ], ( . Work from the innermost set to the outermost set. ), 2. Perform exponential and root operations. 3. Perform all multiplications and divisions moving left to right. 4. Perform all additions and subtractions moving left to right.
Determine the value of each of the following quantities.

Example 5.26
1 4
5 8
2 15
(a) Multiply rst.

1 1
1 4
)5 )8
4
)2 )15
3
1 4
11 43
1 4
1 + 12
(b) Now perform this addition. Find the LCD. 4 = 22 12 = 22 3

1 4 1 + 12
} The LCD = 22 3 = 12.

13 1 3 1 12 + 12 = 12 + 12 3+1 4 12 = 12 = 1 3 1 3
= =
Thus,
1 4
5 8
2 15 =
Example 5.27
3 5 9 + 44 5 9
1 4 5 9
(a) Operate within the parentheses rst, 9=3

2
1 4
4 = 22
} The LCD = 22 32 = 4 9 = 36.
319
54 19 20 9 209 11 36 36 = 36 36 = 36 = 36
Now we have 9 3 11 5 + 44 36 (b) Perform the multiplication.

1
3 5
)9 )44
4
)11 )36
4
3 5
11 44
3 5
1 + 16
(c) Now perform the addition. The LCD=80. 1 316 15 48 5 48+5 53 3 5 + 16 = 80 + 80 = 80 + 80 = 80 = 80 3 9 5 1 53 Thus, 5 + 44 9 4 = 80
Example 5.28
15 2 1 4 8 426 15
4 2 1 15
1 31 5 + 28
(a) Work within each set of parentheses individually.
= = = = = = =
30 19 = 3019 = 11 15 15 15 15 16 + 17 LCD = 40 5 8 168 + 175 40 40 128 + 85 40 40 128+85 40 213 40

35+1 5
+4 19 2 115 15 = 2 15
1 31 5 + 28
28+1 8
= Now we have
15 11 213 8 426 15 40 (b) Now multiply.
1111 11 8 )15 11 )213 40 = 8 2140 = 8 80 )426 )15
(c) Now subtract. 808 11 640 11 64011 629 69 8 11 80 = 80 80 = 80 80 = 80 = 80 or 7 80 15 4 1 1 69 Thus, 8 426 2 1 15 3 5 + 2 8 = 7 80

Example 5.29
3 2 4
8 9
5 12
(a) Square 3 4. 3 2 =3 4 4
3 4
33 44
9 = 16
Now we have
5 12 (b) Perform the multiplication.
1 1
9 16 )9 )16
2
8 9
)8 )9
1
5 12 =
11 21
5 12 =
1 2
5 12
(c) Now perform the subtraction. 1 5 6 5 65 1 2 12 = 12 12 = 12 = 12 Thus,

4 2 3
8 9
5 1 12 = 12
320
Example 5.30
7 28 +
25 2 1 1 1 36 2 3
(a) Begin by operating inside the parentheses.

15 8 = 158 = = 6 6 6 (b) Now simplify the square root. 25 = 36
5 6 1 21 2 13
22+1 2
13+1 3
5 2
7 6
4 3
since
5 2 6
= 25 36
Now we have
5 7 27 8 + 6 6 (c) Perform the division.
1
7 28 +
5 )6
1
)6 7
= 27 8 +
28+7 8
51 17
7 = 28 +
5 7
(d) Now perform the addition.
27 8 +
5 7
= = =
5 23 5 7 = 8 + 7 237 58
LCD = 56.
161 40 56 + 56 = 56 + 56 161+40 = 201 or 3 33 56 56 56
Thus, 2 7 8 +
25 2 1 1 1 = 3 33 36 2 3 56
Find the value of each of the following quantities.

Exercise 5.7.1
1 1 16 10 32 5
Exercise 5.7.2
6 7
21 9 + 5 1 40 10 3
Exercise 5.7.3
2 7 2 41 8 10 2 33
Exercise 5.7.4
17 58 18 30
1
1 4
3 32
1 13 29
Exercise 5.7.5
1 4 6 10 + 1 2 1 5 1 25
Exercise 5.7.6
2 3 4 389 7 1 1 1 16 3 +1 4
Exercise 5.7.7
3 2 8 2 3
3 4
1 8 4
Exercise 5.7.8
1 24
25
321
5.7.3 Exercises
Find each value.

Exercise 5.7.9
4 3 7 9
1 6 4 5
1 2
Exercise 5.7.10
5 36
Exercise 5.7.11
22 7 +
5 8
5 16 5 6
Exercise 5.7.12
9 12 3 16 14 21 + 4
Exercise 5.7.13
8 7 1 25 15 20 2 10
Exercise 5.7.14
2 5 3 7 1 3 19 + 38
Exercise 5.7.15
3 1 10 15 8 9 6 7
Exercise 5.7.16
10 11
2 7
2 5
3 + 25
5 3
1 4
Exercise 5.7.17
1 8
3 1 28 + 51 3 14
Exercise 5.7.18
7 11 5 + 40
13 6 1 1 ( 11 3 )( 21 +2 42 )
Exercise 5.7.19
1 2 2 3 2 5
1 8
Exercise 5.7.20
3 10
Exercise 5.7.21
36 + 81 49 64
9 4
1 3
2 9
Exercise 5.7.22
9 4
Exercise 5.7.23
2 3
3 2 4 1 2 3
15 4
25 16
16 225
Exercise 5.7.24
+
2
Exercise 5.7.25
1 8
81 + 1 25 40
Exercise 5.7.26
49 100 121
3 8
+
2
3 7
13 4
Exercise 5.7.27
21 + (11 )2
1 2
Exercise 5.7.28
1 + 64
11 3
322
Exercise 5.7.29
1 4
5 2 6
+ 14
16
3
21 3
81
Exercise 5.7.30
1 9
5 63 8 +2 8
7 + 7 10
Exercise 5.7.31
3 1 34 +4 5 ( 2 )
67 240
9 +( 1 3 ) ( 10 )
Exercise 5.7.32
16 + 81
1 4
6
Exercise 5.7.33
3 1 81 256 32 1 8
(Section 1.2) True or false: Our number system, the Hindu-Arabic number system, is a positional number system with base ten.
Exercise 5.7.35
(Section 2.6) The fact that 1 times any whole number = that particular whole number illustrates which property of multiplication?
Exercise 5.7.36
6 (Section 4.3) Convert 8 7 to an improper fraction. 3 8
(Section 5.3) Find the sum.

6+ 1 8 1 6 8
4 5
5 +6 .
(Section 5.6) Simplify
323

Addition and Subtraction of Fractions with Like Denominators (Section 5.2)
To add or subtract two fractions that have the same denominators, add or subtract the numerators and place the resulting sum or dierence over the common denominator. Reduce, if necessary. Do not add or subtract the denominators.
1 8
5 8
1+5 8
6 8
3 4
Basic Rule for Adding and Subtracting Fractions (Section 5.3)
Fractions can be added or subtracted conveniently only if they have like denominators.
Addition and Subtraction of Fractions with Unlike Denominators (Section 5.3)
To add or subtract fractions having unlike denominators, convert each fraction to an equivalent fraction having as denominator the LCD of the original denominators. 1. To add or subtract mixed numbers, convert each mixed number to an improper fraction, then add or subtract the fractions. Our number system is ordered because the numbers in the system can be placed in order from smaller to larger.
Inequality Symbols (Section 5.5) Ordered Number System (Section 5.5) Addition and Subtraction of Mixed Numbers (Section 5.4)
> represents the phrase "greater than." < represents the phrase "less than."
Comparing Fractions (Section 5.5)
If two fractions have the same denominators, the fraction with the larger numerator is the larger fraction.
5 8
>
3 8
A simple fraction is any fraction in which the numerator is any whole number and the denominator is any nonzero whole number.
Complex Fractions (Section 5.6)
Simple Fractions (Section 5.6)
A complex fraction is any fraction in which the numerator and/or the denominator is a fraction. Complex fractions can be converted to simple fractions by employing the methods of adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing fractions.

5.9.1.1 Addition and Subtractions of Fractions with Like and Unlike Denominators, and Addition and Subtraction of Mixed Numbers (Section 5.2, Section 5.3, Section 5.4)
For problems 1-53, perform each indicated operation and write the result in simplest form.
8 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m34943/1.2/>. 9 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m34944/1.2/>.
324
Exercise 5.9.1
3 4
5 8 1 4
Exercise 5.9.2
9 16 + 1 8 5 7 5 6 2 5 1 4
Exercise 5.9.3
3 8
Exercise 5.9.4
1 5 + 14 + 21
Exercise 5.9.5
+ + +
1 3 1 8
5 + 21

1 8
1 4
Exercise 5.9.8
1 1 16 + 10
Exercise 5.9.9
2 7
1 3 1 6
Exercise 5.9.10
21 3 +
Exercise 5.9.11
3 11 16 +
3 4
Exercise 5.9.12
1 1 5 12 + 38
Exercise 5.9.13
1 16 2 5 + 84
Exercise 5.9.14
4 11 7 + 27
Exercise 5.9.15
13 8 +0
Exercise 5.9.16
1 3 10 +4
Exercise 5.9.17
18 2 3 +6
Exercise 5.9.18
4 13 + 55 4
Exercise 5.9.19
21 + 4
2 3 1 8
Exercise 5.9.20
15 16
9
Exercise 5.9.21
5 11 22
Exercise 5.9.22
2 3 6 15 1 10
Exercise 5.9.23
1 1 52 3 + 85 24
325
Exercise 5.9.24
3 1 8 10 45 6 3 15
Exercise 5.9.25
11 12 +
1 9
1 16
Exercise 5.9.26
1 2 55 79 6 13
Exercise 5.9.27
1 2 16 2 5 8 6 3 15
Exercise 5.9.28
32 41 8 +0 8 32 41 8 +0 8
8 21 3
Exercise 5.9.31
5 4 3 16
Exercise 5.9.32
3 67 +4
Exercise 5.9.33
2 3 11 11 5 8
Exercise 5.9.34
21 5 8
3 4
Exercise 5.9.35
5 + 16 4 5
Exercise 5.9.36
11 15 1 12 + 16 2 2
Exercise 5.9.37
3 2 1 10 + 23 1 83 5 1 14 3 7 4 9

9 23 8 3 16 1 9
Exercise 5.9.40
1 15 2 5 50 10
5.9.1.2 Complex Fractions and Combinations of Operations with Fractions (Section 5.5,Section 5.6) Exercise 5.9.41
9
16 21 32
Exercise 5.9.42 10
21 11 14
Exercise 5.9.43
17 9 5 1 27
326
Exercise 5.9.44 15
17 50 51
Exercise 5.9.45
9 1 16 11 2 12
Exercise 5.9.46 4
8 15 3
Exercise 5.9.47
1 9 18 6
Exercise 5.9.48 1 1
3 4 +2 8 51 6
1 3+2 2 1 5 4+6
Exercise 5.9.49
Exercise 5.9.50 7
4+1 10 92 1 5
2 15 2 9 2
Exercise 5.9.51
Exercise 5.9.52
1 1 12 3 ( 4 + 5 ) 11 2
Exercise 5.9.53
10 23
5 ( 6 +2) 8 9
5.9.1.3 Comparing Fractions (Section 5.5)
For problems 54-65, place each collection in order from smallest to largest.
Exercise 5.9.54
1 3 8 , 16
Exercise 5.9.55
32 ,
3 5
1 8 3
Exercise 5.9.56
16 , 24 10 ,
3 5 6

2 1 1 9, 3, 6
Exercise 5.9.59
3 8 19 8, 3, 6
Exercise 5.9.60
3 2 7 5 , 10 , 20 4 5 7, 9 4 5 5, 7
327
Exercise 5.9.63
4 7 12 , 9 , 15 5 7 1
Exercise 5.9.64
36 , 24 , 12
5 5 8,
Exercise 5.9.65
13 , 16
3 4
5.10 Prociency Exam

10
For problems 1-12, perform each indicated operation and write the result in simplest form.
3 + (Section 5.3) 16
1 8
1 (Section 5.4) 2 2 3 + 56 7 (Section 5.7) 15 20 21 + 3 5 (Section 5.2) 11 + 11 5 9
17 4 21 (Section 5.7) 6 2 9 1 28 3 17 17
4 (Section 5.4) 5 1 8 25
Exercise 5.10.7
7
12
21
Exercise 5.10.8
1 3 8+4 7 18
Exercise 5.10.9
5 5 (Section 5.4) 4 16 + 11 3 2 24 5 (Section 5.7) 18 15 16 1 (Section 5.4) 4 + 2 3 3 8
(Section 5.4) 8 3 7 5
12 (Section 5.5) 4 5 , 15 24 (Section 5.5) 5 8 , 40
5 80 (Section 5.5) 12 , 192
For problems 13-15, specify the fractions that are equivalent.

328
Exercise 5.10.16
For problems 16-20, place each collection of fractions in order from smallest to largest. (Section 5.5) 8 9, (Section 5.5) 5 8,
1 6 6 7 7 9
5 5 , 11 12 (Section 5.5) 11 16 3 2 , 10 , (Section 5.5) 15 9 (Section 5.5) 19 32 , 16 ,
Exercise 5.10.20
5 8
329

1 2 2 5
1 3 3 4 4 5
3 4
3+3 4+4
6 8
3 =3 4 , so two 4 's= one
3 4
which is preposterous.
13
5 8 5 9 6 5
2 9
52 99
3 =0 , which is undened
13 15
1 0 0
11 15
8
3 5 1 2
13
5
10
11
9
16 = 30
8 5 (using
the preposterous rule)
13 24
330
2700
32 5 11
2 3 5 6
14 40 11 16 96
1 3
The same denominator

5 8
Solution to Exercise 5.3.8 (p. 304) Solution to Exercise 5.3.10 (p. 304) Solution to Exercise 5.3.12 (p. 304) Solution to Exercise 5.3.14 (p. 304) Solution to Exercise 5.3.16 (p. 304) Solution to Exercise 5.3.18 (p. 304) Solution to Exercise 5.3.20 (p. 304) Solution to Exercise 5.3.22 (p. 304) Solution to Exercise 5.3.24 (p. 304) Solution to Exercise 5.3.26 (p. 304) Solution to Exercise 5.3.28 (p. 305) Solution to Exercise 5.3.30 (p. 305) Solution to Exercise 5.3.32 (p. 305) Solution to Exercise 5.3.34 (p. 305) Solution to Exercise 5.3.36 (p. 305) Solution to Exercise 5.3.38 (p. 305)
31 24 17 28 19 36 19 39 29 60 81 17 65 63 16 47 18
7 2 8
103 30 217 264 511 720 37 72
221 150
331
1 $ 137 8 or $17 8 1 5 1,465 2,016
65 204
607 180 109 520
No; 3 boxes add up to 26 14 , which is larger than 25 15 . No pipe at all; inside diameter is greater than outside diameter
449 660
15
7
47 9 81 4 81 8
3 8 10
9 18 16
71 2

1 12 2

6 21 11
37 8 12 3
8 11 14 4 20 21
7 2 12
17 13 24
332
7 17 30
25 74 42
21 1 3
5 21 32

1 20 144

7 7 12
13 5 132 47 1 212
31 4
25 8 gallons
8 15 16 pounds

3 pounds 194 16
9 1 14 < 1 11 16 3 5 2 95 < 11 1 6 3 4 7 9
<
4 5
13 < 9 15 10
13 , 33 , 17 16 40 20
< < < < <
3 14 < 2 7 3 4 7 9 1 2 4 7 3 8 2 5 3 4 5 6
5 8
< <
3 5 5 4
<
3 4
333
3 54 7 < 55 4 92 3 < 95
9 1 1 16 < 2 20 3 22 9 < 27
270,000,000
23
7
109 13 5 8 or 8
5 6
3 2
40
10 57
2 13 22
5 1 11
5 2 5 9 3 5
31
2
1 3 1 6
52 81
16 21
686 101
334
86 7
37 1 13 24 or 24
7 9
35 or 5 5 6 6
211 or 7 1 30 30
26 7
11 15 64 11 10
5 4 3
42 7
15 10
1 2
3 6 14 3 8
20 27
2 5
125 72 252 19 165 256
multiplicative identity
241 or 2 1 120 120
335
7 4 16 3 8 20 5 8 1 2
11 or 1 3 8 8
59 = 1 17 42 42
13 21
13 8
2 8 11 1 8 1 5 10 2 24 3
71 = 5 11 12 12 13 22
37 11 60 139 144
11 16

3 7 10 5 9 6 7 3 2
or 1 1 2
15 28
163 or 1 55 108 108 66 or 5 1 13 13
336
5 3 8, 4, 5 4 9, 7 3 8 19 8, 3, 6
40
255 or 1 71 184 184 32 ,

3 1 8 5 6
10 ,
3
12 ,
5
4 7 9 , 15
13 16
16
75 6
1
11
2 13 40
7 3 16
49 or 17 32 32 15
7
32
19 61 3 or 3
33 7
equivalent
not equivalent
equivalent
6 8 7, 9 5 7 8, 9
337
5 5 11 16 , 11 12
9 19 16 , 32 , 5 8
15 ,
2
1 3 6 , 10
338
Chapter 6
Decimals
6.1 Objectives1
Reading and Writing Decimals (Section 6.2)
understand the meaning of digits occurring to the right of the ones position be familiar with the meaning of decimal fractions be able to read and write a decimal fraction
Converting a Decimal to a Fraction (Section 6.3)
be able to convert an ordinary decimal and a complex decimal to a fraction

Rounding Decimals (Section 6.4)
be able to round a decimal number to a specied position

Addition and Subtraction of Decimals (Section 6.5)
understand the method used for adding and subtracting decimals be able to add and subtract decimals be able to use the calculator to add and subtract decimals
Multiplication of Decimals (Section 6.6)
understand the method used for multiplying decimals be able to multiply decimals be able to simplify a multiplication of a decimal by a power of 10 understand how to use the word "of" in multiplication
Division of Decimals (Section 6.7)
understand the method used for dividing decimals be able to divide a decimal number by a nonzero whole number and by another, nonzero, decimal number be able to simplify a division of a decimal by a power of 10
Nonterminating Divisions (Section 6.8)
339
340
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
understand the meaning of a nonterminating division be able to recognize a nonterminating number by its notation
Converting a Fraction to a Decimal (Section 6.9)
be able to convert a fraction to a decimal

Combinations of Operations with Decimals and Fractions (Section 6.10)
be able to combine operations with decimals
6.2 Reading and Writing Decimals2

Digits to the Right of the Ones Position Decimal Fractions Reading Decimal Fractions Writing Decimal Fractions
6.2.2 Digits to the Right of the Ones Position
We began our study of arithmetic (Section 1.2) by noting that our number system is called a positional number system with base ten. We also noted that each position has a particular value. We observed that each position has ten times the value of the position to its right.
This means that each position has
1 10
the value of the position to its left.
1 Thus, a digit written to the right of the units position must have a value of 10 of 1. Recalling that the word "of" translates to multiplication (), we can see that the value of the rst position to the right of the units 1 digit is 10 of 1, or 1 1 10 1 = 10 1 1 The value of the second position to the right of the units digit is 10 of 10 , or 1 1 1 1 10 10 = 102 = 100
341
1 1 The value of the third position to the right of the units digit is 10 of 100 , or 1 1 1 1 10 100 = 103 = 1000
This pattern continues. We can now see that if we were to write digits in positions to the right of the units positions, those positions have values that are fractions. Not only do the positions have fractional values, but the fractional values are all powers of 10 10, 102 , 103 , . . . .
6.2.3 Decimal Fractions
Decimal Point, Decimal
If we are to write numbers with digits appearing to the right of the units digit, we must have a way of denoting where the whole number part ends and the fractional part begins. Mathematicians denote the separation point of the units digit and the tenths digit by writing a decimal point. The word decimal comes from the Latin prex "deci" which means ten, and we use it because we use a base ten number system. Numbers written in this form are called decimal fractions, or more simply, decimals.
Notice that decimal numbers have the sux "th."

Decimal Fraction A decimal fraction
is a fraction in which the denominator is a power of 10.
The following numbers are examples of decimals. 1. 42.6 The 6 is in the tenths position.
6 42.6 = 42 10 2. 9.8014 The 8 is in the The 0 is in the The 1 is in the The 4 is in the
tenths position. hundredths position. thousandths position. ten thousandths position.
8014 9.8014 = 9 10 ,000 3. 0.93 The 9 is in the tenths position. The 3 is in the hundredths position. 93 0.93 = 100
Quite often a zero is inserted in front of a decimal point (in the units position) of a decimal fraction that has a value less than one. This zero helps keep us from overlooking the decimal point.
note:
342 4. 0.7 The 7 is in the tenths position.

7 0.7 = 10
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
We can insert zeros to the right of the right-most digit in a decimal fraction without changing the value of the number. 7 70 7 10 = 0.7 = 0.70 = 100 = 10
note:
6.2.4 Reading Decimal Fractions

Reading a Decimal Fraction
To read a decimal fraction, 1. 2. 3. 4.
Read the whole number part as usual. (If the whole number is less than 1, omit steps 1 and 2.) Read the decimal point as the word "and." Read the number to the right of the decimal point as if it were a whole number. Say the name of the position of the last digit.
Read the following numbers.

Example 6.1
6.8
Some people read this as "six point eight." This phrasing gets the message across, but technically, "six and eight tenths" is the correct phrasing.
note:
Example 6.2
14.116
Example 6.3
0.0019
Example 6.4
81
Eighty-one In this problem, the indication is that any whole number is a decimal fraction. Whole numbers are often called decimal numbers. 81 = 81.0
343
Read the following decimal fractions.

Exercise 6.2.1
12.9 4.86
7.00002
Exercise 6.2.4
0.030405
6.2.5 Writing Decimal Fractions

Writing a Decimal Fraction
To write a decimal fraction,
1. Write the whole number part. 2. Write a decimal point for the word "and." 3. Write the decimal part of the number so that the right-most digit appears in the position indicated in the word name. If necessary, insert zeros to the right of the decimal point in order that the right-most digit appears in the correct position.
Write each number.

Example 6.5
Thirty-one and twelve hundredths.
The decimal position indicated is the hundredths position. 31.12

Example 6.6
Two and three hundred-thousandths.
The decimal position indicated is the hundred thousandths. We'll need to insert enough zeros to the immediate right of the decimal point in order to locate the 3 in the correct position. 2.00003
Example 6.7
Six thousand twenty-seven and one hundred four millionths.
The decimal position indicated is the millionths position. We'll need to insert enough zeros to the immediate right of the decimal point in order to locate the 4 in the correct position. 6,027.000104
Example 6.8
Seventeen hundredths.
The decimal position indicated is the hundredths position.

344 0.17
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
Write each decimal fraction.

Three hundred six and forty-nine hundredths. Nine and four thousandths. Sixty-one millionths.
6.2.6 Exercises
For the following three problems, give the decimal name of the position of the given number in each decimal fraction.
Exercise 6.2.8
1. 3.941 9 is in the 4 is in the 1 is in the 17.1085 1 is in the 0 is in the 8 is in the 5 is in the
position. position. position.
Exercise 6.2.9
position. position. position. position.

Exercise 6.2.10
652.3561927 9 is in the 7 is in the
position. position.
For the following 7 problems, read each decimal fraction by writing it.
Exercise 6.2.11
9.2
Exercise 6.2.12
8.1
Exercise 6.2.13
10.15 55.06 0.78
1.904
Exercise 6.2.17
10.00011
345 For the following 10 problems, write each decimal fraction.

Exercise 6.2.18
Three and twenty one-hundredths. Fourteen and sixty seven-hundredths. One and eight tenths. Sixty-one and ve tenths. Five hundred eleven and four thousandths. Thirty-three and twelve ten-thousandths. Nine hundred forty-seven thousandths. Two millionths.
Seventy-one hundred-thousandths. One and ten ten-millionths.
Calculator Problems
For the following 10 problems, perform each division using a calculator. Then write the resulting decimal using words.
Exercise 6.2.28
34
Exercise 6.2.29
18
Exercise 6.2.30
4 10
Exercise 6.2.31
25
Exercise 6.2.32
4 25
Exercise 6.2.33
1 50 3 16
15 8
Exercise 6.2.36
11 20
Exercise 6.2.37
9 40
346
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
(Section 1.4) Round 2,614 to the nearest ten. (Section 2.5) Is 691,428,471 divisible by 3? (Section 4.4) Determine the missing numerator.
? = 56
3 14
Exercise 6.2.41
3 of 32 (Section 4.7) Find 16 39
Exercise 6.2.42
25 + 81
2 2 3
1 9
6.3 Converting a Decimal to a Fraction3

Converting an Ordinary Decimal to a Fraction Converting a Complex Decimal to a Fraction
6.3.2 Converting an Ordinary Decimal to a Fraction
We can convert a decimal fraction to a fraction, essentially, by saying it in words, then writing what we say. We may have to reduce that fraction.
Convert each decimal fraction to a proper fraction or a mixed number.

Example 6.9
Reading: six tenths Reduce:

3 5.
6 10 .
Example 6.10
903 . Reading: nine hundred three thousands 1000

Example 6.11
347
61 . Reading: eighteen and sixty-one hundredths 18 100
Example 6.12
Reading: ve hundred eight and ve ten thousandths 508 10,5 000 .
1 Reduce: 508 2,000 .
Convert the following decimals to fractions or mixed numbers. Be sure to reduce.

Exercise 6.3.1
16.84 0.513
6,646.0107 1.1
Exercise 6.3.4
6.3.3 Converting A Complex Decimal to a Fraction

Complex Decimals
Numbers such as 0.11 2 3 are called complex decimals. We can also convert complex decimals to fractions.
Convert the following complex decimals to fractions.

Example 6.13
0.11 2 3
The 2 3 appears to occur in the thousands position, but it is referring to read 0.11 2 3 as "eleven and two-thirds hundredths."
3 0.11 2 3 = 100
2 3
of a hundredth. So, we
11 2
113+2
= = = = =
7
100
35 100
3 3 1
35 100 3 1
)35 3
1 )100
20
60
Example 6.14
4.006 1 4
1 Note that 4.006 1 4 = 4 + .006 4
348
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
4 + .006 1 4 = = = = = =
4 4 + 1000 25 4 4 + 1000 1 1
61
4+
)25 4
1 )1000
40
1 4 + 4140 1 4 + 160 1 4 160
Convert each complex decimal to a fraction or mixed number. Be sure to reduce.

Exercise 6.3.5
0.8 3 4
Exercise 6.3.6
0.12 2 5
Exercise 6.3.7
6.005 5 6
3 18.1 17
Exercise 6.3.8
6.3.4 Exercises
For the following 20 problems, convert each decimal fraction to a proper fraction or a mixed number. Be sure to reduce.
Exercise 6.3.9
0.7 0.1
0.53 0.71
0.219 0.811 4.8 2.6
16.12 25.88
Exercise 6.3.18
349
Exercise 6.3.19
6.0005 1.355
16.125 0.375 3.04
21.1875 8.225
1.0055
Exercise 6.3.27
9.99995 22.110
Exercise 6.3.28
For the following 10 problems, convert each complex decimal to a fraction.

Exercise 6.3.29
0.7 1 2
Exercise 6.3.30
0.012 1 2
Exercise 6.3.31
2.16 1 4 5.18 2 3
14.112 1 3
Exercise 6.3.34
80.0011 3 7
5 1.40 16
0.8 5 3
Exercise 6.3.37
1.9 7 5
Exercise 6.3.38
1.7 37 9
350
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
(Section 3.6) Find the greatest common factor of 70, 182, and 154. (Section 3.6) Find the greatest common multiple of 14, 26, and 60. (Section 4.5) Find the value of
3 5 5 15 18 9 .
1 (Section 5.4) Find the value of 5 2 3 + 8 12 .
(Section 6.2) In the decimal number 26.10742, the digit 7 is in what position?
6.4 Rounding Decimals4

Rounding Decimal Numbers
6.4.2 Rounding Decimal Numbers
We rst considered the concept of rounding numbers in Section 1.4 where our concern with rounding was related to whole numbers only. With a few minor changes, we can apply the same rules of rounding to decimals. To round a decimal to a particular position: 1. Mark the position of the round-o digit (with an arrow or check). 2. Note whether the digit to the immediate right of the marked digit is (a) less than 5. If so, leave the round-o digit unchanged. (b) 5 or greater. If so, add 1 to the round-o digit. 3. If the round-o digit is (a) to the right of the decimal point, eliminate all the digits to its right. (b) to the left of the decimal point, replace all the digits between it and the decimal point with zeros and eliminate the decimal point and all the decimal digits.
Round each decimal to the specied position. (The numbers in parentheses indicate which step is being used.)
Example 6.15
Round 32.116 to the nearest hundredth.
(1)
351 The digit immediately to the right is 6, and 6 > 5, so we add 1 to the round-o digit: 1+1 = 2 (3a) The round-o digit is to the right of the decimal point, so we eliminate all digits to its right. 32.12
(2b)
The number 32.116 rounded to the nearest hundredth is 32.12.

Example 6.16
Round 633.14216 to the nearest hundred.

(1) (2a) (3b)
The digit immediately to the right is 3, and 3 < 5 so we leave the round-o digit unchanged. The round-o digit is to the left of 0, so we replace all the digits between it and the decimal point with zeros and eliminate the decimal point and all the decimal digits. 600
The number 633.14216 rounded to the nearest hundred is 600.

1,729.63 rounded to the nearest ten is 1,730. 1.0144 rounded to the nearest tenth is 1.0. 60.98 rounded to the nearest one is 61.
Sometimes we hear a phrase such as "round to three decimal places." This phrase means that the round-o digit is the third decimal digit (the digit in the thousandths position).
67.129 rounded to the second decimal place is 67.13. 67.129558 rounded to 3 decimal places is 67.130.
Round each decimal to the specied position.

Exercise 6.4.1
4.816 to the nearest hundredth. 0.35928 to the nearest ten thousandths. 82.1 to the nearest one. 753.98 to the nearest hundred. Round 43.99446 to three decimal places. Round 105.019997 to four decimal places. Round 99.9999 to two decimal places.
352
6.4.3 Exercises
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
For the rst 10 problems, complete the chart by rounding each decimal to the indicated positions.
Exercise 6.4.8
20.01071
Tenth
Hundredth
Thousandth
Ten Thousandth
Table 6.1
Exercise 6.4.9
3.52612
Tenth
Hundredth 3.53
Thousandth
Ten Thousandth
Table 6.2
Exercise 6.4.10
531.21878
Tenth
Hundredth
Thousandth
Ten Thousandth
Table 6.3
Exercise 6.4.11
36.109053
Tenth 36.1
Hundredth
Thousandth
Ten Thousandth
Table 6.4
Exercise 6.4.12
1.999994
Tenth
Hundredth
Thousandth
Ten Thousandth
Table 6.5
Exercise 6.4.13
7.4141998
353
Tenth
Hundredth
Thousandth 7.414
Table 6.6
Ten Thousandth
Exercise 6.4.14
0.000007
Tenth
Hundredth
Thousandth
Ten Thousandth
Table 6.7
Exercise 6.4.15
0.00008
Tenth
Hundredth
Thousandth
Ten Thousandth 0.0001
Table 6.8
Exercise 6.4.16
9.19191919
Tenth
Hundredth
Thousandth
Ten Thousandth
Table 6.9
Exercise 6.4.17
0.0876543
Tenth
Hundredth
Thousandth
Ten Thousandth
Table 6.10
Calculator Problems Exercise 6.4.18 Exercise 6.4.19
For the following 5 problems, round 18.4168095 to the indicated place. 3 decimal places. 1 decimal place.
Exercise 6.4.20
5 decimal places.
354
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
6 decimal places. 2 decimal places.
Calculator Problems Exercise 6.4.23 Exercise 6.4.24
For the following problems, perform each division using a calculator. 4 3 and round to 2 decimal places. 1 8 and round to 1 decimal place. 1 27 and round to 6 decimal places.
51 61 and round to 5 decimal places.
3 16 and round to 3 decimal places. 16 3 and round to 3 decimal places. 26 7 and round to 5 decimal places.
(Section 1.2) What is the value of 2 in the number 421,916,017? (Section 2.4) Perform the division: 378 29. (Section 3.2) Find the value of 44 . (Section 4.3) Convert 11 3 to a mixed number. (Section 6.3) Convert 3.16 to a mixed number fraction.
Exercise 6.4.32
6.5 Addition and Subtraction of Decimals5

The Logic Behind the Method The Method of Adding and Subtracting Decimals Calculators
355
6.5.2 The Logic Behind the Method
Consider the sum of 4.37 and 3.22. Changing each decimal to a fraction, we have
37 + 3 22 Performing the addition, we get 4 100 100 37 + 3 22 4.37 + 3.22 = 4 100 100
= = = = = =
4100+37
+22 + 3100 100 100 437 + 322 100 100 437+322 100 759 100 59 7 100
= seven and fty-nine hundredths 7.59
Thus, 4.37 + 3.22 = 7.59.

6.5.3 The Method of Adding and Subtracting Decimals
When writing the previous addition, we could have written the numbers in columns.
4.37 +3.22 7.59

This agrees with our previous result. From this observation, we can suggest a method for adding and subtracting decimal numbers.
Method of Adding and Subtracting Decimals
To add or subtract decimals:
1. Align the numbers vertically so that the decimal points line up under each other and the corresponding decimal positions are in the same column. 2. Add or subtract the numbers as if they were whole numbers. 3. Place a decimal point in the resulting sum or dierence directly under the other decimal points.

Example 6.22
9.813 + 2.140 9.813 +2.140 11.953
The decimal points are aligned in the same column.
Example 6.23
841.0056 + 47.016 + 19.058
356
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
841.0056 47.016 +19.058
To insure that the columns align properly, we can write a 0 in the position at the end of the numbers 47.016 and 19.058 without changing their values.
Example 6.24
1.314 0.58 1.314 0.58

Write a 0 in the thousandths position.
Example 6.25
16.01 7.053 16.01 7.053

Write a 0 in the thousandths position.
Example 6.26
Find the sum of 6.88106 and 3.5219 and round it to three decimal places.
6.88106 +3.5219
Write a 0 in the ten thousandths position.
We need to round the sum to the thousandths position. Since the digit in the position immediately to the right is 9, and 9>5, we get 10.403
Example 6.27
Wendy has $643.12 in her checking account. She writes a check for $16.92. How much is her new account balance?
357 To nd the new account balance, we need to nd the dierence between 643.12 and 16.92. We will subtract 16.92 from 643.12.
After writing a check for $16.92, Wendy now has a balance of $626.20 in her checking account.

Exercise 6.5.1
3.187 + 2.992
14.987 5.341
0.5261 + 1.0783 1.06 1.0535
16,521.07 + 9,256.15 Find the sum of 11.6128 and 14.07353, and round it to two decimal places.
6.5.4 Calculators
The calculator can be useful for nding sums and dierences of decimal numbers. However, calculators with an eight-digit display cannot be used when working with decimal numbers that contain more than eight digits, or when the sum results in more than eight digits. In practice, an eight-place decimal will seldom be encountered. There are some inexpensive calculators that can handle 13 decimal places.
Use a calculator to nd each sum or dierence.

Example 6.28
42.0638 + 126.551 Display Reads Type Press Type Press 42.0638 + 126.551 = 42.0638 42.0638 126.551 168.6148
Table 6.11
358 The sum is 168.6148.

Example 6.29
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
Find the dierence between 305.0627 and 14.29667. Display Reads Type Press Type Press 305.0627 14.29667 = 305.0627 305.0627 14.29667 290.76603
Table 6.12
The dierence is 290.76603

Example 6.30
51.07 + 3,891.001786
Since 3,891.001786 contains more than eight digits, we will be unable to use an eight-digit display calculator to perform this addition. We can, however, nd the sum by hand.
51.070000 3891.001786 3942.071786

The sum is 3,942.071786.
Use a calculator to perform each operation.

Exercise 6.5.7
4.286 + 8.97
Exercise 6.5.8
452.0092 392.558
Exercise 6.5.9
Find the sum of 0.095 and 0.001862 Find the dierence between 0.5 and 0.025 Find the sum of 2,776.00019 and 2,009.00012.
359
6.5.5 Exercises
For the following 15 problems, perform each addition or subtraction. Use a calculator to check each result.
Exercise 6.5.12
1.84 + 7.11
Exercise 6.5.13
15.015 6.527
Exercise 6.5.14
11.842 + 28.004
Exercise 6.5.15
3.16 2.52
3.55267 + 8.19664
0.9162 0.0872
Exercise 6.5.18
65.512 8.3005
761.0808 53.198
4.305 + 2.119 3.817
19.1161 + 27.8014 + 39.3161

0.41276 0.0018 0.00011
2.181 + 6.05 + 1.167 + 8.101

1.0031+6.013106+0.00018+0.0092+2.11 27 + 42 + 9.16 0.1761 + 81.6
10.28 + 11.111 + 0.86 + 5.1
For the following 10 problems, solve as directed. A calculator may be useful.

Add 6.1121 and 4.916 and round to 2 decimal places.

Add 21.66418 and 18.00184 and round to 4 decimal places. Subtract 5.2121 from 9.6341 and round to 1 decimal place. Subtract 0.918 from 12.006 and round to 2 decimal places.
Subtract 7.01884 from the sum of 13.11848 and 2.108 and round to 4 decimal places.
360
Exercise 6.5.32
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
A checking account has a balance of $42.51. A check is written for $19.28. What is the new balance?
Exercise 6.5.33
A checking account has a balance of $82.97. One check is written for $6.49 and another for $39.95. What is the new balance? A person buys $4.29 worth of hamburger and pays for it with a $10 bill. How much change does this person get?
A man buys $6.43 worth of stationary and pays for it with a $20 bill. After receiving his change, he realizes he forgot to buy a pen. If the total price of the pen is $2.12, and he buys it, how much of the $20 bill is left?
Exercise 6.5.36
A woman starts recording a movie on her video cassette recorder with the tape counter set at 21.93. The movie runs 847.44 tape counter units. What is the nal tape counter reading?
(Section 1.6) Find the dierence between 11,206 and 10,884. (Section 2.2) Find the product, 820 10,000. (Section 3.3) Find the value of
121
25 + 82 + 16 22 .
1 36 2 (Section 4.6) Find the value of 8 3 75 2 5 .
(Section 6.4) Round 1.08196 to the nearest hundredth.
6.6 Multiplication of Decimals6

The Logic Behind the Method The Method of Multiplying Decimals Calculators Multiplying Decimals By Powers of 10 Multiplication in Terms of Of
361
Consider the product of 3.2 and 1.46. Changing each decimal to a fraction, we have
(3.2) (1.46)
= = = = = = =
2 46 3 10 1 100 32 146 10 100
32146 10100 4672 1000 672 4 1000
four and six hundred seventy-two thousandths 4.672
Thus, (3.2) (1.46) = 4.672. Notice that the factor 3.2 has 1 decimal place, 1.46 has 2 decimal places, and the product 4.672 has 3 decimal places. Using this observation, we can suggest that the sum of the number of decimal places in the factors equals the number of decimal places in the product.
}1 + 2 = 3
6.6.3 The Method of Multiplying Decimals

Method of Multiplying Decimals
To multiply decimals,
1. Multiply the numbers as if they were whole numbers. 2. Find the sum of the number of decimal places in the factors. 3. The number of decimal places in the product is the sum found in step 2.

Example 6.31
6.5 4.3
362 Thus, 6.5 4.3 = 27.95.

Example 6.32
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
23.4 1.96
Thus, 23.4 1.96 = 45.864.

Example 6.33
Find the product of 0.251 and 0.00113 and round to three decimal places.
Now, rounding to three decimal places, we get

Exercise 6.6.1
5.3 8.6
Exercise 6.6.2
2.12 4.9
Exercise 6.6.3
1.054 0.16
0.00031 0.002
Find the product of 2.33 and 4.01 and round to one decimal place. 10 5.394
Exercise 6.6.7
100 5.394
Exercise 6.6.8
1000 5.394
Exercise 6.6.9
10,000 5.394
363
6.6.4 Calculators
Calculators can be used to nd products of decimal numbers. However, a calculator that has only an eightdigit display may not be able to handle numbers or products that result in more than eight digits. But there are plenty of inexpensive ($50 - $75) calculators with more than eight-digit displays.
Find the following products, if possible, using a calculator.

Example 6.34
2.58 8.61
Display Reads Type Press Type Press The product is 22.2138.

Example 6.35
2.58
2.58 2.58 8.61 22.2138
8.61 =
Table 6.13
0.006 0.0042
Display Reads Type Press Type Press .006 .006 .006 0.0042 0.0000252
.0042 =
Table 6.14
We know that there will be seven decimal places in the product (since 3 + 4 = 7). Since the display shows 7 decimal places, we can assume the product is correct. Thus, the product is 0.0000252.
Example 6.36
0.0026 0.11976
Since we expect 4 + 5 = 9 decimal places in the product, we know that an eight-digit display calculator will not be able to provide us with the exact value. To obtain the exact value, we must use "hand technology." Suppose, however, that we agree to round o this product to three decimal places. We then need only four decimal places on the display. Display Reads Type Press Type Press .0026 .0026 .0026 0.11976 0.0003114
.11976 =
364
Table 6.15
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
Rounding 0.0003114 to three decimal places we get 0.000. Thus, 0.0026 0.11976 = 0.000 to three decimal places.
Use a calculator to nd each product. If the calculator will not provide the exact product, round the result to four decimal places.
Exercise 6.6.10
5.126 4.08
Exercise 6.6.11
0.00165 0.04
Exercise 6.6.12
0.5598 0.4281
Exercise 6.6.13
0.000002 0.06
6.6.5 Multiplying Decimals by Powers of 10
There is an interesting feature of multiplying decimals by powers of 10. Consider the following multiplications. Multiplication Number of Zeros in the Power of 10 1 2 3 4
Table 6.16
Number of Positions the Decimal Point Has Been Moved to the Right 1 2 3 4
10 8.315274 = 83.15274 100 8.315274 = 831.5274
1, 000 8.315274 = 8, 315.274

10, 000 8.315274 = 83, 152.74
To multiply a decimal by a power of 10, move the decimal place to the right of its current position as many places as there are zeros in the power of 10. Add zeros if necessary.
Multiplying a Decimal by a Power of 10

Example 6.37
100 34.876. Since there are 2 zeros in 100, Move the decimal point in 34.876 two places to the right.
365
Example 6.38
1, 000 4.8058. Since there are 3 zeros in 1,000, move the decimal point in 4.8058 three places to the right.
Example 6.39
10, 000 56.82. Since there are 4 zeros in 10,000, move the decimal point in 56.82 four places to the right. We will have to add two zeros in order to obtain the four places.
Since there is no fractional part, we can drop the decimal point.

Example 6.40
Example 6.41

Exercise 6.6.14
100 4.27
10,000 16.52187
(10) (0.0188)
Exercise 6.6.17
(10,000,000,000) (52.7)
6.6.6 Multiplication in Terms of Of
Recalling that the word "of" translates to the arithmetic operation of multiplication, let's observe the following multiplications.
366
6.6.6.1 Sample Set D Example 6.42
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
Find 4.1 of 3.8.
Translating "of" to "", we get
4.1 3.8 328 123 15.58

Thus, 4.1 of 3.8 is 15.58.
Example 6.43
Find 0.95 of the sum of 2.6 and 0.8.
We rst nd the sum of 2.6 and 0.8.
2.6 +0.8 3.4

Now nd 0.95 of 3.4
3.4 0.95 170 306 3.230

Thus, 0.95 of (2.6 + 0.8) is 3.230.
Find 2.8 of 6.4. Find 0.1 of 1.3.
Find 1.01 of 3.6. Find 0.004 of 0.0009. Find 0.83 of 12.
Exercise 6.6.23
Find 1.1 of the sum of 8.6 and 4.2.
367
6.6.7 Exercises
For the following 30 problems, nd each product and check each result with a calculator.
Exercise 6.6.24
3.4 9.2
Exercise 6.6.25
4.5 6.1
Exercise 6.6.26
8.0 5.9
Exercise 6.6.27
6.1 7
Exercise 6.6.28
(0.1) (1.52)
Exercise 6.6.29
(1.99) (0.05)
Exercise 6.6.30
(12.52) (0.37)
Exercise 6.6.31
(5.116) (1.21)
Exercise 6.6.32
(31.82) (0.1)
Exercise 6.6.33
(16.527) (9.16) 0.0021 0.013
1.0037 1.00037
Exercise 6.6.36
(1.6) (1.6) (4.2) (4.2) 0.9 0.9
1.11 1.11
Exercise 6.6.40
6.815 4.3
Exercise 6.6.41
9.0168 1.2
(3.5162) (0.0000003) (0.000001) (0.01)
368
Exercise 6.6.44
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
(10) (4.96)
Exercise 6.6.45
(10) (36.17)
Exercise 6.6.46
10 421.8842 10 8.0107
100 0.19621
Exercise 6.6.49
100 0.779
Exercise 6.6.50
1000 3.596168
1000 42.7125571 1000 25.01

Exercise 6.6.53
100, 000 9.923
Exercise 6.6.54
(4.6) (6.17)
Actual product
Tenths
Hundreds
Thousandths
Table 6.17
Exercise 6.6.55
(8.09) (7.1)
Actual product
Tenths
Hundreds
Thousandths
Table 6.18
Exercise 6.6.56
(11.1106) (12.08)
Actual product Tenths Hundreds Thousandths
Table 6.19
Exercise 6.6.57
0.0083 1.090901
369
Actual product
Tenths
Hundreds
Thousandths
Table 6.20
Exercise 6.6.58
7 26.518
Actual product
Tenths
Hundreds
Thousandths
Table 6.21
For the following 15 problems, perform the indicated operations

Exercise 6.6.59
Find 5.2 of 3.7.
Find 12.03 of 10.1

Exercise 6.6.61
Exercise 6.6.60
Find 16 of 1.04 Find 12 of 0.1
Exercise 6.6.62 Exercise 6.6.63 Exercise 6.6.64 Exercise 6.6.65 Exercise 6.6.66 Exercise 6.6.67 Exercise 6.6.68 Exercise 6.6.69 Exercise 6.6.70 Exercise 6.6.71 Exercise 6.6.72
Find 0.09 of 0.003 Find 1.02 of 0.9801 Find 0.01 of the sum of 3.6 and 12.18 Find 0.2 of the sum of 0.194 and 1.07 Find the dierence of 6.1 of 2.7 and 2.7 of 4.03 Find the dierence of 0.071 of 42 and 0.003 of 9.2
If a person earns $8.55 an hour, how much does he earn in twenty-ve hundredths of an hour? A man buys 14 items at $1.16 each. What is the total cost?
In the problem above, how much is the total cost if 0.065 sales tax is added? A river rafting trip is supposed to last for 10 days and each day 6 miles is to be rafted. On the third 2 of that day's mileage. If this person gets discouraged day a person falls out of the raft after only 5 and quits, what fraction of the entire trip did he complete?
370
Exercise 6.6.73
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
A woman starts the day with $42.28. She buys one item for $8.95 and another for $6.68. She then buys another item for sixty two-hundredths of the remaining amount. How much money does she have left?
Calculator Problems
For the following 10 problems, use a calculator to determine each product. If the calculator will not provide the exact product, round the results to ve decimal places.
Exercise 6.6.74
0.019 0.321
Exercise 6.6.75
0.261 1.96
Exercise 6.6.76
4.826 4.827
Exercise 6.6.77
(9.46)
Exercise 6.6.78
(0.012)
Exercise 6.6.79
0.00037 0.0065
Exercise 6.6.80
0.002 0.0009
Exercise 6.6.81
0.1286 0.7699
Exercise 6.6.82
0.01 0.00000471
Exercise 6.6.83
0.00198709 0.03
(Section 2.3) Find the value, if it exists, of 0 15.
(Section 3.5) Find the greatest common factor of 210, 231, and 357. (Section 4.4) Reduce 2280 ,156 to lowest terms.
(Section 6.2) Write "fourteen and one hundred twenty-one ten-thousandths, using digits." (Section 6.5) Subtract 6.882 from 8.661 and round the result to two decimal places.
371
6.7 Division of Decimals7

The Logic Behind the Method A Method of Dividing a Decimal By a Nonzero Whole Number A Method of Dividing a Decimal by a Nonzero Decimal Dividing Decimals by Powers of 10
As we have done with addition, subtraction, and multiplication of decimals, we will study a method of division of decimals by converting them to fractions, then we will make a general rule. We will proceed by using this example: Divide 196.8 by 6.
32 6)196.8 18 16 12 4
We have, up to this point, divided 196.8 by 6 and have gotten a quotient of 32 with a remainder of 4. If we follow our intuition and bring down the .8, we have the division 4.8 6.
4.8 6
= = = =
8 4 10 6
48 10
8
6 1 1 )6
1
)48
10 10
8
Thus, 4.8 6 = .8. Now, our intuition and experience with division direct us to place the .8 immediately to the right of 32.
From these observations, we suggest the following method of division.

372
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
6.7.3 A Method of Dividing a Decimal by a Nonzero Whole Number

Method of Dividing a Decimal by a Nonzero Whole Number
To divide a decimal by a nonzero whole number:
1. Write a decimal point above the division line and directly over the decimal point of the dividend. 2. Proceed to divide as if both numbers were whole numbers. 3. If, in the quotient, the rst nonzero digit occurs to the right of the decimal point, but not in the tenths position, place a zero in each position between the decimal point and the rst nonzero digit of the quotient.
Find the decimal representations of the following quotients.

Example 6.44
114.1 7 = 7 16.3 7)114.1 7 44 42 2.1 2.1 0

Thus, 114.1 7 = 16.3. Check: If 114.1 7 = 16.3, then 7 16.3 should equal 114.1.
4 2
16.3 7 114.1
True.
Example 6.45
0.02068 4
Place zeros in the tenths and hundredths positions. (See Step 3.) Thus, 0.02068 4 = 0.00517.
373
Find the following quotients.

Exercise 6.7.1
184.5 3
Exercise 6.7.2
16.956 9
Exercise 6.7.3
0.2964 4
Exercise 6.7.4
0.000496 8
6.7.4 A Method of Dividing a Decimal By a Nonzero Decimal
Now that we can divide decimals by nonzero whole numbers, we are in a position to divide decimals by a nonzero decimal. We will do so by converting a division by a decimal into a division by a whole number, a process with which we are already familiar. We'll illustrate the method using this example: Divide 4.32 by 1.8.
32 1 8 . Let's look at this problem as 4 100 10 32 1 8 4 100 10
= =
32 4 100 8 1 10 432 100 18 10
18 The divisor is 18 10 . We can convert 10 into a whole number if we multiply it by 10. 18 10 = 18 10 )10
1 1
)10 1
= 18
But, we know from our experience with fractions, that if we multiply the denominator of a fraction by a nonzero whole number, we must multiply the numerator by that same nonzero whole number. Thus, when 432 converting 18 10 to a whole number by multiplying it by 10, we must also multiply the numerator 100 by 10.
432 432 100 10 = )100
10
)10 1
= = =
4321 = 432 101 10

2 43 10
43.2
We have converted the division 4.32 1.8 into the division 43.2 18, that is,
1.8)4.32 18)43.2
Notice what has occurred.
If we "move" the decimal point of the divisor one digit to the right, we must also "move" the decimal point of the dividend one place to the right. The word "move" actually indicates the process of multiplication by a power of 10.
374
Method of Dividing a Decimal by a Decimal Number
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
To divide a decimal by a nonzero decimal,
1. Convert the divisor to a whole number by moving the decimal point to the position immediately to the right of the divisor's last digit. 2. Move the decimal point of the dividend to the right the same number of digits it was moved in the divisor. 3. Set the decimal point in the quotient by placing a decimal point directly above the newly located decimal point in the dividend. 4. Divide as usual.

Example 6.46
32.66 7.1
7.1)32.66
The divisor has one decimal place. Move the decimal point of both the divisor and the dividend 1 place to the right. Set the decimal point. Divide as usual. Thus, 32.66 7.1 = 4.6. Check: 32.66 7.1 = 4.6 if 4.6 7.1 = 32.66
4.6 7.1 46 322 32.66 True.

Example 6.47
1.0773 0.513
The divisor has 3 decimal places.

375 Move the decimal point of both the divisor and the dividend 3 places to the right. Set the decimal place and divide. Thus, 1.0773 0.513 = 2.1. Checking by multiplying 2.1 and 0.513 will convince us that we have obtained the correct result. (Try it.)
Example 6.48
12 0.00032
0.00032)12.00000
The divisor has 5 decimal places. Move the decimal point of both the divisor and the dividend 5 places to the right. We will need to add 5 zeros to 12. Set the decimal place and divide.
This is now the same as the division of whole numbers.
37500. 32)1200000. 96 240 224 160 160 000

Checking assures us that 12 0.00032 = 37, 500.
Find the decimal representation of each quotient.

Exercise 6.7.5
9.176 3.1
Exercise 6.7.6
5.0838 1.11
16 0.0004
8, 162.41 10
Exercise 6.7.9
8, 162.41 100 8, 162.41 1, 000
Exercise 6.7.10
376
Exercise 6.7.11
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
8, 162.41 10, 000
6.7.5 Calculators
Calculators can be useful for nding quotients of decimal numbers. As we have seen with the other calculator operations, we can sometimes expect only approximate results. We are alerted to approximate results when the calculator display is lled with digits. We know it is possible that the operation may produce more digits than the calculator has the ability to show. For example, the multiplication
0.12345 0.4567
5 decimal places 4 decimal places
produces 5 + 4 = 9 decimal places. An eight-digit display calculator only has the ability to show eight digits, and an approximation results. The way to recognize a possible approximation is illustrated in problem 3 of the next sample set.
Find each quotient using a calculator. If the result is an approximation, round to ve decimal places.
Example 6.49
12.596 4.7
Display Reads Type Press Type Press 12.596 12.596 12.596 4.7 2.68
Table 6.22
4.7 =
Since the display is not lled, we expect this to be an accurate result.

Example 6.50
0.5696376 0.00123
Display Reads Type Press Type Press .5696376 0.5696376 0.5696376 0.00123 463.12
Table 6.23
.00123 =
Since the display is not lled, we expect this result to be accurate.

Example 6.51
0.8215199 4.113
377
Display Reads Type Press Type Press .8215199 0.8215199 0.8215199 4.113 0.1997373
Table 6.24
4.113 =
There are EIGHT DIGITS DISPLAY FILLED! BE AWARE OF POSSIBLE APPROXIMATIONS.

3
We can check for a possible approximation in the following way. Since the division 4)12 can be checked by multiplying 4 and 3, we can check our division by performing the multiplication
4.113 0.1997373
3 decimal places 7 decimal places
This multiplication produces 3 + 7 = 10 decimal digits. But our suspected quotient contains only 8 decimal digits. We conclude that the answer is an approximation. Then, rounding to ve decimal places, we get 0.19974.
Find each quotient using a calculator. If the result is an approximation, round to four decimal places.
42.49778 14.261
0.001455 0.291 7.459085 2.1192
6.7.6 Dividing Decimals By Powers of 10
In problems 4 and 5 of Section 6.7.4.2 (Practice Set B), we found the decimal representations of 8, 162.41 10 and 8, 162.41 100. Let's look at each of these again and then, from these observations, make a general statement regarding division of a decimal number by a power of 10.
378
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
816.241
10)8162.410 80 16 10 62 60 24 20 41 40 10 10 0
Thus, 8, 162.41 10 = 816.241. Notice that the divisor 10 is composed of one 0 and that the quotient 816.241 can be obtained from the dividend 8,162.41 by moving the decimal point one place to the left.
81.6241 100)8162.4100 800 162 100 62 4 60 0 2 41 2 00 410 400 100 100 0

Thus, 8, 162.41 100 = 81.6241. Notice that the divisor 100 is composed of two 0's and that the quotient 81.6241 can be obtained from the dividend by moving the decimal point two places to the left. Using these observations, we can suggest the following method for dividing decimal numbers by powers of 10.
379
Dividing a Decimal Fraction by a Power of 10
To divide a decimal fraction by a power of 10, move the decimal point of the decimal fraction to the left as many places as there are zeros in the power of 10. Add zeros if necessary.
Find each quotient.
9, 248.6 100 Since there are 2 zeros in this power of 10, we move the decimal point 2 places to the left.
Example 6.52
Example 6.53
3.28 10, 000
Since there are 4 zeros in this power of 10, we move the decimal point 4 places to the left. To do so, we need to add three zeros.
Find the decimal representation of each quotient.

Exercise 6.7.15
182.5 10
Exercise 6.7.16
182.5 100
Exercise 6.7.17
182.5 1, 000
Exercise 6.7.18
182.5 10, 000 646.18 100
21.926 1, 000
6.7.7 Exercises
For the following 30 problems, nd the decimal representation of each quotient. Use a calculator to check each result.
Exercise 6.7.21
4.8 3
Exercise 6.7.22
16.8 8
Exercise 6.7.23
18.5 5
380
Exercise 6.7.24
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
12.33 3
Exercise 6.7.25
54.36 9
Exercise 6.7.26
73.56 12
Exercise 6.7.27
159.46 17 12.16 64 37.26 81
439.35 435
Exercise 6.7.31
36.98 4.3
Exercise 6.7.32
46.41 9.1
Exercise 6.7.33
3.6 1.5
Exercise 6.7.34
0.68 1.7
Exercise 6.7.35
50.301 8.1
Exercise 6.7.36
2.832 0.4
Exercise 6.7.37
4.7524 2.18
Exercise 6.7.38
16.2409 4.03
1.002001 1.001
25.050025 5.005 12.4 3.1

Exercise 6.7.42
0.48 0.08
Exercise 6.7.43
30.24 2.16 48.87 0.87
12.321 0.111
Exercise 6.7.46
64, 351.006 10
381
64, 351.006 100 64, 351.006 1, 000
64, 351.006 1, 000, 000
0.43 100
For the following 5 problems, nd each quotient. Round to the specied position. A calculator may be used.
Exercise 6.7.51
11.2944 6.24
Actual Quotient
Tenths
Hundredths
Thousandths
Table 6.25
Exercise 6.7.52
45.32931 9.01
Actual Quotient
Tenths
Hundredths
Thousandths
Table 6.26
Exercise 6.7.53
3.18186 0.66
Actual Quotient
Tenths
Hundredths
Thousandths
Table 6.27
Exercise 6.7.54
4.3636 4
Actual Quotient
Tenths
Hundredths
Thousandths
Table 6.28
Exercise 6.7.55
0.00006318 0.018
Actual Quotient Tenths Hundredths
Thousandths
382
Table 6.29
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
For the following 9 problems, nd each solution.

Divide the product of 7.4 and 4.1 by 2.6.

Divide the product of 11.01 and 0.003 by 2.56 and round to two decimal places.
Divide the dierence of the products of 2.1 and 9.3, and 4.6 and 0.8 by 0.07 and round to one decimal place.
Exercise 6.7.59
A ring costing $567.08 is to be paid o in equal monthly payments of $46.84. In how many months will the ring be paid o?
Six cans of cola cost $2.58. What is the price of one can?
A family traveled 538.56 miles in their car in one day on their vacation. If their car used 19.8 gallons of gas, how many miles per gallon did it get?
Exercise 6.7.62
Three college students decide to rent an apartment together. The rent is $812.50 per month. How much must each person contribute toward the rent?
Exercise 6.7.63
A woman notices that on slow speed her video cassette recorder runs through 296.80 tape units in 10 minutes and at fast speed through 1098.16 tape units. How many times faster is fast speed than slow speed?
Exercise 6.7.64
A class of 34 rst semester business law students pay a total of $1,354.90, disregarding sales tax, for their law textbooks. What is the cost of each book?
Calculator Problems
For the following problems, use calculator to nd the quotients. If the result is approximate (see Sample Set C Example 6.51) round the result to three decimal places.
Exercise 6.7.65
3.8994 2.01
0.067444 0.052
14, 115.628 484.74 219, 709.36 9941.6
0.0852092 0.49271
2.4858225 1.11611
0.123432 0.1111
2.102838 1.0305
383
(Section 4.3) Convert 4 7 8 to an improper fraction. (Section 4.7)

2 7
of what number is 4 5?
4 7 3 (Section 5.3) Find the sum. 15 + 10 +5 .
(Section 6.4) Round 0.01628 to the nearest ten-thousandths. (Section 6.6) Find the product (2.06)(1.39)
6.8 Nonterminating Divisions8

Nonterminating Divisions Denoting Nonterminating Quotients
6.8.2 Nonterminating Divisions
Let's consider two divisions: 1. 9.8 3.5 2. 4 3

Terminating Divisions
Previously, we have considered divisions like example 1, which is an example of a terminating division. A terminating division is a division in which the quotient terminates after several divisions (the remainder is zero ).
Exact Divisions
The quotient in this problem terminates in the tenths position. Terminating divisions are also called exact divisions.
Nonterminating Division
The division in example 2 is an example of a nonterminating division. A non-terminating division is a division that, regardless of how far we carry it out, always has a remainder.
384
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
Repeating Decimal
We can see that the pattern in the brace is repeated endlessly. Such a decimal quotient is called a repeating decimal.
6.8.3 Denoting Nonterminating Quotients
We use three dots at the end of a number to indicate that a pattern repeats itself endlessly. 4 3 = 1.333 . . . Another way, aside from using three dots, of denoting an endlessly repeating pattern is to write a bar ( ) above the repeating sequence of digits. 4 3 = 1.3 The bar indicates the repeated pattern of 3. Repeating patterns in a division can be discovered in two ways: 1. As the division process progresses, should the remainder ever be the same as the dividend, it can be concluded that the division is nonterminating and that the pattern in the quotient repeats. This fact is illustrated in Example 6.54 of Section 6.8.3.1 (Sample Set A). 2. As the division process progresses, should the "product, dierence" pattern ever repeat two consecutive times, it can be concluded that the division is nonterminating and that the pattern in the quotient repeats. This fact is illustrated in Example 6.55 and 4 of Section 6.8.3.1 (Sample Set A).
Carry out each division until the repeating pattern can be determined.
Example 6.54
100 27
385
3.70370 27)100.00000 81 19 0 18 9 100 81 190 189 When the remainder is identical to the dividend, the division is nonterminating. This implies that the pattern in the quotient repeats.
100 27 = 3.70370370 . . . The repeating block is 703. 100 27 = 3.703
Example 6.55
19
We see that this product, dierencepattern repeats. We can conclude that the division is nonterminating and that the quotient repeats.
1 9 = 0.111 . . . The repeating block is 1. 1 9 = 0.1

Example 6.56
Divide 2 by 11 and round to 3 decimal places. Since we wish to round the quotient to three decimal places, we'll carry out the division so that the quotient has four decimal places.
386
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
.1818 11)2.0000 11 90 88 20 11 90
The number .1818 rounded to three decimal places is .182. Thus, correct to three decimal places, 2 11 = 0.182
Example 6.57
Divide 1 by 6.
We see that this product, dierence pattern repeats. We can conclude that the division is nonterminating and that the quotient repeats at the 6.
1 6 = 0.16
Carry out the following divisions until the repeating pattern can be determined.
Exercise 6.8.1
13
Exercise 6.8.2
56
Exercise 6.8.3
11 9 17 9
Divide 7 by 6 and round to 2 decimal places. Divide 400 by 11 and round to 4 decimal places.
Exercise 6.8.6
387
6.8.4 Exercises
For the following 20 problems, carry out each division until the repeating pattern is determined. If a repeating pattern is not apparent, round the quotient to three decimal places.
Exercise 6.8.7
49
Exercise 6.8.8
8 11 4 25 56
17
Exercise 6.8.12
3 1.1
Exercise 6.8.13
20 1.9
Exercise 6.8.14
10 2.7
Exercise 6.8.15
1.11 9.9
Exercise 6.8.16
8.08 3.1
51 8.2
0.213 0.31 0.009 1.1
6.03 1.9
Exercise 6.8.21
0.518 0.62
Exercise 6.8.22
1.55 0.27
Exercise 6.8.23
0.333 0.999
Exercise 6.8.24
0.444 0.999 0.555 0.27
3.8 0.99
Calculator Problems
For the following 10 problems, use a calculator to perform each division.
388
Exercise 6.8.27
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
79
Exercise 6.8.28
8 11
Exercise 6.8.29
14 27
Exercise 6.8.30
1 44 2 44
0.7 0.9 (Compare this with Exercise 6.8.27.)

80 110 (Compare this with Exercise 6.8.28.)
0.0707 0.7070
Exercise 6.8.35
0.1414 0.2020 1 0.9999999
Exercise 6.8.36
6.8.4.1 Exercise for Review Exercise 6.8.37
(Section 1.2) In the number 411,105, how many ten thousands are there? (Section 2.3) Find the quotient, if it exists. 17 0. (Section 3.6) Find the least common multiple of 45, 63, and 98.
Exercise 6.8.38
(Section 6.5) Subtract 8.01629 from 9.00187 and round the result to three decimal places. (Section 6.7) Find the quotient. 104.06 12.1.
6.9 Converting a Fraction to a Decimal9

Now that we have studied and practiced dividing with decimals, we are also able to convert a fraction to a decimal. To do so we need only recall that a fraction bar can also be a division symbol. Thus, 3 4 not only means "3 objects out of 4," but can also mean "3 divided by 4."
389
6.9.1 Sample Set A
Convert the following fractions to decimals. If the division is nonterminating, round to two decimal places.
Example 6.58
3 4.
Divide 3 by 4.
.75 4)3.00 28 20 20 0
Thus,
1 5 3 4
= 0.75.
Example 6.59
Divide 1 by 5.
.2 5)1.0 1.0 0
Thus,
5 6. 1 5
= 0.2
Example 6.60
Divide 5 by 6.
5 6
= 0.833 We are to round to two decimal places.

5 6
Thus,
= 0.83 to two decimal places.
Example 6.61
1 1 51 8 . Note that 5 8 = 5 + 8 . 1 8
Convert
to a decimal.
390
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
.125 8)1.000 8 20 16 40 40 0
1 8
= .125
1 8
Thus, 5 1 8 =5+
Example 6.62
= 5 + .125 = 5.125.
0.16 1 4 . This is a complex decimal.
Note that the 6 is in the hundredths position. The number 0.16 1 4 is read as "sixteen and one-fourth hundredths."
0.16 1 4
16 1 4 = 100 =
164+1
100
65 100
4 1
)65 4
13
1 )100
20
1 13 = 13 420 = 80
Now, convert 13 80 to a decimal.
.1625 80)13.0000 80 5 00 4 80 200 160 400 400 0

Thus, 0.16 1 4 = 0.1625.
6.9.2 Practice Set A
Convert the following fractions and complex decimals to decimals (in which no proper fractions appear). If the divison is nonterminating, round to two decimal places.
Exercise 6.9.1
1 4
391
Exercise 6.9.2
25
Exercise 6.9.3
1 6
Exercise 6.9.4
15 16
Exercise 6.9.5
1 0.9 2
Exercise 6.9.6
3 8.0126 8
6.9.3 Exercises
For the following 30 problems, convert each fraction or complex decimal number to a decimal (in which no proper fractions appear).
Exercise 6.9.7
1 2
Exercise 6.9.8
4 5
Exercise 6.9.9
7 8
Exercise 6.9.10
5 8
Exercise 6.9.11
3 5
Exercise 6.9.12
2 5
Exercise 6.9.13
25
Exercise 6.9.14
25
Exercise 6.9.15
20
Exercise 6.9.16
15
Exercise 6.9.17
50
Exercise 6.9.18
75
Exercise 6.9.19
1 3
Exercise 6.9.20
5 6
Exercise 6.9.21
16
392
Exercise 6.9.22
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
9
16
Exercise 6.9.23
27
Exercise 6.9.24
27
Exercise 6.9.25
13
Exercise 6.9.26
14
Exercise 6.9.27
72 3
Exercise 6.9.28
5 8 16
Exercise 6.9.29
2 1 15
Exercise 6.9.30
5 65 22
Exercise 6.9.31
6 101 25
Exercise 6.9.32
0.1 1 2
Exercise 6.9.33
0.24 1 8 5.66 2 3

5 810.3106 16 1 4.1 9
Exercise 6.9.36
For the following 18 problems, convert each fraction to a decimal. Round to ve decimal places.
Exercise 6.9.37
1 9
Exercise 6.9.38
2 9
Exercise 6.9.39
3 9
Exercise 6.9.40
4 9
Exercise 6.9.41
5 9
Exercise 6.9.42
6 9
Exercise 6.9.43
7 9
393
Exercise 6.9.44
8 9
Exercise 6.9.45
11
Exercise 6.9.46
11
Exercise 6.9.47
11
Exercise 6.9.48
11
Exercise 6.9.49
11
Exercise 6.9.50
11
Exercise 6.9.51
11
Exercise 6.9.52
11
Exercise 6.9.53
11
Exercise 6.9.54
10 11
Calculator Problems
For the following problems, use a calculator to convert each fraction to a decimal. If no repeating pattern seems to exist, round to four decimal places.
Exercise 6.9.55
16 125 85 311
192 197
1
Exercise 6.9.58
1469
Exercise 6.9.59
4 21,015
Exercise 6.9.60
81,426 106,001 16,501 426
Exercise 6.9.61
394
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
(Section 1.4) Round 2,105,106 to the nearest hundred thousand. (Section 4.7)
8 5
7 9 , 15 (Section 5.5) Arrange 1 16 8 , and 1 12 in increasing order.
(Section 6.3) Convert the complex decimal 3.6 5 4 to a fraction. (Section 6.8) Find the quotient. 30 1.1.
Exercise 6.9.66
6.10 Combinations of Operations with Decimals and Fractions10

Having considered operations with decimals and fractions, we now consider operations that involve both decimals and fractions.
6.10.1 Sample Set A
Perform the following operations.

Example 6.63
0.38 1 4 . Convert both numbers to decimals or both numbers to fractions. We'll convert to decimals. .25 4)1.00 8 20 20
0 To convert
1 4
to a decimal, divide 1 by 4.
Now multiply 0.38 and .25.

1 4
.3 8 .25 190 76 .0950

Thus, 0.38
1 4
= 0.095.
395 In the problems that follow, the conversions from fraction to decimal, or decimal to fraction, and some of the additions, subtraction, multiplications, and divisions will be left to you.
Example 6.64
1.85 +
3 8
4.1 Convert
3 8
to a decimal.
1.85 + 0.375 4.1 Multiply before adding. 1.85 + 1.5375 Now add.
3.3875
Example 6.65
13 13
5
4 5 4 5
0.28 Convert 0.28 to a fraction.

28 100
= = = =
7 25 5 20 7 13 25 25
13
4 5
)5 )13
1
1 5
)13 )25
5
Example 6.66
0.125 11 3
1 16
0.1211
= = = = = = = = =
3 32
125 1000 4 3 1 8 4 3
1 16
0.1211
1 16
0.1211
1 16 0.1211 3 1 32 + 16 0.1211 2 5 32 0.1211 = 32 0.1211
1 8
3 4
0.15625 0.1211 0.03515

3515 100,000 703 20,000
Convert this to fraction form
6.10.2 Practice Set A
Perform the following operations.

Exercise 6.10.1
3 5
+ 1.6
Exercise 6.10.2
8.91 +
1 5
1.6
Exercise 6.10.3
9 7 1 16 6.12 + 25 0.156 1 11 15
Exercise 6.10.4
0.05
396
6.10.3 Exercises
Exercise 6.10.5
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
10 + 0.7
3 1 5 5 8
Exercise 6.10.6
+ 0.1
Exercise 6.10.7
0.513
Exercise 6.10.8
67 0.418 200
1 4
Exercise 6.10.9
0.22
3 5 1
Exercise 6.10.10
8.4
Exercise 6.10.11
25 3.19
Exercise 6.10.12
3 20 0.05
Exercise 6.10.13
40 0.25
7
Exercise 6.10.14
1 1 15 0.9 0.12
Exercise 6.10.15
9.26 +
1 4
0.81
Exercise 6.10.16
1 0.588 + 40 0.24
Exercise 6.10.17
20 + 3.62
1
3 8
Exercise 6.10.18
3 7 + 0.15 30
Exercise 6.10.19
15 7 16 10 0.5
Exercise 6.10.20
7 0.2 20 + 1.1143 3 4
Exercise 6.10.21
0.875 +
1 8
Exercise 6.10.22
14 + 0.119 5.198 0.26 250
Exercise 6.10.23
0.5 1 4 + (0.3)
2
Exercise 6.10.24
(1.4) 1.6 1 2
3 2 8
Exercise 6.10.25
2
0.000625 + (1.1)
2
Exercise 6.10.26
1 1 (0.6) 20 25
397
Exercise 6.10.27
1 2 2 0.75 1 42
0.125
Exercise 6.10.28
5 + 12
Exercise 6.10.29
0.375 1 2 16
33
14 2.25 9 + 25
Exercise 6.10.30 1
81 3
0.32
12 35
Exercise 6.10.31
0.35
Exercise 6.10.32
49 64 5
0.125
1.375
(Section 2.5) Is 21,480 divisible by 3? (Section 3.2) Expand 144 . Do not nd the actual value. (Section 3.3) Find the prime factorization of 15,400. (Section 6.3) Convert 8.016 to a fraction. (Section 6.9) Find the quotient. 16 27.
398
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS

Decimal Point (Section 6.2)
A decimal point is a point that separates the units digit from the tenths digit. A decimal fraction is a fraction whose denominator is a power of ten.
Decimal or Decimal Fraction (Section 6.2)
Converting a Decimal to a Fraction (Section 6.3)
Decimals can be converted to fractions by saying the decimal number in words, then writing what was said. Decimals are rounded in much the same way whole numbers are rounded. To add or subtract decimals,
Rounding Decimals (Section 6.4)
Addition and Subtraction of Decimals (Section 6.5)
1. Align the numbers vertically so that the decimal points line up under each other and the corresponding decimal positions are in the same column. 2. Add or subtract the numbers as if they were whole numbers. 3. Place a decimal point in the resulting sum directly under the other decimal points.
Multiplication of Decimals (Section 6.6)
To multiply two decimals,
1. Multiply the numbers as if they were whole numbers. 2. Find the sum of the number of decimal places in the factors. 3. The number of decimal places in the product is the number found in step 2.
Multiplying Decimals by Powers of 10 (Section 6.6)
To multiply a decimal by a power of 10, move the decimal point to the right as many places as there are zeros in the power of ten. Add zeros if necessary.
Division of a Decimal by a Decimal (Section 6.7)
To divide a decimal by a nonzero decimal,
1. Convert the divisor to a whole number by moving the decimal point until it appears to the right of the divisor's last digit. 2. Move the decimal point of the dividend to the right the same number of digits it was moved in the divisor. 3. Proceed to divide. 4. Locate the decimal in the answer by bringing it straight up from the dividend.
Dividing Decimals by Powers of 10 (Section 6.7)
To divide a decimal by a power of 10, move the decimal point to the left as many places as there are zeros in the power of ten. Add zeros if necessary. A terminating division is a division in which the quotient terminates after several divisions. Terminating divisions are also called exact divisions.
Terminating Divisions (Section 6.8)
399
Nonterminating Divisions (Section 6.8)
A nonterminating division is a division that, regardless of how far it is carried out, always has a remainder. Nonterminating divisions are also called nonexact divisions.
Converting Fractions to Decimals (Section 6.9)
A fraction can be converted to a decimal by dividing the numerator by the denominator.

6.12.1.1 Reading and Writing Decimals (Section 6.2) Exercise 6.12.1
The decimal digit that appears two places to the right of the decimal point is in the position.
Exercise 6.12.2
The decimal digit that appears four places to the right of the decimal point is in the position. For problems 3-8, read each decimal by writing it in words.
Exercise 6.12.3
7.2
Exercise 6.12.4
8.105 16.52
5.9271 0.005
4.01701
For problems 9-13, write each decimal using digits.

Exercise 6.12.9
Nine and twelve-hundredths. Two and one hundred seventy-seven thousandths. Fifty-six and thirty-ve ten-thousandths. Four tenths.
Four thousand eighty-one millionths.
400
6.12.1.2 Converting a Decimal to a Fraction (Section 6.3)
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
For problem 14-20, convert each decimal to a proper fraction or a mixed number.
Exercise 6.12.14
1.07
Exercise 6.12.15
58.63 0.05
0.14 2 3 1.09 1 8

1 4.01 27
Exercise 6.12.20
9.11 1 9
6.12.1.3 Rounding Decimals (Section 6.4)
For problems 21-25, round each decimal to the specied position.

Exercise 6.12.21
4.087 to the nearest hundredth. 4.087 to the nearest tenth. 16.5218 to the nearest one. 817.42 to the nearest ten. 0.9811602 to the nearest one.
6.12.1.4 Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division of Decimals, and Nonterminating Divisions (Section 6.5,Section 6.6,Section 6.7,Section 6.8)
For problem 26-45, perform each operation and simplify.

Exercise 6.12.26
7.10 + 2.98
Exercise 6.12.27
14.007 5.061
Exercise 6.12.28
1.2 8.6
Exercise 6.12.29
41.8 0.19
Exercise 6.12.30
57.51 2.7
401
Exercise 6.12.31
0.54003 18.001
32,051.3585 23, 006.9999

100 1, 816.001
Exercise 6.12.34
1, 000 1, 816.001
10.000 0.14
0.135888 16.986
150.79 100
Exercise 6.12.38
4.119 10, 000

42.7 18
6.9 12
0.014 47.6. Round to three decimal places.
8.8 19. Round to one decimal place. 1.1 9

Exercise 6.12.44
1.1 9.9
Exercise 6.12.45
30 11.1
6.12.1.5 Converting a Fraction to a Decimal (Section 6.9)
For problems 46-55, convert each fraction to a decimal.

Exercise 6.12.46
3 8
Exercise 6.12.47
43 100
Exercise 6.12.48
82 1000
Exercise 6.12.49
94 7
Exercise 6.12.50
5 8 16
402
Exercise 6.12.51
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
1.3 1 3
Exercise 6.12.52
2 25.6 3
Exercise 6.12.53
125.125 1 8
Exercise 6.12.54
9.11 1 9
Exercise 6.12.55
0.0 5 6
6.12.1.6 Combinations of Operations with Decimals and Fractions (Section 6.10)
For problems 56-62, perform each operation.

Exercise 6.12.56
5 8
0.25
Exercise 6.12.57
3 16 1.36 3 5 7 2
Exercise 6.12.58
1 2 5 4
+ 1.75 + 0.30
1 19.375 4.375 1 16
15 1 602 2.6 + 3 4
Exercise 6.12.62
3 5 4 13 18 5 14 + 3 21

Exercise 6.13.1
(Section 6.2) The decimal digit that appears three places to the right of the decimal point is in position. the (Section 6.2) Write, using words, 15.036. (Section 6.2) Write eighty-one and twelve hundredths using digits. 81.12 (Section 6.2) Write three thousand seventeen millionths using digits. (Section 6.3) Convert 0.78 to a fraction. Reduce.
Exercise 6.13.2
403
(Section 6.3) Convert 0.875 to a fraction. Reduce. (Section 6.4) Round 4.8063 to the nearest tenth. (Section 6.4) Round 187.51 to the nearest hundred. (Section 6.4) Round 0.0652 to the nearest hundredth.

(Section 6.5) 15.026 + 5.971 (Section 6.5) 72.15 26.585
(Solution on p. 418.) (Solution on p. 418.) (Solution on p. 418.) (Solution on p. 418.) (Solution on p. 418.) (Solution on p. 418.) (Solution on p. 418.) (Solution on p. 418.) (Solution on p. 418.) (Solution on p. 418.) (Solution on p. 418.)
(Section 6.6) 16.2 4.8 (Section 6.6) 10, 000 0.016 (Section 6.7) 44.64 18.6 (Section 6.7) 0.21387 0.19
3 (Section 6.8) 0.27 11 2 (Section 6.9) Convert 6 11 to a decimal.
9 (Section 6.9) Convert 0.5 16 to a decimal.
(Section 6.10) 3 1 8 + 2.325 (Section 6.10)

3 8
0.5625
404
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS

twelve and nine tenths
four and eighty-six hundredths
seven and two hundred thousandths
thirty thousand four hundred ve millionths 306.49 9.004

0.000061
Tenths; hundredths, thousandths
Hundred thousandths; ten millionths eight and one tenth
fty-ve and six hundredths
one and nine hundred four thousandths 3.20 1.8
511.004 0.947
0.00071
seventy-ve hundredths four tenths
sixteen hundredths
one thousand eight hundred seventy-ve ten thousandths fty-ve hundredths 2610 12
10
9
or 1 1 9
405
16 21 25
513
1,000
107 6, 646 10 ,000

1 1 10 7 8
7 6 1,200 2 18 17
31 250
1,000
10
53 100
219
44 5
1 6 2,000 1 16 8 3 16 25

1 3 25 9 8 40
,999 9 19 20,000 3 4
2 13 80
14 3337 ,000
1 129 320
1 2 25
14
10
9
406
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
thousandths 4.82
0.3593 82
800
43.994
105.0200 100.00
Tenth 20.0
Hundredth 20.01
Thousandth 20.011
Table 6.30
Tenth 531.2
Hundredth 531.22
Thousandth 531.219
Table 6.31
Tenth 2.0
Hundredth 2.00
Thousandth 2.000
Table 6.32
Tenth 0.0
Hundredth 0.00
Thousandth 0.000
Table 6.33
407
Tenth 9.2
Hundredth 9.19
Thousandth 9.192
Table 6.34
18.417
18.41681 18.42 0.1
0.83607 5.333
Ten million 256

4 3 25
6.179 9.646
1.6044 0.0065
25,777.22 25.69
13.256
59.4512
0.096862 0.475
Since each number contains more than eight digits, using some calculators may not be helpful. Adding these by hand technology, we get 4,785.00031
8.95
39.846
408
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
11.74931 57.2115 2.607
0.41085
9.135586 27.351
39.6660 11.09
$23.23 $5.71
869.37
8,200,000
20 = 9
5 3
or 2 2 9
45.58
10.388
0.16864
0.00000062 9.3
53.94 539.4 5,394
59,340
20.91408 0.000066 0.2397
409
0.0000 427
165,218.7 0.188
527,000,000,000 17.92 0.13
3.636
0.0000036 9.96
14.08 31.28 47.20 0.152
4.6324 3.182
0.0000273 2.56 0.81
29.3045
0.00000105486 49.6
4,218.842 19.621
3,596.168
410
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
25,010
Actual product 28.382
Tenths 28.4
Hundreds 28.38
Thousandths 28.382
Table 6.35
Tenths 134.2
Hundreds 134.22
Thousandths 134.216
Table 6.36
Tenths 185.6
Hundreds 185.63
Thousandths 185.626
Table 6.37
121.503 1.2
0.999702 0.2528 2.9544 $16.24 0.24
0.006099
23.295102 0.000144
0.0000018
0.0000000471
411
10 77
1.78 61.5
1.884
0.0741
0.000062 2.96 4.58
40,000
816.241 81.6241 8.16241
0.816241 2.98
0.005
3.5197645 is an approximate result. Rounding to four decimal places, we get 3.5198 18.25 1.825
0.1825
0.01825 6.4618
0.021926 1.6 3.7
412
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
6.04 9.38 0.46 8.6 2.4
6.21 2.18
1.001 4
14
111
643.51006
0.064351006
Actual Quotient 1.81
Tenths 1.8
Hundredths 1.81
Thousandths 1.810
Table 6.38
Tenths 4.8
Hundredths 4.82
Thousandths 4.821
Table 6.39
Tenths 0.0
Hundredths 0.00
Thousandths 0.004
Table 6.40
413
0.01
12.11 months
27.2 miles per gallon 3.7
1.94
29.120 0.173 1.111

39 8
47 30
or 1 17 30
2.8634
0.3
0.83 1.2 1.8
1.17
36.3636
0.4
0.16
0.142857
10.526
0.112
6.21951 0.0081
0.835
414
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
0.3
2.05 0.7
0.518
0.045 0.72
0.7 1
4410 8.6
0.25 0.04 0.17
0.9375 0.95
8.0126375 0.5
0.875 0.6
0.04 0.05 0.02
0.3
0.1875
0.037
415
0.538461 7.6
1.13
101.24
0.24125
810.31063125 0.11111 0.33333 0.55556 0.77778 0.09091 0.27273 0.45455 0.63636 0.81818 0.128
0.9746 0.0002
38.7347
15 16
3 29 40 or 3.725
2.2 or 2 1 5 9.23 10
1 25 or 0.04
416
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
0.112 0.055
0.1276 0.7
9.4625 1.4075 0.1875 0.75
0.615 1.35
0.125
0.15 2.6
yes
23 52 7 11
0.592
hundredths
seven and two tenths
sixteen and fty-two hundredths ve thousandths 9.12
56.0035
0.004081
63 85 100
417
7 4 675
11 75
4.09 17 1
8.946 7.942 0.03
181,600.1 1.4
1.5079
2.372
0.000
0.12
2.702
0.43
9.571428 1.3
125.125125 (not repeating)
0.083
0.255 5.425
0.09343
thousandth
fteen and thirty-six thousandths
418
CHAPTER 6. DECIMALS
81.12
0.003017
39 50
7 8
4.8
200
0.07
20.997 45.565 77.76 16
2.4
1.1256 0
6.18
0.055625 5.45
27 128 or 0.2109375
Chapter 7
Ratios and Rates
7.1 Objectives1
Ratios and Rates (Section 7.2)
be able to distinguish between denominate and pure numbers and between ratios and rates
Proportions (Section 7.3)
be able to describe proportions and nd the missing factor in a proportion be able to work with proportions involving rates
Applications of Proportions (Section 7.4)
solve proportion problems using the ve-step method

Percent (Section 7.5)
understand the relationship between ratios and percents be able to make conversions between fractions, decimals, and percents
Fractions of One Percent (Section 7.6)
understand the meaning of a fraction of one percent be able to make conversions involving fractions of one percent
Applications of Percents (Section 7.7)
be able to distinguish between base, percent, and percentage be able to nd the percentage, the percent, and the base
7.2 Ratios and Rates2

Denominate Numbers and Pure Numbers Ratios and Rates

419
420
7.2.2 Denominate Numbers and Pure Numbers
CHAPTER 7. RATIOS AND RATES
Denominate Numbers, Like and Unlike Denominate Numbers It is often necessary or convenient to compare two quantities. Denominate numbers
are numbers together with some specied unit. If the units being compared are alike, the denominate numbers are called like denominate numbers. If units are not alike, the numbers are called unlike denominate numbers. Examples of denominate numbers are shown in the diagram:
Pure Numbers
Numbers that exist purely as numbers and do not represent amounts of quantities are called pure numbers. 5 2 , 5 , and 0.07. Examples of pure numbers are 8, 254, 0, 21 8 Numbers can be compared in two ways: subtraction and division.
Comparing Numbers by Subtraction and Division Comparison of two numbers by subtraction indicates how much more one number is Comparison by division indicates how many times larger or smaller one number is than Comparing Pure or Like Denominate Numbers by Subtraction
than another. another.
Numbers can be compared by subtraction if and only if they both are like denominate numbers or both pure numbers.
Compare 8 miles and 3 miles by subtraction.
8 mile 3 miles = 5 miles This means that 8 miles is 5 miles more than 3 miles.
Examples of use : I can now jog 8 miles whereas I used to jog only 3 miles. So, I can now jog 5
miles more than I used to.
Example 7.2
Compare 12 and 5 by subtraction.
12 5 = 7 This means that 12 is 7 more than 5.

Example 7.3
Comparing 8 miles and 5 gallons by subtraction makes no sense.
8 miles 5 gallons =?
Example 7.4
Compare 36 and 4 by division.
36 4 = 9 This means that 36 is 9 times as large as 4. Recall that 36 4 = 9 can be expressed as 36 4 = 9.
421
Example 7.5
Compare 8 miles and 2 miles by division.
8 miles = 4 2 miles
This means that 8 miles is 4 times as large as 2 miles.
Example of use : I can jog 8 miles to your 2 miles. Or, for every 2 miles that you jog, I jog 8. So, I
jog 4 times as many miles as you jog. Notice that when like quantities are being compared by division, we drop the units. Another way of looking at this is that the units divide out (cancel).
Example 7.6
Compare 30 miles and 2 gallons by division.
15 miles 30 miles 2 gallons = 1 gallon
Example of use : A particular car goes 30 miles on 2 gallons of gasoline. This is the same as getting
15 miles to 1 gallon of gasoline. Notice that when the quantities being compared by division are unlike quantities, we do not drop the units.
Make the following comparisons and interpret each one.

Exercise 7.2.1
Compare 10 diskettes to 2 diskettes by (a) subtraction: (b) division:
Exercise 7.2.2
Compare, if possible, 16 bananas and 2 bags by (a) subtraction: (b) division:
7.2.3 Ratios and Rates

Ratio
A comparison, by division, of two pure numbers or two like denominate numbers is a ratio.
8 miles The comparison by division of the pure numbers 36 4 and the like denominate numbers 2 miles are examples of ratios.
Rate
A comparison, by division, of two unlike denominate numbers is a rate. The comparison by division of two unlike denominate numbers, such as
55 miles and 40 dollars 1 gallon 5 tickets
422 are examples of rates.
Let's agree to represent two numbers (pure or denominate) with the letters a and b. This means that we're letting a represent some number and b represent some, perhaps dierent, number. With this agreement, we can write the ratio of the two numbers a and b as
a b
or
b a a b b a
The ratio The ratio
is read as " a to b." is read as " b to a."
Since a ratio or a rate can be expressed as a fraction, it may be reducible.

15 The ratio 30 to 2 can be expressed as 30 2 . Reducing, we get 1 .
The ratio 30 to 2 is equivalent to the ratio 15 to 1.

televisions . The meaning of this rate is The rate "4 televisions to 12 people" can be expressed as 412 people that "for every 4 televisions, there are 12 people." television . The meaning of this rate is that "for every 1 television, there are 3 Reducing, we get 1 3 people people.
Example 7.8
Thus, the rate of "4 televisions to 12 people" is the same as the rate of "1 television to 3 people."
Write the following ratios and rates as fractions.

Exercise 7.2.3
3 to 2 1 to 9
5 books to 4 people 120 miles to 2 hours 8 liters to 3 liters
Write the following ratios and rates in the form "a to b." Reduce when necessary.
Exercise 7.2.8
9 5
Exercise 7.2.9
1 3
Exercise 7.2.10
25 miles 2 gallons
423
Exercise 7.2.11
2 mechanics 4 wrenches
Exercise 7.2.12
15 video tapes 18 video tapes
7.2.4 Exercises
For the following 9 problems, complete the statements.

Two numbers can be compared by subtraction if and only if
A comparison, by division, of two pure numbers or two like denominate numbers is called a

5
A comparison, by division, of two unlike denominate numbers is called a

6 11 is an example of a
. (ratio/rate) . (ratio/rate) . (ratio/rate) .(ratio/rate) . (ratio/rate) .(ratio/rate)

12 is an example of a 7 erasers 12 pencils is an example of a 20 silver coins is an example of a 35 gold coins
Exercise 7.2.18
3 sprinklers is an example of a 5 sprinklers
For the following 7 problems, write each ratio or rate as a verbal phrase.
Exercise 7.2.22
8 3
18 exhaust valves is an example of a 11 exhaust valves
Exercise 7.2.23
2 5
Exercise 7.2.24
8 feet 3 seconds 29 miles 2 gallons
30,000 stars 300 stars 5 yards 2 yards
For the following problems, write the simplied fractional form of each ratio or rate.
Exercise 7.2.29
164 trees 28 trees
12 to 5
424
Exercise 7.2.30

81 to 19
42 plants to 5 homes 8 books to 7 desks 16 pints to 1 quart 4 quarts to 1 gallon 2.54 cm to 1 in
80 tables to 18 tables 25 cars to 10 cars 37 wins to 16 losses 105 hits to 315 at bats 510 miles to 22 gallons 1,042 characters to 1 page 1,245 pages to 2 books
(Section 4.3) Convert 16 3 to a mixed number.

4 (Section 4.7) 1 5 9 of 2 7 is what number? 7 (Section 5.3) Find the dierence. 11 28 45 .
Exercise 7.2.46
(Section 6.8) Perform the division. If no repeating patterns seems to exist, round the quotient to three decimal places: 22.35 17
Exercise 7.2.47
(Section 6.10) Find the value of 1.85 +
3 8
4.1
425
7.3 Proportions3
Ratios, Rates, and Proportions Finding the Missing Factor in a Proportion Proportions Involving Rates
7.3.2 Ratios, Rates, and Proportions
We have dened a ratio as a comparison, by division, of two pure numbers or two like denominate numbers. We have dened a rate as a comparison, by division, of two unlike denominate numbers.
Proportion A proportion
Ratio, Rate
is a statement that two ratios or rates are equal. The following two examples show how to read proportions.
Write or read each proportion.

Example 7.9
3 5
12 = 20
3 is to 5 as 12 is to 20
Example 7.10
10 items 2 items 5 dollars = 1 dollar
10 items is to 5 dollars as 2 items is to 1 dollar

Example 7.11
8 16 12 = 24
8 is to 12 as 16 is to 24.
Example 7.12
50 milligrams of vitamin C is to 1 tablet as 300 milligrams of vitamin C is to 6 tablets.
50 = 300 1 6
426
Write or read each proportion.

Exercise 7.3.1
3 8 6 = 16
2 people 10 people 1 window = 5 windows
15 is to 4 as 75 is to 20. 2 plates are to 1 tray as 20 plates are to 10 trays.
Exercise 7.3.4
7.3.3 Finding the Missing Factor in a Proportion
Many practical problems can be solved by writing the given information as proportions. Such proportions will be composed of three specied numbers and one unknown number. It is customary to let a letter, such as x, represent the unknown number. An example of such a proportion is
x 4
20 = 16
This proportion is read as " x is to 4 as 20 is to 16." There is a method of solving these proportions that is based on the equality of fractions. Recall that two fractions are equivalent if and only if their cross products are equal. For example,
Notice that in a proportion that contains three specied numbers and a letter representing an unknown quantity, that regardless of where the letter appears, the following situation always occurs. (number) (letter) = (number) (number) We recognize this as a multiplication statement. Specically, it is a missing factor statement. (See Section 4.7 for a discussion of multiplication statements.) For example,
x 4 4 x 5 4 5 4
20 = 16
means that 16 x = 4 20 means that 4 20 = 16 x means that 5 16 = 4 x means that 5 x = 4 20
= = =
16 20 x 16 20 x
Each of these statements is a multiplication statement. Specically, each is a missing factor statement. (The letter used here is x, whereas M was used in Section 4.7.)
Finding the Missing Factor in a Proportion
The missing factor in a missing factor statement can be determined by dividing the product by the known factor, that is, if x represents the missing factor, then x = (product) (known factor)
427
Find the unknown number in each proportion.

Example 7.13
x 4
20 . Find the cross product. = 16
16 x 16 x x x
= = = =
20 4 80
80 16
Divide the product 80 by the known factor 16. The unknown number is 5.
5 4
This mean that

Example 7.14
5 x
= 20 16 , or 5 is to 4 as 20 is to 16.
20 . Find the cross product. = 16
5 16 80
80 20
= = = =
20 x 20 x Divide the product 80 by the known factor 20. x x

5 4
The unknown number is 4.
This means that

Example 7.15
= 20 16 , or, 5 is to 4 as 20 is to 6.
16 = 64 Find the cross product. 3 x
16 x 16 x x x
= = = =
64 3 192
192 16
Divide 192 by 16. The unknown number is 12.
12
64 The means that 16 3 = 12 , or, 16 is to 3 as 64 is to 12.

Example 7.16
9 8 x = 40 Find the cross products.
9 40 360
360 8
= = = =
8x 8x x x
The unknown number is 45. Divide 360 by 8.
45
Find the unknown number in each proportion.

Exercise 7.3.5
x 8
= 12 32
428
Exercise 7.3.6
7 x 9

= 14 10
Exercise 7.3.7
x 11 = 55
Exercise 7.3.8
1 6
8 x
7.3.4 Proportions Involving Rates
Recall that a rate is a comparison, by division, of unlike denominate numbers. We must be careful when setting up proportions that involve rates. The form is important. For example, if a rate involves two types of units, say unit type 1 and unit type 2, we can write
or
Both cross products produce a statement of the type
(unit type 1) (unit type 2) = (unit type 1) (unit type 2)

which we take to mean the comparison
Examples of correctly expressed proportions are the following:
However, if we write the same type of units on dierent sides, such as,
unit type 1 = unit type 2 unit type 2 unit type 1
the cross product produces a statement of the form
429
We can see that this is an incorrect comparison by observing the following example: It is incorrect to write
2 hooks = 6 poles 3 poles 4 hooks
for two reason. 1. The cross product is numerically wrong: (2 4 = 3 6). 2. The cross product produces the statement hooks are to hooks as poles are to poles, which makes no sense.
7.3.5 Exercises
Exercise 7.3.9
A statement that two ratios or
are equal is called a
For the following 9 problems, write each proportion in fractional form.

3 is to 7 as 18 is to 42. 1 is to 11 as 3 is to 33. 9 is to 14 as 27 is to 42. 6 is to 90 as 3 is to 45. 5 liters is to 1 bottle as 20 liters is to 4 bottles. 18 grams of cobalt is to 10 grams of silver as 36 grams of cobalt is to 20 grams of silver. 4 cups of water is to 1 cup of sugar as 32 cups of water is to 8 cups of sugar. 3 people absent is to 31 people present as 15 people absent is to 155 people present. 6 dollars is to 1 hour as 90 dollars is to 15 hours.
For the following 10 problems, write each proportion as a sentence.

Exercise 7.3.19
3 4 1 8
= 15 20
5 = 40
3 joggers = 6 joggers 100 feet 200 feet
12 marshmallows = 36 marshmallows 3 sticks 9 sticks
430
Exercise 7.3.23 Exercise 7.3.24 Exercise 7.3.25 Exercise 7.3.26 1
2

2 gallons 40 miles 80 miles = 4 gallons 2 houses 4 couches 10 couches = 5 houses 1 person = 8 people 1 job 8 jobs
2
1 popsicle = children
popsicle 1 child
2,000 pounds = 60,000 pounds 1 ton 30 tons
For the following 10 problems, solve each proportion.

Exercise 7.3.29
x 5 6 = 15
2 people 1 table 5 tables = 10 people
Exercise 7.3.30
x 28 10 = 40 5 x
Exercise 7.3.31
= 10 16
Exercise 7.3.32
13 = 39 x 60
1 3 x = 24

x 7 12 = 60
Exercise 7.3.35
8 3
= 72 x
Exercise 7.3.36
16 = 48 1 x
x
Exercise 7.3.37
200 25 = 125
Exercise 7.3.38
For the following 5 problems, express each sentence as a proportion then solve the proportion.
Exercise 7.3.39
65 = x 30 60
5 hats are to 4 coats as x hats are to 24 coats.
x cushions are to 2 sofas as 24 cushions are to 16 sofas.

1 spacecraft is to 7 astronauts as 5 spacecraft are to x astronauts.
56 microchips are to x circuit boards as 168 microchips are to 3 circuit boards. 18 calculators are to 90 calculators as x students are to 150 students.
Exercise 7.3.44
x dollars are to $40,000 as 2 sacks are to 1 sack.

431 Indicate whether the proportion is true or false.

Exercise 7.3.45
12 16 = 64
3 2 10 15 = 75 1 9 3 = 30
6 knives = 12 knives 7 forks 15 forks 33 miles = 99 miles 1 gallon 3 gallons

320 feet 65 feet 5 seconds = 1 second

1 class 35 students 70 students = 2 classes 9 ml chloride 1 test tube 45 ml chloride = 7 test tubes
(Section 1.7) Use the number 5 and 7 to illustrate the commutative property of addition.
(Section 2.7) Use the numbers 5 and 7 to illustrate the commutative property of multiplication.
5 3 (Section 5.3) Find the dierence. 14 22 .
(Section 6.6) Find the product. 8.06129 1, 000.

(Section 7.2) Write the simplied fractional form of the rate sixteen sentences to two paragraphs.
7.4 Applications of Proportions4

The Five-Step Method Problem Solving

432
7.4.2 The Five-Step Method
In Section 7.3 we noted that many practical problems can be solved by writing the given information as proportions. Such proportions will be composed of three specied numbers and one unknown number represented by a letter. The rst and most important part of solving a proportion problem is to determine, by careful reading, what the unknown quantity is and to represent it with some letter.
The Five-Step Method
The ve-step method for solving proportion problems: 1. By careful reading, determine what the unknown quantity is and represent it with some letter. There will be only one unknown in a problem. 2. Identify the three specied numbers. 3. Determine which comparisons are to be made and set up the proportion. 4. Solve the proportion (using the methods of Section 7.3). 5. Interpret and write a conclusion in a sentence with the appropriate units of measure. Step 1 is extremely important. Many problems go unsolved because time is not taken to establish what quantity is to be found. When solving an applied problem, always begin by determining the unknown quantity and representing it with a letter.
7.4.3 Problem Solving
On a map, 2 inches represents 25 miles. How many miles are represented by 8 inches?
The unknown quantity is miles. Let x = number of miles represented by 8 inches Step 2: The three specied numbers are 2 inches 25 miles 8 inches Step 3: The comparisons are 2 inches 2 inches to 25 miles 25 miles 8 8 inches to x miles x inches miles Proportions involving ratios and rates are more readily solved by suspending the units while doing the computations. 2 8 25 = x
Step 1: Step 4:
2 25
8 x
Perform the cross multiplication. Divide 200 by 2.
2x = 2x = x =
8 25 200
200 2
x = 100 In step 1, we let x represent the number of miles. So, x represents 100 miles. Step 5: If 2 inches represents 25 miles, then 8 inches represents 100 miles. Try Exercise 7.4.1 in Section 7.4.3.2 (Practice Set A).
433
Example 7.18
An acid solution is composed of 7 parts water to 2 parts acid. How many parts of water are there in a solution composed of 20 parts acid? The unknown quantity is the number of parts of water. Let n = number of parts of water. Step 2: The three specied numbers are 7 parts water 2 parts acid 20 parts acid Step 3: The comparisons are 7 parts water to 2 parts acid 7 2 n n parts water to 20 parts acid 20 7 n 2 = 20
Step 1: Step 4:
7 2
= = = =
n 20
Perform the cross multiplication.
7 20 140
140 2
2n 2 n Divide 140 by 2. n
70 = n In step 1 we let n represent the number of parts of water. So, n represents 70 parts of water. Step 5: 7 parts water to 2 parts acid indicates 70 parts water to 20 parts acid. Try Problem 7.4.2 in Section 7.4.3.2 (Practice Set A).
Example 7.19
A 5-foot girl casts a 3 1 3 -foot shadow at a particular time of the day. How tall is a person who casts a 3-foot shadow at the same time of the day?
Step 1:
The unknown quantity is the height of the person. Let h = height of the person. Step 2: The three specied numbers are 5 feet ( height of girl) 31 3 feet (length of shadow) 3 feet (length of shadow) Step 3: The comparisons are 5 5-foot girl is to 3 1 3 foot shadow 3 1
h-foot person is to 3-foot shadow

5 31 3
h 3
h 3
Step 4:
5 31 3
= = = = = =
h 3
53 15
15
3 10 3
31 3 h
10 3
Divide 15 by
10 3
h h h
)15 1
3 )10
2
9 2
h = 41 2 Step 5: A person who casts a 3-foot shadow at this particular time of the day is 4 1 2 feet tall. Try Exercise 7.4.3 in Section 7.4.3.2 (Practice Set A).
434
Example 7.20

The ratio of men to women in a particular town is 3 to 5. How many women are there in the town if there are 19,200 men in town? The unknown quantity is the number of women in town. Let x = number of women in town. Step 2: The three specied numbers are 3 5 19,200 Step 3: The comparisons are 3 men to 5 women 3 5 200 19,200 men to x women 19,x 19,200 3 5 = x
Step 1: Step 4:
3 5
19,200 x
3x = 3x = x =
19, 200 5 96, 000

96,000 3
x = 32, 000 Step 5: There are 32,000 women in town.

Example 7.21
The rate of wins to losses of a particular baseball team is if they won 63 games?
Step 1:
9 2
. How many games did this team lose
The unknown quantity is the number of games lost. Let n = number of games lost. Step 2: Since 9 2 means 9 wins to 2 losses, the three specied numbers are 9 (wins) 2 (losses) 63 (wins) Step 3: The comparisons are 9 wins to 2 losses 9 2 63 wins to n losses 63 n 9 63 2 = n
Step 4:
9 2
63 n
9n = 9n = n =
2 63 126
126 9
n = 14 Step 5: This team had 14 losses. Try Exercise 7.4.4 in Section 7.4.3.2 (Practice Set A).
Solve each problem.

Exercise 7.4.1
On a map, 3 inches represents 100 miles. How many miles are represented by 15 inches?
435
Step Step Step Step Step 1: 2: 3: 4: 5:
Exercise 7.4.2
An alcohol solution is composed of 14 parts water to 3 parts alcohol. How many parts of alcohol are in a solution that is composed of 112 parts water?
Exercise 7.4.3
A 51 2 -foot woman casts a 7-foot shadow at a particular time of the day. How long of a shadow does a 3-foot boy cast at that same time of day?
Exercise 7.4.4
The rate of houseplants to outside plants at a nursery is 4 to 9. If there are 384 houseplants in the nursery, how many outside plants are there?
The odds for a particular event occurring are 11 to 2. (For every 11 times the event does occur, it will not occur 2 times.) How many times does the event occur if it does not occur 18 times?
Exercise 7.4.5
Exercise 7.4.6
The rate of passing grades to failing grades in a particular chemistry class is passing grades, how many failing grades are there?
7 2
. If there are 21
436
7.4.4 Exercises
For the following 20 problems, use the ve-step method to solve each problem.
Exercise 7.4.7
On a map, 4 inches represents 50 miles. How many inches represent 300 miles?
On a blueprint for a house, 2 inches represents 3 feet. How many inches represent 10 feet?
2 A model is built to 15 scale. If a particular part of the model measures 6 inches, how long is the actual structure?
Exercise 7.4.10
An acid solution is composed of 5 parts acid to 9 parts of water. How many parts of acid are there in a solution that contains 108 parts of water? An alloy contains 3 parts of nickel to 4 parts of silver. How much nickel is in an alloy that contains 44 parts of silver?
The ratio of water to salt in a test tube is 5 to 2. How much salt is in a test tube that contains 35 ml of water?
Exercise 7.4.13
4 . How many ml of air are there in a container that The ratio of sulfur to air in a container is 45 contains 207 ml of sulfur?
Exercise 7.4.14
A 6-foot man casts a 4-foot shadow at a particular time of the day. How tall is a person that casts a 3-foot shadow at that same time of the day?
Exercise 7.4.15
1 A 52 -foot woman casts a 1 1 2 -foot shadow at a particular time of the day. How long a shadow does 1 her 3 2 -foot niece cast at the same time of the day?
Exercise 7.4.16
A man, who is 6 feet tall, casts a 7-foot shadow at a particular time of the day. How tall is a tree that casts an 84-foot shadow at that same time of the day? The ratio of books to shelves in a bookstore is 350 to 3. How many books are there in a store that has 105 shelves?
The ratio of algebra classes to geometry classes at a particular community college is 13 to 2. How many geometry classes does this college oer if it oers 13 algebra classes?
Exercise 7.4.19
The odds for a particular event to occur are 16 to 3. If this event occurs 64 times, how many times would you predict it does not occur?
Exercise 7.4.20
The odds against a particular event occurring are 8 to 3. If this event does occur 64 times, how many times would you predict it does not occur?
Exercise 7.4.21
The owner of a stationery store knows that a 1-inch stack of paper contains 300 sheets. The owner wishes to stack the paper in units of 550 sheets. How many inches tall should each stack be?
437
Exercise 7.4.22
A recipe that requires 6 cups of sugar for 15 servings is to be used to make 45 servings. How much sugar will be needed?
Exercise 7.4.23
A pond loses 7 1 2 gallons of water every 2 days due to evaporation. How many gallons of water are lost, due to evaporation, in 1 2 day?
Exercise 7.4.24
1 A photograph that measures 3 inches wide and 4 2 inches high is to be enlarged so that it is 5 inches wide. How high will it be?
Exercise 7.4.25
If 25 pounds of fertilizer covers 400 square feet of grass, how many pounds will it take to cover 500 square feet of grass?
Exercise 7.4.26
Every 1 1 2 teaspoons of a particular multiple vitamin, in granular form, contains 0.65 the minimum daily requirement of vitamin C. How many teaspoons of this vitamin are required to supply 1.25 the minimum daily requirement?
(Section 2.2) Find the product, 818 0.

N 8 (Section 4.4) Determine the missing numerator: 15 = 90 .
Exercise 7.4.28
Exercise 7.4.29
4 3 10 + 12
19 20

(Section 6.5) Subtract 0.249 from the sum of 0.344 and 0.612.
6 x
(Section 7.3) Solve the proportion:
= 36 30 .
7.5 Percent5
Ratios and Percents The Relationship Between Fractions, Decimals, and Percents Making Conversions
438
7.5.2 Ratios and Percents
Ratio, Percent We dened a ratio
as a comparison, by division, of two pure numbers or two like denominate numbers. A most convenient number to compare numbers to is 100. Ratios in which one number is compared to 100 are called percents. The word percent comes from the Latin word "per centum." The word "per" means "for each" or "for every," and the word "centum" means "hundred." Thus, we have the following denition.
Percent
means for each hundred," or "for every hundred."
The symbol % is used to represent the word percent.

7.5.2.1 Sample Set A Example 7.22 Example 7.23
The ratio 26 to 100 can be written as 26%. We read 26% as "twenty-six percent."
The ratio 165 100 can be written as 165%. We read 165% as "one hundred sixty-ve percent."
Example 7.24
38 . The percent 38% can be written as the fraction 100 210 or the mixed number 2 10 or 2.1. The percent 210% can be written as the fraction 100 100
25 of a dollar. This implies that 25 cents is 25% of one Since one dollar is 100 cents, 25 cents is 100 dollar.
7.5.2.2 Practice Set A Exercise 7.5.1 Exercise 7.5.2 Exercise 7.5.3 Exercise 7.5.4
Write the ratio 16 to 100 as a percent. Write the ratio 195 to 100 as a percent. Write the percent 83% as a ratio in fractional form. Write the percent 362% as a ratio in fractional form.
7.5.3 The Relationship Between Fractions, Decimals, and Percents Making Conversions
Since a percent is a ratio, and a ratio can be written as a fraction, and a fraction can be written as a decimal, any of these forms can be converted to any other. Before we proceed to the problems in Section 7.5.3.1 (Sample Set B) and Section 7.5.3.2 (Practice Set B), let's summarize the conversion techniques.
439
Conversion Techniques Fractions, Decimals, Percents
440 To Convert a Fraction To a decimal: Divide the numerator by the denominator To a percent: Convert the fraction rst to a decimal, then move the decimal point 2 places to the right and ax the % symbol. To Convert a Decimal

To Convert a Percent To a decimal: Move the decimal point 2 places to the left and drop the % symbol To a fraction: Drop the % sign and write the number over 100. Reduce, if possible.
To a fraction: Read the decimal and reduce the resulting fraction To a percent: Move the decimal point 2 places to the right and afx the % symbol
Table 7.1
Convert 12% to a decimal.
12 = 0.12 12% = 100
Note that The % symbol is dropped, and the decimal point moves 2 places to the left.
Example 7.28
Convert 0.75 to a percent.
75 = 75% 0.75 = 100
Note that The % symbol is axed, and the decimal point moves 2 units to the right.
Example 7.29
Convert
3 5
to a percent.
We see in Example 7.28 that we can convert a decimal to a percent. We also know that we can convert a fraction to a decimal. Thus, we can see that if we rst convert the fraction to a decimal, we can then convert the decimal to a percent.
.6
3 5
5)3.0 30 0
or
3 5
6 60 = 60% = 0.6 = 10 = 100
Example 7.30
Convert 42% to a fraction.
42 = 21 42% = 100 50
or
441
42 = 21 42% = 0.42 = 100 50
7.5.3.2 Practice Set B Exercise 7.5.5 Exercise 7.5.6 Exercise 7.5.7 Exercise 7.5.8 Exercise 7.5.9
Convert 21% to a decimal. Convert 461% to a decimal. Convert 0.55 to a percent. Convert 5.64 to a percent.
3 Convert 20 to a percent.
Exercise 7.5.10
Convert 11 8 to a percent
3 Convert 11 to a percent.
Exercise 7.5.11
7.5.4 Exercises
For the following 12 problems, convert each decimal to a percent.

Exercise 7.5.12
0.25 0.36 0.48
0.343 0.771 1.42 2.58
4.976
Exercise 7.5.20
16.1814 533.01 2
442
Exercise 7.5.23

14
For the following 10 problems, convert each percent to a decimal.

Exercise 7.5.24
15% 43%
16.2% 53.8% 5.05% 6.11% 0.78% 0.88% 0.09%
0.001%
For the following 14 problems, convert each fraction to a percent.

Exercise 7.5.34
1 5
Exercise 7.5.35
3 5
Exercise 7.5.36
5 8
Exercise 7.5.37
16
Exercise 7.5.38
25
Exercise 7.5.39
16 45
Exercise 7.5.40
27 55 15
8
41 25
Exercise 7.5.43
4 65
Exercise 7.5.44
9 9 20
443
Exercise 7.5.45
200
Exercise 7.5.46
11
Exercise 7.5.47
For the following 14 problems, convert each percent to a fraction.

Exercise 7.5.48
35 27
80% 60% 25% 75% 65% 18%
12.5% 37.5%
512.5% 937.5%
9. 9 %
Exercise 7.5.59 _
55. 5 % 22. 2 %
_
Exercise 7.5.60 Exercise 7.5.61 _
63. 6 %
40 8 7 . (Section 4.6) Find the quotient. 54 21
Exercise 7.5.63
(Section 4.7)
3 8
Exercise 7.5.64
7 5 (Section 5.3) Find the value of 28 15 + 10 12 .
444

(Section 6.4) Round 6.99997 to the nearest ten thousandths. (Section 7.4) On a map, 3 inches represent 40 miles. How many inches represent 480 miles?
7.6 Fractions of One Percent6

Conversions Involving Fractions of One Percent Conversions Involving Nonterminating Fractions
7.6.2 Conversions Involving Fractions of One Percent

1 %, Percents such as 2 that 1 2% 3 5% 5 8% 3 5
%,
5 8
7 %, and 11 %, where 1% has not been attained, are fractions of 1%. This implies
= = =
1 2 3 5 5 8
of 1% of 1% of 1%
7 7 11 % = 11 of 1%
Since "percent" means "for each hundred," and "of" means "times," we have
1 2% 3 5% 5 8%
=1 2 of 1% = =3 5 of 1% = =5 8 of 1% =
1 2 3 5 5 8
1 1 100 = 200 1 3 100 = 500 1 5 100 = 800
7 7 7 1 7 11 % = 11 of 1% = 11 100 = 1100
Convert 2 3 % to a fraction.
1
2 3%
2 3
of 1%
= = =
)2 3
1 )100
50
11 350 1 150
Example 7.32
Convert
5 8
% to a decimal.
445
5 8%
5 8
of 1%
= = =
5 8
1 100
0.625 0.01 0.00625
Convert
1 4 3 8
% to a fraction. % to a fraction.
Exercise 7.6.2
Convert
Exercise 7.6.3
Convert 3 1 3 % to a fraction.
7.6.3 Conversions Involving Nonterminating Fractions
We must be careful when changing a fraction of 1% to a decimal. The number 2 3 , as we know, has a nonterminating decimal representation. Therefore, it cannot be expressed exactly as a decimal. When converting nonterminating fractions of 1% to decimals, it is customary to express the fraction as a rounded decimal with at least three decimal places.
Converting a Nonterminating Fraction to a Decimal
To convert a nonterminating fraction of 1% to a decimal:
1. Convert the fraction as a rounded decimal. 2. Move the decimal point two digits to the left and remove the percent sign.
Convert
2 3
% to a three-place decimal.
1. Convert 2 3 to a decimal. Since we wish the resulting decimal to have three decimal digits, and removing the percent sign will account for two of them, we need to round 2 3 to one place (2 + 1 = 3).
2 2 3 % = 0.7% to one decimal place. 3 = 0.6666 . . . 2. Move the decimal point two digits to the left and remove the % sign. We'll need to add zeros to locate the decimal point in the correct location. 2 3 % = 0.007 to 3 decimal places
Example 7.34
4 Convert 5 11 % to a four-place decimal.
1. Since we wish the resulting decimal to have four decimal places, and removing the percent 4 sign will account for two, we to round 11 to two places. 4 4 5 11 % = 5.36% to two decimal places. 11 = 0.3636 . . . 4 2. Move the decimal point two places to the left and drop the percent sign. 5 11 % = 0.0536 to four decimal places.
446
Example 7.35

Convert 28 5 9 % to a decimal rounded to ten thousandths. 1. Since we wish the resulting decimal to be rounded to ten thousandths (four decimal places), and removing the percent sign will account for two, we need to round 5 9 to two places. 5 % = 28.56% to two decimal places. = 0 .5555 . . . 28 5 9 9 2. Move the decimal point to the left two places and drop the percent sign. 28 5 9 % = 0.2856 correct to ten thousandths.
7.6.3.2 Practice Set B Exercise 7.6.4 Exercise 7.6.5

7 Convert 9 % to a three-place decimal. 5 % to a decimal rounded to ten thousandths. Convert 51 11
7.6.4 Exercises
Make the conversions as indicated.

Exercise 7.6.6
Convert
3 4
% to a fraction.
Convert 5 6 % to a fraction.
1 Convert 9 % to a fraction.
Convert 15 19 % to a fraction. Convert

5 4
% to a fraction.
Convert 7 3 % to a fraction. Convert 1 6 7 % to a fraction.

5 Convert 2 16 % to a fraction.
Convert 50 1 2 % to a fraction. Convert 72 3 5 % to a fraction.

2 Convert 136 3 % to a fraction.
447
Exercise 7.6.19
Convert 521 3 4 % to a fraction. Convert 10 1 5 % to a decimal.

Convert 12 3 4 % to a decimal. Convert 3 7 8 % to a decimal.

1 Convert 7 16 % to a decimal. 3 Convert 7 % to a three-place decimal.
Convert 1 9 % to a three-place decimal.

3 Convert 6 11 % to a four-place decimal.
Convert 9 2 7 % to a four-place decimal.

5 % to a three-place decimal. Convert 24 21
8 Convert 45 27 % to a three-place decimal.
Convert 11 16 17 % to a four-place decimal.
Convert 5 1 7 % to a three-place decimal.
(Section 3.2) Write 8 8 8 8 8 using exponents.

7 (Section 4.3) Convert 4 8 to an improper fraction.
7 2 1 (Section 5.4) Find the sum. 10 + 21 +7 .
(Section 6.6) Find the product. (4.21) (0.006).

(Section 7.5) Convert 8.062 to a percent.
448
7.7 Applications of Percents7

Base, Percent, and Percentage Finding the Percentage Finding the Percent Finding the Base
7.7.2 Base, Percent, and Percentage
There are three basic types of percent problems. Each type involves a base, a percent, and a percentage, and when they are translated from words to mathematical symbols each becomes a multiplication statement. Examples of these types of problems are the following: 1. What number is 30% of 50? (Missing product statement.) 2. 15 is what percent of 50? (Missing factor statement.) 3. 15 is 30% of what number? (Missing factor statement.) In problem 1 (list, p. 448), the product is missing. To solve the problem, we represent the missing product with P .
P = 30% 50
Percentage
The missing product P is called the percentage. Percentage means part, or portion. In P = 30% 50, P represents a particular part of 50. In problem 2 (list, p. 448), one of the factors is missing. Here we represent the missing factor with Q. 15 = Q 50
Percent
The missing factor is the percent. Percent, we know, means per 100, or part of 100. In 15 = Q 50, Q indicates what part of 50 is being taken or considered. Specically, 15 = Q 50 means that if 50 was to be divided into 100 equal parts, then Q indicates 15 are being considered. In problem 3 (list, p. 448), one of the factors is missing. Represent the missing factor with B . 15 = 30% B The missing factor is the base. Some meanings of base are a source of supply, or a starting place. In 15 = 30% B , B indicates the amount of supply. Specically, 15 = 30% B indicates that 15 represents 30% of the total supply. Each of these three types of problems is of the form
Base
(percentage) = (percent) (base)

We can determine any one of the three values given the other two using the methods discussed in Section 4.7.
449
7.7.3 Finding the Percentage
What number (percentage)
is
30%
of

50?
Missing product statement.
(percent)
(base)
P P P
= = =
30% .30 15
50 50
Convert 30% to a decimal. Multiply.
Thus, 15 is 30% of 50. Do Section 7.7.3.2 (Practice Set A), Exercise 7.7.1.
Example 7.37
What number (percentage)
is
36%
of

95?
(percent)
(base)
P P P
= = =
36% .36 34.2
95 95
Convert 36% to a decimal. Multiply
Thus, 34.2 is 36% of 95. Do Section 7.7.3.2 (Practice Set A), Exercise 7.7.1.
Example 7.38
A salesperson, who gets a commission of 12% of each sale she makes, makes a sale of $8,400.00. How much is her commission? We need to determine what part of $8,400.00 is to be taken. What part indicates percentage. What number (percentage)
is
12%
of

8, 400.00?
(percent)
(base)
P P P
= = =
12% .12 1008.00
8, 400.00 8, 400.00
Convert to decimals. Multiply.
Thus, the salesperson's commission is $1,008.00. Do Section 7.7.3.2 (Practice Set A), Exercise 7.7.2.
Example 7.39
A girl, by practicing typing on her home computer, has been able to increase her typing speed by 110%. If she originally typed 16 words per minute, by how many words per minute was she able to increase her speed? We need to determine what part of 16 has been taken. What part indicates percentage.
450 What number (percentage)

is
110%
of

16?
(percent)
(base)
P P P
= = =
110% 1.10 17.6
16 16
Thus, the girl has increased her typing speed by 17.6 words per minute. Her new speed is 16 + 17.6 = 33.6 words per minute. Do Section 7.7.3.2 (Practice Set A), Exercise 7.7.3.
Example 7.40
A student who makes $125 a month working part-time receives a 4% salary raise. What is the student's new monthly salary? With a 4% raise, this student will make 100% of the original salary + 4% of the original salary. This means the new salary will be 104% of the original salary. We need to determine what part of $125 is to be taken. What part indicates percentage. What number (percentage)
is
104%
of

125

(percent)
(base)
P P P
= = =
104% 1.04 130
125 125
Thus, this student's new monthly salary is $130. Do Section 7.7.3.2 (Practice Set A), Exercise 7.7.4.
Example 7.41
An article of clothing is on sale at 15% o the marked price. If the marked price is $24.95, what is the sale price? Since the item is discounted 15%, the new price will be 100% 15% = 85% of the marked price. We need to determine what part of 24.95 is to be taken. What part indicates percentage. What number (percentage)
is
85%
of

$24.95.
(percent)
(base)
P P P P
= = = =
85% .85 21.2075 21.21
24.95 24.95
Convert to decimals. Multiply. Since this number represents money, we'll round to 2 decimal places
Thus, the sale price of the item is $21.21.
451
What number is 42% of 85?
A sales person makes a commission of 16% on each sale he makes. How much is his commission if he makes a sale of $8,500?
Exercise 7.7.3
Exercise 7.7.2
An assembly line worker can assemble 14 parts of a product in one hour. If he can increase his assembly speed by 35%, by how many parts per hour would he increase his assembly of products?
Exercise 7.7.4
A computer scientist in the Silicon Valley makes $42,000 annually. What would this scientist's new annual salary be if she were to receive an 8% raise?
7.7.4 Finding the Percent

15
is
what percent (percent)
of

50?
Missing factor statement. [(product) = (factor) (factor)]
(percentage)
(base)
15
50
Recall that (missing factor) = (product) (known factor).
Q = Q = Q =
15 50 0.3 30%
Divide. Convert to a percent.
Thus, 15 is 30% of 50. Do Section 7.7.4.2 (Practice Set B), Exercise 7.7.5.
Example 7.43
4.32
is
of

72?
(percentage)
(base)
4.32 Q = Q = Q =
Q
Divide.
72
4.32 72 0.06 6%
Convert to a percent.
Thus, 4.32 is 6% of 72.
452 Do Section 7.7.4.2 (Practice Set B), Exercise 7.7.5.

Example 7.44
On a 160 question exam, a student got 125 correct answers. What percent is this? Round the result to two decimal places. We need to determine the percent.
125
is
of

160?
(percentage)
(base)
125 Q = Q = Q =
= 125 160 0.78125 .78
160
Divide. Round to two decimal places.
Thus, this student received a 78% on the exam. Do Section 7.7.4.2 (Practice Set B), Exercise 7.7.6.
Example 7.45
A bottle contains 80 milliliters of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and 30 milliliters of water. What percent of HCl does the bottle contain? Round the result to two decimal places. We need to determine the percent. The total amount of liquid in the bottle is 80 milliliters + 30 milliliters = 110 milliliters.
80
is
of

110?
(percentage)
(base)
80 Q = Q = Q
= 80 110 0.727272. . . 73%
110
Divide.
Round to two decimal places. The symbol "" is read as "approximately."
Thus, this bottle contains approximately 73% HCl. Do Section 7.7.4.2 (Practice Set B), Exercise 7.7.7.
Example 7.46
Five years ago a woman had an annual income of $19,200. She presently earns $42,000 annually. By what percent has her salary increased? Round the result to two decimal places. We need to determine the percent.
453
42, 000
is
of

19, 200?
Missing factor statement.
(percentage)
(base)
42, 000 Q = Q = Q = Q =
19, 200
Divide.
42, 000 19, 200 2.1875 2.19 219%
Round to two decimal places. Convert to a percent. Convert to a percent.
Thus, this woman's annual salary has increased 219%.
7.7.4.2 Practice Set B Exercise 7.7.5 Exercise 7.7.6
99.13 is what percent of 431?
On an 80 question exam, a student got 72 correct answers. What percent did the student get on the exam?
Exercise 7.7.7
A bottle contains 45 milliliters of sugar and 67 milliliters of water. What fraction of sugar does the bottle contain? Round the result to two decimal places (then express as a percent).
7.7.5 Finding the Base

15
is
30%

of

what number? (base)
Missing factor statement. [(percentage) = (factor) (factor)] Convert to decimals. [(missing factor) = (product) (known factor)]
(percentage)
(percent)
15 15 B B = =
= = 15 .30 50
30% .30
B B
Thus, 15 is 30% of 50. Try Exercise 7.7.8 in Section 7.7.5.2 (Practice Set C).
454
Example 7.48
56.43
is
33%

of

what number? Missing factor statement. (base)
(percentage)
(percent)
56.43 56.43 B B = =
= =
33% .33
B B
Convert to decimals. Divide.
56.43 .33 171
Thus, 56.43 is 33% of 171. Try Exercise 7.7.8 in Section 7.7.5.2 (Practice Set C).
Example 7.49
Fifteen milliliters of water represents 2% of a hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution. How many milliliters of solution are there? We need to determine the total supply. The word supply indicates base.
15
is
2%
of

what number? Missing factor statement. (base)
(percentage)
(percent)
15 15 B B = =
= = 15 .02 750
2% .02
B B
Convert to decimals. Divide.
Thus, there are 750 milliliters of solution in the bottle. Try Exercise 7.7.9 in Section 7.7.5.2 (Practice Set C).
Example 7.50
In a particular city, a sales tax of 6 1 2 % is charged on items purchased in local stores. If the tax on an item is $2.99, what is the price of the item? We need to determine the price of the item. We can think of price as the starting place. Starting place indicates base. We need to determine the base.
2.99
is
61 2%
of

what number? (base)
(percentage)
(percent)
61 2%
2.99 2.99 2.99
= = =
B B B
Convert to decimals. [(missing factor) = (product) (known factor)]
6.5% .065
455
B B
= =
2.99 .065 Divide. 46
Thus, the price of the item is $46.00. Try Exercise 7.7.10 in Section 7.7.5.2 (Practice Set C).
Example 7.51
A clothing item is priced at $20.40. This marked price includes a 15% discount. What is the original price? We need to determine the original price. We can think of the original price as the starting place. Starting place indicates base. We need to determine the base. The new price, $20.40, represents 100% 15% = 85% of the original price.
20.40
is
85%
of

what number? (base)
(percentage)
(percent)
20.40 20.40 B B = =
= =
85% .85
B B
Convert to decimals. [(missing factor) = (product) (known factor)]
20.40 .85 Divide. 24
Thus, the original price of the item is $24.00. Try Exercise 7.7.11 in Section 7.7.5.2 (Practice Set C).
7.7.5.2 Practice Set C Exercise 7.7.8 Exercise 7.7.9
1.98 is 2% of what number?
3.3 milliliters of HCl represents 25% of an HCl solution. How many milliliters of solution are there?
Exercise 7.7.10
A salesman, who makes a commission of 18 1 4 % on each sale, makes a commission of $152.39 on a particular sale. Rounded to the nearest dollar, what is the amount of the sale?
Exercise 7.7.11
At "super-long play," 2 1 2 hours of play of a video cassette recorder represents 31.25% of the total playing time. What is the total playing time?
7.7.6 Exercises
For the following 25 problems, nd each indicated quantity.

Exercise 7.7.12
What is 21% of 104?
456
Exercise 7.7.13 Exercise 7.7.14 Exercise 7.7.15 Exercise 7.7.16 Exercise 7.7.17 Exercise 7.7.18 Exercise 7.7.19 Exercise 7.7.20 Exercise 7.7.21 Exercise 7.7.22 Exercise 7.7.23 Exercise 7.7.24 Exercise 7.7.25 Exercise 7.7.26 Exercise 7.7.27 Exercise 7.7.28 Exercise 7.7.29 Exercise 7.7.30 Exercise 7.7.31 Exercise 7.7.32 Exercise 7.7.33 Exercise 7.7.34 Exercise 7.7.35

What is 8% of 36? What is 98% of 545? What is 143% of 33? What is 10 1 2 % of 20? 3.25 is what percent of 88? 22.44 is what percent of 44? 0.0036 is what percent of 0.03? 31.2 is what percent of 26? 266.4 is what percent of 74? 0.0101 is what percent of 0.0505? 2.4 is 24% of what number? 24.19 is 41% of what number? 61.12 is 16% of what number? 82.81 is 91% of what number? 115.5 is 20% of what number? 43.92 is 480% of what number? What is 85% of 62? 29.14 is what percent of 5.13? 0.6156 is what percent of 5.13? What is 0.41% of 291.1? 26.136 is 121% of what number? 1,937.5 is what percent of 775? 1 is what percent of 2,000?
457
0 is what percent of 59?
An item of clothing is on sale for 10% o the marked price. If the marked price is $14.95, what is the sale price? (Round to two decimal places.)
Exercise 7.7.38
A grocery clerk, who makes $365 per month, receives a 7% raise. How much is her new monthly salary?
Exercise 7.7.39
An item of clothing which originally sells for $55.00 is marked down to $46.75. What percent has it been marked down?
On a 25 question exam, a student gets 21 correct. What percent is this?
On a 45 question exam, a student gets 40%. How many questions did this student get correct?
A vitamin tablet, which weighs 250 milligrams, contains 35 milligrams of vitamin C. What percent of the weight of this tablet is vitamin C?
Exercise 7.7.43
Five years ago a secretary made $11,200 annually. The secretary now makes $17,920 annually. By what percent has this secretary's salary been increased?
3 % of all their games. If they won 78 games, how many games did they A baseball team wins 48 4 play?
Exercise 7.7.44
Exercise 7.7.45
A typist was able to increase his speed by 120% to 42 words per minute. What was his original typing speed?
Exercise 7.7.46
A salesperson makes a commission of 12% on the total amount of each sale. If, in one month, she makes a total of $8,520 in sales, how much has she made in commission?
Exercise 7.7.47
A salesperson receives a salary of $850 per month plus a commission of 8 1 2 % of her sales. If, in a particular month, she sells $22,800 worth of merchandise, what will be her monthly earnings?
Exercise 7.7.48
A man borrows $1150.00 from a loan company. If he makes 12 equal monthly payments of $130.60, what percent of the loan is he paying in interest?
Exercise 7.7.49
The distance from the sun to the earth is approximately 93,000,000 miles. The distance from the sun to Pluto is approximately 860.2% of the distance from the sun to the Earth. Approximately, how many miles is Pluto from the sun?
Exercise 7.7.50
The number of people on food stamps in Maine in 1975 was 151,000. By 1980, the number had decreased to 59,200. By what percent did the number of people on food stamps decrease? (Round the result to the nearest percent.)
Exercise 7.7.51
In Nebraska, in 1960, there were 734,000 motor-vehicle registrations. By 1979, the total had increased by about 165.6%. About how many motor-vehicle registrations were there in Nebraska in 1979?
458
Exercise 7.7.52

From 1973 to 1979, in the United States, there was an increase of 166.6% of Ph.D. social scientists to 52,000. How many were there in 1973?
Exercise 7.7.53
In 1950, in the United States, there were 1,894 daily newspapers. That number decreased to 1,747 by 1981. What percent did the number of daily newspapers decrease?
Exercise 7.7.54
A particular alloy is 27% copper. How many pounds of copper are there in 55 pounds of the alloy?
Exercise 7.7.55
A bottle containing a solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is marked 15% (meaning that 15% of the HCl solution is acid). If a bottle contains 65 milliliters of solution, how many milliliters of water does it contain?
Exercise 7.7.56
A bottle containing a solution of HCl is marked 45%. A test shows that 36 of the 80 milliliters contained in the bottle are hydrochloric acid. Is the bottle marked correctly? If not, how should it be remarked?
7.7.6.1 Exercises For Review Exercise 7.7.57 Exercise 7.7.58 Exercise 7.7.59
(Section 2.6) Use the numbers 4 and 7 to illustrate the commutative property of multiplication. (Section 4.3) Convert 14 5 to a mixed number.
5 9
7 (Section 5.5) Arrange the numbers 12 ,
and
4 7
in increasing order.
(Section 6.3) Convert 4.006 to a mixed number.

Exercise 7.7.61
Exercise 7.7.60
(Section 7.6) Convert
7 8
% to a fraction.
459

Denominate Numbers (Section 7.2)
Numbers that appear along with units are denominate numbers. The amounts 6 dollars and 4 pints are examples of denominate numbers.
Like and Unlike Denominate Numbers (Section 7.2)
Like denominate numbers are denominate numbers with like units. If the units are not the same, the numbers are unlike denominate numbers.
Pure Numbers (Section 7.2)
Numbers appearing without a unit are pure numbers.

Comparing Numbers by Subtraction and Division (Section 7.2)
Comparison of two numbers by subtraction indicates how much more one number is than another. Comparison by division indicates how many times larger or smaller one number is than another.
Comparing Pure or Like Denominate Numbers by Subtraction (Section 7.2)
Numbers can be compared by subtraction if and only if they are pure numbers or like denominate numbers.
Ratio Rate (Section 7.2)
A comparison, by division, of two like denominate numbers is a ratio. A comparison, by division, of two unlike denominate numbers is a rate.
Proportion (Section 7.3) A proportion is a statement
3
that two ratios or rates are equal.
people 2 jobs =
people 4 jobs is a proportion.
Solving a Proportion (Section 7.3) To solve a proportion that contains three known numbers and a letter that represents an unknown quantity,
perform the cross multiplication, then divide the product of the two numbers by the number that multiplies the letter.
Proportions Involving Rates (Section 7.3)
When writing a proportion involving rates it is very important to write it so that the same type of units appears on the same side of either the equal sign or the fraction bar.
unit type 1 = unit type 1 or unit type 1 = unit type 2 unit type 2 unit type 2 unit type 1 unit type 2
Five-Step Method for Solving Proportions (Section 7.4)
1. By careful reading, determine what the unknown quantity is and represent it with some letter. There will be only one unknown in a problem. 2. Identify the three specied numbers. 3. Determine which comparisons are to be made and set up the proportion. 4. Solve the proportion. 5. Interpret and write a conclusion. When solving applied problems, ALWAYS begin by determining the unknown quantity and representing it with a letter.
460
Percents (Section 7.5)
A ratio in which one number is compared to 100 is a percent. Percent means "for each hundred."
Conversion of Fractions, Decimals, and Percents (Section 7.5)
It is possible to convert decimals to percents, fractions to percents, percents to decimals, and percents to fractions.
Applications of Percents:
The three basic types of percent problems involve a base, a percentage, and a percent.
Base (Section 7.7) The base is the number
used for comparison. being compared to the base.
Percentage (Section 7.7) The percentage is the number Percent (Section 7.7) By its denition, percent
means part of.
Solving Problems (Section 7.7)
Percentage = (percent) (base) Percent = percentage base Base = percentage percent

7.9.1.1 Ratios and Rates (Section 7.2) Exercise 7.9.1
Compare 250 watts to 100 watts by subtraction.

Compare 126 and 48 by subtraction. Compare 98 radishes to 41 radishes by division. Compare 144 to 9 by division. Compare 100 tents to 5 tents by division. Compare 28 feet to 7 feet by division. Comparison, by division, of two pure numbers or two like denominate numbers is called a
Exercise 7.9.8
A comparison, by division, of two unlike denominate numbers is called a
For problems 9-12, express each ratio or rate as a fraction.

461
Exercise 7.9.9
15 to 5
Exercise 7.9.10
72 to 12
8 millimeters to 5 milliliters 106 tablets to 52 tablets For problems 13-16, write each ratio in the form "a to b".
Exercise 7.9.13
9 16
Exercise 7.9.14
5 11
Exercise 7.9.15
1 8
diskette diskettes
Exercise 7.9.16
For problems 17-21, write each ratio or rate using words.

Exercise 7.9.17
9 16 1 4 8 4
5 papers 3 pens
= =
18 32 12 48 2 1
items dollars =
items dollar
150 milligrams of niacin is to 2 tablets as 300 milligrams of niacin is to 4 tablets. 20 people is to 4 seats as 5 people is to 1 seat.
7.9.1.2 Proportions (Section 7.3)
For problems 22-27, determine the missing number in each proportion.

Exercise 7.9.22
x 3 15 7 1 1 3 x
= =
24 9
Exercise 7.9.23
60 x
Exercise 7.9.24
= =
x 44
Exercise 7.9.25
15 50 x 128
Exercise 7.9.26
15 16
bats balls =
bats balls rooms fans

Exercise 7.9.27
36 rooms 29 fans
504 x
462
7.9.1.3 Applications of Proportions (Section 7.4) Exercise 7.9.28 Exercise 7.9.29
On a map, 3 inches represents 20 miles. How many miles does 27 inches represent? A salt solution is composed of 8 parts of salt to 5 parts of water. How many parts of salt are there in a solution that contains 50 parts of water?
Exercise 7.9.30
4 scale. If a particular part of the model measures 8 inches in length, how long A model is built to 15 is the actual structure?
Exercise 7.9.31
The ratio of ammonia to air in a container is that contains 8 milliliters of ammonia?

Exercise 7.9.32
3 40
How many milliliters of air should be in a container
A 4-foot girl casts a 9-foot shadow at a particular time of the day. How tall is a pole that casts a 144-foot shadow at the same time of the day? The odds that a particular event will occur are 11 to 2. If this event occurs 55 times, how many times would you predict it does not occur?
3 Every 1 4 teaspoon of a multiple vitamin, in granular form, contains 0.85 the minimum daily requirement of vitamin A. How many teaspoons of this vitamin are required to supply 2.25 the minimum daily requirement?
Exercise 7.9.33
Exercise 7.9.34
7.9.1.4 Percent and Fractions of One Percent (Section 7.5,Section 7.6)
For problems 35-39, convert each decimal to a percent.

Exercise 7.9.35
0.16
Exercise 7.9.36
0.818
Exercise 7.9.37
5.3536 0.50 3
For problems 40-48, convert each percent to a decimal.

Exercise 7.9.40
62%
Exercise 7.9.41
1.58% 9.15% 0.06%
463
Exercise 7.9.44
0.003%
Exercise 7.9.45
3 % to a three-place decimal 5 11
Exercise 7.9.46
9 13
% to a three-place decimal
25 29
Exercise 7.9.47
82
% to a four-place decimal
Exercise 7.9.48
1 18 7 % to a four-place decimal
For problems 49-55, convert each fraction or mixed number to a percent.

Exercise 7.9.49
3 5
Exercise 7.9.50
2 10
Exercise 7.9.51
5 16
Exercise 7.9.52
35 8
Exercise 7.9.53
105 16
Exercise 7.9.54
45
1 11
Exercise 7.9.55
278 9
For problems 56-64, convert each percent to a fraction or mixed number.

Exercise 7.9.56
95%
Exercise 7.9.57
12% 83%
38.125%
Exercise 7.9.60 _
61. 2 %
5 8%

9 6 20 %
Exercise 7.9.63
3 15 22 %
Exercise 7.9.64
106 19 45 %
464
7.9.1.5 Applications of Percents (Section 7.7)
For problems 65-72, nd each solution.

Exercise 7.9.65
What is 16% of 40?

29.4 is what percent of 105?

21 3 50 is 547.2% of what number?
0.09378 is what percent of 52.1? What is 680% of 1.41?

Exercise 7.9.70
A kitchen knife is on sale for 15% o the marked price. If the marked price is $ 39.50, what is the sale price?
On an 80 question geology exam, a student gets 68 correct. What percent is correct?
A salesperson makes a commission of 18% of her monthly sales total. She also receives a monthly salary of $1,600.00. If, in a particular month, she sells $4,000.00 worth of merchandise, how much will she make that month?

Exercise 7.10.1
(Section 7.2) Compare 4 cassette tapes to 7 dollars.
Exercise 7.10.2
(Section 7.2) What do we call a comparison, by division, of two unlike denominate numbers?
For problems 3 and 4, express each ratio or rate as a fraction.

Exercise 7.10.3
(Section 7.2) 11 to 9 (Section 7.2) 5 televisions to 2 radios
Exercise 7.10.4
For problems 5 and 6, write each ratio or rate in the form "a to b."
Exercise 7.10.5
maps (Section 7.2) 38 people
(Section 7.2) 2 psychologists 75 people For problems 7-9, solve each proportion.
Exercise 7.10.7
Exercise 7.10.6
(Section 7.3)
8 x
= 48 90
465
Exercise 7.10.8
(Section 7.3)
x 7
4 = 28
Exercise 7.10.9
24 computers (Section 7.3) 38computers students = x students
Exercise 7.10.10
(Section 7.4) On a map, 4 inches represents 50 miles. How many miles does 3 inches represent?
(Section 7.4) An acid solution is composed of 6 milliliters of acid to 10 milliliters of water. How many milliliters of acid are there in an acid solution that is composed of 3 milliliters of water?
Exercise 7.10.12
Exercise 7.10.11
(Section 7.4) The odds that a particular event will occur are 9 to 7. If the event occurs 27 times, how many times would you predict it will it not occur?
Exercise 7.10.13
For problems 13 and 14, convert each decimal to a percent. (Section 7.5) 0.82
_
Exercise 7.10.14
(Section 7.5) 3. 7 For problems 15 and 16, convert each percent to a decimal.
Exercise 7.10.15
(Section 7.5) 2.813% (Section 7.5) 0.006%
Exercise 7.10.16
For problems 17-19, convert each fraction to a percent.

Exercise 7.10.17
(Section 7.5) 42 5 (Section 7.5)

1 8
(Section 7.5) 800 80 For problems 20 and 21, convert each percent to a fraction.
Exercise 7.10.20
(Section 7.5) 15%
4 (Section 7.5) 27 % For problems 22-25, nd each indicated quantity.
Exercise 7.10.21
Exercise 7.10.22
(Section 7.7) What is 18% of 26? (Section 7.7) 0.618 is what percent of 0.3? (Section 7.7) 0.1 is 1.1% of what number?
(Section 7.7) A salesperson makes a monthly salary of $1,000.00. He also gets a commission of 12% of his total monthly sales. If, in a particular month, he sells $5,500.00 worth of merchandise, what is his income that month?
466

(a) 8 diskettes; 10 diskettes is 8 diskettes more than 2 diskettes. (b) 5; 10 diskettes is 5 times as many diskettes as 2 diskettes.
(a) Comparison by subtraction makes no sense. 8 bananas , 8 bananas per bag. (b) 16 2bananas bags = bag
8 3 1 9 3 2
5 books 4 people 60 miles 1 hour
9 to 5 1 to 3
25 miles to 2 gallons
1 mechanic to 2 wrenches 5 to 6
They are pure numbers or like denominate numbers. rate

ratio rate
ratio
two to ve
29 mile per 2 gallons or 14 1 2 miles per 1 gallon
5 to 2
12
5
42 plants 5 homes
467
2.54 5 2
16 pints 1 quart cm 1 inch
1,042 1
1 hit 3 at bats
characters page
51 3
299 1260
3.3875
2 people are to 1 window as 10 people are to 5 windows

15 = 75 4 20
2 plates = 20 plates 1 tray 10 trays
x=3
x=5
x = 45 x = 48
rates, proportion
3 1 11 = 33 6 3 90 = 45
3 people absent 15 people absent 31 people present = 155 people present
18 gr cobalt = 36 gr cobalt 10 gr silver 20 gr silver
3 joggers are to 100 feet as 6 joggers are to 200 feet 40 miles are to 80 miles as 2 gallons are to 4 gallons 1 person is to 1 job as 8 people are to 8 jobs
468
2,000 pounds are to 1 ton as 60,000 pounds are to 30 tons
x=2
x=8
x=8
x = 27 x = 40 x = 30 x = 35 x = 30
true
false true true
5+7=12 7+5=12
8 1
17 77
sentences paragraph
500 miles
24 parts of alcohol
9 feet 3 11
864 outside plants
The event occurs 99 times. 6 failing grades 24
45 inches
469
33 parts 2328.75
21 feet 22
12,250 12
15 6 17 8
1 31 4
2 3
16%
195%
83 100
362 or 181 100 50
0.21 4.61
55%
564% 15%
137.5% 27.27% 25%
48%
77.1%
470
258%
1,618.14% 200% 0.15
0.162
0.0505 0.0078 0.0009 20%
62.5% 28%
49.09% 164% 945%
54.54%
4 5 1 4
2 9 1 8
13 20
41 or 5 1 8 8 10
1
45
129 or 2 9 = 2 3 60 60 20
36 inches
471
400 800 30
1 3
0.008
0.5145
400 900
1 3
5 1 400 or 80
13 700 101 400 363 500 41 30
51 500 = 0.102
31 800 = 0.03875
0.004
0.0627 0.242
0.1194
85
197 210
806.2% 35.7
$1,360 4.9
$45,360
472
23% 90% 40% 99
13.2ml $835
8 hours 21.84 534.1 2.1
51
120 20 59 91
9.15 568
1.19351 250 0
390.55 84 14
160
$1,022.40
473
36.28% 61
19,500 14.85
Marked correctly
3 4 500
24 5
250 watts are 150 watts more than 100 watts 98 radishes are 2.39 times as many radishes as 41 radishes 100 tents are 20 times as many tents as 5 tents ratio
3 1
8ml 5ml
9 to 16
1 diskette to 8 diskettes 9 is to 16 as 18 is to 32
8 items are to 4 dollars as 2 items are to 1 dollar
=5 1 20 people are to 4 seats as 5 people are to 1 seat

20 4
28 10
406 80
320 3
or 106 2 3
10
16%
474
535.36% 300%
0.0158 0.0006 0.053
0.8286 60%
31.25%
656.25%
_
3688. 8 %
2977 19800 1 160 61 160 3 25
6.4
0.625 or 9.588 85
5 8
4 cassette tapes 7 dollars
Rate
11
9
5 televisions 2 radios
8 maps to 3 people
two psychologists to seventy-ve people 15
475
64
37 1 2 1.8 21
82%
377 7 9%
0.02813 0.00006 840%
12.5%
1,000%
20
3
4 2,700 1 or 675
4.68 206
9.09
$1,660
476
Chapter 8
Techniques of Estimation
8.1 Objectives1
Estimation by Rounding (Section 8.2)
understand the reason for estimation be able to estimate the result of an addition, multiplication, subtraction, or division using the rounding technique
Estimation by Clustering (Section 8.3)
understand the concept of clustering be able to estimate the result of adding more than two numbers when clustering occurs using the clustering technique
Mental ArithmeticUsing the Distributive Property (Section 8.4)
understand the distributive property be able to obtain the exact result of a multiplication using the distributive property
Estimation by Rounding Fractions (Section 8.5)
be able to estimate the sum of two or more fractions using the technique of rounding fractions
8.2 Estimation by Rounding2

Estimation By Rounding
When beginning a computation, it is valuable to have an idea of what value to expect for the result. When a computation is completed, it is valuable to know if the result is reasonable. In the rounding process, it is important to note two facts:
477
478
CHAPTER 8. TECHNIQUES OF ESTIMATION
1. The rounding that is done in estimation does not always follow the rules of rounding discussed in Section 1.4 (Rounding Whole Numbers). Since estimation is concerned with the expected value of a computation, rounding is done using convenience as the guide rather than using hard-and-fast rounding rules. For example, if we wish to estimate the result of the division 80 26, we might round 26 to 20 rather than to 30 since 80 is more conveniently divided by 20 than by 30. 2. Since rounding may occur out of convenience, and dierent people have dierent ideas of what may be convenient, results of an estimation done by rounding may vary. For a particular computation, dierent people may get dierent estimated results. Results may vary.
Estimation Estimation
is the process of determining an expected value of a computation.
Common words used in estimation are about, near, and between.

8.2.2 Estimation by Rounding
The rounding technique estimates the result of a computation by rounding the numbers involved in the computation to one or two nonzero digits.
Estimate the sum: 2,357 + 6,106.
Notice that 2,357 is near
2, 400,
two nonzero digits
and that 6,106 is near
6, 100.
two nonzero digits
The sum can be estimated by 2,400 + 6,100 = 8,500. (It is quick and easy to add 24 and 61.) Thus, 2,357 + 6,106 is about 8,400. In fact, 2,357 + 6,106 = 8,463.
Estimate the sum: 4,216 + 3,942. Estimate the sum: 812 + 514. Estimate the sum: 43,892 + 92,106.
Estimate the dierence: 5, 203 3, 015.
Notice that 5,203 is near
5, 200,
two nonzero digits
and that 3,015 is near
3, 000.
one nonzero digit
The dierence can be estimated by 5, 200 3, 000 = 2,200.
479 Thus, 5, 203 3, 015 is about 2,200. In fact, 5, 203 3, 015 = 2,188. We could make a less accurate estimation by observing that 5,203 is near 5,000. The number 5,000 has only one nonzero digit rather than two (as does 5,200). This fact makes the estimation quicker (but a little less accurate). We then estimate the dierence by 5, 000 3, 000 = 2,000, and conclude that 5, 203 3, 015 is about 2,000. This is why we say "answers may vary."
8.2.2.4 Practice Set B Exercise 8.2.4 Exercise 8.2.5 Exercise 8.2.6
Estimate the dierence: 628 413.
Estimate the dierence: 7, 842 5, 209. Estimate the dierence: 73, 812 28, 492.
Estimate the product: 73 46.
Notice that 73 is near
70,
one nonzero digit
and that 46 is near
50.
one nonzero digit
The product can be estimated by 70 50 = 3,500. (Recall that to multiply numbers ending in zeros, we multiply the nonzero digits and ax to this product the total number of ending zeros in the factors. See Section 2.2 for a review of this technique.) Thus, 73 46 is about 3,500. In fact, 73 46 = 3,358.
Example 8.4
Estimate the product: 87 4,316.
Notice that 87 is close to
90,
one nonzero digit
and that 4,316 is close to
4, 000.
one nonzero digit
The product can be estimated by 90 4,000 = 360,000. Thus, 87 4,316 is about 360,000. In fact, 87 4,316 = 375,492.
Estimate the product: 31 87. Estimate the product: 18 42. Estimate the product: 16 94.
480
8.2.2.7 Sample Set D Example 8.5
Estimate the quotient: 153 17.
Notice that 153 is close to
150,
two nonzero digits
and that 17 is close to
15.
two nonzero digits
The quotient can be estimated by 150 15 = 10. Thus, 153 17 is about 10. In fact, 153 17 = 9.
Example 8.6
Estimate the quotient: 742,000 2,400.
Notice that 742,000 is close to 700, 000 , and that 2,400 is close to
one nonzero digit
2, 000.
one nonzero digit
The quotient can be estimated by 700,000 2,000 = 350. Thus, 742,000 2,400 is about 350. In fact, 742,000 2,400 = 309.16.
Estimate the quotient: 221 18. Estimate the quotient: 4,079 381. Estimate the quotient: 609,000 16,000.
Exercise 8.2.11
Exercise 8.2.12
Estimate the sum: 53.82 + 41.6.
Notice that 53.82 is close to
54,
two nonzero digits
and that 41.6 is close to
42.
two nonzero digits
The sum can be estimated by 54 + 42 = 96. Thus, 53.82 + 41.6 is about 96. In fact, 53.82 + 41.6 = 95.42.
481
8.2.2.10 Practice Set E Exercise 8.2.13
Estimate the sum: 61.02 + 26.8. Estimate the sum: 109.12 + 137.88.
Exercise 8.2.14
8.2.2.11 Sample Set F Example 8.8
Estimate the product: (31.28) (14.2).
Notice that 31.28 is close to
30,
one nonzero digit
and that 14.2 is close to
15.
two nonzero digits
The product can be estimated by 30 15 = 450. ( 3 15 = 45, then ax one zero.) Thus, (31.28) (14.2) is about 450. In fact, (31.28) (14.2) = 444.176.
Example 8.9
Estimate 21% of 5.42.
Notice that 21% = .21 as a decimal, and that .21 is close to
.2.
one nonzero digit
Notice also that 5.42 is close to
5.
one nonzero digit
Then, 21% of 5.42 can be estimated by (.2) (5) = 1. Thus, 21% of 5.42 is about 1. In fact, 21% of 5.42 is 1.1382.
8.2.2.12 Practice Set F Exercise 8.2.15 Exercise 8.2.16
Estimate the product: (47.8) (21.1). Estimate 32% of 14.88.
8.2.3 Exercises
Estimate each calculation using the method of rounding. After you have made an estimate, nd the exact value and compare this to the estimated result to see if your estimated value is reasonable. Results may vary.
Exercise 8.2.17
1, 402 + 2, 198
Exercise 8.2.18
3,481 + 4,216
482
Exercise 8.2.19

921 + 796 611 + 806
4, 681 + 9, 325
Exercise 8.2.22
6, 476 + 7, 814
Exercise 8.2.23
7, 805 4, 266
Exercise 8.2.24
8, 427 5, 342
Exercise 8.2.25
14, 106 8, 412
26, 486 18, 931

32 53 67 42
628 891 426 741
18, 012 32, 416 22, 481 51, 076
287 19
Exercise 8.2.34
884 33
Exercise 8.2.35
1, 254 57
Exercise 8.2.36
2, 189 42
Exercise 8.2.37
8, 092 239
Exercise 8.2.38
2, 688 48
Exercise 8.2.39
72.14 + 21.08
Exercise 8.2.40
43.016 + 47.58
Exercise 8.2.41
96.53 26.91
483
115.0012 25.018
206.19 + 142.38 592.131 + 211.6
(32.12) (48.7)
Exercise 8.2.46
(87.013) (21.07)
Exercise 8.2.47
(3.003) (16.52)
Exercise 8.2.48
(6.032) (14.091)
Exercise 8.2.49
(114.06) (384.3)
(5, 137.118) (263.56) (6.92) (0.88)

Exercise 8.2.52
(83.04) (1.03)
Exercise 8.2.53
(17.31) (.003)
Exercise 8.2.54
(14.016) (.016)
Exercise 8.2.55
93% of 7.01
Exercise 8.2.56
107% of 12.6 32% of 15.3
74% of 21.93 18% of 4.118 4% of .863
2% of .0039
484
7 5 (Section 5.3) Find the dierence: 10 16 .
Exercise 8.2.63
6 1 4 6+ 1 4
(Section 5.6) Find the value

(Section 6.3) Convert the complex decimal 1.11 1 4 to a decimal.

(Section 7.4) A woman 5 foot tall casts an 8-foot shadow at a particular time of the day. How tall is a tree that casts a 96-foot shadow at the same time of the day?
Exercise 8.2.66
(Section 7.7) 11.62 is 83% of what number?
8.3 Estimation by Clustering3

Estimation by Clustering
When more than two numbers are to be added, the sum may be estimated using the clustering technique. The rounding technique could also be used, but if several of the numbers are seen to cluster (are seen to be close to) one particular number, the clustering technique provides a quicker estimate. Consider a sum such as 32 + 68 + 29 + 73 Notice two things: 1. There are more than two numbers to be added. 2. Clustering occurs. (a) Both 68 and 73 cluster around 70, so 68 + 73 is close to 80 + 70 = 2 (70) = 140.
Cluster
(b) Both 32 and 29 cluster around 30, so 32 + 29 is close to 30 + 30 = 2 (30) = 60. The sum may be estimated by
(2 30) + (2 70)
= =
6 + 140
200
In fact, 32 + 68 + 29 + 73 = 202.
485
Estimate each sum. Results may vary.

Example 8.10
27 + 48 + 31 + 52.
27 and 31 cluster near 30. Their sum is about 2 30 = 60. 48 and 52 cluster near 50. Their sum is about 2 50 = 100. Thus, 27 + 48 + 31 + 52 is about
(2 30) + (2 50)
= =
60 + 100 160
In fact, 27 + 48 + 31 + 52 = 158.
Example 8.11
88 + 21 + 19 + 91.
88 and 91 cluster near 90. Their sum is about 2 90 = 180. 21 and 19 cluster near 20. Their sum is about 2 20 = 40. Thus, 88 + 21 + 19 + 91 is about In fact, 88 + 21 + 19 + 91 = 219.
Example 8.12
(2 90) + (2 20)
= =
180 + 40 220
17 + 21 + 48 + 18.
17, 21, and 18 cluster near 20. Their sum is about 3 20 = 60. 48 is about 50. Thus, 17 + 21 + 48 + 18 is about In fact, 17 + 21 + 48 + 18 = 104.
Example 8.13
(3 20) + 50
= =
60 + 50 110
61 + 48 + 49 + 57 + 52.
61 and 57 cluster near 60. Their sum is about 2 60 = 120. 48, 49, and 52 cluster near 50. Their sum is about 3 50 = 150. Thus, 61 + 48 + 49 + 57 + 52 is about In fact, 61 + 48 + 49 + 57 + 52 = 267.
Example 8.14
(2 60) + (3 50)
= =
120 + 150 270
706 + 321 + 293 + 684.
706 and 684 cluster near 700. Their sum is about 2 700 = 1,400.
486

321 and 293 cluster near 300. Their sum is about 2 300 = 600. Thus, 706 + 321 + 293 + 684 is about
(2 700) + (2 300)
= =
1, 400 + 600 2, 000
In fact, 706 + 321 + 293 + 684 = 2,004.
Use the clustering method to estimate each sum.

28 + 51 + 31 + 47 42 + 39 + 68 + 41 37 + 39 + 83 + 42 + 79
612 + 585 + 830 + 794
8.3.2 Exercises
Use the clustering method to estimate each sum. Results may vary.
28 + 51 + 31 + 47 42 + 19 + 39 + 23 88 + 62 + 59 + 90 76 + 29 + 33 + 82 19 + 23 + 87 + 21 41 + 28 + 42 + 37 89 + 32 + 89 + 93 73 + 72 + 27 + 71 43 + 62 + 61 + 55 31 + 77 + 31 + 27 57 + 34 + 28 + 61 + 62
487
94 + 18 + 23 + 91 + 19
103 + 72 + 66 + 97 + 99
42 + 121 + 119 + 124 + 41

19 + 24 + 87 + 23 + 91 + 93 108 + 61 + 63 + 96 + 57 + 99 518 + 721 + 493 + 689
981 + 1208 + 1214 + 1006

23 + 81 + 77 + 79 + 19 + 81 94 + 68 + 66 + 101 + 106 + 71 + 110
(Section 1.2) Specify all the digits greater than 6. (Section 4.5) Find the product:
2 3 9 7 14 12 .
Exercise 8.3.27
(Section 6.3) Convert 0.06 to a fraction.
(Section 7.3) Write the proportion in fractional form: "5 is to 8 as 25 is to 40." (Section 8.2) Estimate the sum using the method of rounding: 4,882 + 2,704.
8.4 Mental Arithmetic-Using the Distributive Property4

The Distributive Property Estimation Using the Distributive Property

488
8.4.2 The Distributive Property
Distributive Property The distributive property
is a characteristic of numbers that involves both addition and multiplication. It is used often in algebra, and we can use it now to obtain exact results for a multiplication.
Suppose we wish to compute 3 (2 + 5). We can proceed in either of two ways, one way which is known to us already (the order of operations), and a new way (the distributive property). 1. Compute 3 (2 + 5) using the order of operations. 3 (2 + 5) Operate inside the parentheses rst: 2 + 5 = 7.
3 (2 + 5) = 3 7
Now multiply 3 and 7.
3 (2 + 5) = 3 7 = 21
Thus, 3 (2 + 5) = 21. 2. Compute 3 (2 + 5) using the distributive property. We know that multiplication describes repeated addition. Thus,
3 (2 + 5)
= = = = =
2+5+2+5+2+5
2 + 5 appears 3 times
2+2+2+5+5+5 32+35 6 + 15 21
(by the commutative property of addition) (since multiplication describes repeated addition)
Thus, 3 (2 + 5) = 21. Let's look again at this use of the distributive property.
3 (2 + 5)
2+5+2+5+2+5
2 + 5 appears 3 times
3 (2 + 5)
2+2+2
2 appears 3 times
5+5+5
5 appears 3 times
The 3 has been distributed to the 2 and 5. This is the distributive property. We distribute the factor to each addend in the parentheses. The distributive property works for both sums and dierences.
489
Using the order of operations, we get
4 (6 + 2)
= =
48 32
Example 8.16
Using the order of operations, we get
8 (9 + 6)
= =
8 15 120
Example 8.17
Example 8.18
Use the distributive property to compute each value.

Exercise 8.4.1
6 (8 + 4) 4 (4 + 7) 8 (2 + 9)
12 (10 + 3)
Exercise 8.4.5
6 (11 3)
Exercise 8.4.6
8 (9 7)
Exercise 8.4.7
15 (30 8)
490
8.4.3 Estimation Using the Distributive Property
We can use the distributive property to obtain exact results for products such as 25 23. The distributive property works best for products when one of the factors ends in 0 or 5. We shall restrict our attention to only such products.

Example 8.19
25 23
Notice that 23 = 20 + 3. We now write
Thus, 25 23 = 575 We could have proceeded by writing 23 as 30 7.
Example 8.20
15 37
Thus, 15 37 = 555 We could have proceeded by writing 37 as 40 3.
Example 8.21
15 86

491
We could have proceeded by writing 86 as 90 4.

Exercise 8.4.8
25 12 35 14 80 58 65 62
8.4.4 Exercises
Use the distributive property to compute each product.

Exercise 8.4.12
15 13 15 14
25 11 25 16
15 16 35 12
45 83 45 38 25 38
492
Exercise 8.4.21

25 96
Exercise 8.4.22
75 14 85 34
65 26 55 51
15 107 25 208
35 402 85 110
95 12 65 40
80 32 30 47 50 63 90 78 40 89
(Section 3.5) Find the greatest common factor of 360 and 3,780. (Section 4.5) Reduce 5594 ,148 to lowest terms.
4 (Section 4.7) 1 5 9 of 2 7 is what number? 7 x (Section 7.3) Solve the proportion: 15 = 90 .
Exercise 8.4.41
(Section 8.3) Use the clustering method to estimate the sum: 88 + 106 + 91 + 114.
493
8.5 Estimation by Rounding Fractions5

Estimation by Rounding Fractions

Estimation by rounding fractions is a useful technique for estimating the result of a computation involving 1 3 fractions. Fractions are commonly rounded to 1 4 , 2 , 4 , 0, and 1. Remember that rounding may cause estimates to vary.
Make each estimate remembering that results may vary.

Example 8.22
Estimate
3 5
5 + 12 . 5 1 is about 1 2 , and that 12 is about 2 . 1 2
Notice that Thus,

3 5
3 5
5 + 12 is about
1 2
= 1. In fact,
3 5
5 + 12 = 61 60 , a little more than 1.
Example 8.23
9 1 Estimate 5 3 8 + 4 10 + 11 5 . 3 8
Adding the whole number parts, we get 20. Notice that 3 9 1 1 1 1 close to 1 4 . Then 8 + 10 + 5 is close to 4 + 1 + 4 = 1 2 .
9 1 1 1 Thus, 5 3 8 + 4 10 + 11 5 is close to 20 + 1 2 = 21 2 . 9 1 19 1 In fact, 5 3 8 + 4 10 + 11 5 = 21 40 , a little less than 21 2 .
is close to
1 9 4 , 10
is close to 1, and
1 5
is
Use the method of rounding fractions to estimate the result of each computation. Results may vary.
Exercise 8.5.1
5 8 7 9 5 + 12
Exercise 8.5.2
3 5
Exercise 8.5.3
4 7 8 15 + 3 10
Exercise 8.5.4
1 16 20 + 47 8
494
8.5.2 Exercises
Estimate each sum or dierence using the method of rounding. After you have made an estimate, nd the exact value of the sum or dierence and compare this result to the estimated value. Result may vary.
Exercise 8.5.5
5 6 3 8 9
7 8
Exercise 8.5.6
11 + 12
Exercise 8.5.7
10 +
3 5
Exercise 8.5.8
13 + 1 15 20
6 20 + 25 3

1 12 + 4 5
Exercise 8.5.11
15 1 16 + 12
Exercise 8.5.12
29 + 11 30 20
Exercise 8.5.13
5 4 12 + 6 11
Exercise 8.5.14
3 7 9 4 + 8 15
Exercise 8.5.15
3 10 + 2 8
Exercise 8.5.16
19 + 15 5 20 9
Exercise 8.5.17
1 83 5 + 4 20
Exercise 8.5.18
3 8 5 20 + 2 15
Exercise 8.5.19
1 4 9 15 + 65
Exercise 8.5.20
1 5 + 10 16 7 12
Exercise 8.5.21
13 7 3 11 20 + 2 25 + 1 8
1 1 6 12 + 1 10 + 55 6
15 16
7 8
Exercise 8.5.24
12 9 25 20
495
(Section 2.6) The fact that (a rst number a second number) a third number (a second number a third number) is an example of which property of multiplication?
Exercise 8.5.26
4 (Section 4.6) Find the quotient: 14 15 45 . 2 (Section 5.4) Find the dierence: 3 5 9 23.
a rst number
(Section 6.8) Find the quotient: 4.6 0.11.

(Section 8.4) Use the distributive property to compute the product: 25 37.
496

Estimation (Section 8.2) Estimation is the process of
determining an expected value of a computation.
Estimation By Rounding (Section 8.2) The rounding technique estimates the result
of a computation by rounding the numbers involved in the computation to one or two nonzero digits. For example, 512 + 896 can be estimated by 500 + 900 = 1,400.
When several numbers are close to one particular number, they are said to cluster near that particular number.
Estimation By Clustering (Section 8.3) The clustering technique of estimation can
Cluster (Section 8.3)
be used when
1. there are more than two numbers to be added, and 2. clustering occurs. For example, 31 + 62 + 28 + 59 can be estimated by (2 30) + (2 60) = 60 + 120 = 180
Distributive Property (Section 8.4) The distributive property is a characteristic
For example, 3 (4 + 6) = 3 4 + 3 6 = 12 + 18 = 30
of numbers that involves both addition and multiplication.
Estimation Using the Distributive Property (Section 8.4) The distributive property can be used to obtain exact results for
For example, 15 23 = 15 (20 + 3) = 15 20 + 15 3 = 300 + 45 = 345

Estimation by Rounding Fractions (Section 8.5) Estimation by rounding fractions commonly rounds
a multiplication.
For example, 5 5 12 + 16 can be estimated by
1 3 fractions to 1 4 , 2 , 4 , 0, and 1.
1 2
1 4
3 4

8.7.1.1 Estimation by Rounding (Section 8.2)
For problems 1-70, estimate each value using the method of rounding. After you have made an estimate, nd the exact value. Compare the exact and estimated values. Results may vary.
Exercise 8.7.1
286 + 312 419 + 582
Exercise 8.7.2
497
Exercise 8.7.3
689 + 511
Exercise 8.7.4
926 + 1, 105
Exercise 8.7.5
1, 927 + 3, 017
Exercise 8.7.6
5, 026 + 2, 814
Exercise 8.7.7
1, 408 + 2, 352
Exercise 8.7.8
1, 186 + 4, 228 5, 771 + 246
8, 305 + 484
Exercise 8.7.11
3, 812 + 2, 906
Exercise 8.7.12
5, 293 + 8, 007
28, 481 + 32, 856 92, 512 + 26, 071
87, 612 + 2, 106
Exercise 8.7.16
42, 612 + 4, 861
Exercise 8.7.17
212, 413 + 609
Exercise 8.7.18
487, 235 + 494
Exercise 8.7.19
2, 409 + 1, 526
Exercise 8.7.20
3, 704 + 4, 704
Exercise 8.7.21
41 63 38 81 18 28 52 21
307 489
498
Exercise 8.7.26

412 807
Exercise 8.7.27
77 614 62 596
27 473 92 336
12 814
Exercise 8.7.32
8 2, 106
Exercise 8.7.33
192 452 374 816
88 4, 392
Exercise 8.7.36
126 2, 834
Exercise 8.7.37
3, 896 413
Exercise 8.7.38
5, 794 837
Exercise 8.7.39
6, 311 3, 512
Exercise 8.7.40
7, 471 5, 782
180 12
309 16
Exercise 8.7.43
286 22
Exercise 8.7.44
527 17
Exercise 8.7.45
1, 007 19
Exercise 8.7.46
1, 728 36 2, 703 53
2, 562 61
499
Exercise 8.7.49
1, 260 12
Exercise 8.7.50
3, 618 18
Exercise 8.7.51
3, 344 76
Exercise 8.7.52
7, 476 356
Exercise 8.7.53
20, 984 488
Exercise 8.7.54
43, 776 608
Exercise 8.7.55
7, 196 514
Exercise 8.7.56
51, 492 514
Exercise 8.7.57
26, 962 442
Exercise 8.7.58
33, 712 112
Exercise 8.7.59
105, 152 106
Exercise 8.7.60
176, 978 214
Exercise 8.7.61
48.06 + 23.11 73.73 + 72.9
62.91 + 56.4
Exercise 8.7.64
87.865 + 46.772
Exercise 8.7.65
174.6 + 97.2
Exercise 8.7.66
(48.3) (29.6)
Exercise 8.7.67
(87.11) (23.2)
Exercise 8.7.68
(107.02) (48.7)
Exercise 8.7.69
(0.76) (5.21)
Exercise 8.7.70
(1.07) (13.89)
500
8.7.1.2 Estimation by Clustering (Section 8.3)
For problems 71-90, estimate each value using the method of clustering. After you have made an estimate, nd the exact value. Compare the exact and estimated values. Results may vary.
Exercise 8.7.71 Exercise 8.7.72 Exercise 8.7.73 Exercise 8.7.74 Exercise 8.7.75 Exercise 8.7.76 Exercise 8.7.77 Exercise 8.7.78 Exercise 8.7.79 Exercise 8.7.80 Exercise 8.7.81 Exercise 8.7.82 Exercise 8.7.83 Exercise 8.7.84 Exercise 8.7.85
38 + 51 + 41 + 48 19 + 73 + 23 + 71 27 + 62 + 59 + 31 18 + 73 + 69 + 19 83 + 49 + 79 + 52 67 + 71 + 84 + 81 16 + 13 + 24 + 26 34 + 56 + 36 + 55 14 + 17 + 83 + 87 93 + 108 + 96 + 111 18 + 20 + 31 + 29 + 24 + 38 32 + 27 + 48 + 51 + 72 + 69 64 + 17 + 27 + 59 + 31 + 21 81 + 41 + 92 + 38 + 88 + 80 87 + 22 + 91 44 + 38 + 87
19 + 18 + 39 + 22 + 42 31 + 28 + 49 + 29 88 + 86 + 27 + 91 + 29 57 + 62 + 18 + 23 + 61 + 21
501
8.7.1.3 Mental Arithmetic- Using the Distributive Property (Section 8.4)
For problems 91-110, compute each product using the distributive property.
Exercise 8.7.91
15 33 15 42
35 36 35 28
85 23 95 11
30 14 60 18
75 23 65 31
17 15 38 25
14 65 19 85 42 60 81 40
15 105 35 202 45 306 85 97
502
8.7.1.4 Estimation by Rounding Fractions (Section 8.5)
For problems 111-125, estimate each sum using the method of rounding fractions. After you have made an estimate, nd the exact value. Compare the exact and estimated values. Results may vary.
Exercise 8.7.111
3 8
5 6
Exercise 8.7.112
1 7 16 + 24
Exercise 8.7.113
13 15 + 30
7
Exercise 8.7.114
14 + 19 15 20
7 13 25 + 30
11 + 12
9
7 8
Exercise 8.7.117
15 32 + 16
5 8 1 + 32

3 23 4 + 65
Exercise 8.7.120
5 1 49 + 8 27
Exercise 8.7.121
5 22 11 18 + 7 45
Exercise 8.7.122
7 14 19 36 + 2 18
Exercise 8.7.123
1 1 6 20 + 2 10 + 8 13 60 1 5 57 8 + 1 4 + 12 12
15 19 10 1 2 + 6 16 + 8 80
8.8 Prociency Exam8

For problems 1 - 16, estimate each value. After you have made an estimate, nd the exact value. Results may vary.
Exercise 8.8.1
(Section 8.2) 3,716 + 6,789 (Section 8.2) 8,821 + 9,217
Exercise 8.8.2
503
(Section 8.2) 7, 316 2, 305
(Solution on p. 511.) (Solution on p. 511.) (Solution on p. 511.) (Solution on p. 511.) (Solution on p. 511.) (Solution on p. 511.) (Solution on p. 511.) (Solution on p. 511.) (Solution on p. 511.) (Solution on p. 512.) (Solution on p. 512.) (Solution on p. 512.) (Solution on p. 512.) (Solution on p. 512.)
(Section 8.2) 110, 812 83, 406 (Section 8.2) 82 38 (Section 8.2) 51 92 (Section 8.2) 48 6,012 (Section 8.2) 238 17 (Section 8.2) 2,660 28 (Section 8.2) 43.06 + 37.94 (Section 8.2) 307.006 + 198.0005 (Section 8.2) (47.2) (92.8) (Section 8.3) 58 + 91 + 61 + 88 (Section 8.3) 43 + 39 + 89 + 92 (Section 8.3) 81 + 78 + 27 + 79 (Section 8.3) 804 + 612 + 801 + 795 + 606
Exercise 8.8.9
For problems 17-21, use the distributive property to obtain the exact result.
(Section 8.4) 25 14 (Section 8.4) 15 83 (Section 8.4) 65 98 (Section 8.4) 80 107 (Section 8.4) 400 215
For problems 22-25, estimate each value. After you have made an estimate, nd the exact value. Results may vary.
Exercise 8.8.22
(Section 8.5) 15 16 +
5 8
Exercise 8.8.23
1 17 (Section 8.5 ) 25 + 11 20 + 30
504

9 1 (Section 8.5) 8 16 + 14 12
17 5 (Section 8.5) 5 4 9 + 1 36 + 6 12
505

4, 216 + 3, 942 : 4, 200 + 3, 900. About 8,100. In fact, 8,158. 812 + 514 : 800 + 500. About 1,300. In fact, 1,326. 43, 892 + 92, 106 : 44, 000 + 92, 000. About 136,000. In fact, 135,998. 628 413 : 600 400. About 200. In fact, 215. 7, 842 5, 209 : 7, 800 5, 200. About 2,600. In fact, 2,633. 73, 812 28, 492 : 74, 000 28, 000. About 46,000. In fact, 45,320. 31 87 : 30 90. About 2,700. In fact, 2,697. 18 42 : 20 40. About 800. In fact, 756. 16 94 : 15 100. About 1,500. In fact, 1,504.
221 18 : 200 20. About 10. In fact, 12.27. 4, 079 381 : 4, 000 400. About 10. In fact, 10.70603675... 609, 000 16, 000 : 600, 000 15, 000. About 40. In fact, 38.0625. 61.02 + 26.8 : 61 + 27. About 88. In fact, 87.82. 109.12 + 137.88 : 110 + 138. About 248. In fact, 247. We could have estimated 137.88 with 140. Then 110 + 140 is an easy mental addition. We would conclude then that 109.12 + 137.88 is about 250.
(47.8) (21.1) : (50) (20). About 1,000. In fact, 1,008.58.

32% of 14.88 : (.3) (15). About 4.5. In fact, 4.7616.
about 3,600; in fact 3,600
about 1,700; in fact 1,717
about 14,000; in fact 14,006 about 3,500; in fact 3,539
about 5,700; in fact 5,694 about 1,500; in fact 1,696
about 540,000; in fact 559,548
about 583,200,000; in fact 583,876,992
506
about 15; in fact 15.11 about 20; in fact 22
about 33; in fact 33.86
about 93.2; in fact 93.22
about 70; in fact 69.62
about 1,568.0; in fact 1,564.244 about 49.5; in fact 49.60956
about 43,776; in fact 43,833.258 about 6.21; in fact 6.0896
about 0.0519; in fact 0.05193 about 6.3; in fact 6.5193 about 4.5; in fact 4.896
about 0.00008; in fact 0.000078

23 25
60 feet tall
(2 30) + (2 50) = 60 + 100 = 160

(3 40) + 70 = 120 + 70 = 190

(3 40) + (2 80) = 120 + 160 = 280

(2 600) + (2 800) = 1, 200 + 1, 600 = 2, 800

2 (30) + 2 (50) = 160 (157) 2 (90) + 2 (60) = 300 (299) 3 (20) + 90 = 150 (150) 3 (90) + 30 = 300 (303)
507
40 + 3 (60) = 220 (221)
3 (60) + 2 (30) = 240 (242)
3 (100) + 2 (70) = 440 (437) 3 (20) + 3 (90) = 330 (337)
2 (500) + 2 (700) = 2, 400 (2, 421) 2 (20) + 4 (80) = 360 (360)

7, 8, 9
50
3
4, 900 + 2, 700 = 7, 600 (7, 586) 6 8 + 6 4 = 48 + 24 = 72
4 4 + 4 7 = 16 + 28 = 44
8 2 + 8 9 = 16 + 72 = 88
12 10 + 12 3 = 120 + 36 = 156
6 11 6 3 = 66 18 = 48
8 9 8 7 = 72 56 = 16
15 30 15 8 = 450 120 = 330

25 (10 + 2) = 25 10 + 25 2 = 250 + 50 = 300 35 (10 + 4) = 35 10 + 35 4 = 350 + 140 = 490

80 (50 + 8) = 80 50 + 80 8 = 4, 000 + 640 = 4, 640 65 (60 + 2) = 65 60 + 65 2 = 3, 900 + 130 = 4, 030 15 (10 + 3) = 150 + 45 = 195 25 (10 + 1) = 250 + 25 = 275 15 (20 4) = 300 60 = 240
45 (80 + 3) = 3600 + 135 = 3735 25 (40 2) = 1, 000 50 = 950
508
75 (10 + 4) = 750 + 300 = 1, 050
65 (20 + 6) = 1, 300 + 390 = 1, 690 or 15 (100 + 7) = 1, 500 + 105 = 1, 605
65 (30 4) = 1, 950 260 = 1, 690
35 (400 + 2) = 14, 000 + 70 = 14, 070 95 (10 + 2) = 950 + 190 = 1, 140
80 (30 + 2) = 2, 400 + 160 = 2, 560 50 (60 + 3) = 3, 000 + 150 = 3, 150 40 (90 1) = 3, 600 40 = 3, 560
26
3
x = 42
Results may vary.
1 2
1 2
= 1. In fact,
5 8
5 25 = 1 1 + 12 = 24 24 7 9
Results may vary. 1 +
1 2
= 11 2 . In fact,
3 5
= 1 17 45
3 4 7 29 Results may vary. 8 1 4 + 3 4 = 11 + 1 = 12. In fact, 8 15 + 3 10 = 11 30
1 37 Results may vary. (16 + 0) + (4 + 1) = 16 + 5 = 21. In fact, 16 20 + 47 8 = 20 40
1 + 1 = 2 1 17 24 1+
1 4 1 2
1 = 11 2 12
1 2 1 1 + 0 = 1 1 48
1 4
1 2
39 100
103 + 61 2 = 7 6 132
11 1 1 + 22 = 31 2 3 40
13 1 + 4 = 12 1 82 2 12 20
9 + 7 = 16

1 189 31 2 + 2 2 + 2 = 8 7 200
13 15 15
11=0
associative
16
509
8 9
25 (40 3) = 1000 75 = 925 600 (598) (1,200)
4,900 (4,944) 3,800 (3,760)
6,050 (6,017)
6,700 (6,718)
61,400 (61,337)
89,700 (89,718)
213,000 (213,022) 3,900 (3,935) 2,400 (2,583) 600 (504)
150,123 147,000 (150,123) 47,278 48,000 (47,278) 12,771 14,100 (12,711) 8,100 (9,768)
90,000 (86,784)
396,000 (386,496)
1,609,048 1,560,000 (1,609,048) 22,050,000 (22,164,232) 18 (15)
14 1 2 (13) 50 (53)
510
54 (51)
130 (105)
41.25 (44) 42 (43)
14.4 (14) 60 (61)
1,000 (992)
71.1 (71.17)
119.4 (119.31) 272 (271.8)
2,001 (2,020.952) 4.16 (3.9596)
2 (40) + 2 (50) = 180 (178) 2 (30) + 2 (60) = 180 (179) 2 (80) + 2 (50) = 260 (263) 3 (20) + 1 (10) = 70 (79)
2 (15) + 2 (80) = 190 (201)
3 (20) + 2 (30) + 40 = 160 (160)
2 (60) + 2 (20) + 2 (30) = 220 (219) 2 (90) + 20 = 200 (200)
3 (20) + 2 (40) = 140 (140) 3 (90) + 2 (30) = 330 (321)
15 (30 + 3) = 450 + 45 = 495
35 (40 4) = 1400 140 = 1, 260
85 (20 + 3) = 1, 700 + 225 = 1, 955
511
30 (10 + 4) = 300 + 120 = 420
75 (20 + 3) = 1, 500 + 225 = 1, 725 15 (20 3) = 300 45 = 255
65 (10 + 4) = 650 + 260 = 910
60 (40 + 2) = 2, 400 + 120 = 2, 520 15 (100 + 5) = 1, 500 + 75 = 1, 575
45 (300 + 6) = 13, 500 + 270 = 13, 770

1 2 5 + 1 = 11 2 1 24
1 1 7 23 4 + 6 2 = 9 4 9 20 1 4 1 2 1 2
+ +
1 2 1 4
=1 =
3 4
27 or 9 30 10
113 150
39 7 + 1 = 11 4 32 or 1 32

1 23 3 11 4 + 71 2 = 18 4 18 30
1 3 27 10 1 2 + 7 + 8 4 = 25 4 25 40 1 11 6 + 2 + 81 4 = 16 4 16 30
10,500 (10,505)
18,000 (18,038) 5,000 (5,011)
28,000 (27,406) 3,200 (3,116) 4,500 (4,692)
300,000 (288,576) 12 (14)
90 (95)
81 (81.00)
512
505 (505.0065)
4,371 (4,380.16)
2 (60) + 2 (90) = 300 (298)
2 (40) + 2 (90) = 260 (263)

30 + 3 (80) = 270 (265)
3 (800) + 2 (600) = 3, 600 (3,618)

25 (10 + 4) = 250 + 100 = 350
15 (80 + 3) = 1, 200 + 45 = 1, 245
65 (100 2) = 6, 500 130 = 6, 370 80 (100 + 7) = 8, 000 + 560 = 8, 560
400 (200 + 15) = 80, 000 + 6, 000 = 86, 000
1+ 0+
1 1 1 1 51 2 + 1 2 + 6 2 = 13 2 13 3 1 31 82 + 14 = 22 1 2 22 48 1 2
1 2
9 = 11 2 1 16 1 2
47 = 1 1 300
Chapter 9
Measurement and Geometry
9.1 Objectives1
Measurement and the United States System (Section 9.2)
know what the word measurement means be familiar with United States system of measurement be able to convert from one unit of measure in the United States system to another unit of measure
The Metric System of Measurement (Section 9.3)
be more familiar with some of the advantages of the base ten number system know the prexes of the metric measures be familiar with the metric system of measurement be able to convert from one unit of measure in the metric system to another unit of measure
Simplication of Denominate Numbers (Section 9.4)
be able to convert an unsimplied unit of measure to a simplied unit of measure be able to add and subtract denominate numbers be able to multiply and divide a denominate number by a whole number
Perimeter and Circumference of Geometric Figures (Section 9.5)
know know know know know
what a polygon is what perimeter is and how to nd it what the circumference, diameter, and radius of a circle is and how to nd each one the meaning of the symbol and its approximating value what a formula is and four versions of the circumference formula of a circle
Area and Volume of Geometric Figures and Objects (Section 9.6)
know the meaning and notation for area know the area formulas for some common geometric gures be able to nd the areas of some common geometric gures know the meaning and notation for volume know the volume formulas for some common geometric objects be able to nd the volume of some common geometric objects
513
514
CHAPTER 9. MEASUREMENT AND GEOMETRY
9.2 Measurement and the United States System2

Measurement The United States System of Measurement Conversions in the United States System
9.2.2 Measurement
There are two major systems of measurement in use today. They are the United States system and the metric system. Before we describe these systems, let's gain a clear understanding of the concept of measurement.
Measurement Measurement
is comparison to some standard.
Standard Unit of Measure
The concept of measurement is based on the idea of direct comparison. This means that measurement is the result of the comparison of two quantities. The quantity that is used for comparison is called the standard unit of measure. Over the years, standards have changed. Quite some time in the past, the standard unit of measure was determined by a king. For example, 1 inch was the distance between the tip of the thumb and the knuckle of the king. 1 inch was also the length of 16 barley grains placed end to end. Today, standard units of measure rarely change. Standard units of measure are the responsibility of the Bureau of Standards in Washington D.C. Some desirable properties of a standard are the following: 1. Accessibility. We should have access to the standard so we can make comparisons. 2. Invariance. We should be condent that the standard is not subject to change. 3. Reproducibility. We should be able to reproduce the standard so that measurements are convenient and accessible to many people.
9.2.3 The United States System of Measurement
Some of the common units (along with their abbreviations) for the United States system of measurement are listed in the following table. Unit Conversion Table Length 1 foot (ft) = 12 inches (in.) 1 yard (yd) = 3 feet (ft) 1 mile (mi) = 5,280 feet
continued on next page
515 Weight Liquid Volume 1 pound (lb) =16 ounces (oz) 1 ton (T) = 2,000 pounds 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 3 teaspoons (tsp) uid ounce ( oz) = 2 tablespoons cup (c) = 8 uid ounces pint (pt) = 2 cups quart (qt) = 2 pints gallon (gal) = 4 quarts minute (min) = 60 seconds (sec) hour ( hr) = 60 minutes day (da) = 24 hours week (wk) = 7 days
Time
Table 9.1
9.2.4 Conversions in the United States System
It is often convenient or necessary to convert from one unit of measure to another. For example, it may be convenient to convert a measurement of length that is given in feet to one that is given in inches. Such conversions can be made using unit fractions.
Unit Fraction A unit fraction
is a fraction with a value of 1.
Unit fractions are formed by using two equal measurements. One measurement is placed in the numerator of the fraction, and the other in the denominator. Placement depends on the desired conversion.
Placement of Units
Place the unit being converted to in the numerator. Place the unit being converted from in the denominator. For example, Equal Measurements 1ft = 12in. 1pt = 16 oz 1wk = 7da Unit Fraction
12in. 1ft 12in. or 1ft 1pt 16 oz 16 oz or 1pt 7da 1wk 1wk or 7da
Table 9.2
Make the following conversions. If a fraction occurs, convert it to a decimal rounded to two decimal places.
Example 9.1
Convert 11 yards to feet.
Looking in the unit conversion table under length, we see that 1 yd = 3 ft. There are two correyd 3 ft sponding unit fractions, 1 3 ft and 1 yd . Which one should we use? Look to see which unit we wish 3 ft since to convert to. Choose the unit fraction with this unit in the numerator. We will choose 1 yd
516

this unit fraction has feet in the numerator. Now, multiply 11 yd by the unit fraction. Notice that since the unit fraction has the value of 1, multiplying by it does not change the value of 11 yd.
11 yd
= = = =
11yd 3ft 1 1yd 11)yd 3ft 1 1)yd 113ft

1
Divide out common units. (Units can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided, just as numbers can.)
33ft
Thus, 11 yd = 33ft.
Example 9.2
Convert 36 oz to pints.
Looking in the unit conversion table under liquid volume, we see that 1 pt = 16 oz. Since we are to convert to pints, we will construct a unit fraction with pints in the numerator.
36 oz
= = = = =
36 oz 1 36) oz 1
361 pt 16
1 pt 16 oz 1 pt 16) oz
Divide out common units.
36 pt
16 9 4 pt
Reduce. Convert to decimals: 9 4 = 2.25.
Thus, 36 oz = 2.25 pt.

Example 9.3
Convert 2,016 hr to weeks.
Looking in the unit conversion table under time, we see that 1wk = 7da and that 1 da = 24 hr. To convert from hours to weeks, we must rst convert from hours to days and then from days to weeks. We need two unit fractions.
1 da . The unit fraction needed for The unit fraction needed for converting from hours to days is 24 hr 1 wk converting from days to weeks is 7 da .
2, 016 hr
= = = =
2,016 hr 1 2,016) hr 1
1 da 1 wk 24 hr 7 da 1) da 1 wk 24) hr 7) da 2,0161wk 247
Divide out common units. Reduce.
12wk
Thus, 2,016 hr = 12 wk.
Make the following conversions. If a fraction occurs, convert it to a decimal rounded to two decimal places.
Exercise 9.2.1
Convert 18 ft to yards.
517
Convert 2 mi to feet. Convert 26 ft to yards. Convert 9 qt to pints. Convert 52 min to hours. Convert 412 hr to weeks.
9.2.5 Exercises
Make each conversion using unit fractions. If fractions occur, convert them to decimals rounded to two decimal places.
Exercise 9.2.7
14 yd to feet
Exercise 9.2.8
3 mi to yards
Exercise 9.2.9
8 mi to inches 2 mi to inches
18 in. to feet
Exercise 9.2.12
84 in. to yards
Exercise 9.2.13
5 in. to yards
Exercise 9.2.14
106 ft to miles
Exercise 9.2.15
62 in. to miles
Exercise 9.2.16
0.4 in. to yards 3 qt to pints
5 lb to ounces 6 T to ounces
4 oz to pounds
Exercise 9.2.21
15,000 oz to pounds
518

15,000 oz to tons 9 tbsp to teaspoons 3 c to tablespoons 5 pt to uid ounces 16 tsp to cups
5 oz to quarts 3 qt to gallons
5 pt to teaspoons 3 qt to tablespoons 18 min to seconds
4 days to hours 3 hr to days hr to days

1 2 1 2
Exercise 9.2.35
da to weeks
Exercise 9.2.36
31 7 wk to seconds
(Section 2.5) Specify the digits by which 23,840 is divisible.

5 5 (Section 4.5) Find 2 4 5 of 5 6 of 7 7 .
() Convert 0.3 2 3 to a fraction.
(Section 8.3) Use the clustering method to estimate the sum: 53 + 82 + 79 + 49.
(Section 8.4) Use the distributive property to compute the product: 60 46.
519
9.3 The Metric System of Measurement3

The Advantages of the Base Ten Number System Prexes Conversion from One Unit to Another Unit Conversion Table
9.3.2 The Advantages of the Base Ten Number System
The metric system of measurement takes advantage of our base ten number system. The advantage of the metric system over the United States system is that in the metric system it is possible to convert from one unit of measure to another simply by multiplying or dividing the given number by a power of 10. This means we can make a conversion simply by moving the decimal point to the right or the left.
9.3.3 Prexes
Common units of measure in the metric system are the meter (for length), the liter (for volume), and the gram (for mass). To each of the units can be attached a prex. The metric prexes along with their meaning are listed below.
Metric Prexes kilo thousand deci tenth hecto hundred centi hundredth deka ten milli thousandth
For example, if length is being measured, 1 kilometer is equivalent to 1000 meters. 1 centimeter is equivalent to one hundredth of a meter. 1 millimeter is equivalent to one thousandth of a meter.
9.3.4 Conversion from One Unit to Another Unit
Let's note three characteristics of the metric system that occur in the metric table of measurements. 1. In each category, the prexes are the same. 2. We can move from a larger to a smaller unit of measure by moving the decimal point to the right. 3. We can move from a smaller to a larger unit of measure by moving the decimal point to the left. The following table provides a summary of the relationship between the basic unit of measure (meter, gram, liter) and each prex, and how many places the decimal point is moved and in what direction.
kilo hecto deka unit deci centi milli

520

Basic Unit to Prex unit to deka unit to hector unit to kilo unit to deci unit to centi unit to milli 1 to 10 1 to 100 1 to 1,000 1 to 0.1 1 to 0.01 1 to 0.001
Table 9.3
Move the Decimal Point 1 place to the left 2 places to the left 3 places to the left 1 place to the right 2 places to the right 3 places to the right
9.3.5 Conversion Table
Listed below, in the unit conversion table, are some of the common metric units of measure. Unit Conversion Table
1 kilometer (km) 1,000 meters (m)

Length
= = =
1, 000 1 m
100 1 m 10 1m
1 hectometer 100 meters 1 dekameter 10 meters

1 meter (m)
(hm) (dam)
1 1m
1
1 decimeter (dm) = 10 meter 1 1 centimeter (cm) = 100 meter 1 millimeter 1 1,000 meter
1 kilogram 1,000 grams (g ) 1 Mass 1 1 1
.1 1 m .01 1 m .001 1 m
(mm) (kg)
= =
1, 000 1 g
100 1 g 10 1 g
hectogram (hg) = 100 grams dekagram (dag) = 10 grams gram (g) decigram (dg) = 10 gram
1
1 1g
.1 1 g
521
1 gram centigram (cg) = 100 1 milligram (mg) = 1 gram 1,000
.01 1 g .001 1 g
1 kiloliter 1, 000 liters (L) 1 Volume 1 1 1 1 Time
(kL)
1, 000 1 L
100 1 L 10 1 L
hectoliter (hL) = 100 liters dekaliter (daL) = 10 liters deciliter (dL) = 10 liter 1 centiliter (cL) = 100 liter
1
1 liter (L)
1 1L
.1 1 L .01 1 L .001 1 L
milliliter (mL) =
1,000
liter
Same as the United States system

Table 9.4
There is a distinction between mass and weight. The weight of a body is related to gravity whereas the mass of a body is not. For example, your weight on the earth is dierent than it is on the moon, but your mass is the same in both places. Mass is a measure of a body's resistance to motion. The more massive a body, the more resistant it is to motion. Also, more massive bodies weigh more than less massive bodies.
Converting Metric Units
Distinction Between Mass and Weight
To convert from one metric unit to another metric unit: 1. Determine the location of the original number on the metric scale (pictured in each of the following examples). 2. Move the decimal point of the original number in the same direction and same number of places as is necessary to move to the metric unit you wish to go to. We can also convert from one metric unit to another using unit fractions. Both methods are shown in Example 9.4 of Section 9.3.5.1 (Sample Set A).
Convert 3 kilograms to grams. (a) 3 kg can be written as 3.0 kg. Then,
Thus, 3kg = 3,000 g. (b) We can also use unit fractions to make this conversion. Since we are converting to grams, and g 1, 000 g = 1 kg, we choose the unit fraction 1,000 1 kg since grams is in the numerator.
522 3 kg

= = = =
Example 9.5
3 ) kg 1,000 g
1 )kg
g 3 kg 1,000 1 kg
3 1, 000 g
3,000 g
Convert 67.2 hectoliters to milliliters.
Thus, 67.2 hL = 6,720,000 mL.

Example 9.6
Convert 100.07 centimeters to meters.
Thus, 100.07 cm = 1.0007 m.

Example 9.7
Convert 0.16 milligrams to grams.
Thus, 0.16 mg = 0.00016 g.
Convert 411 kilograms to grams. Convert 5.626 liters to centiliters. Convert 80 milliliters to kiloliters.
Convert 150 milligrams to centigrams. Convert 2.5 centimeters to meters.
Exercise 9.3.5
523
9.3.6 Exercises
Make each conversion.

Exercise 9.3.6
87 m to cm
Exercise 9.3.7
905 L to mL
Exercise 9.3.8
16,005 mg to g 48.66 L to dL
11.161 kL to L
521.85 cm to mm 1.26 dag to dg

99.04 dam to cm 0.51 kL to daL 0.17 kL to daL 0.05 m to dm

0.001 km to mm 8.106 hg to cg
17.0186 kL to mL 3 cm to m
Exercise 9.3.21
9 mm to m 4 g to mg
2 L to kL
Exercise 9.3.24
6 kg to mg
Exercise 9.3.25
7 daL to mL
524
5 8
1 3 9 x
3 +4 .
= 27 60 .
(Section 8.2) Use the method of rounding to estimate the sum: 8, 226 + 4, 118.
(Section 8.3) Use the clustering method to estimate the sum: 87 + 121 + 118 + 91 + 92. (Section 9.2) Convert 3 in. to yd.
9.4 Simplication of Denominate Numbers4

Converting to Multiple Units Adding and Subtracting Denominate Numbers Multiplying a Denominate Number by a Whole Number Dividing a Denominate Number by a Whole Number
9.4.2 Converting to Multiple Units

Denominate Numbers
Numbers that have units of measure associated with them are called denominate numbers. It is often convenient, or even necessary, to simplify a denominate number.
Simplied Denominate Number A denominate number is simplied when
not exceed the next higher type of unit.
the number of standard units of measure associated With it does
The denominate number 55 min is simplied since it is smaller than the next higher type of unit, 1 hr. The denominate number 65 min is not simplied since it is not smaller than the next higher type of unit, 1 hr. The denominate number 65 min can be simplied to 1 hr 5 min. The denominate number 1 hr 5 min is simplied since the next higher type of unit is day, and 1 hr does not exceed 1 day.
Simplify 19 in.
Since 12 in. = 1 ft, and 19 = 12 + 7, 19 in.
= = =
12 in. + 7 in. 1 ft + 7 in. 1 ft 7 in.
525
Example 9.9
Simplify 4 gal 5 qt.
Since 4 qt = 1 gal, and 5 = 4 + 1, 4 gal 5 qt = 4 gal + 4 qt + 1qt 5 gal + 1 qt 5 gal 1 qt
= 4 gal + 1 gal + 1 qt = =
Example 9.10
Simplify 2 hr 75 min.
Since 60 min = 1 hr, and 75 = 60 + 15, 2 hr 75 min = 2 hr + 60 min + 15 min 2 hr + 1 hr + 15 min 3 hr + 15 min 3 hr 15 min
= = =
Example 9.11
Simplify 43 oz. Since 8 oz = 1 c (1 cup), and 43 8 = 5 R3, 43 oz
= = = =
40 oz + 3 oz
5 8 oz + 3 oz 5 1 c + 3 oz
5 c + 3 oz
But, 2 c = 1 pt and 5 2 = 2 R1. So, 5 c + 3 oz
= = =
2 2 c + 1 c + 3 oz
2 1 pt + 1 c + 3 oz
2 pt + 1 c + 3 oz
But, 2 pt = 1 qt, so 2 pt + 1 c + 3 oz = 1 qt 1 c 3 oz
Simplify each denominate number. Refer to the conversion tables given in Section 9.2, if necessary.
Exercise 9.4.1
18 in.
Exercise 9.4.2
8 gal 9 qt
526
Exercise 9.4.3

5 hr 80 min
Exercise 9.4.4
8 wk 11 da
Exercise 9.4.5
86 da
9.4.3 Adding and Subtracting Denominate Numbers

Adding and Subtracting Denominate Numbers
Denominate numbers can be added or subtracted by: 1. writing the numbers vertically so that the like units appear in the same column. 2. adding or subtracting the number parts, carrying along the unit. 3. simplifying the sum or dierence.
Add 6 ft 8 in. to 2 ft 9 in. 6 ft 8 in.
+2 ft 9 in.
8 ft 17 in. Simplify this denominate number.
Since 12 in. = 1 ft, 8 ft + 12 in. + 5 in.
= 8 ft + 1 ft + 5 in. = =
9 ft + 5 in. 9 ft 5 in.
Example 9.13
Subtract 5 da 3 hr from 8 da 11 hr. 8 da 11 hr
5 da
3 da
3 hr 8 hr
Example 9.14
Subtract 3 lb 14 oz from 5 lb 3 oz. 5 lb 3 oz
3 lb 14 oz
We cannot directly subtract 14 oz from 3 oz, so we must borrow 16 oz from the pounds.
527 5 lb 3 oz = 5 lb + 3 oz 4 lb + 1 lb + 3 oz
= = =
4 lb 19 oz
= 4 lb + 16 oz + 3 oz
4 lb + 19 oz 4 lb 19 oz
(Since 1 lb = 16 oz.)
3 lb 14 oz
1 lb 5 oz
Example 9.15
Subtract 4 da 9 hr 21 min from 7 da 10 min. 7 da 0 hr 10 min Borrow 1 da from the 7 da.
4 da 9 hr 21 min
6 da 24 hr 10 min
4 da
9 hr 21 min
Borrow 1 hr from the 24 hr.
6 da 23 hr 70 min
4 da
9 hr 21 min
2 da 14 hr 49 min
Perform each operation. Simplify when possible.

Exercise 9.4.6
Add 4 gal 3 qt to 1 gal 2 qt. Add 9 hr 48 min to 4 hr 26 min. Subtract 2 ft 5 in. from 8 ft 7 in. Subtract 15 km 460 m from 27 km 800 m. Subtract 8 min 35 sec from 12 min 10 sec. Add 4 yd 2 ft 7 in. to 9 yd 2 ft 8 in. Subtract 11 min 55 sec from 25 min 8 sec.
528
9.4.4 Multiplying a Denominate Number by a Whole Number
Let's examine the repeated sum 4 ft 9 in. + 4 ft 9 in. + 4 ft 9 in. = 12 ft 27 in.

3 times
Recalling that multiplication is a description of repeated addition, by the distributive property we have
3 (4 ft 9 in.)
= = = = = =
3 (4 ft + 9 in.) 3 4 ft + 3 9 in.
12 ft + 27 in. 12 ft + 2 ft + 3 in. 14 ft + 3 in. 14 ft 3 in. Now, 27 in. = 2 ft 3 in.
From these observations, we can suggest the following rule.

Multiplying a Denominate Number by a Whole Number
To multiply a denominate number by a whole number, multiply the number part of each unit by the whole number and ax the unit to this product.
Perform the following multiplications. Simplify if necessary.

Example 9.16
6 (2 ft 4 in.)
= =
6 2 ft + 6 4 in.
12 ft + 24 in.
Since 3 ft = 1 yd and 12 in. = 1 ft, 12 ft + 24 in.

Example 9.17
= 4 yd + 2 ft =
4 yd 2 ft
8 (5 hr 21 min 55 sec)
= = = = = = = =
8 5 hr + 8 21 min + 8 55 sec
40 hr + 168 min + 440sec 40 hr + 175 min + 20 sec 40 hr + 2 hr + 55 min + 20 sec 42 hr + 55 min + 20 sec 24hr + 18hr + 55 min + 20 sec 1 da + 18 hr + 55 min + 20 sec 1 da 18 hr 55 min 20 sec
= 40 hr + 168 min + 7 min + 20 sec
529
Perform the following multiplications. Simplify.

Exercise 9.4.13
2 (10 min)
Exercise 9.4.14
5 (3 qt)
Exercise 9.4.15
4 (5 ft 8 in.)
Exercise 9.4.16
10 (2 hr 15 min 40 sec)
9.4.5 Dividing a Denominate Number by a Whole Number

Dividing a Denominate Number by a Whole Number
To divide a denominate number by a whole number, divide the number part of each unit by the whole number beginning with the largest unit. Ax the unit to this quotient. Carry any remainder to the next unit.
Perform the following divisions. Simplify if necessary.

Example 9.18
(12 min 40 sec) 4
Thus (12 min 40 sec) 4 = 3 min 10 sec

Example 9.19
(5 yd 2 ft 9 in.) 3
Convert to feet: 2 yd 2 ft = 8 ft . Convert to inches: 2 ft 9 in . = 33 in . Thus (5 yd 2 ft 9 in.) 3 = 1 yd 2 ft 11 in.
530
Perform the following divisions. Simplify if necessary.

(18 hr 36 min) 9
(34 hr 8 min.) 8
(13 yd 7 in.) 5 (47 gal 2 qt 1 pt) 3
9.4.6 Exercises
For the following 15 problems, simplify the denominate numbers.

Exercise 9.4.21
16 in. 19 ft
85 min
Exercise 9.4.24
90 min 17 da
25 oz
Exercise 9.4.27
240 oz
Exercise 9.4.28
3,500 lb
Exercise 9.4.29
26 qt
Exercise 9.4.30
300 sec 135 oz 14 tsp 18 pt
3,500 m
Exercise 9.4.35
16,300 mL
For the following 15 problems, perform the indicated operations and simplify the answers if possible.
531
Add 6 min 12 sec to 5 min 15 sec.

Add 14 da 6 hr to 1 da 5 hr.
Add 9 gal 3 qt to 2 gal 3 qt. Add 16 lb 10 oz to 42 lb 15 oz. Subtract 3 gal 1 qt from 8 gal 3 qt. Subtract 3 ft 10 in. from 5 ft 8 in. Subtract 5 lb 9 oz from 12 lb 5 oz.
Exercise 9.4.40 Exercise 9.4.41 Exercise 9.4.42 Exercise 9.4.43 Exercise 9.4.44 Exercise 9.4.45 Exercise 9.4.46 Exercise 9.4.47 Exercise 9.4.48 Exercise 9.4.49 Exercise 9.4.50
Subtract 10 hr 10 min from 11 hr 28 min. Add 3 oz 1 tbsp 2 tsp to 5 oz 1 tbsp 2 tsp. Add 4 da 7 hr 12 min to 1 da 8 hr 53 min. Subtract 5 hr 21 sec from 11 hr 2 min 14 sec. Subtract 6 T 1,300 lb 10 oz from 8 T 400 lb 10 oz. Subtract 15 mi 10 in. from 27 mi 800 ft 7 in. Subtract 3 wk 5 da 50 min 12 sec from 5 wk 6 da 20 min 5 sec.
Subtract 3 gal 3 qt 1 pt 1 oz from 10 gal 2 qt 2 oz.
(Section 4.6) Find the value:

5 2 8
+ 39 64 .
3 (Section 5.4) Find the sum: 8 + 6 5 .
1 (Section 6.3) Convert 2.05 11 to a fraction.
(Section 7.4) An acid solution is composed of 3 parts acid to 7 parts water. How many parts of acid are there in a solution that contains 126 parts water?
Exercise 9.4.55
(Section 9.3) Convert 126 kg to grams.
532
9.5 Perimeter and Circumference of Geometric Figures5

Polygons Perimeter Circumference/Diameter/Radius The Number Formulas
9.5.2 Polygons
We can make use of conversion skills with denominate numbers to make measurements of geometric gures such as rectangles, triangles, and circles. To make these measurements we need to be familiar with several denitions.
Polygon A polygon Polygons
is a closed plane (at) gure whose sides are line segments (portions of straight lines).
Not polygons
9.5.3 Perimeter
Perimeter The perimeter
of a polygon is the distance around the polygon.
To nd the perimeter of a polygon, we simply add up the lengths of all the sides.
Find the perimeter of each polygon.

Example 9.20
533 Perimeter
= 2 cm + 5 cm + 2 cm + 5 cm =
14 cm
Example 9.21
Perimeter
3.1 4.2 4.3 5.4
mm mm mm mm mm
1.52 mm
+9.2
Example 9.22
27.72 mm
Our rst observation is that three of the dimensions are missing. However, we can determine the missing measurements using the following process. Let A, B, and C represent the missing measurements. Visualize
A = 12m 2m = 10m B = 9m + 1m 2m = 8m C = 12m 1m = 11m
534 Perimeter

=
8m 10 m 2m 2m 9m 11 m 1m
+ 1m
44 m
Find the perimeter of each polygon.

Exercise 9.5.1
Exercise 9.5.2
Exercise 9.5.3
9.5.4 Circumference/Diameter/Radius
Circumference The circumference Diameter A diameter
of a circle is the distance around the circle.
on the circle.
of a circle is any line segment that passes through the center of the circle and has its endpoints
535
Radius A radius
of a circle is any line segment having as its endpoints the center of the circle and a point on the circle. The radius is one half the diameter.
9.5.5 The Number
The symbol , read "pi," represents the nonterminating, nonrepeating decimal number 3.14159 . . . . This number has been computed to millions of decimal places without the appearance of a repeating block of digits. For computational purposes, is often approximated as 3.14. We will write 3.14 to denote that is approximately equal to 3.14. The symbol "" means "approximately equal to."
9.5.6 Formulas
To nd the circumference of a circle, we need only know its diameter or radius. We then use a formula for computing the circumference of the circle.
Formula A formula
is a rule or method for performing a task. In mathematics, a formula is a rule that directs us in computations. Formulas are usually composed of letters that represent important, but possibly unknown, quantities. If C , d, and r represent, respectively, the circumference, diameter, and radius of a circle, then the following two formulas give us directions for computing the circumference of the circle.
Circumference Formulas
1. C = d or C (3.14) d 2. C = 2r or C 2 (3.14) r
Find the exact circumference of the circle.
Use the formula C = d.

536

C = 7in.
By commutativity of multiplication,
C = 7in. C = 7 in., exactly

This result is exact since has not been approximated.
Example 9.24
Find the approximate circumference of the circle.
Use the formula C = d.
C (3.14) (6.2) C 19.648 mm

This result is approximate since has been approximated by 3.14.
Example 9.25
Find the approximate circumference of a circle with radius 18 inches. Since we're given that the radius, r, is 18 in., we'll use the formula C = 2r.
C (2) (3.14) (18 in.) C 113.04 in.

Example 9.26
Find the approximate perimeter of the gure.
We notice that we have two semicircles (half circles). The larger radius is 6.2 cm. The smaller radius is 6.2 cm - 2.0 cm = 4.2 cm. The width of the bottom part of the rectangle is 2.0 cm.
537 Perimeter
2.0 cm 5.1 cm 2.0 cm 5.1 cm
(0.5) (2) (3.14) (6.2 cm) + (0.5) (2) (3.14) (4.2 cm)
Circumference of outer semicircle. Circumference of inner semicircle 6.2 cm 2.0 cm = 4.2 cm The 0.5 appears because we want the perimeter of only half a circle.
Perimeter
2.0 5.1 2.0 5.1
cm cm cm cm
19.468 cm
+13.188 cm
48.856 cm
Find the exact circumference of the circle.
Exercise 9.5.5
Find the approximate circumference of the circle.
Exercise 9.5.6
Find the approximate circumference of the circle with radius 20.1 m. Find the approximate outside perimeter of
Exercise 9.5.7
538
9.5.7 Exercises
Find each perimeter or approximate circumference. Use = 3.14.

Exercise 9.5.8
Exercise 9.5.9
Exercise 9.5.10
Exercise 9.5.11
Exercise 9.5.12
Exercise 9.5.13
539
Exercise 9.5.14
Exercise 9.5.15
Exercise 9.5.16
Exercise 9.5.17
Exercise 9.5.18
Exercise 9.5.19
540
Exercise 9.5.20

Exercise 9.5.21
Exercise 9.5.22
Exercise 9.5.23
541
Exercise 9.5.24
Exercise 9.5.25
Exercise 9.5.26
Exercise 9.5.27
542
8
(Section 4.5) Find the value of 2 13

10 16 .
9
8 7 21 . (Section 5.3) Find the value of 15 + 10 + 60
(Section 6.9) Convert
7 8
to a decimal.
Exercise 9.5.31
(Section 9.2) What is the name given to a quantity that is used as a comparison to determine the measure of another quantity?
Exercise 9.5.32
(Section 9.4) Add 42 min 26 sec to 53 min 40 sec and simplify the result.
9.6 Area and Volume of Geometric Figures and Objects6

The Meaning and Notation for Area Area Formulas Finding Areas of Some Common Geometric Figures The Meaning and Notation for Volume Volume Formulas Finding Volumes of Some Common Geometric Objects
Quite often it is necessary to multiply one denominate number by another. To do so, we multiply the number parts together and the unit parts together. For example, 8 in. 8 in.
= =
8 8 in. in.
64 in.2
4 mm 4 mm 4 mm
= =
4 4 4 mm mm mm
64 mm3
Sometimes the product of units has a physical meaning. In this section, we will examine the meaning of the 2 3 products (length unit) and (length unit) .
9.6.2 The Meaning and Notation for Area
The product (length unit) (length unit) = (length unit) , or, square length unit (sq length unit), can be interpreted physically as the area of a surface.
Area The area
of a surface is the amount of square length units contained in the surface.
For example, 3 sq in. means that 3 squares, 1 inch on each side, can be placed precisely on some surface. (The squares may have to be cut and rearranged so they match the shape of the surface.)
543 We will examine the area of the following geometric gures.
9.6.3 Area Formulas
We can determine the areas of these geometric gures using the following formulas. Figure Triangle Area Formula Statement Area of a triangle is one half the base times the height.
AT =
1 2
bh
Rectangle
AR = l w
Area of a rectangle is the length times the width.
544 Parallelogram

AP = b h
Area of a parallelogram is base times the height.
Trapezoid
ATrap =
1 2
(b1 + b2 ) h
Area of a trapezoid is one half the sum of the two bases times the height. Area of a circle is times the square of the radius.
Circle
AC = r2
Table 9.5
9.6.4 Finding Areas of Some Common Geometric Figures

Find the area of the triangle.
AT
= = = = =
1 2
1 2
bh
20 6 sq ft
10 6 sq ft 60 sq ft 60 ft2
The area of this triangle is 60 sq ft, which is often written as 60 ft2 .

Example 9.28
Find the area of the rectangle.
Let's rst convert 4 ft 2 in. to inches. Since we wish to convert to inches, we'll use the unit fraction 12 in. since it has inches in the numerator. Then, 1 ft
4 ft
= = =
4 ft 12 in. 1 1 ft 4) ft 12 in. 1 1) ft
48 in.
545 Thus, 4 ft 2 in. = 48 in. + 2 in. = 50 in.
AR
= =
lw
400 sq in.
= 50 in. 8 in.
The area of this rectangle is 400 sq in.

Example 9.29
Find the area of the parallelogram.
AP
= =
bh
63.86 sq cm
= 10.3 cm 6.2 cm
The area of this parallelogram is 63.86 sq cm.

Example 9.30
Find the area of the trapezoid.
ATrap
= = = = =
1 2 1 2
1 2
(b1 + b2 ) h
(14.5 mm, +, 20.4 mm) (4.1 mm) (34.9 mm) (4.1 mm)
1 2
(143.09 sq mm)
71.545 sq mm
The area of this trapezoid is 71.545 sq mm.

Example 9.31
Find the approximate area of the circle.
546

Ac = r2 (3.14) (16.8 ft)
888.23 sq ft
2
(3.14) (282.24 sq ft)
The area of this circle is approximately 886.23 sq ft.
Find the area of each of the following geometric gures.

Exercise 9.6.1
Exercise 9.6.2
Exercise 9.6.3
Exercise 9.6.4
Exercise 9.6.5
547
Exercise 9.6.6
9.6.5 The Meaning and Notation for Volume
The product (length unit) (length unit) (length unit) = (length unit) , or cubic length unit (cu length unit), can be interpreted physically as the volume of a three-dimensional object.
Volume The volume
of an object is the amount of cubic length units contained in the object.
For example, 4 cu mm means that 4 cubes, 1 mm on each side, would precisely ll some three-dimensional object. (The cubes may have to be cut and rearranged so they match the shape of the object.)
548
9.6.6 Volume Formulas
Figure Rectangular solid
Volume Formula
Statement
VR
= lwh =
The volume of a rectan(area of base) (height gular ) solid is the length times the width times the height. The volume of a sphere 4 is 3 times times the cube of the radius.
Sphere
VS =
4 3
r3
549 Cylinder
VCyl
= =
The volume of a cylin(area of base) der (height is )times the square of the radius times the height.
r2 h
Cone
Vc
= =
The volume of a cone 1 ) (area of base) (height times times the is 3 square of the radius times the height.
1 3
r2 h
Table 9.6
9.6.7 Finding Volumes of Some Common Geometric Objects

Find the volume of the rectangular solid.
VR
= = = =
lwh
9 in. 10 in. 3 in. 270 cu in. 270 in.3
The volume of this rectangular solid is 270 cu in.

Example 9.33
Find the approximate volume of the sphere.
550

VS =
4 3 4 3 4 3
r3
3
(3.14) (6 cm)
904.32 cu cm
(3.14) (216 cu cm)
The approximate volume of this sphere is 904.32 cu cm, which is often written as 904.32 cm3 .
Example 9.34
Find the approximate volume of the cylinder.
VCyl
r2 h (3.14) (4.9 ft) (7.8 ft) (3.14) (187.278 cu ft)

588.05292 cu ft
2
(3.14) (24.01 sq ft) (7.8 ft)
The volume of this cylinder is approximately 588.05292 cu ft. The volume is approximate because we approximated with 3.14.
Example 9.35
Find the approximate volume of the cone. Round to two decimal places.
Vc
=
1 3 1 3
1 3
r2 h
2
(3.14) (2 mm) (5 mm) (3.14) (4 sq mm) (5 mm)

1 3
(3.14) (20 cu mm)

20.93 cu mm 20.93 cu mm
551 The volume of this cone is approximately 20.93 cu mm. The volume is approximate because we approximated with 3.14.
Find the volume of each geometric object. If is required, approximate it with 3.14 and nd the approximate volume.
Exercise 9.6.7
Exercise 9.6.8
Sphere
Exercise 9.6.9
Exercise 9.6.10
9.6.8 Exercises
Find each indicated measurement.
552
Exercise 9.6.11

Area
Exercise 9.6.12
Area
Exercise 9.6.13
Area
Exercise 9.6.14
Area
Exercise 9.6.15
Area
Exercise 9.6.16
Area
Exercise 9.6.17
Exact area
553
Exercise 9.6.18
Approximate area
Exercise 9.6.19
Area
Exercise 9.6.20
Area
Exercise 9.6.21
Approximate area
Exercise 9.6.22
Exact area
Exercise 9.6.23
Approximate area
554
Exercise 9.6.24
Exact area
Exercise 9.6.25
Approximate area
Exercise 9.6.26
Area
Exercise 9.6.27
Approximate area
Exercise 9.6.28
Volume
Exercise 9.6.29
Volume
555
Exercise 9.6.30
Exact volume
Exercise 9.6.31
Approximate volume
Exercise 9.6.32
Approximate volume
Exercise 9.6.33
Exact volume
Exercise 9.6.34
Approximate volume
556
Exercise 9.6.35

Approximate volume
Exercise 9.6.36
Approximate volume
(Section 1.2) In the number 23,426, how many hundreds are there? (Section 3.4) List all the factors of 32.
5 2 (Section 5.4) Find the value of 4 3 4 36 + 13. 5+ 1 3 2 2+ 15
.
(Section 9.5) Find the perimeter.
557

Measurement (Section 9.2) Measurement is comparison to
some standard.
Standard Unit of Measure (Section 9.2)
A quantity that is used for comparison is called a standard unit of measure.

Two Types of Measurement Systems (Section 9.2)
There are two major types of measurement systems in use today. They are the United States system and the metric system.
Unit Fraction (Section 9.2) A unit fraction is a fraction that
measure to another.
has a value of 1. Unit fractions can be used to convert from one unit of
Meter, Liter, Gram, and associated prexes (Section 9.3) Common units of measure in the metric system are the meter (m), for length, and the gram (g), for mass. To each of these units, a prex can be attached. kilo deci hecto centi deka milli
the liter (L), for volume,
thousand tenth hundred hundredth ten thousandth
Metric Conversions (Section 9.3) To convert from one metric unit to another:
1. Determine the location of the original number on the metric scale. 2. Move the decimal point of the original number in the same direction and the same number of places as is necessary to move to the metric unit you wish to convert to.
Denominate Numbers (Section 9.4)
Numbers that have units of measure associated with them are denominate numbers. The number 25 mg is a denominate number since the mg unit is associated with the pure number 25. The number 82 is not a denominate number since it has no unit of measure associated with it.
Simplied Denominate Number (Section 9.4) A denominate number is simplied when the number
of standard units of measure associated with it does not exceed the next higher type of unit. 55 min is simplied, whereas 65 min is not simplied
Addition and Subtraction of Denominate Numbers (Section 9.4) Denominate numbers can be added or subtracted by
1. writing the numbers vertically so that the like units appear in the same column. 2. adding or subtracting the number parts, carrying along the unit. 3. simplifying the sum or dierence.
558

of each unit by the whole
Multiplying a Denominate Number by a Whole Number (Section 9.4) To multiply a denominate number by a whole number, multiply the number part
number and ax the unit to the product.
Dividing a Denominate Number by a Whole Number (Section 9.4) To divide a denominate number by a whole number, divide the number part
of each unit by the whole number beginning with the largest unit. Ax the unit to this quotient. Carry the remainder to the next unit.
Polygon (Section 9.5) A polygon is a closed plane Perimeter (Section 9.5) The perimeter of a polygon
(at) gure whose sides are line segments (portions of straight lines). is the distance around the polygon.
Circumference, Diameter, Radius (Section 9.5) The circumference of a circle is the distance around the
circle. The diameter of a circle is any line segment that passes through the center of the circle and has its endpoints on the circle. The radius of a circle is one half the diameter of the circle.
The number
(Section 9.5) The symbol , read "pi," represents the nonterminating, nonrepeating decimal number 3.14159... . For computational purposes, is often approximated by the number 3.14.
Formula (Section 9.5) A formula is a rule for performing a task.
In mathematics, a formula is a rule that directs us in computations.
Circumference Formulas (Section 9.5)
C =d C =2r
C (3.14) d C 2 (3.14) r
Area (Section 9.6) The area of a surface
is the amount of square length units contained in the surface. is a measure of the amount of cubic length units contained in the object.
Volume (Section 9.6) The volume of an object
Area Formulas (Section 9.6) 1 bh Triangle: A = 2 Rectangle: A = l w Parallelogram: A = b h Trapezoid: A = 1 2 (b1 + b2 ) h Circle: A = r 2 Volume Formulas (Section 9.6) Rectangle solid: V = l w h 3 Sphere: V = 4 3 r 2 Cylinder: V = r h 2 Cone: V = 1 3 r h
559

9.8.1.1 Measurement and the United States System (Section 9.2) Exercise 9.8.1
What is measurement?
For problems 2-6, make each conversion. Use the conversion table given in Section 9.1.
Exercise 9.8.2
9 ft=
yd lb g T mi
Exercise 9.8.3
32 oz=
Exercise 9.8.4
1,500 mg = 12,000 lb = 5,280 ft=
For problems 7-23, make each conversion.

Exercise 9.8.7
23 yd to ft
Exercise 9.8.8
1 22 mi to yd
Exercise 9.8.9
8 in. to ft
Exercise 9.8.10
51 in. to mi 3 qt to pt
8 lb to oz
Exercise 9.8.13
5 cups to tbsp 9 da to hr
31 2 min to sec
3 4
Exercise 9.8.16
wk to min
560
9.8.1.2 The Metric System of Measurement (Section 9.3) Exercise 9.8.17
250 mL to L
Exercise 9.8.18
18.57 cm to m
0.01961 kg to mg 52,211 mg to kg
54.006 dag to g 1.181 hg to mg 3.5 kL to mL
9.8.1.3 Simplication of Denominate Numbers (Section 9.4)
For problems 24-31, perform the indicated operations. Simplify, if possible.

Add 8 min 50 sec to 5 min 25 sec. Add 3 wk 3 da to 2 wk 5 da Subtract 4 gal 3 qt from 5 gal 2 qt. Subtract 2 gal 3 qt 1pt from 8 gal 2 qt. Subtract 5 wk 4 da 21 hr from 12 wk 3 da 14 hr. Subtract 2 T 1,850 lb from 10 T 1,700 lb. Subtract the sum of 2 wk 3 da 15 hr and 5 wk 2 da 9 hr from 10 wk. Subtract the sum of 20 hr 15 min and 18 hr 18 min from the sum of 8 da 1 hr 16 min 5 sec.
For problems 32-43, simplify, if necessary.

Exercise 9.8.32
18 in. 4 ft
23 da
Exercise 9.8.35
3,100 lb
561
Exercise 9.8.36
135 min
Exercise 9.8.37
4 tsp
Exercise 9.8.38
10 oz
Exercise 9.8.39
7 pt 9 qt
2,300 mm
Exercise 9.8.42
14,780 mL 1,050 m
Exercise 9.8.43
9.8.1.4 Perimeter, Circumference, Area and Volume of Geometric Figures and Objects (Section 9.5,Section 9.6)
For problems 44-58, nd the perimeter, circumference, area or volume.

Exercise 9.8.44
Perimeter, area
Exercise 9.8.45
Approximate circumference
Exercise 9.8.46
Approximate volume
562
Exercise 9.8.47
Approximate volume
Exercise 9.8.48
Exact area
Exercise 9.8.49
Exact area
Exercise 9.8.50
Exact volume
563
Exercise 9.8.51
Approximate volume
Exercise 9.8.52
Area
Exercise 9.8.53
Volume
Exercise 9.8.54
Exact area
Exercise 9.8.55
Approximate area
564
Exercise 9.8.56
Exact area
Exercise 9.8.57
Approximate area
Exercise 9.8.58
Approximate area
9.9 Prociency Exam9

Exercise 9.9.1
(Section 9.2) The process of determining, by comparison to some standard, the size of something is called .
565 For problems 2-9, make each conversion.

Exercise 9.9.2
(Section 9.2) 14 yards to feet (Section 9.2) 51 feet to inches (Section 9.2)
1 3
yard to feet
(Section 9.2) 2 1 4 minutes to seconds (Section 9.3) 8,500 mg to cg (Section 9.3) 5.8623 L to kL (Section 9.3) 213.1062 mm to m (Section 9.3) 100,001 kL to mL
For problems 10-13, simplify each number.

Exercise 9.9.10
(Section 9.4) 23 da (Section 9.4) 88 ft (Section 9.4) 4216 lb (Section 9.4) 7 qt
For problems 14-18, perform the indicated operations. Simplify answers if possible.
Exercise 9.9.14
(Section 9.4) Add 6 wk 3 da to 2 wk 2 da. (Section 9.4) Add 9 gal 3 qt to 4 gal 3 qt. (Section 9.4) Subtract 3 yd 2 ft 5 in. from 5 yd 8 ft 2 in. (Section 9.4) Subtract 2 hr 50 min 12 sec from 3 hr 20 min 8 sec. (Section 9.4) Subtract the sum of 3 wk 6 da and 2 wk 3 da from 10 wk.
For problems 19-30, nd either the perimeter, circumference, area, or volume.
Exercise 9.9.19
(Section 9.5) Perimeter
566
Exercise 9.9.20

(Section 9.5) Perimeter
Exercise 9.9.21
(Section 9.5) Approximate circumference
Exercise 9.9.22
(Section 9.5) Approximate perimeter
Exercise 9.9.23
(Section 9.6) Area
Exercise 9.9.24
(Section 9.6) Approximate area
567
Exercise 9.9.25
(Section 9.6) Approximate area
Exercise 9.9.26
(Section 9.6) Area
Exercise 9.9.27
(Section 9.6) Exact area
Exercise 9.9.28
(Section 9.6) Approximate volume
Exercise 9.9.29
(Section 9.6) Exact volume
568
Exercise 9.9.30

(Section 9.6) Approximate volume
569

6 yd
10,560 ft 8.67 yd 18 pt
0.87 hr
2.45 wk 42 feet
506,880 inches 1.5 feet
0.14 yard
0.00 miles (to two decimal places) 6 pints
192,000 ounces 937.5 pounds 27 teaspoons
80 uid ounces 0.16 quart
480 teaspoons 1,080 seconds

1 8
= 0.125 day
1 14 = 0.0714 week
1,2,4,5,8
11 30
60 (50 4) = 3, 000 240 = 2, 760
411,000 g
570
562.6 cL
0.00008 kL 15 cg
0.025 m
8,700 cm 16.005 g
11,161 L 126 dg
5.1 daL 0.5 dm
81,060 cg 0.03 m
4,000 mg
6,000,000 mg
1 25 24 = 1 24
12,300 (12,344)
0.083 yard
1 ft 6 in.
10 gal 1 qt
6 hr 20 min 9 wk 4 da
12 wk 2 da 6 gal 1 qt
14 hr 14 min 6 ft 2in.
571
12 km 340 m 3 min 35 sec
14 yd 2 ft 3 in 13 min 13 sec 20 min
15 qt = 3 gal 3 qt
20 ft 32 in. = 7 yd 1 ft 8 in.
20 hr 150 min 400 sec = 22 hr 36 min 40 sec 2 hr 4 min
4 hr 16 min
2 yd 1 ft 11 in
15 gal 3 qt 1 pt 1 foot 4 inches
1 hour 25 minutes 2 weeks 3 days 15 pounds
6 gallons 2 quarts
8 pounds 7 ounces 2 gallons 1 quart
16 liters 300 milliliters (or 1daL 6 L 3dL) 15 days 11 hours
59 pounds 9 ounces 1 foot 10 inches
1 hour 18 minutes
5 days 16 hours 5 minutes
572
1 ton 1,100 pounds (or 1T 1,100 lb)
2 weeks 23 hours 29 minutes 53 seconds 1
14 2 275
126,000 g 20 ft
26.8 m
49.89 mi 9.1 in.
5.652 mm
126.228 m
41.634 mm 21.8 cm
38.14 inches 0.86 m
87.92 m
16.328 cm 0.0771 cm 120.78 m
21.71 inches 43.7 mm
45.68 cm
1 8.5 or 17 2 or 8 2
0.875
1 hour 36 minutes 6 seconds
573
36 sq cm
37.503 sq mm 13.26 sq in.
367.5 sq mi
452.16 sq ft
44.28 sq cm 21 cu in.
904.32 cu ft 157 cu m
0.00942 cu in. 16 sq m
1.21 sq mm 18 sq in.
(60.5 + 132) sq ft
40.8 sq in.
31.0132 sq in.
158.2874 sq mm 64.2668 sq in. 43.96 sq ft 512 cu cm
11.49 cu cm
1024 cu ft 3
22.08 cu in. 4
31 = 2 7 = 2.58 12 12
574
27.9m
Measurement is comparison to a standard (unit of measure). 2 pounds 6 tons
69 feet
2 3
= 0.666 feet
6 pints
80 tablespoons 210 seconds

1 4
= 0.25L
19,610 mg 540.06 g
3,500,000 mL
6 weeks 1 day
5 gallons 2 quarts 1 pint 7 T 1,850 pounds
7 days, 11 hours, 56 minutes, 7 seconds 1 yard 1 foot
1 ton 1,100 pounds
1 tablespoon 1 teaspoon 3 quarts 1 pint 2.3 meters 1.05 km
5.652 sq cm
104.28568 cu ft
575
0.18 sq in.
267.94667 cu mm 32 cu cm
39.48 sq in. 56.52 sq ft
measurement 42 feet
612 inches 1 foot
135 seconds 850 cg
0.0058623 kL 0.2132062 m
100,001,000,000 mL 3 weeks 2 days
29 yards 1 foot
2 tons 216 pounds 1 gallon 3 quarts 8 weeks 5 days
14 gallons 2 quarts
2 yards 5 feet 9 inches 29 minutes 56 seconds 3 weeks 5 days 34.44 m 36 mm
576
87.92 feet
55.14 miles 3.75 sq in.
6.002826 sq cm 6.28 sq miles 13 sq in.
84.64 sq in.
25.12 cu mm 4.608 cu ft
340.48 cu mm
Chapter 10
Signed Numbers
10.1 Objectives1
Variables, Constants, and Real Numbers (Section 10.2)
be able to distinguish between variables and constants be able to recognize a real number and particular subsets of the real numbers understand the ordering of the real numbers
Signed Numbers (Section 10.3)
be able to distinguish between positive and negative real numbers be able to read signed numbers understand the origin and use of the double-negative product property
Absolute Value (Section 10.4)
understand the geometric and algebraic denitions of absolute value

Addition of Signed Numbers (Section 10.5)
be able to add numbers with like signs and with unlike signs be able to use the calculator for addition of signed numbers
Subtraction of Signed Numbers (Section 10.6)
understand the denition of subtraction be able to subtract signed numbers be able to use a calculator to subtract signed numbers
Multiplication and Division of Signed Numbers (Section 10.7)
be able to multiply and divide signed numbers be able to multiply and divide signed numbers using a calculator
577
578
CHAPTER 10. SIGNED NUMBERS

2
10.2 Variables, Constants, and Real Numbers

Variables and Constants Real Numbers Subsets of Real Numbers Ordering Real Numbers
10.2.2 Variables and Constants
A basic distinction between algebra and arithmetic is the use of symbols (usually letters) in algebra to represent numbers. So, algebra is a generalization of arithmetic. Let us look at two examples of situations in which letters are substituted for numbers: 1. Suppose that a student is taking four college classes, and each class can have at most 1 exam per week. In any 1-week period, the student may have 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 exams. In algebra, we can let the letter x represent the number of exams this student may have in a 1-week period. The letter x may assume any of the various values 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. 2. Suppose that in writing a term paper for a biology class a student needs to specify the average lifetime, in days, of a male housey. If she does not know this number o the top of her head, she might represent it (at least temporarily) on her paper with the letter t (which reminds her of time ). Later, she could look up the average time in a reference book and nd it to be 17 days. The letter t can assume only the one value, 17, and no other values. The value t is constant.
Variable, Constant
1. A letter or symbol that represents any member of a collection of two or more numbers is called a variable. 2. A letter or symbol that represents one specic number, known or unknown, is called a constant. In example 1, the letter x is a variable since it can represent any of the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. The letter t example 2 is a constant since it can only have the value 17.
10.2.3 Real Numbers
Real Number Line
The study of mathematics requires the use of several collections of numbers. The real number line allows us to visually display (graph) the numbers in which we are interested. A line is composed of innitely many points. To each point we can associate a unique number, and with each number, we can associate a particular point.
Coordinate
The number associated with a point on the number line is called the coordinate of the point.
Graph
The point on a number line that is associated with a particular number is called the graph of that number.
Constructing a Real Number Line
We construct a real number line as follows:

579 1. Draw a horizontal line. 2. Origin Choose any point on the line and label it 0. This point is called the origin. 3. Choose a convenient length. Starting at 0, mark this length o in both directions, being careful to have the lengths look like they are about the same.
We now dene a real number.

Real Number A real number
is any number that is the coordinate of a point on the real number line.
Positive Numbers, Negative Numbers
Real numbers whose graphs are to the right of 0 are called positive real numbers, or more simply, positive numbers. Real numbers whose graphs appear to the left of 0 are called negative real numbers, or more simply, negative numbers.
The number 0 is neither positive nor negative.

10.2.4 Subsets of Real Numbers
The set of real numbers has many subsets. Some of the subsets that are of interest in the study of algebra are listed below along with their notations and graphs.
Natural Numbers, Counting Numbers The natural or counting numbers (N ): 1, Whole Numbers The whole numbers
2, 3, 4, . . . Read and so on.
(W ): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . .
Notice that every natural number is a whole number.

Integers The integers
(Z ): . . . -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
Notice that every whole number is an integer.

Rational Numbers (Fractions) The rational numbers (Q): Rational
numbers are sometimes called fractions. They are numbers that can be written as the quotient of two integers. They have decimal representations that either terminate or do not terminate but contain a repeating block of digits. Some examples are
3 = 0.75 4
Terminating
11 = 8.407407407... 27
Nonterminating, but repeating

580 Some rational numbers are graphed below.
Notice that every integer is a rational number. Notice that there are still a great many points on the number line that have not yet been assigned a type of number. We will not examine these other types of numbers in this text. They are examined in detail in algebra. An example of these numbers is the number , whose decimal representation does not terminate nor contain a repeating block of digits. An approximation for is 3.14.
Is every whole number a natural number?
No. The number 0 is a whole number but it is not a natural number.

Example 10.2
Is there an integer that is not a natural number?
Yes. Some examples are 0, -1, -2, -3, and -4.

Example 10.3
Is there an integer that is a whole number?
Yes. In fact, every whole number is an integer.
Is every natural number a whole number? Is every whole number an integer? Is every integer a real number? Is there an integer that is a whole number? Is there an integer that is not a natural number?
10.2.5 Ordering Real Numbers

Ordering Real Numbers
A real number b is said to be greater than a real number a, denoted b > a, if b is to the right of a on the number line. Thus, as we would expect, 5 > 2 since 5 is to the right of 2 on the number line. Also, 2 > 5 since -2 is to the right of -5 on the number line.
If we let a and b represent two numbers, then a and b are related in exactly one of three ways: Either
581
Equality Symbol
a=b
a and b are equal
(8 = 8)
Inequality Symbols
a>b a<b { a=b ab ab
a is greater than b a is less than b

Some variations of these symbols are
(8 > 5) (5 < 8) (8 = 5) (a 8) (a 8)
a is not equal to b a is greater than or equal to b a is less than or equal to b
What integers can replace x so that the following statement is true?
3 x < 2
The integers are -3, -2, -1, 0, 1.
Example 10.5
Draw a number line that extends from -3 to 5. Place points at all whole numbers between and including -1 and 3. -1 is not a whole number
What integers can replace x so that the following statement is true? 5 x < 2
Draw a number line that extends from -4 to 3. Place points at all natural numbers between, but not including, -2 to 2.
Exercise 10.2.7
10.2.6 Exercises
For the following 8problems, next to each real number, note all collections to which it belongs by writing N for natural number, W for whole number, or Z for integer. Some numbers may belong to more than one collection.
Exercise 10.2.8
Exercise 10.2.9
12
582
Exercise 10.2.10

0 1
-3 -7
-805 -900
Is the number 0 a positive number, a negative number, neither, or both?
An integer is an even integer if it is evenly divisible by 2. Draw a number line that extends from -5 to 5 and place points at all negative even integers and all positive odd integers.
Exercise 10.2.18
Draw a number line that extends from -5 to 5. Place points at all integers that satisfy 3 x < 4. Is there a largest two digit number? If so, what is it? Is there a smallest two digit number? If so, what is it?
For the pairs of real numbers in the following 5 problems, write the appropriate symbol (<, >, =) in place of the .
Exercise 10.2.21
-7
-2 0
Exercise 10.2.22
-5
Exercise 10.2.23
-1 6
Exercise 10.2.24
-1
Exercise 10.2.25
10
10
For the following 5 problems, what numbers can replace m so that the following statements are true?
1 m 5, m an integer.
7 < m < 1, m an integer. 3 m < 2, m a natural number.

15 < m 1, m a natural number. 5 m < 5, m a whole number.

583 For the following 10 problems, on the number line, how many units are there between the given pair of numbers?
Exercise 10.2.31
0 and 3
Exercise 10.2.32
-4 and 0 -1 and 6 -6 and 2 -3 and 3
Are all positive numbers greater than zero? Are all positive numbers greater than all negative numbers? Is 0 greater than all negative number? Is there a largest natural number? Is there a largest negative integer?
(Section 4.3) Convert 6 5 8 to an improper fraction.

3 of 33 (Section 4.5) Find the value: 11 5 .
Exercise 10.2.42
(Section 5.3) Find the sum of
4 5
+3 8.
(Section 9.3) Convert 30.06 cm to m. (Section 9.6) Find the area of the triangle.
584

3
10.3 Signed Numbers

Positive and Negative Numbers Reading Signed Numbers Opposites The Double-Negative Property
10.3.2 Positive and Negative Numbers

Positive and Negative Numbers
Each real number other than zero has a sign associated with it. A real number is said to be a positive number if it is to the right of 0 on the number line and negative if it is to the left of 0 on the number line.
note:
+ and
Notation
A number is denoted as positive if it is directly preceded by a plus sign or no sign at all. A number is denoted as negative if it is directly preceded by a minus sign.
10.3.3 Reading Signed Numbers
The plus and minus signs now have two meanings : The plus sign can denote the operation of addition or a positive number. The minus sign can denote the operation of subtraction or a negative number. To avoid any confusion between "sign" and "operation," it is preferable to read the sign of a number as "positive" or "negative." When "+" is used as an operation sign, it is read as "plus." When "" is used as an operation sign, it is read as "minus."
Read each expression so as to avoid confusion between "operation" and "sign."

8 should be read as "negative eight" rather than "minus eight."
4 + (2) should be read as "four plus negative two" rather than "four plus minus two."
6 + (3)should be read as "negative six plus negative three" rather than "minus six plus minus three." 15 (6)should be read as "negative fteen minus negative six" rather than "minus fteen minus minus six."
5 + 7 should be read as "negative ve plus seven" rather than "minus ve plus seven."
0 2 should be read as "zero minus two."
585
Write each expression in words.

Exercise 10.3.1
6+1
Exercise 10.3.2
2 + (8)
Exercise 10.3.3
7 + 5
Exercise 10.3.4
10 (+3)
Exercise 10.3.5
1 (8)
Exercise 10.3.6
0 + (11)
10.3.4 Opposites
On the number line, each real number, other than zero, has an image on the opposite side of 0. For this reason, we say that each real number has an opposite. Opposites are the same distance from zero but have opposite signs. The opposite of a real number is denoted by placing a negative sign directly in front of the number. Thus, if a is any real number, then a is its opposite.
note:
Opposites
The letter "a" is a variable. Thus, "a" need not be positive, and "a" need not be negative.
If a is any real number, a is opposite a on the number line.
10.3.5 The Double-Negative Property
The number a is opposite a on the number line. Therefore, (a) is opposite a on the number line. This means that
(a) = a
From this property of opposites, we can suggest the double-negative property for real numbers. If a is a real number, then (a) = a
Double-Negative Property:
(a) = a
586
Find the opposite of each number.

Example 10.12
If a = 2, then a = 2. Also, (a) = (2) = 2.
Example 10.13
If a = 4, then a = (4) = 4. Also, (a) = a = 4.
Find the opposite of each number.

Exercise 10.3.7
Exercise 10.3.8
17 -6
-15
Exercise 10.3.11
-(-1)
Exercise 10.3.12
[ (7)]
Suppose a is a positive number. Is a positive or negative? Suppose a is a negative number. Is a positive or negative?
Exercise 10.3.15
Suppose we do not know the sign of the number k . Is k positive, negative, or do we not know?
10.3.6 Exercises
A number is denoted as positive if it is directly preceded by
A number is denoted as negative if it is directly preceded by
.
How should the number in the following 6 problems be read? (Write in words.)
Exercise 10.3.18
7
587
Exercise 10.3.19
5
Exercise 10.3.20
15
Exercise 10.3.21
11
Exercise 10.3.22
(1)
Exercise 10.3.23
(5)
For the following 6 problems, write each expression in words.
Exercise 10.3.24
5+3
Exercise 10.3.25
3+8
Exercise 10.3.26
15 + (3)
Exercise 10.3.27
1 + (9)
Exercise 10.3.28
7 (2)
Exercise 10.3.29
0 (12)
For the following 6 problems, rewrite each number in simpler form.

Exercise 10.3.30
(2)
Exercise 10.3.31
(16)
Exercise 10.3.32
[ (8)]
Exercise 10.3.33
[ (20)]
Exercise 10.3.34
7 (3)
Exercise 10.3.35
6 (4)
588
(Section 6.7) Find the quotient; 8 27.

5 9
= 60 x
(Section 8.2) Use the method of rounding to estimate the sum: 5829 + 8767 (Section 9.2) Use a unit fraction to convert 4 yd to feet. (Section 9.3) Convert 25 cm to hm.
10.4 Absolute Value4

Geometric Denition of Absolute Value Algebraic Denition of Absolute Value
10.4.2 Geometric Denition of Absolute Value

Absolute Value-Geometric Approach
Geometric denition of absolute value: The absolute value of a number a, denoted | a |, is the distance from a to 0 on the number line. Absolute value answers the question of "how far," and not "which way." The phrase "how far" implies "length" and length is always a nonnegative quantity. Thus, the absolute value of a number is a nonnegative number.
Determine each value.

Example 10.14
| 4 |= 4
Example 10.15
| 4 |= 4
Example 10.16
| 0 |= 0
589
Example 10.17
| 5 |= 5. The quantity on the left side of the equal sign is read as "negative the absolute value of 5." The absolute value of 5 is 5. Hence, negative the absolute value of 5 is -5. | 3 |= 3. The quantity on the left side of the equal sign is read as "negative the absolute value of -3." The absolute value of -3 is 3. Hence, negative the absolute value of -3 is (3) = 3.
Example 10.18
By reasoning geometrically, determine each absolute value.

Exercise 10.4.1
|7|
Exercise 10.4.2
| 3 |
Exercise 10.4.3
| 12 | |0|
|9|
Exercise 10.4.6
| 6 |
10.4.3 Algebraic Denition of Absolute Value
From the problems in Section 10.4.2.1 (Sample Set A), we can suggest the following algebraic denition of absolute value. Note that the denition has two parts.
Absolute ValueAlgebraic Approach
Algebraic denition of absolute value The absolute value of a number a is a, if a 0 |a| = { a, if < 0
The algebraic denition takes into account the fact that the number a could be either positive or zero (a 0) or negative (a < 0). 1. If the number a is positive or zero (a 0), the upper part of the denition applies. The upper part of the denition tells us that if the number enclosed in the absolute value bars is a nonnegative number, the absolute value of the number is the number itself. 2. The lower part of the denition tells us that if the number enclosed within the absolute value bars is a negative number, the absolute value of the number is the opposite of the number. The opposite of a negative number is a positive number. The denition says that the vertical absolute value lines may be eliminated only if we know whether the number inside is positive or negative.
note:
590
Use the algebraic denition of absolute value to nd the following values.
Example 10.19
| 8 |. The number enclosed within the absolute value bars is a nonnegative number, so the upper part of the denition applies. This part says that the absolute value of 8 is 8 itself. | 8 |= 8
Example 10.20
| 3 |. The number enclosed within absolute value bars is a negative number, so the lower part of the denition applies. This part says that the absolute value of -3 is the opposite of -3, which is (3). By the denition of absolute value and the double-negative property, | 3 |= (3) = 3
Use the algebraic denition of absolute value to nd the following values.
Exercise 10.4.7
|7|
Exercise 10.4.8
|9|
Exercise 10.4.9
| 12 | | 5 |
|8|
Exercise 10.4.12
|1|
Exercise 10.4.13
| 52 |
Exercise 10.4.14
| 31 |
10.4.4 Exercises
Determine each of the values.

Exercise 10.4.15
|5|
Exercise 10.4.16
|3|
Exercise 10.4.17
|6|
Exercise 10.4.18
| 9 |
591
Exercise 10.4.19
| 1 |
Exercise 10.4.20
| 4 |
Exercise 10.4.21
|3|
Exercise 10.4.22
|7|
Exercise 10.4.23
| 14 |
Exercise 10.4.24
|0|
Exercise 10.4.25
| 26 |
Exercise 10.4.26
| 26 |
Exercise 10.4.27
( | 4 |)
Exercise 10.4.28
( | 2 |)
Exercise 10.4.29
( | 6 |)
Exercise 10.4.30
( | 42 |) | 5 | | 2 |
| 2 |
Exercise 10.4.33
| (2 3) |
Exercise 10.4.34
| 2 | | 9 |
Exercise 10.4.35
(| 6 | + | 4 |) (| 1 | | 1 |)
Exercise 10.4.36
3
Exercise 10.4.37
(| 4 | + | 6 |) (| 2 |)
Exercise 10.4.38
[|10| 6]
Exercise 10.4.39
3 2
{[ | 4 | + | 3 |] }
Exercise 10.4.40
A Mission Control Ocer at Cape Canaveral makes the statement lift-o, T minus 50 seconds. How long is it before lift-o?
592
Exercise 10.4.41

Due to a slowdown in the industry, a Silicon Valley computer company nds itself in debt $2,400,000. Use absolute value notation to describe this company's debt.
Exercise 10.4.42
A particular machine is set correctly if upon action its meter reads 0. One particular machine has a meter reading of 1.6 upon action. How far is this machine o its correct setting?

5 8 9 + 21 + 15 . (Section 5.3) Find the sum: 70
Exercise 10.4.44
3
10
19 20
4 + 12
.
(Section 6.3) Convert 3.2 3 5 to a fraction.

3 8.
(Section 7.3) The ratio of acid to water in a solution is solution that contain 112 mL of water?
Exercise 10.4.47
How many mL of acid are there in a

(Section 10.3) Find the value of 6 (8).
10.5 Addition of Signed Numbers5

Addition of Numbers with Like Signs Addition with Zero Addition of Numbers with Unlike Signs Calculators
10.5.2 Addition of Numbers with Like Signs
The addition of the two positive numbers 2 and 3 is performed on the number line as follows. Begin at 0, the origin. Since 2 is positive, move 2 units to the right. Since 3 is positive, move 3 more units to the right. We are now located at 5.
Thus, 2 + 3 = 5. Summarizing, we have

593
(2 positive units) + (3 positive units) = (5 positive units)

The addition of the two negative numbers -2 and -3 is performed on the number line as follows. Begin at 0, the origin. Since -2 is negative, move 2 units to the left. Since -3 is negative, move 3 more units to the left. We are now located at -5.
Thus, (2) + (3) = 5. Summarizing, we have
(2 negative units) + (3 negative units) = (5 negative units)

Observing these two examples, we can suggest these relationships:
(positive number) + (positive number) = (positive number) (negative number) + (negative number) = (negative number)
Adding Numbers with the Same Sign
Addition of numbers with like sign: To add two real numbers that have the same sign, add the absolute values of the numbers and associate with the sum the common sign.
Find the sums.

Example 10.21
3+7 |3| = |7| = 3 7 } Add these absolute values.
3 + 7 = 10
The common sign is +. Thus, 3 + 7 = +10, or 3 + 7 = 10.
Example 10.22
(4) + (9) | 4| = | 9| = 4 + 9 = 13
The common sign is .
4 9
} Add these absolute values.
594 Thus, (4) + (9) = 13.
Find the sums.

Exercise 10.5.1
8+6
Exercise 10.5.2
41 + 11
Exercise 10.5.3
(4) + (8)
Exercise 10.5.4
(36) + (9) 14 + (20)

5 2 3 + 3
2.8 + (4.6) 0 + (16)
Exercise 10.5.8
10.5.3 Addition With Zero

Addition with Zero
Notice that (0) + (a positive number) = (that same positive number). (0) + (a negative number) = (that same negative number).
The Additive Identity Is Zero
Since adding zero to a real number leaves that number unchanged, zero is called the additive identity.
10.5.4 Addition of Numbers with Unlike Signs
The addition 2 + (6), two numbers with unlike signs, can also be illustrated using the number line. Begin at 0, the origin. Since 2 is positive, move 2 units to the right. Since -6 is negative, move, from 2, 6 units to the left. We are now located at -4.
We can suggest a rule for adding two numbers that have unlike signs by noting that if the signs are disregarded, 4 can be obtained by subtracting 2 from 6. But 2 and 6 are precisely the absolute values of 2 and
595 -6. Also, notice that the sign of the number with the larger absolute value is negative and that the sign of the resulting sum is negative.
Adding Numbers with Unlike Signs
Addition of numbers with unlike signs: To add two real numbers that have unlike signs, subtract the smaller absolute value from the larger absolute value and associate with this dierence the sign of the number with the larger absolute value.

Example 10.23
7 + (2)
|7| = 7
Larger absolute value. Sign is positive.
| 2| = 2
Smaller absolute value.
Subtract absolute values: 7 2 = 5. Attach the proper sign: "+." Thus, 7 + (2) = +5 or 7 + (2) = 5.
Example 10.24
3 + (11)
|3| = 3
| 11| = 11
Larger absolute value. Sign is negative.
Subtract absolute values: 11 3 = 8. Attach the proper sign: "." Thus, 3 + (11) = 8.
Example 10.25
The morning temperature on a winter's day in Lake Tahoe was -12 degrees. The afternoon temperature was 25 degrees warmer. What was the afternoon temperature? We need to nd 12 + 25.
| 12| = 12
|25| = 25
Larger absolute value. Sign is positive.
Subtract absolute values: 25 12 = 16. Attach the proper sign: "+." Thus, 12 + 25 = 13.
596
Find the sums.

Exercise 10.5.9
4 + (3)
Exercise 10.5.10
3 + 5
Exercise 10.5.11
15 + (18)
Exercise 10.5.12
0 + (6)
Exercise 10.5.13
26 + 12
Exercise 10.5.14
35 + (78)
Exercise 10.5.15
15 + (10)
Exercise 10.5.16
1.5 + (2) 8 + 0
0 + (0.57)
Exercise 10.5.19
879 + 454
10.5.5 Calculators
Calculators having the

key can be used for nding sums of signed numbers.
Use a calculator to nd the sum of -147 and 84. Display Reads Type Press Press Type Press + 84 = 147 147 -147 -147 84 -63
Table 10.1
This key changes the sign of a number. It is dierent than .
597
Use a calculator to nd each sum.

Exercise 10.5.20
673 + (721)
Exercise 10.5.21
8, 261 + 2,206
Exercise 10.5.22
1, 345.6 + (6, 648.1)
10.5.6 Exercises
Find the sums in the following 27 problems. If possible, use a calculator to check each result.
Exercise 10.5.23
4 + 12 8+6
(3) + (12)
Exercise 10.5.26
(6) + (20)
Exercise 10.5.27
10 + (2)
Exercise 10.5.28
8 + (15)
Exercise 10.5.29
16 + (9)
Exercise 10.5.30
22 + (1)
Exercise 10.5.31
0 + (12)
Exercise 10.5.32
0 + (4)
Exercise 10.5.33
0 + (24)
Exercise 10.5.34
6 + 1 + (7)
Exercise 10.5.35
5 + (12) + (4) 5 + 5
7 + 7
Exercise 10.5.38
14 + 14
598
Exercise 10.5.39

4 + (4)
Exercise 10.5.40
9 + (9)
Exercise 10.5.41
84 + (61)
Exercise 10.5.42
13 + (56)
Exercise 10.5.43
452 + (124)
Exercise 10.5.44
636 + (989)
Exercise 10.5.45
1, 811 + (935)
Exercise 10.5.46
373 + (14)
Exercise 10.5.47
1, 211 + (44)
47.03 + (22.71)
1.998 + (4.086)
In order for a small business to break even on a project, it must have sales of $21,000. If the amount of sales was $15,000, by how much money did this company fall short? Suppose a person has $56 in his checking account. He deposits $100 into his checking account by using the automatic teller machine. He then writes a check for $84.50. If an error causes the deposit not to be listed into this person's account, what is this person's checking balance?
A person borrows $7 on Monday and then $12 on Tuesday. How much has this person borrowed?
A person borrows $11 on Monday and then pays back $8 on Tuesday. How much does this person owe?
(Section 4.6) Find the reciprocal of 8 5 6.

5 7 1 (Section 5.3) Find the value of 12 + 18 3 .
Exercise 10.5.55
(Section 6.4) Round 0.01628 to the nearest tenth. (Section 7.5) Convert 62% to a fraction.
599
Exercise 10.5.58
(Section 10.4) Find the value of | 12 |.
10.6 Subtraction of Signed Numbers6

Denition of Subtraction The Process of Subtraction Calculators
10.6.2 Denition of Subtraction
We know from experience with arithmetic that the subtraction 5 2 produces 3, that is 5 2 = 3. We can suggest a rule for subtracting signed numbers by illustrating this process on the number line.
Begin at 0, the origin. Since 5 is positive, move 5 units to the right. Then, move 2 units to the left to get to 6. (This reminds us of addition with a negative number.) From this illustration we can see that 5 2 is the same as 5 + (2). This leads us directly to the denition of subtraction.
Denition of Subtraction
If a and b are real numbers, a b is the same as a + (b), where b is the opposite of b.
10.6.3 The Process of Subtraction
From this denition, we suggest the following rule for subtracting signed numbers.
Subtraction of Signed Numbers
To perform the subtraction a b, add the opposite of b to a, that is, change the sign of b and add.
Perform the indicated subtractions.

Example 10.26
5 3 = 5 + (3) = 2
4 9 = 4 + (9) = 5
4 6 = 4 + (6) = 10
3 (12) = 3 + 12 = 9
600

0 (15) = 0 + 15 = 15
The high temperature today in Lake Tahoe was 26 F. The low temperature tonight is expected to be -7 F. How many degrees is the temperature expected to drop? We need to nd the dierence between 26 and -7.
26 (7) = 26 + 7 = 33
Thus, the expected temperature drop is 33 F.
Example 10.32
6 (5) 10
= = = =
6 + 5 + (10) (6 + 5) + (10) 1 + (10) 11
Perform the indicated subtractions.

Exercise 10.6.1
(Solution on p. 625.) (Solution on p. 625.) (Solution on p. 625.) (Solution on p. 625.) (Solution on p. 625.) (Solution on p. 625.) (Solution on p. 625.) (Solution on p. 625.) (Solution on p. 625.) (Solution on p. 625.) (Solution on p. 625.) (Solution on p. 625.) (Solution on p. 625.)
96
Exercise 10.6.2
69
Exercise 10.6.3
07
Exercise 10.6.4
1 14
Exercise 10.6.5
8 12 21 6
6 (4)
Exercise 10.6.8
8 (10)
Exercise 10.6.9
1 (12)
Exercise 10.6.10
86 (32)
Exercise 10.6.11
0 16
Exercise 10.6.12
0 (16) 0 (8)
Exercise 10.6.13
601
Exercise 10.6.14
5 (5)
Exercise 10.6.15
24 [ (24)]
10.6.4 Calculators
Calculators can be used for subtraction of signed numbers. The most ecient calculators are those with a key.
Use a calculator to nd each dierence.

Example 10.33
3, 187 8, 719
Display Reads Type Press Type Press 3187 8719 = 3187 3187 8719 -5532
Table 10.2
Thus, 3, 187 8, 719 = 5, 532.

Example 10.34
156 (211)
Method A: Display Reads Type Press Type Press Type Press = 211 156 156 -156 -156 211 -211 55
Table 10.3
Thus, 156 (211) = 55.
Method B:
602

We manually change the subtraction to an addition and change the sign of the number to be subtracted.
156 (211) becomes 156 + 211

Display Reads Type Press Press Type Press + 211 = 156 156 -156 -156 211 55
Table 10.4
Use a calculator to nd each dierence.

Exercise 10.6.16
44 315
Exercise 10.6.17
12.756 15.003
Exercise 10.6.18
31.89 44.17
Exercise 10.6.19
0.797 (0.615)
10.6.5 Exercises
For the following 18 problems, perform each subtraction. Use a calculator to check each result.
Exercise 10.6.20
83
Exercise 10.6.21
12 7
Exercise 10.6.22
56
Exercise 10.6.23
14 30
Exercise 10.6.24
6 8
Exercise 10.6.25
1 12
Exercise 10.6.26
5 (3)
603
Exercise 10.6.27
11 (8)
Exercise 10.6.28
06
Exercise 10.6.29
0 15
Exercise 10.6.30
0 (7)
Exercise 10.6.31
0 (10)
Exercise 10.6.32
67 38
Exercise 10.6.33
142 85
Exercise 10.6.34
816 1140
Exercise 10.6.35
105 421
Exercise 10.6.36
550 (121)
Exercise 10.6.37
15.016 (4.001)
For the following 4 problems, perform the indicated operations.

Exercise 10.6.38
26 + 7 52
Exercise 10.6.39
15 21 (2)
104 (216) (52)
0.012 (0.111) (0.035)

When a particular machine is operating properly, its meter will read 34. If a broken bearing in the machine causes the meter reading to drop by 45 units, what is the meter reading?
Exercise 10.6.43
The low temperature today in Denver was 4 F and the high was 42 F. What is the temperature dierence?
604
1 to a decimal. (Section 6.3) Convert 16.02 5
(Section 6.6) Find 4.01 of 6.2.

5 to a percent. (Section 7.5) Convert 16
(Section 8.4) Use the distributive property to compute the product: 15 82. (Section 10.5) Find the sum: 16 + (21).
10.7 Multiplication and Division of Signed Numbers7

Multiplication of Signed Numbers Division of Signed Numbers Calculators
10.7.2 Multiplication of Signed Numbers
Let us consider rst, the product of two positive numbers. Multiply: 3 5. 3 5 means 5 + 5 + 5 = 15 This suggests8 that
(positive number) (positive number) = (positive number)

More briey,
(+) (+) = (+)

Now consider the product of a positive number and a negative number. Multiply: (3) (5).
(3) (5) means (5) + (5) + (5) = 15

This suggests that
(positive number) (negative number) = (negative number)

More briey,
(+) () = ()
By the commutative property of multiplication, we get
7 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m35033/1.2/>. 8 In later mathematics courses, the word "suggests" turns into the word "proof." One example does not prove a claim.
Mathematical proofs are constructed to validate a claim for all possible cases.
605
(negative number) (positive number) = (negative number)

More briey,
() (+) = ()
The sign of the product of two negative numbers can be suggested after observing the following illustration. Multiply -2 by, respectively, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4.
We have the following rules for multiplying signed numbers.

Rules for Multiplying Signed Numbers
Multiplying signed numbers:
1. To multiply two real numbers that have the same sign, multiply their absolute values. The product is positive. (+) (+) = (+) () () = (+) 2. To multiply two real numbers that have opposite signs, multiply their absolute values. The product is negative. (+) () = () () (+) = ()

Example 10.35
86
|8| = |6| = 8 6 = 48
8 6
} Multiply these absolute values.
Since the numbers have the same sign, the product is positive. Thus, 8 6=+48, or 8 6 = 48.
Example 10.36
(8) (6)
606

| 8| = | 6| = 8 6 = 48
Since the numbers have the same sign, the product is positive. Thus, (8) (6) =+48, or (8) (6) = 48.
Example 10.37
8 6
} Multiply these absolute values.
(4) (7) | 4| = |7| = 4 7 } Multiply these absolute values.
4 7 = 28
Since the numbers have opposite signs, the product is negative. Thus, (4) (7) = 28.
Example 10.38
6 (3) |6| = 6 3 } Multiply these absolute values.
| 3| = 6 3 = 18
Since the numbers have opposite signs, the product is negative. Thus, 6 (3) = 18.

Exercise 10.7.1
3 (8)
Exercise 10.7.2
4 (16)
Exercise 10.7.3
(6) (5)
Exercise 10.7.4
(7) (2)
Exercise 10.7.5
(1) (4)
Exercise 10.7.6
(7) 7
607
10.7.3 Division of Signed Numbers
To determine the signs in a division problem, recall that

12 = 4 since 12 = 3 4 3
This suggests that

(+) (+) (+) (+)
= (+) = (+) since (+) = (+) (+)
12 ? What is 3 12 = 4. That is, 12 = (3) (4) suggests that 3

(+) ()
= ()
(+) ()
(+) = () () suggests that

What is
12 3 ?
= ()
12 = (3) (4) suggests that

() (+)
12 3
= 4. That is,
= ()
() (+)
() = (+) () suggests that

What is
12 3 ?
= ()
12 = (3) (4) suggests that

() ()
12 3
= 4. That is,
= (+)
() ()
() = () (+) suggests that
= (+)
We have the following rules for dividing signed numbers.

Rules for Dividing Signed Numbers
Dividing signed numbers:
1. To divide two real numbers that have the same sign, divide their absolute values. The quotient is positive. (+) () (+) = (+) () = (+) 2. To divide two real numbers that have opposite signs, divide their absolute values. The quotient is negative. (+) () (+) = () () = ()

Example 10.39
10 2
608

| 10| = |2|
10 = 5 2
10 2
} Divide these absolute values.
Since the numbers have opposite signs, the quotient is negative. Thus
35 7 10 2
= 5.
Example 10.40
| 35| = | 7|
35 = 5 7
35 7
Since the numbers have the same signs, the quotient is positive. Thus,
9 35 7
= 5.
Example 10.41
18
|18|
18 9
| 9| =
18 = 2 9
Since the numbers have opposite signs, the quotient is negative.

18 = 2. Thus, 9

Exercise 10.7.7
24 6
Exercise 10.7.8
5
30
Exercise 10.7.9
54
27
Exercise 10.7.10
51 17
609
Find the value of
6(47)2(89) . (4+1)+1
Using the order of operations and what we know about signed numbers, we get,
6(47)2(89) (4+1)+1
= = = =
6(3)2(1) (5)+1 18+2 5+1 20
5(26)4(81) 2(310)9(2) .
Find the value of
10.7.4 Calculators
Calculators with the

key can be used for multiplying and dividing signed numbers.
Use a calculator to nd each quotient or product.

Example 10.43
(186) (43)
Since this product involves a (negative) (negative), we know the result should be a positive number. We'll illustrate this on the calculator. Display Reads Type Press Press Type Press Press = 186 186 -186 -186 43 -43 7998
43
Table 10.5
Thus, (186) (43) = 7, 998.

Example 10.44
158.64 . Round to one decimal place. 54.3
610

Display Reads Type Press Type Press Press = 158.64 158.64 158.64 54.3 -54.3 -2.921546961
Table 10.6
54.3
Rounding to one decimal place we get -2.9.
Use a calculator to nd each value.

Exercise 10.7.12
(51.3) (21.6) 2.5746 2.1
(0.006) (0.241). Round to three decimal places.
10.7.5 Exercises
Find the value of each of the following. Use a calculator to check each result.
Exercise 10.7.15
(2) (8)
Exercise 10.7.16
(3) (9)
Exercise 10.7.17
(4) (8)
Exercise 10.7.18
(5) (2)
Exercise 10.7.19
(3) (12)
Exercise 10.7.20
(4) (18)
Exercise 10.7.21
(10) (6) (6) (4)
(2) (6)
611
Exercise 10.7.24
(8) (7)
Exercise 10.7.25
21
7
Exercise 10.7.26
42
6
Exercise 10.7.27
39 3
Exercise 10.7.28
20
10
Exercise 10.7.29
45 5
Exercise 10.7.30
16 8
Exercise 10.7.31
5
25
Exercise 10.7.32
4
36
Exercise 10.7.33
8 (3)
Exercise 10.7.34
14 (20) 20 (8)
4 (1)
Exercise 10.7.37
04
Exercise 10.7.38
0 (1)
Exercise 10.7.39
6 + 1 7
Exercise 10.7.40
15 12 20
Exercise 10.7.41
167+8
Exercise 10.7.42
2 + 7 10 + 2 3 (4 6)
8 (5 12)
Exercise 10.7.45
3 (1 6)
Exercise 10.7.46
8 (4 12) + 2
612

4 (1 8) + 3 (10 3) 9 (0 2) + 4 (8 9) + 0 (3)
Exercise 10.7.49
6 (2 9) 6 (2 + 9) + 4 (1 1)
Exercise 10.7.50
3(4+1)2(5) 2
Exercise 10.7.51
4(8+1)3(2) 42
Exercise 10.7.52
1(3+2)+5 1
Exercise 10.7.53
3(42)+(3)(6) 4
Exercise 10.7.54
1 (4 + 2)
Exercise 10.7.55
1 (6 1)
Exercise 10.7.56
(8 + 21) (8 21)
Exercise 10.7.57
(Section 3.3) Use the order of operations to simplify 52 + 32 + 2 22 . (Section 4.7) Find
3 8
of 32 9 .
(Section 6.2) Write this number in decimal form using digits: fty-two three-thousandths
(Section 7.4) The ratio of chlorine to water in a solution is 2 to 7. How many mL of water are in a solution that contains 15 mL of chlorine?
Exercise 10.7.62
(Section 10.6) Perform the subtraction 8 (20)
613

any member of a set of two or more numbers. A constant is a letter or symbol that represents a specic number. For example, the Greek letter (pi) represents the constant 3.14159 . . . .
The Real Number Line (Section 10.2) The real number line allows us to visually
Variables and Constants (Section 10.2) A variable is a letter or symbol that represents
display some of the numbers in which we are interested.
Coordinate and Graph (Section 10.2)
The number associated with a point on the number line is called the coordinate of the point. The point associated with a number is called the graph of the number.
Real Number (Section 10.2) A real number is any number that
is the coordinate of a point on the real number line.
Types of Real Numbers (Section 10.2) The set of real numbers has many subsets. The ones of most interest to us are: The natural numbers: {1, 2, 3, 4, . . .} The whole numbers: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . .} The integers: {. . . ,-3,-2,-1,0, 1, 2, 3, . . .} The rational numbers: {All numbers that can be expressed as the quotient of two Positive and Negative Numbers (Section 10.3) A number is denoted as positive if it is directly preceded by a plus denoted as negative if it is directly preceded by a minus sign (). Opposites (Section 10.3) Opposites are numbers that
integers.}
sign (+) or no sign at all. A number is
are the same distance from zero on the number line but have opposite signs. The numbers a and a are opposites.
Double-Negative Property (Section 10.3)
(a) = a
Absolute Value (Geometric) (Section 10.4) The absolute value of a number a, denoted | a |, Absolute Value (Algebraic) (Section 10.4)
is the distance from a to 0 on the number line.
|a| = {
a,
if a 0
a, if a < 0
Addition of Signed Numbers (Section 10.5) To add two numbers with
1. like signs, add the absolute values of the numbers and associate with the sum the common sign. 2. unlike signs, subtract the smaller absolute value from the larger absolute value and associate with the dierence the sign of the larger absolute value.
614
Addition with Zero (Section 10.5)
0 + (any number) = that particular number. Since adding 0 to any real number leaves that number unchanged, 0 is called the additive identity.
Additive Identity (Section 10.5)
Denition of Subtraction (Section 10.6)
a b = a + (b)
Subtraction of Signed Numbers (Section 10.6) To perform the subtraction a b, add the opposite
addition rules (Section 10.5).
of b to a, that is, change the sign of b and follow the
Multiplication and Division of Signed Numbers (Section 10.7)

(+) (+) = (+) ( (+) (+) = (+) (+) ) = () () () = (+) ) () (+) () = () ( () = (+) (+) = () () (+) = ()

10.9.1.1 Variables, Constants, and Real Numbers (Section 10.2)
For problems 1-5, next to each real number, note all subsets of the real numbers to which it belongs by writing N for natural numbers, W for whole numbers, or Z for integers. Some numbers may belong to more than one subset.
Exercise 10.9.1
61
Exercise 10.9.2
14
Exercise 10.9.3
0 1
Write all the integers that are strictly between 4 and 3 Write all the integers that are between and including 6 and 1
For each pair of numbers in problems 7-10, write the appropriate symbol (<, >, =) in place of the
Exercise 10.9.7
-5
-1
Exercise 10.9.8
Exercise 10.9.9
-7
615
Exercise 10.9.10
-1
For problems 11-15, what numbers can replace x so that each statement is true?
5 x 1, x is an integer
10 < x 0, x is a whole number.

0 x < 5, x is a natural number.
3 < x < 3, x is a natural number

8 < x 2, x is a whole number.
For problems 16-20, how many units are there between the given pair of numbers?
Exercise 10.9.16
0 and 4
Exercise 10.9.17
1 and 3
Exercise 10.9.18
7 and 4 6 and 0
1 and 1
Exercise 10.9.21
A number is positive if it is directly preceded by a A number is negative if it is directly preceded by a
sign or no sign at all. sign.
Exercise 10.9.22
10.9.1.2 Signed Numbers (Section 10.3)
For problems 23-26, how should each number be read?

Exercise 10.9.23
8
Exercise 10.9.24
(4)
Exercise 10.9.25
(1)
Exercise 10.9.26
2
For problems 27-31, write each expression in words.
Exercise 10.9.27
1 + (7)
Exercise 10.9.28
2 (6)
616
Exercise 10.9.29

1 (+4)
Exercise 10.9.30
( (3))
Exercise 10.9.31
0 (11)
For problems 32-36, rewrite each expression in simpler form.

Exercise 10.9.32
(4)
Exercise 10.9.33
(15)
Exercise 10.9.34
[ (7)]
Exercise 10.9.35
1 (18)
Exercise 10.9.36
0 (1)
10.9.1.3 Absolute Value (Section 10.4)
For problems 37-52, determine each value.

Exercise 10.9.37
|9|
Exercise 10.9.38
| 16 |
Exercise 10.9.39
| 5 |
Exercise 10.9.40
| 8 |
Exercise 10.9.41
| 2 |
Exercise 10.9.42
| 1 |
Exercise 10.9.43
( | 12 |) ( | 90 |)
( | 16 |) ( | 0 |)
| 4 | | 5 |
Exercise 10.9.48
2
617
Exercise 10.9.49
| 2 |
Exercise 10.9.50
| (3 4) |
Exercise 10.9.51
| 5 | + | 2 |
Exercise 10.9.52
| 7 | | 10 |
10.9.1.4 Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication tion 10.5,Section 10.6,Section 10.7)
and
Division
of
Signed
Numbers
(Sec-

Exercise 10.9.53
6 + 4
Exercise 10.9.54
10 + 8 1 6
8 12
Exercise 10.9.57
0 14
Exercise 10.9.58
5 (2)
Exercise 10.9.59
8 (6)
Exercise 10.9.60
(3) (9)
Exercise 10.9.61
14 (3)
Exercise 10.9.62
5 (70)
Exercise 10.9.63
18 6
72 12
16 16 0 8
5 0
Exercise 10.9.68
15 3
618
Exercise 10.9.69
28 7

Exercise 10.9.70
120 |2|
Exercise 10.9.71
|66| |3|

Exercise 10.10.1
(Section 10.2) Write all integers that are strictly between 8 and 3. (Section 10.2) Write all integers that are between and including 2 and 1.
Exercise 10.10.2
For problems 3-5, write the appropriate symbol (<, >, =) in place of the
Exercise 10.10.3
for each pair of numbers.

(Section 10.2) 1 (Section 10.2) 0
1 3 2
(Section 10.2) 1
For problems 6 and 7, what numbers can replace x so that the statement is true?
(Section 10.2) 3 x < 0, x is an integer.
(Section 10.2) 4 x 0, x is a natural number.
(Section 10.2) How many units are there between 3 and 2?
For problems 9-20, nd each value.

Exercise 10.10.9
(Section 10.4) | 16 | (Section 10.4) | 2 | (Section 10.4) | 4 |

2
(Section 10.4) | 5 | + | 10 | (Section 10.5) 8 + 6 (Section 10.5) 3 + (8)
619
(Section 10.6) 0 16
(Section 10.7) (14) (3)

2
(Section 10.7) (5 6)
(Section 10.7) (51) (7)

42 7
(Section 10.7)
Exercise 10.10.20
(Section 10.7) |
32 8
5 15 | 5
620

yes yes yes yes yes
-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0
N, W, Z W, Z Z Z
Neither
Yes, 10
<
>
{-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} {1}
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4} 4
yes yes
621
yes, -1
9 5
or 1 4 5 or 1.8
0.3006 m
six plus one
two plus negative eight
negative seven plus ve
negative ten minus three
negative one minus negative eight zero plus negative eleven -8
-17 6
15
-1 7
a is negative a is positive
We must say that we do not know. + (or no sign)
negative seven fteen
negative negative one, or opposite negative one ve plus three

fteen plus negative three
negative seven minus negative two
622
-8
7 + 3 = 10 0.296
6, 000 + 9, 000 = 15, 000 (5, 829 + 8, 767 = 14, 596) or 5,800 + 8, 800 = 14, 600
0.0025 hm 7 3
12 0
-9 -6 7 9
12 5
-8 -1
-52 -31 5
-3
-14
623
26 4 6
3 6
100 92
-1
$ | 2, 400, 000 |
10
9
163 3 13 50 or 50
14 52
-12 -45 -34
7 3
7.4 16
1 2
-3 -6
-14
624
-43 5
-0.5 -8
0.57
-425 -48
-6,085
-7,993.7 16
-15 8
-25 -12 24
-21 0 0
23
328 876
-1,255 -6.084
-$28.50 $3.00
625
17 36
31 62 100 = 50
-3 -7
-13 -20 -27 -2
18 13
118 -16 16 -8
10 0
-271
-2.247 -76.06 -0.182 5
-1
-14 -2
626
-6 7
29
-324 -429 -71
164 -11
16.022
31.25% -5
-24 64 30 14
-4
-49 4
-6 -2 3
14
1,108.08 1.226
-0.001
627
16 32
-36 -60 -12 3
-13 9
-5
11 28 -4
-12 -4 -6
15 49
-140 -7 -3 -5
13
4 3
1 52 2
= 11 3
N, W, Z
628
W, Z
{3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2}
<
<
{5, 4, 3, 2, 1}
{1, 2, 3, 4}
none 4 6
+ (plus)
negative eight
negative negative one or opposite negative one one plus negative seven
negative one minus four
zero minus negative eleven
15
19 or 1 + 18 9 5
2
12
16
16 8 7
629
2
7
14
48
42
3 1
not dened
4
22
{7, 6, 5, 4}
{2, 1, 0, 1}
<
>
{3, 2, 1}
{1, 2}
16
2
16 15
2
11 16
630
42
121
51 or 7 2 7 7
6 0
Chapter 11
Algebraic Expressions and Equations
11.1 Objectives1
Algebraic Expressions (Section 11.2)
be able to recognize an algebraic expression be able to distinguish between terms and factors understand the meaning and function of coecients be able to perform numerical evaluation
Combining Like Terms Using Addition and Subtraction (Section 11.3)
be able to combine like terms in an algebraic expression

Solving Equations of the Form
x + a = b and x a = b (Section 11.4)
understand the meaning and function of an equation understand what is meant by the solution to an equation be able to solve equations of the form x + a = b and x a = b
Solving Equations of the Form
ax = b and
x a
= b (Section 11.5)
be familiar with the multiplication/division property of equality be able to solve equations of the form ax = b and x a =b be able to use combined techniques to solve equations
Applications I: Translating Words to Mathematical Symbols (Section 11.6)
be able to translate phrases and statements to mathematical expressions and equations

Applications II: Solving Problems (Section 11.7)
be more familiar with the ve-step method for solving applied problems be able to use the ve-step method to solve number problems and geometry problems
631
632
CHAPTER 11. ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS AND EQUATIONS
11.2 Algebraic Expressions2

Algebraic Expressions Terms and Factors Coecients Numerical Evaluation
11.2.2 Algebraic Expressions

Numerical Expression In arithmetic, a numerical expression
results when numbers are connected by arithmetic operation signs (+, -, , ). For example, 8 + 5, 4 9, 3 8, and 9 7 are numerical expressions.
Algebraic Expression
In algebra, letters are used to represent numbers, and an algebraic expression results when an arithmetic operation sign associates a letter with a number or a letter with a letter. For example, x + 8, 4 y , 3 x , x 7 , and x y are algebraic expressions.
Expressions
Numerical expressions and algebraic expressions are often referred to simply as expressions.
11.2.3 Terms and Factors
In algebra, it is extremely important to be able to distinguish between terms and factors.

Distinction Between Terms and Factors Terms are parts of sums and are therefore connected by + signs. Factors are parts of products and are therefore separated by signs.
While making the distinction between sums and products, we must remember that subtraction and division are functions of these operations.
note:
1. In some expressions it will appear that terms are separated by minus signs. We must keep in mind that subtraction is addition of the opposite, that is, x y = x + ( y ) 2. In some expressions it will appear that factors are separated by division signs. We must keep in mind that x 1 1 x y = 1 y =x y
State the number of terms in each expression and name them.

Example 11.1
x + 4. In this expression, x and 4 are connected by a "+" sign. Therefore, they are terms. This expression consists of two terms. y 8. The expression y 8 can be expressed as y + (8). We can now see that this expression consists of the two terms y and 8.
Example 11.2
633 Rather than rewriting the expression when a subtraction occurs, we can identify terms more quickly by associating the + or - sign with the individual quantity.
Example 11.3
a + 7 b m. Associating the sign with the individual quantities, we see that this expression consists of the four terms a, 7, b, m.
Example 11.4
5m 8n. This expression consists of the two terms, 5m and 8n. Notice that the term 5m is composed of the two factors 5 and m. The term 8n is composed of the two factors 8 and n.
Example 11.5
3x. This expression consists of one term. Notice that 3x can be expressed as 3x + 0 or 3x 1 (indicating the connecting signs of arithmetic). Note that no operation sign is necessary for multiplication.
Specify the terms in each expression.

Exercise 11.2.1
x+7
Exercise 11.2.2
3m 6n
Exercise 11.2.3
5y
Exercise 11.2.4
a + 2b c
Exercise 11.2.5
3x 5
11.2.4 Coecients
We know that multiplication is a description of repeated addition. For example, 5 7 describes 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 Suppose some quantity is represented by the letter x. The multiplication 5x describes x + x + x + x + x. It is now easy to see that 5x species 5 of the quantities represented by x. In the expression 5x, 5 is called the numerical coecient, or more simply, the coecient of x.
Coecient The coecient
of a quantity records how many of that quantity there are.
Since constants alone do not record the number of some quantity, they are not usually considered as numerical coecients. For example, in the expression 7x + 2y 8z + 12, the coecient of
7x is 7. (There are 7 x 's.) 2y is 2. (There are 2 y 's.) 8z is 8. (There are 8z 's.)

The constant 12 is not considered a numerical coecient.
634
1x = x When the numerical coecient of a variable is 1, we write only the variable and not the coecient. For example, we write x rather than 1x. It is clear just by looking at x that there is only one.
11.2.5 Numerical Evaluation
We know that a variable represents an unknown quantity. Therefore, any expression that contains a variable represents an unknown quantity. For example, if the value of x is unknown, then the value of 3x + 5 is unknown. The value of 3x + 5 depends on the value of x.
Numerical Evaluation Numerical evaluation
is the process of determining the numerical value of an algebraic expression by replacing the variables in the expression with specied numbers.
Find the value of each expression.

Example 11.6
2x + 7y , if x = 4 and y = 2
Replace x with 4 and y with 2.
2x + 7y
= = =
2 (4) + 7 (2) 8 + 14 6
Thus, when x = 4 and y = 2, 2x + 7y = 6.

Example 11.7
5a b
8b 12 ,
if a = 6 and b = 3.
Replace a with 6 and b with 3.

5a b
8b 12
= = = =
5(6) 8(3) 3 + 12 30 + 24
10 + (2) 12
5a b 8b + 12 = 12.
Thus, when a = 6 and b = 3,

Example 11.8
6 (2a 15b), if a = 5 and b = 1
Replace a with 5 and b with 1.
6 (2a 15b)
= = = =
6 (2 (5) 15 (1)) 6 (10 + 15) 6 (5) 30
Thus, when a = 5 and b = 1, 6 (2a 15b) = 30.

635
Example 11.9
3x2 2x + 1, if x = 4
Replace x with 4.
3x2 2x + 1
= = = =
3(4) 2 (4) + 1 3 16 2 (4) + 1 48 8 + 1 41
Thus, when x = 4, 3x2 2x + 1 = 41.

Example 11.10
x2 4, if x = 3
Replace x with 3.
x2 4
= =
3 4 13
Be careful to square only the 3. The exponent 2 is connected only to 3, not -3
= 9 4
Example 11.11
2
(x) 4, if x = 3.
Replace x with 3.
(x) 4
= = =
(3) 4 94 5
The exponent is connected to -3, not 3 as in problem 5 above.
The exponent is connected to 3, not 3 as in the problem above.

9m 2n, if m = 2 and n = 5 3x 5y + 2z , if x = 4, y = 3, z = 0
10a + 3b
4b 2 ,
if a = 6, and b = 2
Exercise 11.2.9
8 (3m 5n), if m = 4 and n = 5
3 [40 2 (4a 3b)], if a = 6 and b = 0
5y 2 + 6y 11, if y = 1
636
2

x2 + 2x + 7, if x = 4
(x) + 2x + 7, if x = 4
11.2.6 Exercises
Exercise 11.2.14
In an algebraic expression, terms are separated by signs. by
signs and factors are separated
For the following 8 problems, specify each term.

Exercise 11.2.15
3m + 7 n
Exercise 11.2.16
5x + 18y
Exercise 11.2.17
4a 6b + c
Exercise 11.2.18
8s + 2 r 7t
Exercise 11.2.19
m 3n 4a + 7b
Exercise 11.2.20
7a 2b 3c 4d
Exercise 11.2.21
6a 5b
Exercise 11.2.22
x y
What is the function of a numerical coecient? Write 1m in a simpler way. Write 1s in a simpler way. In the expression 5a, how many a's are indicated?
In the expression 7c, how many c 's are indicated?


2m 6n, if m = 3 and n = 4
5a + 6b, if a = 6 and b = 5
2x 3y + 4z , if x = 1, y = 1, and z = 2
637
8x 3y
9a + 6b 8x + 4y , if a = 2, b = 1, x = 2, and y = 0
y + 18 2x , if x = 9 and y = 2
Exercise 11.2.33
3m 2n
6n m ,
if m = 6 and n = 3
Exercise 11.2.34 Exercise 11.2.35 Exercise 11.2.36 Exercise 11.2.37 Exercise 11.2.38 Exercise 11.2.39 Exercise 11.2.40 Exercise 11.2.41 Exercise 11.2.42 Exercise 11.2.43 Exercise 11.2.44 Exercise 11.2.45 Exercise 11.2.46 Exercise 11.2.47 Exercise 11.2.48 Exercise 11.2.49 Exercise 11.2.50
2
4 (3r + 2s), if r = 4 and s = 1
3 (9a 6b), if a = 1 and b = 2

8 (5m + 8n), if m = 0 and n = 1
2 (6x + y 2z ), if x = 1, y = 1, and z = 2
(10x 2y + 5z ) if x = 2, y = 8, and z = 1
(a 3b + 2c d), if a = 5, b = 2, c = 0, and d = 1
3 [16 3 (a + 3b)], if a = 3 and b = 2
2 [5a + 2b (b 6)], if a = 2 and b = 3

{6x + 3y [2 (x + 4y )]}, if x = 0 and y = 1 2{19 6 [4 2 (a b 7)]}, if a = 10 and b = 3
x2 + 3x 1, if x = 5 m2 2m + 6, if m = 3
6a2 + 2a 15, if a = 2
5s2 + 6s + 10, if x = 1
16x2 + 8x 7, if x = 0
8y 2 + 6y + 11, if y = 0 (y 6) + 3 (y 5) + 4, if y = 5 (x + 8) + 4 (x + 9) + 1, if x = 6
2
Exercise 11.2.51
638
3 (Section 5.3) Perform the addition: 5 8 + 21 6.
15 7 (Section 5.5) Arrange the numbers in order from smallest to largest: 11 32 , 48 , and 16
2 2 3 8 + 27
Exercise 11.2.54

Exercise 11.2.55
(Section 7.3) Write the proportion in fractional form: 9 is to 8 as x is to 7. (Section 10.7) Find the value of 3 (2 6) 12
Exercise 11.2.56
11.3 Combining Like Terms Using Addition and Subtraction3

Combining Like Terms
11.3.2 Combining Like Terms
From our examination of terms in Section 11.2, we know that like terms are terms in which the variable parts are identical. Like terms is an appropriate name since terms with identical variable parts and dierent numerical coecients represent dierent amounts of the same quantity. When we are dealing with quantities of the same type, we may combine them using addition and subtraction.
Simplifying an Algebraic Expression An algebraic expression may be simplied
by combining like terms.
This concept is illustrated in the following examples. 1. 8 records + 5 records = 13 records. Eight and 5 of the same type give 13 of that type. We have combined quantities of the same type. 2. 8 records + 5 records + 3 tapes = 13 records + 3 tapes. Eight and 5 of the same type give 13 of that type. Thus, we have 13 of one type and 3 of another type. We have combined only quantities of the same type. 3. Suppose we let the letter x represent "record." Then, 8x + 5x = 13x. The terms 8x and 5x are like terms. So, 8 and 5 of the same type give 13 of that type. We have combined like terms. 4. Suppose we let the letter x represent "record" and y represent "tape." Then, 8x + 5x + 3y = 13x + 5y We have combined only the like terms. After observing the problems in these examples, we can suggest a method for simplifying an algebraic expression by combining like terms.
Combining Like Terms
Like terms may be combined by adding or subtracting their coecients and axing the result to the common variable.
639
Simplify each expression by combining like terms.
2m + 6m 4m. All three terms are alike. Combine their coecients and ax this result to m: 2 + 6 4 = 4.
Thus, 2m + 6m 4m = 4m .
Example 11.13
Example 11.12
5x + 2y 9y . The terms 2y and 9y are like terms. Combine their coecients: 2 9 = 7.
Thus, 5x + 2y 9y = 5x 7y .
Example 11.14
3a + 2b 5a + a + 6b. The like terms are 5a, a 2b, 6b

2+6=8 8b
3a,
35+1=7 7a
Thus, 3a + 2b 5a + a + 6b= 7a + 8b.

Example 11.15
r 2s + 7s + 3r 4r 5s . The like terms are
Thus, r 2s + 7s + 3r 4r 5s = 0 .

Exercise 11.3.1
4x + 3 x + 6 x
Exercise 11.3.2
5a + 8b + 6a 2b
10m 6n 2n m + n 16a + 6m + 2r 3r 18a + m 7m
5h 8k + 2h 7h + 3k + 5k
640
11.3.3 Exercises

Exercise 11.3.6
4a + 7 a
Exercise 11.3.7
3m + 5 m
Exercise 11.3.8
6h 2h
Exercise 11.3.9
11k 8k
Exercise 11.3.10
5m + 3 n 2m
Exercise 11.3.11
7x 6x + 3y
14s + 3s 8r + 7r
5m 3n + 2m + 6n
Exercise 11.3.14
7h + 3a 10k + 6a 2h 5k 3k
Exercise 11.3.15
4x 8y 3z + x y z 3y 2z
11w + 3x 6w 5w + 8x 11x
15r 6s + 2r + 8s 6r 7s s 2r
| 7 | m+ | 6 | m+ | 3 | m
| 2 | x+ | 8 | x+ | 10 | x
(4 + 1) k + (6 3) k + (12 4) h + (5 + 2) k
(5 + 3) a (2 + 5) b (3 + 8) b
Exercise 11.3.22
5 +2 + 3 8
Exercise 11.3.23
+10
11
12
16x 12y + 5x + 7 5x 16 3y
3y + 4z 11 3z 2y + 5 4 (8 3)
641
(Section 4.3) Convert 24 11 to a mixed number (Section 4.4) Determine the missing numerator: (Section 5.6) Simplify
5 1 64 1
12
Exercise 11.3.27
3 8
? = 64 .
Exercise 11.3.28
5 to a percent. (Section 7.5) Convert 16
(Section 11.2) In the expression 6k , how many k 's are there?
11.4 Solving Equations of the Form x+a=b and x-a=b4

Equations Solutions and Equivalent Equations Solving Equations
11.4.2 Equations
Equation
An equation is a statement that two algebraic expressions are equal. The following are examples of equations:
x+6 =
This expression
[U+FE38] =
10
x4 =
=
11
3y 5 = 2 + 2y
=
This This expression expression
This This expression expression
This expression
Notice that x + 6, x 4, and 3y 5 are not equations. They are expressions. They are not equations because there is no statement that each of these expressions is equal to another expression.
11.4.3 Solutions and Equivalent Equations
Conditional Equations
The truth of some equations is conditional upon the value chosen for the variable. Such equations are called conditional equations. There are two additional types of equations. They are examined in courses in algebra, so we will not consider them now. The set of values that, when substituted for the variables, make the equation true, are called the solutions of the equation. An equation has been solved when all its solutions have been found.
Solutions and Solving an Equation
642
Verify that 3 is a solution to x + 7 = 10.
When x = 3,
x+7
becomes
= = =
10 10 10
which is a true statement, verifying that
3+7 10
3 is a solution to x + 7 = 10
Example 11.17
Verify that 6 is a solution to 5y + 8 = 22 When y = 6,
5y + 8
becomes 5 (6) + 8
= = = =
22 22 22 22
30 + 8 22
Example 11.18
6 is a solution to 5y + 8 = 22
Verify that 5 is not a solution to a 1 = 2a + 3.
When a = 5,
a1
becomes
= = = =
2a + 3 25+3 10 + 3 13
a false statement, verifying that
51 51 4
is not a solution to a 1 = 2a + 3
Example 11.19
Verify that -2 is a solution to 3m 2 = 4m 16.
When m = 2,
3m 2
becomes 3 (2) 2
= = =
4m 16 8 16 8
= 4 (2) 16
6 2 8
is a solution to 3m 2 = 4m 16
643
Verify that 5 is a solution to m + 6 = 11. Verify that 5 is a solution to 2m 4 = 14.
Verify that 0 is a solution to 5x + 1 = 1.
Verify that 3 is not a solution to 3y + 1 = 4y + 5. Verify that -1 is a solution to 6m 5 + 2m = 7m 6.
Equivalent Equations
Some equations have precisely the same collection of solutions. Such equations are called equivalent equations. For example, x 5 = 1, x + 7 = 11, and x = 4 are all equivalent equations since the only solution to each is x = 4. (Can you verify this?)
11.4.4 Solving Equations
We know that the equal sign of an equation indicates that the number represented by the expression on the left side is the same as the number represented by the expression on the right side. This number is the same as this number
x x+7 x5
= = =
Table 11.1
4 11 -1
Addition/Subtraction Property of Equality From this, we can suggest the addition/subtraction property of equality.
Given any equation,
1. We can obtain an equivalent equation by adding the same number to both sides of the equation. 2. We can obtain an equivalent equation by subtracting the same number from both sides of the equation.
The Idea Behind Equation Solving The idea behind equation solving is to
isolate the variable on one side of the equation. Signs of operation (+, -, ,) are used to associate two numbers. For example, in the expression 5 + 3, the numbers 5 and 3 are associated by addition. An association can be undone by performing the opposite operation. The addition/subtraction property of equality can be used to undo an association that is made by addition or subtraction. Subtraction is used to undo an addition. Addition is used to undo a subtraction. The procedure is illustrated in the problems of .
644
Use the addition/subtraction property of equality to solve each equation.

Example 11.20
x + 4 = 6. 4 is associated with x by addition. Undo the association by subtracting 4 from both sides. x+44=64 x+0=2 x=2
Check: When x = 2, x + 4 becomes

The solution to x + 4 = 6 is x = 2.
Example 11.21
m 8 = 5. 8 is associated with m by subtraction. Undo the association by adding 8 to both sides. m8+8=5+8 m + 0 = 13 m = 13
Check: When m = 13,

becomes
a true statement. The solution to m 8 = 5 is m = 13.
3 5 = y 2 + 8. Before we use the addition/subtraction property, we should simplify as much as possible. 3 5 = y 2 + 8 8 = y + 6 6 is associated with y by addition. Undo the association by subtracting 6 from both sides. 8 6 = y + 6 6 14 = y + 0 14 = y This is equivalent to y = 14.
Example 11.22
Check: When y = 14,

3 5 = y 2 + 8
645 becomes ,
a true statement.
The solution to 3 5 = y 2 + 8 is y = 14.

Example 11.23
5a + 1 + 6a = 2. Begin by simplifying the left side of the equation.
5a + 1 + 6a = 2
5+6=1
a + 1 = 2 1 is associated with a by addition. Undo the association by subtracting 1 from both sides. a + 1 1 = 2 1 a + 0 = 3 a = 3
Check: When a = 3,
5a + 1 + 6a = 2
becomes a true statement. ,
The solution to 5a + 1 + 6a = 2 is a = 3.
Example 11.24
7k 4 = 6k + 1. In this equation, the variable appears on both sides. We need to isolate it on one side. Although we can choose either side, it will be more convenient to choose the side with the larger coecient. Since 8 is greater than 6, we'll isolate k on the left side. 7k 4 = 6k + 1 Since 6k represents +6k , subtract 6k from each side. 7k 4 6k = 6k + 1 6k
76=1 66=0
k 4 = 1 4 is associated with k by subtraction. Undo the association by adding 4 to both sides. k4+4=1+4 k=5
Check: When k = 5,
7k 4 = 6k + 1
becomes
a true statement.
646

The solution to 7k 4 = 6k + 1 is k = 5.
Example 11.25
8 + x = 5. -8 is associated with x by addition. Undo the by subtracting -8 from both sides. Subtracting -8 we get (8) =+8. We actually add 8 to both sides. 8 + x + 8 = 5 + 8 x = 13
Check: When x = 13
8 + x = 5
becomes ,
a true statement.
The solution to 8 + x = 5 is x = 13.
y+9=4
Exercise 11.4.7
a 4 = 11
Exercise 11.4.8
1 + 7 = x + 3
Exercise 11.4.9
8m + 4 7m = (2) (3)
Exercise 11.4.10
12k 4 = 9k 6 + 2k
Exercise 11.4.11
3 + a = 4
11.4.5 Exercises
For the following 10 problems, verify that each given value is a solution to the given equation.
x 11 = 5, x = 16
y 4 = 6, y = 2
2m 1 = 1, m = 1
5y + 6 = 14, y = 4
647
3x + 2 7x = 5x 6, x = 8
6a + 3 + 3a = 4a + 7 3a, a = 1
8 + x = 8, x = 0
8b + 6 = 6 5b, b = 0
4x 5 = 6x 20, x = 15 2 3y + 7 = 2y 15, y = 22 5
Exercise 11.4.21
Solve each equation. Be sure to check each result.

Exercise 11.4.22
y6=5
Exercise 11.4.23
m+8=4
Exercise 11.4.24
k1=4
Exercise 11.4.25
h9=1
Exercise 11.4.26
a + 5 = 4
Exercise 11.4.27
b 7 = 1
Exercise 11.4.28
x+49=6
Exercise 11.4.29
y 8 + 10 = 2 z+6=6
w 4 = 4
Exercise 11.4.32
x+79=6
Exercise 11.4.33
y2+5=4
Exercise 11.4.34
m + 3 8 = 6 + 2
Exercise 11.4.35
z + 10 8 = 8 + 10
Exercise 11.4.36
2+9=k8
Exercise 11.4.37
5 + 3 = h 4
648
Exercise 11.4.38

3m 4 = 2 m + 6
Exercise 11.4.39
5a + 6 = 4a 8
Exercise 11.4.40
8b + 6 + 2b = 3b 7 + 6b 8
12h 1 3 5h = 2h + 5h + 3 (4)
4a + 5 2a = 3a 11 2a 9n 2 6 + 5n = 3n (2) (5) 6n
Calculator Exercises Exercise 11.4.44 Exercise 11.4.45 Exercise 11.4.46 Exercise 11.4.47 Exercise 11.4.48
y 2.161 = 5.063
a 44.0014 = 21.1625
0.362 0.416 = 5.63m 4.63m
8.078 9.112 = 2.106y 1.106y

4.23k + 3.18 = 3.23k 5.83
6.1185x 4.0031 = 5.1185x 0.0058

21.63y + 12.40 5.09y = 6.11y 15.66 + 9.43y
0.029a 0.013 0.034 0.057 = 0.038 + 0.56 + 1.01a
calculators an example of a ratio or a rate? (Section 7.2) Is 712 students
(Section 7.5) Convert 3 8 % to a decimal.

(Section 7.6) 0.4% of what number is 0.014?
(Section 8.3) Use the clustering method to estimate the sum: 89 + 93 + 206 + 198 + 91 (Section 11.3) Combine like terms: 4x + 8y + 12y + 9x 2y .
649
11.5 Solving Equations of the Form ax=b and x/a=b5

Multiplication/ Division Property of Equality Combining Techniques in Equations Solving
11.5.2 Multiplication/ Division Property of Equality
Recall that the equal sign of an equation indicates that the number represented by the expression on the left side is the same as the number represented by the expression on the right side. From this, we can suggest the multiplication/division property of equality.
Multiplication/Division Property of Equality
Given any equation,
1. We can obtain an equivalent equation by multiplying both sides of the equation by the same nonzero number, that is, if c = 0, then a = b is equivalent to ac=bc 2. We can obtain an equivalent equation by dividing both sides of the equation by the same nonzero number, that is, if c = 0, then a = b is equivalent to b a c = c The multiplication/division property of equality can be used to undo an association with a number that multiplies or divides the variable.
Use the multiplication / division property of equality to solve each equation.

Example 11.26
6y = 54 6 is associated with y by multiplication. Undo the association by dividing both sides by 6

6y 6 )6y )6
= 54 6
9
)54 )6
y=9
Check: When y = 9
6y = 54
becomes , a true statement. The solution to 6y = 54 is y = 9.
650
Example 11.27
x 2

= 27. -2 is associated with x by division. Undo the association by multiplying both sides by -2.
x (2) 2 = (2) 27
)2
x )2
= (2) 27
x = 54
Check: When x = 54,

x 2
= 27
becomes
a true statement. The solution to

3a 7 x 2
= 27 is x = 54
= 6. We will examine two methods for solving equations such as this one.
Example 11.28
Method 1: Use of dividing out common factors.

=6 7 is associated with a by division. Undo the association by multiplying both sides by 7.
a 7 37 =76 Divide out the 7's. 3a 7
)7
3a )7
= 42
3a = 42 3 is associated with a by multiplication. Undo the association by dviding both sides by 3.

3a 3 )3a )3
= 42 3 = 14
a = 14
Check: When a = 14,

3a 7
=6
651 becomes
, a true statement. The solution to

3a 7
= 6 is a = 14.
Method 2: Use of reciprocals

Recall that if the product of two numbers is 1, the numbers are reciprocals. Thus reciprocals.
3 7
and
7 3
are
=6 3 Multiply both sides of the equation by 7 3 , the reciprocal of 7 .

7 3
1
3a 7
3a 7
1
7 3
6
2
)7 )3
1
)3a )7
1
7 )3
1
)6 1
1 a = 14 a = 14
Notice that we get the same solution using either method.
8x = 24 -8 is associated with x by multiplication. Undo the association by dividing both sides by -8.
8x 8
Example 11.29
24 = 8
8x 8
24 = 8
x = 3
Check: When x = 3,
8x = 24
becomes ,
a true statement.
Example 11.30
x = 7. Since x is actually 1 x and (1) (1) = 1, we can isolate x by multiplying both sides of the
652 equation by 1.
(1) (x) = 1 7 x = 7
Check: When x = 7,
x = 7
becomes
The solution to x = 7 is x = 7.
Use the multiplication/division property of equality to solve each equation. Be sure to check each solution.
Exercise 11.5.1
7x = 21
Exercise 11.5.2
5x = 65
x 4
Exercise 11.5.3
= 8 =6
Exercise 11.5.4
3x 8
Exercise 11.5.5
y = 3
Exercise 11.5.6
k = 2
11.5.3 Combining Techniques in Equation Solving
Having examined solving equations using the addition/subtraction and the multiplication/division principles of equality, we can combine these techniques to solve more complicated equations. When beginning to solve an equation such as 6x 4 = 16, it is helpful to know which property of equality to use rst, addition/subtraction or multiplication/division. Recalling that in equation solving we are trying to isolate the variable (disassociate numbers from it), it is helpful to note the following. To associate numbers and letters, we use the order of operations. 1. Multiply/divide 2. Add/subtract To undo an association between numbers and letters, we use the order of operations in reverse. 1. Add/subtract 2. Multiply/divide
653
Solve each equation. (In these example problems, we will not show the checks.)
6x 4 = 16 -4 is associated with x by subtraction. Undo the association by adding 4 to both sides. 6x 4 + 4 = 16 + 4 6x = 12 6 is associated with x by multiplication. Undo the association by dividing both sides by 6
6x 6
Example 11.31
12 6
x = 2 8k + 3= 45. 3 is associated with k by addition. Undo the association by subtracting 3 from both sides. 8k + 3 3= 45 3 8k = 48 -8 is associated with k by multiplication. Undo the association by dividing both sides by -8.
8k 8
Example 11.32
48 8
k=6
Example 11.33
5m 6 4m = 4m 8 + 3m. Begin by solving this equation by combining like terms.
m 6 = 7m 8 Choose a side on which to isolate m. Since 7 is greater than 1, we'll isolate m on the right side. Subtract m from both sides. m 6 m = 7m 8 m 6 = 6m 8 8 is associated with m by subtraction. Undo the association by adding 8 to both sides. 6 + 8 = 6m 8 + 8 2 = 6m 6 is associated with m by multiplication. Undo the association by dividing both sides by 6.
2 6 1 3
6m 6
Reduce.
=m
Notice that if we had chosen to isolate m on the left side of the equation rather than the right side, we would have proceeded as follows:
m 6 = 7m 8 Subtract 7m from both sides. m 6 7m = 7m 8 7m

654

6m 6= 8 Add 6 to both sides, 6m 6 + 6= 8 + 6 6m= 2 Divide both sides by -6.
6m 6
=
1 3
2 6
m=
This is the same result as with the previous approach.

Example 11.34
2 7 is associated with x by division. Undo the association by multiplying both sides by 7. )7 7

8x )7
8x 7 =
= 7 (2) 14
8x 7 =
8x= 14 8 is associated with x by multiplication. Undo the association by dividing both sides by 8.
)8x )8
7 4
x=
7 4
Solve each equation. Be sure to check each solution.

Exercise 11.5.7
5m + 7= 13 3a 6 = 9
2a + 10 3a = 9
11x 4 13x = 4x + 14
3m + 8 = 5m + 1
Exercise 11.5.12
5y + 8y 11= 11
655
11.5.4 Exercises
Solve each equation. Be sure to check each result.

Exercise 11.5.13
7x = 42
Exercise 11.5.14
8x = 81
Exercise 11.5.15
10x = 120 11x = 121
6a = 48
Exercise 11.5.18
9y = 54
Exercise 11.5.19
3y = 42
Exercise 11.5.20
5a= 105
Exercise 11.5.21
2m= 62
Exercise 11.5.22
3m= 54
x 4 y 3
Exercise 11.5.23
=7 = 11

z 6 = w 5
14
Exercise 11.5.26
=1
Exercise 11.5.27
3m 1= 13 4x + 7= 17 2 + 9x= 7
5 11x = 27
Exercise 11.5.31
32 = 4y + 6
Exercise 11.5.32
5 + 4 = 8m + 1
Exercise 11.5.33
3k + 6 = 5k + 10
656

4a + 16 = 6a + 8a + 6
6x + 5 + 2x 1 = 9x 3x + 15
9y 8 + 3y + 7 = 7y + 8y 5y + 9
Exercise 11.5.37
3a = a + 5
Exercise 11.5.38
5b= 2b + 8b + 1
3m + 2 8m 4 = 14m + m 4
5a + 3 = 3
Exercise 11.5.41
7x + 3 x = 0
5a 7 2m 9 3x 4 8k 3 3a 8 5m 6
7g + 4 11g = 4g + 1 + g = 10 =4
9 2
Exercise 11.5.46
= 32
3 2
Exercise 11.5.47
=0
Exercise 11.5.48
25 3 =0
(Section 8.4) Use the distributive property to compute 40 28.
Exercise 11.5.50
(Section 9.5) Approximating by 3.14, nd the approximate circumference of the circle.
Exercise 11.5.51
(Section 9.6) Find the area of the parallelogram.
657
3(415)2 . 5
(Section 11.4) Solve the equation x 14 + 8 = 2.
11.6 Applications I: Translating Words to Mathematical Symbols6

Translating Words to Symbols
11.6.2 Translating Words to Symbols
Practical problems seldom, if ever, come in equation form. The job of the problem solver is to translate the problem from phrases and statements into mathematical expressions and equations, and then to solve the equations. As problem solvers, our job is made simpler if we are able to translate verbal phrases to mathematical expressions and if we follow the ve-step method of solving applied problems. To help us translate from words to symbols, we can use the following Mathematics Dictionary. MATHEMATICS DICTIONARY Word or Phrase Sum, sum of, added to, increased by, more than, and, plus Dierence, minus, subtracted from, decreased by, less, less than Product, the product of, of, multiplied by, times, per Quotient, divided by, ratio, per Equals, is equal to, is, the result is, becomes A number, an unknown quantity, an unknown, a quantity
Table 11.2
Mathematical Operation + -
x (or any symbol)
658
Translate each phrase or sentence into a mathematical expression or equation.

Example 11.35
9 +
Nine more than some number.

x
Translation: 9 + x.
Example 11.36
18
Eighteen minus a number.

x
Translation: 18 x.
Example 11.37
y
A quantity less ve.

5
Translation: y 5.
Example 11.38
4
Four times a number is sixteen.

x = 16
Translation: 4x = 16.
Example 11.39
1 5
One fth of a number is thirty.

1 5n n = n 5 30
Translation:
= 30, or
= 30.
Example 11.40
5
Five times a number is two more than twice the number.

x = 2 + 2 x
Translation: 5x = 2 + 2x.

Twelve more than a number. Eight minus a number. An unknown quantity less fourteen. Six times a number is fty-four. Two ninths of a number is eleven.
659
Three more than seven times a number is nine more than ve times the number. Twice a number less eight is equal to one more than three times the number.
commas. They set o terms.

A number
0 B Bxdivided @
Sometimes the structure of the sentence indicates the use of grouping symbols. We'll be alert for minus six, is twelve
1 6 = 12 C C A
by four,
4
Translation:
x 4
6 = 12.
Some phrases and sentences do not translate directly. We must be careful to read them properly. The word from often appears in such phrases and sentences. The word from means a point of departure for motion. The following translation will illustrate this use.
Example 11.42
Translation: x 20. The word from indicated the motion (subtraction) is to begin at the point of some number.
Example 11.43
Ten less than some number. Notice that less than can be replaced by from.
Ten from some number. Translation: x 10.

A number divided by eight, plus seven, is fty.
A number divided by three, minus the same number multiplied by six, is one more than the number. Nine from some number is four.
Five less than some quantity is eight.
660
11.6.3 Exercises
Translate each phrase or sentence to a mathematical expression or equation.

Exercise 11.6.12
A quantity less twelve. Six more than an unknown number. A number minus four. A number plus seven. A number increased by one. A number decreased by ten. Negative seven added to some number. Negative nine added to a number. A number plus the opposite of six. A number minus the opposite of ve. A number minus the opposite of negative one. A number minus the opposite of negative twelve. Eleven added to three times a number. Six plus ve times an unknown number. Twice a number minus seven equals four. Ten times a quantity increased by two is nine. When fourteen is added to two times a number the result is six. Four times a number minus twenty-nine is eleven. Three fths of a number plus eight is fty. Two ninths of a number plus one fth is forty-one. When four thirds of a number is increased by twelve, the result is ve.
Exercise 11.6.13 Exercise 11.6.14 Exercise 11.6.15 Exercise 11.6.16 Exercise 11.6.17 Exercise 11.6.18 Exercise 11.6.19 Exercise 11.6.20 Exercise 11.6.21 Exercise 11.6.22 Exercise 11.6.23 Exercise 11.6.24 Exercise 11.6.25 Exercise 11.6.26 Exercise 11.6.27 Exercise 11.6.28 Exercise 11.6.29 Exercise 11.6.30 Exercise 11.6.31 Exercise 11.6.32
661
When seven times a number is decreased by two times the number, the result is negative one.
When eight times a number is increased by ve, the result is equal to the original number plus twenty-six.
Five more than some number is three more than four times the number. When a number divided by six is increased by nine, the result is one. A number is equal to itself minus three times itself. A number divided by seven, plus two, is seventeen.
A number divided by nine, minus ve times the number, is equal to one more than the number. When two is subtracted from some number, the result is ten. When four is subtracted from some number, the result is thirty-one. Three less than some number is equal to twice the number minus six.
Thirteen less than some number is equal to three times the number added to eight.
When twelve is subtracted from ve times some number, the result is two less than the original number.
Exercise 11.6.45
When one is subtracted from three times a number, the result is eight less than six times the original number.
When a number is subtracted from six, the result is four more than the original number.
When a number is subtracted from twenty-four, the result is six less than twice the number.
A number is subtracted from nine. This result is then increased by one. The result is eight more than three times the number.
Exercise 11.6.49
Five times a number is increased by two. This result is then decreased by three times the number. The result is three more than three times the number.
Exercise 11.6.50
Twice a number is decreased by seven. This result is decreased by four times the number. The result is negative the original number, minus six.
Exercise 11.6.51
Fifteen times a number is decreased by fteen. This result is then increased by two times the number. The result is negative ve times the original number minus the opposite of ten.
662
(Section 4.7)
8 9
Exercise 11.6.53
17 (Section 5.3) Find the value of 21 40 + 30 .

1 1 + 41 (Section 5.4) Find the value of 3 12 3 + 14.
(Section 6.3) Convert 6.11 1 5 to a fraction.

3x 4
(Section 11.5) Solve the equation
+ 1 = 5.
11.7 Applications II: Solving Problems7

The Five-Step Method Number Problems Geometry Problems
11.7.2 The Five Step Method
We are now in a position to solve some applied problems using algebraic methods. The problems we shall solve are intended as logic developers. Although they may not seem to reect real situations, they do serve as a basis for solving more complex, real situation, applied problems. To solve problems algebraically, we will use the ve-step method.
Strategy for Reading Word Problems
When solving mathematical word problems, you may wish to apply the following "reading strategy." Read the problem quickly to get a feel for the situation. Do not pay close attention to details. At the rst reading, too much attention to details may be overwhelming and lead to confusion and discouragement. After the rst, brief reading, read the problem carefully in phrases. Reading phrases introduces information more slowly and allows us to absorb and put together important information. We can look for the unknown quantity by reading one phrase at a time.
Five-Step Method for Solving Word Problems
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Let x (or some other letter) represent the unknown quantity. Translate the words to mathematical symbols and form an equation. Draw a picture if possible. Solve the equation. Check the solution by substituting the result into the original statement, not equation, of the problem. Write a conclusion.
If it has been your experience that word problems are dicult, then follow the ve-step method carefully. Most people have trouble with word problems for two reasons: 1. They are not able to translate the words to mathematical symbols. (See Section 11.5.)
663 2. They neglect step 1. After working through the problem phrase by phrase, to become familiar with the situation, INTRODUCE A VARIABLE
11.7.3 Number Problems
What number decreased by six is ve? Step 1: Let n represent the unknown number. Step 2: Translate the words to mathematical symbols and construct an equation. Read phrases. What number: n decreased by: six: is:
6 }n 6 = 5 =
ve: 5 Step 3: Solve this equation. n 6 = 5 Add 6 to both sides. n6+6=5+6 n = 11 Step 4: Check the result. When 11 is decreased by 6, the result is 11 6, which is equal to 5. The solution checks. Step 5: The number is 11.
Example 11.45
When three times a number is increased by four, the result is eight more than ve times the number. Step 1: Let x =the unknown number. Step 2: Translate the phrases to mathematical symbols and construct an equation. When three times a number: 3x is increased by: four: the result is: eight: more than: ve times the number:
+ 4 = }3x + 4 = 5x + 8 8 + 5x
Subtract 3x from both sides. Subtract 8 from both sides. Divide both sides by 2.
3x + 4 = 5x + 8. 3x + 4 3x = 5x + 8 3x 4 = 2x + 8
Step 3:
4 8 = 2x + 8 8 4 = 2x 2 = x
664
Step 4: Check this result. Three times 2 is 6. Increasing 6 by 4 results in 6 + 4 = 2. Now, ve times 2 is 10. Increasing 10 by 8 results in 10 + 8 = 2. The results agree, and the solution checks. Step 5: The number is 2
Example 11.46
Consecutive integers have the property that if
n = n+1 n+2 = =
the smallest integer, then the next integer, and the next integer, and so on.
Consecutive odd or even integers have the property that if
n = n+2 n+4 = =
the smallest integer, then the next odd or even integer (since odd or even numbers dier by 2), and the next odd or even integer, and so on.
The sum of three consecutive odd integers is equal to one less than twice the rst odd integer. Find the three integers.
Let
Step 1.
n n+2
= =
the rst odd integer. Then, the second odd integer, and
n+4 = the third odd integer. Step 2. Translate the words to mathematical symbols and construct an equation. Read phrases. The sum of: add some numbers
three consecutive odd integers: is equal to: one less than: twice the rst odd integer:
n, n + 2, n + 4 =
subtract 1 from
}n + (n + 2) + (n + 4) = 2n 1
2n
Subtract 2n from both sides. Subtract 6 from both sides. The rst integer is -7. The second integer is -5. The third integer is -3.
n + n + 2 + n + 4 = 2n 1 3n + 6 = 2n 1 3n + 6 2n = 2n 1 2n
Step 3.
n + 6 = 1 n + 6 6 = 1 6 n = 7 n + 2 = 7 + 2 = 5
n + 4 = 7 + 4 = 3 Step 4. Check this result.

The sum of the three integers is
7 + (5) + (3)
= 12 + (3) = 15
One less than twice the rst integer is 2 (7) 1 = 14 1 = 15. Since these two results are equal, the solution checks.
665 Step 5. The three odd integers are -7, -5, -3.
When three times a number is decreased by 5, the result is -23. Find the number. 1: Let x = 2: 3: 4: Check: 5: The number is
Step Step Step Step Step
.
Exercise 11.7.2
When ve times a number is increased by 7, the result is ve less than seven times the number. Find the number. 1: Let n = 2: 3: 4: Check: 5: The number is
.
Exercise 11.7.3
Two consecutive numbers add to 35. Find the numbers. 1: 2: 3: 4: Check: 5: The numbers are
and
.
Exercise 11.7.4
The sum of three consecutive even integers is six more than four times the middle integer. Find the integers. Step 1: Let x = smallest integer. = next integer. = largest integer. Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Check: Step 5: The integers are ,
, and
666
11.7.4 Geometry Problems
The perimeter (length around) of a rectangle is 20 meters. If the length is 4 meters longer than the width, nd the length and width of the rectangle. Step 1: Let x =the width of the rectangle. Then, x + 4 =the length of the rectangle. Step 2: We can draw a picture.
The length around the rectangle is x + (x + 4) + x + (x + 4) = 20

width length width length
x + x + 4 + x + x + 4 = 20 4x + 8 = 20
Step 3: Subtract 8 from both sides. Divide both sides by 4. Then,
4x = 12 x=3
x+4=3+4=7 Step 4: Check:
Step 5: The length of the rectangle is 7 meters. The width of the rectangle is 3 meters.
The perimeter of a triangle is 16 inches. The second leg is 2 inches longer than the rst leg, and the third leg is 5 inches longer than the rst leg. Find the length of each leg.
Step 1: Let x = length of the rst leg. = length of the second leg. = length of the third leg. Step 2: We can draw a picture. Step 3: Step 4: Check: Step 5: The lengths of the legs are
, and
667
11.7.5 Exercises
For the following 17 problems, nd each solution using the ve-step method.
Exercise 11.7.6
What number decreased by nine is fteen? 1. Let n =the number. 2. 3. 4. Check: 5. The number is
Exercise 11.7.7
What number increased by twelve is twenty? 1. Let n =the number. 2. 3. 4. Check: 5. The number is
.
Exercise 11.7.8
If ve more than three times a number is thirty-two, what is the number? 1. Let x =the number. 2. 3. 4. Check: 5. The number is
Exercise 11.7.9
If four times a number is increased by fteen, the result is ve. What is the number? 1. Let x = 2. 3. 4. Check: 5. The number is
.
When three times a quantity is decreased by ve times the quantity, the result is negative twenty. What is the quantity? Step Step Step Step Step 1. Let x = 2. 3. 4. Check: 5. The quantity is
Exercise 11.7.10
Exercise 11.7.11
If four times a quantity is decreased by nine times the quantity, the result is ten. What is the quantity?
668 Step Step Step Step Step 1. Let y = 2. 3. 4. Check: 5. The quantity is
.
Exercise 11.7.12
When ve is added to three times some number, the result is equal to ve times the number decreased by seven. What is the number? 1. Let n = 2. 3. 4. Check: 5. The number is
Exercise 11.7.13
When six times a quantity is decreased by two, the result is six more than seven times the quantity. What is the quantity? Step Step Step Step Step 1. Let x = 2. 3. 4. Check: 5. The quantity is
.
Exercise 11.7.14
When four is decreased by three times some number, the result is equal to one less than twice the number. What is the number? Step Step Step Step Step 1. 2. 3. 4. Check: 5.
Exercise 11.7.15
When twice a number is subtracted from one, the result is equal to twenty-one more than the number. What is the number? Step Step Step Step Step 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Exercise 11.7.16
The perimeter of a rectangle is 36 inches. If the length of the rectangle is 6 inches more than the width, nd the length and width of the rectangle.
Step 1. Let w =the width. = the length.

669 Step 2. We can draw a picture.
Step 3. Step 4. Check: Step 5. The length of the rectangle is

Exercise 11.7.17
inches, and the width is
inches.
The perimeter of a rectangle is 48 feet. Find the length and the width of the rectangle if the length is 8 feet more than the width. Step 1. Let w =the width. = the length. Step 2. We can draw a picture.
Step 3. Step 4. Check: Step 5. The length of the rectangle is

Exercise 11.7.18
feet, and the width is
feet.
The sum of three consecutive integers is 48. What are they?
Step 1. Let n =the smallest integer. = the next integer. = the next integer. Step 2. Step 3. Step 4. Check: Step 5. The three integers are
Exercise 11.7.19
, and
The sum of three consecutive integers is -27. What are they?
Step 1. Let n = the smallest integer. = the next integer. = the next integer. Step 2. Step 3. Step 4. Check: Step 5. The three integers are
Exercise 11.7.20
, and
.
The sum of ve consecutive integers is zero. What are they?
Step 1. Let n = Step 2.

670 Step 3. Step 4. Step 5. The ve integers are

Exercise 11.7.21
, and
The sum of ve consecutive integers is -5. What are they? 1. Let n = 2. 3. 4. 5. The ve integers are
, and
Continue using the ve-step procedure to nd the solutions.

Exercise 11.7.22
The perimeter of a rectangle is 18 meters. Find the length and width of the rectangle if the length is 1 meter more than three times the width.
Exercise 11.7.23
The perimeter of a rectangle is 80 centimeters. Find the length and width of the rectangle if the length is 2 meters less than ve times the width. Find the length and width of a rectangle with perimeter 74 inches, if the width of the rectangle is 8 inches less than twice the length.
Find the length and width of a rectangle with perimeter 18 feet, if the width of the rectangle is 7 feet less than three times the length.
Exercise 11.7.26
A person makes a mistake when copying information regarding a particular rectangle. The copied information is as follows: The length of a rectangle is 5 inches less than two times the width. The perimeter of the rectangle is 2 inches. What is the mistake?
Exercise 11.7.27
A person makes a mistake when copying information regarding a particular triangle. The copied information is as follows: Two sides of a triangle are the same length. The third side is 10 feet less than three times the length of one of the other sides. The perimeter of the triangle is 5 feet. What is the mistake? The perimeter of a triangle is 75 meters. If each of two legs is exactly twice the length of the shortest leg, how long is the shortest leg?
If ve is subtracted from four times some number the result is negative twenty-nine. What is the number?
Exercise 11.7.30
If two is subtracted from ten times some number, the result is negative two. What is the number?
Exercise 11.7.31
If three less than six times a number is equal to ve times the number minus three, what is the number?
Exercise 11.7.32
If one is added to negative four times a number the result is equal to eight less than ve times the number. What is the number?
671
Find three consecutive integers that add to -57. Find four consecutive integers that add to negative two. Find three consecutive even integers that add to -24. Find three consecutive odd integers that add to -99.
Suppose someone wants to nd three consecutive odd integers that add to 120. Why will that person not be able to do it? Suppose someone wants to nd two consecutive even integers that add to 139. Why will that person not be able to do it?
Three numbers add to 35. The second number is ve less than twice the smallest. The third number is exactly twice the smallest. Find the numbers.
Exercise 11.7.40
Three numbers add to 37. The second number is one less than eight times the smallest. The third number is two less than eleven times the smallest. Find the numbers.
(Section 6.7) Find the decimal representation of 0.34992 4.32.

Exercise 11.7.42
(Section 7.4) A 5-foot woman casts a 9-foot shadow at a particular time of the day. How tall is a person that casts a 10.8-foot shadow at the same time of the day?
Exercise 11.7.43
1 5 + 15 25 . (Section 8.5) Use the method of rounding to estimate the sum: 4 12
(Section 9.3) Convert 463 mg to cg.
(Section 11.6) Twice a number is added to 5. The result is 2 less than three times the number. What is the number?
672

are associated by arithmetic operation signs. The expressions 3 + 5, 9 2, 5 6 and 8 5 are numerical expressions.
Algebraic Expressions (Section 11.2)
Numerical Expression (Section 11.2) A numerical expression results when numbers
When an arithmetic operation sign connects a letter with a number or a letter with a letter, an algebraic expression results. The expressions 4x + 1, x 5, 7x 6y , and 4x 3 are algebraic expressions.
Terms and Factors (Section 11.2) Terms are parts of sums and are therefore separated by addition (or subtraction) signs. In the expression, 5x 2y , 5x and 2y are the terms. Factors are parts of products and are therefore separated by
multiplication signs. In the expression 5a, 5 and a are the factors.

Coecients (Section 11.2) The coecient of a quantity
records how many of that quantity there are. In the expression 7x, the coecient 7 indicates that there are seven x's.
Numerical Evaluation (Section 11.2) Numerical evaluation is the process of determining
variables in the expression with specied values.

Combining Like Terms (Section 11.3)
the value of an algebraic expression by replacing the
An algebraic expression may be simplied by combining like terms. To combine like terms, we simply add or subtract their coecients then ax the variable. For example 4x + 9x = (4 + 9) x = 13x. that two expressions are equal. The statements 5x + 1 = 3 and equations. The expressions represent the same quantities.
Conditional Equation (Section 11.4) A conditional equation is an equation Equation (Section 11.4) An equation is a statement
4x 5
+4 =
2 5
are
whose truth depends on the value selected for the variable. The equation 3x = 9 is a conditional equation since it is only true on the condition that 3 is selected for x.
Solutions and Solving an Equation (Section 11.4)
The values that when substituted for the variables make the equation true are called the solutions of the equation. An equation has been solved when all its solutions have been found.
Equivalent Equations (Section 11.4)
Equations that have precisely the same solutions are called equivalent equations. The equations 6y = 18 and y = 3 are equivalent equations.
Addition/Subtraction Property of Equality (Section 11.4)
Given any equation, we can obtain an equivalent equation by 1. adding the same number to both sides, or 2. subtracting the same number from both sides.
673
Solving x + a = b and x a = b (Section 11.4) To solve x + a = b, subtract a from both sides.
x+a=b x+aa=ba x=ba

To solve x a = b, add a to both sides.
xa=b xa+a=b+a x=b+a

Multiplication/Division Property of Equality (Section 11.5) Given any equation, we can obtain an equivalent equation by
1. multiplying both sides by the same nonzero number, that is, if c = 0, a = b and a c = b c are equivalent. b 2. dividing both sides by the same nonzero number, that is, if c = 0, a = b and a c = c are equivalent.
Solving ax = b and x a = b (Section 11.5) To solve ax = b, a = 0, divide both sides by
a.
ax
ax a )ax )a
= = = =
x a
b
b a b a b a
To solve
x a x a a )a x )a
= b, a = 0, multiply both sides by a. b ab ab ab
= = =
x =
Translating Words to Mathematics (Section 11.6)
In solving applied problems, it is important to be able to translate phrases and sentences to mathematical expressions and equations.
The Five-Step Method for Solving Applied Problems (Section 11.7) To solve problems algebraically, it is a good idea to use the following ve-step procedure.
After working your way through the problem carefully, phrase by phrase:
1. Let x (or some other letter) represent the unknown quantity. 2. Translate the phrases and sentences to mathematical symbols and form an equation. Draw a picture if possible. 3. Solve this equation. 4. Check the solution by substituting the result into the original statement of the problem. 5. Write a conclusion.
674

11.9.1.1 Algebraic Expressions (Section 11.2)
For problems 1-10, specify each term.

Exercise 11.9.1
6a 2b + 5 c
Exercise 11.9.2
9x 6y + 1
Exercise 11.9.3
7m 3n
Exercise 11.9.4
5h + 2k 8 + 4m
Exercise 11.9.5
x + 2n z
Exercise 11.9.6
y5
Exercise 11.9.7
y 3 z
Exercise 11.9.8
a b c 1
Exercise 11.9.9
4
Exercise 11.9.10
6
Write 1k in a simpler way.
Write 1x in a simpler way. In the expression 7r, how many r's are indicated?
In the expression 12m, how many m's are indicated?

In the expression 5n, how many n's are indicated?
In the expression 10y , how many y 's are indicated?

For problems 17-46, nd the value of each expression.

5a 2s, if a = 5 and s = 1
7n 3r, if n = 6 and r = 2
9x + 2y 3s, if x = 2, y = 5, and s = 3
675
10a 2b + 5c, if a = 0, b = 6, and c = 8
5s 2t + 1, if s = 2 and t = 2 3m 4n + 5, if m = 1 and n = 1
m 4, if m = 4 n = 2, if n = 2
x + 2y , if x = 7 and y = 1
a + 3b 6, if a = 3 and b = 0
5x 4y 7y + y 7x, if x = 1 and y = 2 2a 6b 3a a + 2b, if a = 4 and b = 2 a2 6a + 4, if a = 2
m2 8m 6, if m = 5
4y 2 + 3y + 1, if y = 2 5a2 6a + 11, if a = 0

m 6 a 8
k 2 k 1, if k = 1
h2 2h 3, if h = 4 + 5m, if m = 18

5x 7 3k 4
2a + 1, if a = 24 + 3x 7, if x = 14

6a 5
5k + 18, if k = 16 + 3a + 10, if a = 25 7h 7, if h = 18
Exercise 11.9.40
7h 9
5 (3a + 4b), if a = 2 and b = 2
7 (2y x), if x = 1 and y = 2

676
Exercise 11.9.43

(a b), if a = 0 and b = 6 (x x y ), if x = 4 and y = 4 (y + 2) 6 (y + 2) 6, if y = 2
2 2
(a 7) 2 (a 7) 2, if a = 7
11.9.1.2 Combining Like Terms Using Addition and Subtraction (Section 11.3)
For problems 47-56, simplify each expression by combining like terms.

Exercise 11.9.47
4a + 5 2a + 1
Exercise 11.9.48
7x + 3x 14x
Exercise 11.9.49
7b + 4m 3 + 3n
Exercise 11.9.50
9k 8h k + 6h
Exercise 11.9.51
x + 5y 8x 6x + 7y
Exercise 11.9.52
6n 2n + 6 2 n
Exercise 11.9.53
0m + 3k 5s + 2m s
Exercise 11.9.54
| 8 | a+ | 2 | b | 4 | a
| 6 | h | 7 | k + | 12 | h+ | 4 | | 5 | h | 0 | a 0a + 0
11.9.1.3 Equations of the Form ax = b and x a = b, Translating Words to Mathematical Symbols , and Solving Problems (Section 11.5,Section 11.6,Section 11.7)
For problems 57-140, solve each equation.

Exercise 11.9.57
x+1=5
Exercise 11.9.58
y 3 = 7
Exercise 11.9.59
x + 12 = 10 x 4 = 6
Exercise 11.9.60
677
Exercise 11.9.61
5x = 25 3x = 17
x 2
=6 =3
Exercise 11.9.64
x 8 x
Exercise 11.9.65
15 = 1
Exercise 11.9.66
x 4
= 3
Exercise 11.9.67
3x = 9
Exercise 11.9.68
2x = 5
Exercise 11.9.69
5x = 5
Exercise 11.9.70
3x = 1
Exercise 11.9.71
x 3 a 5
=9 =2
7 = 3y
Exercise 11.9.74
7 =
m 4
x 3 2 5 1 2
Exercise 11.9.75
Exercise 11.9.76
4y =
1 3
Exercise 11.9.77
= 5x = =
k 3
Exercise 11.9.78
1 9 1 6
Exercise 11.9.79
s 6
Exercise 11.9.80
0 4
= 4s
Exercise 11.9.81
x + 2 = 1
Exercise 11.9.82
x 5 = 6
Exercise 11.9.83
3 2 x
=6
678
Exercise 11.9.84
3x + 2 = 7
Exercise 11.9.85
4x 5 = 3
Exercise 11.9.86
x 6
+1=4
Exercise 11.9.87
a 5 4x 3 2x 5 3y 2
3 = 2 =7
+2=8 4=6
m+3=8
Exercise 11.9.92
1x 2 2a 3
=2
Exercise 11.9.93
=5 4=4
Exercise 11.9.94
3x 7 5x 2
Exercise 11.9.95
6 = 10
Exercise 11.9.96
4k 6 = 7
Exercise 11.9.97
3x 2
+1=4 =2
Exercise 11.9.98
6x 4
Exercise 11.9.99
x + 9 = 14
Exercise 11.9.100
y + 5 = 21
Exercise 11.9.101
y + 5 = 7
Exercise 11.9.102
4x = 24
Exercise 11.9.103
4w = 37
Exercise 11.9.104
6y 11 = 13
Exercise 11.9.105
3x + 8 = 7
Exercise 11.9.106
3z + 9 = 51
679
Exercise 11.9.107
x 3 6y 7 w 2
=8 =5
15 = 4
Exercise 11.9.110
x 2 2x 3 3z 4
23 = 10
Exercise 11.9.111
5=8 =
7 8 2x 7
=3
Exercise 11.9.114
3x=4
Exercise 11.9.115
5 y = 2
Exercise 11.9.116
3 z = 2
Exercise 11.9.117
3x + 2 x = 6
Exercise 11.9.118
4x + 1 + 6x = 10
Exercise 11.9.119
6y 6 = 4 + 3y
Exercise 11.9.120
3 = 4a 2a + a
Exercise 11.9.121
3m + 4 = 2m + 1
Exercise 11.9.122
5w 6 = 4 + 2w
Exercise 11.9.123
8 3a = 32 2a
Exercise 11.9.124
5x 2x + 6x = 13
Exercise 11.9.125
x+2=3x
Exercise 11.9.126
5y + 2y 1 = 6y
Exercise 11.9.127
x = 32
Exercise 11.9.128
k = 4
Exercise 11.9.129
3x 2
+4=
5x 2
=6
680
Exercise 11.9.130
x 3

3x 3
2 = 16
Exercise 11.9.131
x2=6x
Exercise 11.9.132
5x 7 2x 3 3x 5 3x 4 3x 7 5y
2x 7
Exercise 11.9.133
+1=5 +3=
2x 5
Exercise 11.9.134
+2 11
Exercise 11.9.135
+5= =
3x 7
3x 4
Exercise 11.9.136
+ 12
Exercise 11.9.137
7y 13 4 = 26 + 1 m =6 10 2
Exercise 11.9.138
3m 5
Exercise 11.9.139
3m 2
+ 1 = 5m
2z 5
Exercise 11.9.140
3z =

For problems 1 and 2 specify each term.

(Section 11.2) 5x + 6y + 3z
(Section 11.2) 8m 2n 4
(Section 11.2) In the expression 9a, how many a's are indicated?
For problems 4-9, nd the value of each expression.

(Section 11.2) 6a 3b, if a = 2, and b = 1. (Section 11.2) 5m + 2n 6, if m = 1 and n = 4. (Section 11.2) x2 + 3x 5, if x = 2.
(Section 11.2) y 2 + 9y + 1, if y = 0.
681
(Section 11.2) a2 + 3a + 4, if a = 4.
2
(Section 11.2) (5 x) + 7 (m x) + x 2m, if x = 5 and m = 5.
For problems 10-12, simplify each expression by combining like terms.

(Section 11.3) 6y + 5 2y + 1
(Section 11.3) 14a 3b + 5b 6a b
(Section 11.3) 9x + 5y 7 + 4x 6y + 3 (2)
For problems 13-22, solve each equation.

(Section 11.4) x + 7 = 15
(Solution on p. 693.) (Solution on p. 693.) (Solution on p. 693.) (Solution on p. 693.) (Solution on p. 693.) (Solution on p. 693.) (Solution on p. 693.) (Solution on p. 693.) (Solution on p. 693.) (Solution on p. 693.) (Solution on p. 693.) (Solution on p. 693.)
(Section 11.4) y 6 = 2 (Section 11.4) m + 8 = 1 (Section 11.4) 5 + a = 4
(Section 11.5) 4x = 104
(Section 11.5) 6y + 3 = 21 (Section 11.5)

5m 6 7y 8
= 10 3
1 4
Exercise 11.10.20
(Section 11.5)
13 4
(Section 11.5) 6x + 5 = 4x 11
(Section 11.5) 4y 8 6y = 3y + 1
(Section 11.6 and Section 11.7) Three consecutive even integers add to -36. What are they?
(Section 11.6 and Section 11.7) The perimeter of a rectangle is 38 feet. Find the length and width of the rectangle if the length is 5 feet less than three times the width.
Exercise 11.10.25
(Section 11.6 and Section 11.7) Four numbers add to -2. The second number is three more than twice the negative of the rst number. The third number is six less than the rst number. The fourth number is eleven less than twice the rst number. Find the numbers.
682

x, 7
3m 6n
5y
a, 2b, c
3x, 5
-28 -3 -6
104 24
-12 -1
31
Addition; multiplication
5x, 18y
8s, 2r, 7t
7a, 2b, 3c, 4d

x, y
m
-30 -3
-14 56 64
683
75 24 39 5
-7 5
181 = 7 13 24 24
20 27
13x
11a + 6b
9m 7n
2a r
11a
4h
3m + 3n
17s r
5h + 9a 18k
0
16m
8h + 7k
5 3
16x 15y 9
684

2 2 11
7 6
Substitute 5 into m + 6 = 11.

Thus, 5 is a solution.
Substitute -5 into 2m 4 = 14.

Thus, -5 is a solution.
Substitute 0 into 5x + 1 = 1.
Thus, 0 is a solution.
Substitute 3 into 3y + 1 = 4y + 5.
Thus, 3 is not a solution.
Substitute -1 into 6m 5 + 2m = 7m 6. solution.

Thus, -1 is a
y = 5
a = 15 x=3
m=2
k = 2
a = 1
Substitute x = 4 into the equation 4x 11 = 5. 16-11=5 5=5 x = 4 is a solution.
Substitute m = 1 into the equation 2m 1 = 1.
685
m = 1 is a solution.
Substitute x = 8 into the equation 3x + 2 7 = 5x 6.
x = 8 is a solution.
Substitute x = 0 into the equation 8 + x = 8.
x = 0 is a solution.
Substitute x = 15 2 into the equation 4x 5 = 6x 20.
x = 15 2 is a solution.
y = 11 k=5
a = 9
x = 11 z=0
x=8
m=1
k = 19
m = 10
b = 21 a = 16
y = 7.224
m = 0.778 k = 9.01
y = 28.06
rate
686
3.5
13x + 18y
x=3
x = 13 x = 32 x = 16
y = 3
k=2
m= 4 a= 5 a=1
x= 3 m= y=0
7 2
x=6
x = 12
a= 8 y = 14
m= 31 x = 28 z = 84
m = 4
x = 1
y = 13 2
k= 2
687
1 x = 11 2 or 5 2
a = 5 4
m= 1 x=0
a = 14 x=6
a=4
40 (30 2) = 1200 80 = 1120 220 sq cm
x=4
12 + x
8x
x 14
6x = 54
2 9x
= 11
3 + 7 x = 9 + 5x
2x 8 = 3x + 1 or 2x 8 = 1 + 3x
x 8 2 3
+ 7 = 50
6x = x + 1
x9=4
x5=8
x 12 x4
x+1
7 + x
688
x + (6)
x [ (1)]
3x + 11
2x 7 = 4
14 + 2x = 6
3 5x 4 3x
+ 8 = 50
+ 12 = 5
8x + 5 = x + 26
x 6
+9=1 + 2 = 17
x 7
x 2 = 10
x 3 = 2x 6
5x 12 = x 2 6x=x+4
9 x + 1 = 3x + 8
2x 7 4x = x 6
3 4
82 3
x = 8
-6 6
17 and 18
-8, -6, and -4
3 inches, 5 inches, and 8 inches 24
689
10
6
Length=12 inches, Width=6 inches 15, 16, 17
-2, -1, 0, 1, 2
Length is 7, width is 2
Length is 15, width is 22
The perimeter is 20 inches. Other answers are possible. For example, perimeters such as 26, 32 are possible.
15 meters
n=0
n=1
-2, -1, 0, 1
-35, -33, -31
. . .because the sum of any even number (in this case, 2) o even integers (consecutive or not) is even and, therefore, cannot be odd (in this case, 139)
2, 15, 20
6 feet tall 46.3 cg
6a, 2b, 5c
7m, 3n
x, 2n, z
y , 3z 4
690
-5
-27 1
-5 0 5
18 20 11 -1
-93 45 55 10 -6
-14
2a + 6
4n + 4m 3
15x + 12y
3k + 2m 6s
38h 7k
x=4
x = 2
x=5
691
x = 12
x = 15 x = 3
x=1
x = 27 y = 7 3
1 x = 15
m = 8 5
s=1
x = 3
x = 4
x = 1 2 a = 5
x = 15 x=5
a = 15 2 x=
8 5
x=2
x=5
y = 12 w = 37 4 x=5
x = 24 w = 38 x = 39 2
692
x = 35 2 y = 3
x= y=
2 3
6 5
m = 3
a = 24 x=
1 2
x = 32
x = 2
x=4
x=6
x=
2 m = 13
32 3
y = 130 3
5x, 6y , 3z
8m, 2n, -4
-9 -9 7
-15 1 0
-5
4y + 6
8a + b
693
13x y 13
x=8
y=8
m = 9
a=1
x = 26
y = 4
m=4
y = 4
x = 8
y=
9 5
-14, -12, -10
l = 13, w = 6
6, -9, 0, 1
694
INDEX
Index of Keywords and Terms

are listed by the section with that keyword (page numbers are in parentheses). Keywords do not necessarily appear in the text of the page. They are merely associated with that section. Ex. apples, 1.1 (1) Terms are referenced by the page they appear on. Ex. apples, 1
Keywords
" .
"invert the divisor and, 257 . Denominate numbers, 420 Acknowledgments, (7) add whole numbers, 30 addends, 30, 69 Adding, 1.1(9), 1.7(62), 1.9(69), 1.10(74) addition, 1.5(29), 30, 1.7(62), 1.8(68), 69, 1.9(69), 1.10(74), 5.1(295), 5.2(296), 5.3(300), 5.4(306), 5.5(310), 5.6(314), 5.7(318), 5.8(323), 5.9(323), 5.10(327), 6.1(339), 6.2(340), 6.3(346), 6.4(350), 6.5(354), 6.6(360), 6.7(371), 6.8(383), 6.9(388), 6.10(394), 6.11(398), 6.12(399), 6.13(402), 10.5(592), 11.3(638) addition/subtraction property of equality, 643 additive identity, 1.7(62), 64, 69, 594 algebra, 11.1(631), 11.2(632), 11.3(638), 11.4(641), 11.5(649), 11.6(657), 11.7(662), 11.8(672), 11.9(674), 11.10(680) algebraic expression, 632 Answers to Practice Sets, 2 approximation, 1.4(21) area, 9.6(542), 542 associative property, 2.6(130) associative property of addition, 1.7(62) base, 155, 7.7(448), 448 base ten, 11, 68 Base Ten Positional Number System, 1.2(10) borrow more than once, 49 borrowing, 1.6(44), 48 Braces, 162 Brackets, 162 Burzynski, (1), 1.1(9), 2.1(91), 3.1(153), 3.2(154), 3.3(162), 3.4(172),
A absolute value, 10.4(588), 588
3.5(180), 3.6(184), 3.7(191), 3.8(193), 3.9(198), 4.1(213), 4.2(214), 4.3(223), 4.4(233), 4.5(244), 4.6(255), 4.7(261), 4.8(268), 4.9(270), 4.10(276), 5.1(295), 5.2(296), 5.3(300), 5.4(306), 5.5(310), 5.6(314), 5.7(318), 5.8(323), 5.9(323), 5.10(327), 6.1(339), 6.2(340), 6.3(346), 6.4(350), 6.5(354), 6.6(360), 6.7(371), 6.8(383), 6.9(388), 6.10(394), 6.11(398), 6.12(399), 6.13(402), 7.1(419), 7.2(419), 7.3(425), 7.4(431), 7.5(437), 7.6(444), 7.7(448), 7.8(459), 7.9(460), 7.10(464), 8.1(477), 8.2(477), 8.3(484), 8.4(487), 8.5(493), 8.6(496), 8.7(496), 8.8(502), 9.1(513), 9.2(514), 9.3(519), 9.4(524), 9.5(532), 9.6(542), 9.7(557), 9.8(559), 9.9(564), 10.1(577), 10.2(578), 10.3(584), 10.4(588), 10.5(592), 10.6(599), 10.7(604), 10.8(613), 10.9(614), 10.10(618), 11.1(631), 11.2(632), 11.3(638), 11.4(641), 11.5(649), 11.6(657), 11.7(662), 11.8(672), 11.9(674), 11.10(680)
C calculator, 1.6(44), 2.3(105)
B Bar, 162
calculators, 1.5(29) cancelling common factors, 235 carrying, 32, 93 circumference, 9.5(532), 534 cluster, 484 clustering, 8.3(484) coecient, 633, 633 combining terms, 11.3(638) commas, 11, 68 common factor, 180 commutative property, 2.6(130) commutative property of addition, 1.7(62) Comparison by division, 420 Comparison of two numbers by subtraction, 420 complex decimals, 347 complex fraction, 314
INDEX
complex fractions, 5.6(314) composite number, 174 conditional equations, 641 constant, 578 conversion, 6.3(346) coordinate, 578 counting numbers, 579 cross products, 233 cube root, 156, 156 cubed, 155
D decimal fraction, 341
695 Ellis, (1), 1.1(9), 2.1(91), 3.1(153), 3.2(154), 3.3(162), 3.4(172), 3.5(180), 3.6(184), 3.7(191), 3.8(193), 3.9(198), 4.1(213), 4.2(214), 4.3(223), 4.4(233), 4.5(244), 4.6(255), 4.7(261), 4.8(268), 4.9(270), 4.10(276), 5.1(295), 5.2(296), 5.3(300), 5.4(306), 5.5(310), 5.6(314), 5.7(318), 5.8(323), 5.9(323), 5.10(327), 6.1(339), 6.2(340), 6.3(346), 6.4(350), 6.5(354), 6.6(360), 6.7(371), 6.8(383), 6.9(388), 6.10(394), 6.11(398), 6.12(399), 6.13(402), 7.1(419), 7.2(419), 7.3(425), 7.4(431), 7.5(437), 7.6(444), 7.7(448), 7.8(459), 7.9(460), 7.10(464), 8.1(477), 8.2(477), 8.3(484), 8.4(487), 8.5(493), 8.6(496), 8.7(496), 8.8(502), 9.1(513), 9.2(514), 9.3(519), 9.4(524), 9.5(532), 9.6(542), 9.7(557), 9.8(559), 9.9(564), 10.1(577), 10.2(578), 10.3(584), 10.4(588), 10.5(592), 10.6(599), 10.7(604), 10.8(613), 10.9(614), 10.10(618), 11.1(631), 11.2(632), 11.3(638), 11.4(641), 11.5(649), 11.6(657), 11.7(662), 11.8(672), 11.9(674), 11.10(680) equal symbol, 30 equation solving, 643 equations, 11.1(631), 11.2(632), 11.3(638), 11.4(641), 11.5(649), 11.6(657), 11.7(662), 11.8(672), 11.9(674), 11.10(680) equivalent fractions, 4.4(233), 233 estimation, 8.1(477), 8.2(477), 478, 8.3(484), 8.4(487), 8.5(493), 8.6(496), 8.7(496), 8.8(502) exact divisions, 383 exam, 1.10(74) Exercise Supplement, 2 exercises, 1.9(69), 1.10(74) Exercises for Review, 2 exponent, 154, 154, 155 exponents, 3.1(153), 3.2(154), 3.3(162), 3.4(172), 3.5(180), 3.6(184), 3.7(191), 3.8(193), 3.9(198) Exponential notation, 154 expressions, 11.1(631), 11.2(632), 632, 11.3(638), 11.4(641), 11.5(649), 11.6(657), 11.7(662), 11.8(672), 11.9(674), 11.10(680)
F factor, 172, 4.7(261), 7.3(425)
decimal fractions, 341 decimal point, 341 decimals, 6.1(339), 6.2(340), 341, 6.3(346), 6.4(350), 6.5(354), 6.6(360), 6.7(371), 6.8(383), 6.9(388), 6.10(394), 6.11(398), 6.12(399), 6.13(402) denominate numbers, 7.2(419), 524 denominator, 215, 515 diameter, 9.5(532), 534 dierence, 45 digits, 11, 68 distributive property, 8.4(487), 488 divide, 2.3(105), 2.4(113), 2.5(126) dividend, 105, 136 divisible by 10, 128 divisible by 2, 126 divisible by 3, 126 divisible by 4, 126 divisible by 5, 127 divisible by 6, 127 divisible by 8, 127 divisible by 9, 128 division, 2.3(105), 105, 2.4(113), 2.5(126), 2.7(136), 136, 2.8(137), 2.9(140), 4.1(213), 4.2(214), 4.3(223), 4.4(233), 4.5(244), 4.6(255), 4.7(261), 4.8(268), 4.9(270), 4.10(276), 6.1(339), 6.2(340), 6.3(346), 6.4(350), 6.5(354), 6.6(360), 6.7(371), 6.8(383), 6.9(388), 6.10(394), 6.11(398), 6.12(399), 6.13(402), 10.7(604) divisor, 105, 136 double-negative, 10.3(584) elementary algebra, (1) elementary math, 1.5(29), 1.6(44), 1.7(62), 1.8(68), 1.9(69), 2.2(92), 2.3(105), 2.5(126), 2.6(130), 2.7(136), 2.8(137), 2.9(140)
E Elementary, 1.2(10), 1.3(15), 1.4(21)
factorization, 3.1(153), 3.2(154), 3.3(162),
696 3.4(172), 3.5(180), 3.6(184), 3.7(191), 3.8(193), 3.9(198) factors, 93, 136, 172, 11.2(632), 632 facts, 2.5(126) rst partial product, 95 ve-step method, 7.4(431) formula, 535 fourth root, 156 fraction, 215 fraction bar, 215 fractions, 4.1(213), 4.2(214), 4.3(223), 4.4(233), 4.5(244), 4.6(255), 4.7(261), 4.8(268), 4.9(270), 4.10(276), 5.1(295), 5.2(296), 5.3(300), 5.4(306), 5.5(310), 5.6(314), 5.7(318), 5.8(323), 5.9(323), 5.10(327), 8.5(493), 579 fractions of one percent, 7.6(444) functions, 11.2(632) Fundamentals, (1), (7), 1.1(9), 2.1(91), 2.2(92), 3.1(153), 3.2(154), 3.3(162), 3.4(172), 3.5(180), 3.6(184), 3.7(191), 3.8(193), 3.9(198), 4.1(213), 4.2(214), 4.3(223), 4.4(233), 4.5(244), 4.6(255), 4.7(261), 4.8(268), 4.9(270), 4.10(276), 5.1(295), 5.2(296), 5.3(300), 5.4(306), 5.5(310), 5.6(314), 5.7(318), 5.8(323), 5.9(323), 5.10(327), 6.1(339), 6.2(340), 6.3(346), 6.4(350), 6.5(354), 6.6(360), 6.7(371), 6.8(383), 6.9(388), 6.10(394), 6.11(398), 6.12(399), 6.13(402), 7.1(419), 7.2(419), 7.3(425), 7.4(431), 7.5(437), 7.6(444), 7.7(448), 7.8(459), 7.9(460), 7.10(464), 8.1(477), 8.2(477), 8.3(484), 8.4(487), 8.5(493), 8.6(496), 8.7(496), 8.8(502), 9.1(513), 9.2(514), 9.3(519), 9.4(524), 9.5(532), 9.6(542), 9.7(557), 9.8(559), 9.9(564), 10.1(577), 10.2(578), 10.3(584), 10.4(588), 10.5(592), 10.6(599), 10.7(604), 10.8(613), 10.9(614), 10.10(618), 11.1(631), 11.2(632), 11.3(638), 11.4(641), 11.5(649), 11.6(657), 11.7(662), 11.8(672), 11.9(674), 11.10(680) fundamentals of mathematics, 2.4(113), 2.5(126), 2.6(130), 2.7(136), 2.8(137), 2.9(140)
G GCF, 181
INDEX
graph, 578 Graphing, 68 Graphing Whole Numbers, 1.2(10) greatest common factor, 3.5(180), 181 greatest common factor (GCF), 181 grouping symbols, 5.5(310)
H Hindu-Arabic, 68
Hindu-Arabic Numeration System, 1.2(10), 11 hyphen, 218 improper fraction, 4.3(223) indeterminant, 108 index, 156 integers, 579 key concepts, 1.8(68) least common multiple, 3.6(184), 186, 186 like denominate numbers, 420 like denominators, 5.2(296) like terms, 11.3(638), 638 line, 13 lowest terms, 4.4(233) math, 1.2(10), 1.3(15), 1.4(21) Mathematics, (1), (7), 1.1(9), 1.7(62), 2.1(91), 2.2(92), 2.3(105), 3.1(153), 3.2(154), 3.3(162), 3.4(172), 3.5(180), 3.6(184), 3.7(191), 3.8(193), 3.9(198), 4.1(213), 4.2(214), 4.3(223), 4.4(233), 4.5(244), 4.6(255), 4.7(261), 4.8(268), 4.9(270), 4.10(276), 5.1(295), 5.2(296), 5.3(300), 5.4(306), 5.5(310), 5.6(314), 5.7(318), 5.8(323), 5.9(323), 5.10(327), 6.1(339), 6.2(340), 6.3(346), 6.4(350), 6.5(354), 6.6(360), 6.7(371), 6.8(383), 6.9(388), 6.10(394), 6.11(398), 6.12(399), 6.13(402), 7.1(419), 7.2(419), 7.3(425), 7.4(431), 7.5(437), 7.6(444), 7.7(448), 7.8(459), 7.9(460), 7.10(464), 8.1(477), 8.2(477), 8.3(484), 8.4(487), 8.5(493), 8.6(496), 8.7(496), 8.8(502), 9.1(513), 9.2(514), 9.3(519), 9.4(524), 9.5(532), 9.6(542), 9.7(557), 9.8(559), 9.9(564), 10.1(577), 10.2(578), 10.3(584), 10.4(588), 10.5(592), 10.6(599), 10.7(604), 10.8(613), 10.9(614), 10.10(618), 11.1(631),
K k-12, (1)
L LCM, 186, 186
M Mass, 521
geometry, 9.1(513), 9.2(514), 9.3(519), 9.4(524), 9.5(532), 9.6(542), 9.7(557), 9.8(559), 9.9(564)
INDEX
11.2(632), 11.3(638), 11.4(641), 11.5(649), 11.6(657), 11.7(662), 11.8(672), 11.9(674), 11.10(680) measurement, 9.1(513), 9.2(514), 514, 9.3(519), 9.4(524), 9.5(532), 9.6(542), 9.7(557), 9.8(559), 9.9(564) metric prexes, 519 metric system, 9.3(519) minuend, 45, 48 minus symbol, 45 mixed numbers, 4.3(223), 226, 5.4(306) multiples, 184 multiplicand, 136 multiplication, 2.2(92), 92, 2.6(130), 2.7(136), 136, 2.8(137), 2.9(140), 4.1(213), 4.2(214), 4.3(223), 4.4(233), 4.5(244), 4.6(255), 4.7(261), 4.8(268), 4.9(270), 4.10(276), 6.1(339), 6.2(340), 6.3(346), 6.4(350), 6.5(354), 6.6(360), 6.7(371), 6.8(383), 6.9(388), 6.10(394), 6.11(398), 6.12(399), 6.13(402), 10.7(604) multiplication statement, 262 multiplicative identity, 2.6(130), 132, 136 multiplier, 92, 136 multiply.", 257 multiplicand, 92
N natural, 579
697 origin, 13, 579

P Parentheses, 162
negative, 10.3(584), 584, 584 negative numbers, 579 non-terminating division, 383 nonterminating divisions, 6.1(339), 6.2(340), 6.3(346), 6.4(350), 6.5(354), 6.6(360), 6.7(371), 6.8(383), 6.9(388), 6.10(394), 6.11(398), 6.12(399), 6.13(402) number, 10, 10, 68 number line, 13, 68 Numbers, 1.2(10), 1.4(21) numeral, 10, 10, 68 Numerals, 1.2(10) numerator, 215, 515 numerical coecient, 633 numerical evaluation, 11.2(632), 634 numerical expression, 632 Opposites, 585 order of numbers, 5.5(310) order of operations, 5.7(318) ordered number system, 310
Parentheses in addition, 69 percent, 7.5(437), 438, 7.7(448), 448 percentage, 7.7(448), 448 percents, 438 perimeter, 9.5(532), 532 period, 68 periods, 11 pi, 9.5(532) plus symbol, 30 polygon, 532 positional, 11 positive, 584 positive fraction, 215 positive improper fractions, 224 positive mixed number, 224 positive number, 584 positive numbers, 579, 10.3(584) positive proper fractions, 223 power, 155 Practice Sets, 1 preface, (1) prime factorization, 175 prime number, 174 product, 93, 136, 172 product statements, 4.7(261) products, 4.7(261) Prociency Exam, 2 proper fraction, 4.3(223) properties, 1.8(68), 2.6(130) proportion, 425, 7.4(431) proportions, 7.3(425) pure numbers, 7.2(419), 420
Q quotient, 105, 136 R radical, 156
O Objectives, 2
radical sign, 156, 156 radicand, 156 radius, 9.5(532), 535 raising a fraction to higher terms, 238 rate, 421, 425 rates, 7.1(419), 7.2(419), 7.3(425), 7.4(431), 7.5(437), 7.6(444), 7.7(448), 7.8(459), 7.9(460), 7.10(464) ratio, 421, 425, 438 rational numbers, 579 ratios, 7.1(419), 7.2(419), 7.3(425), 7.4(431), 7.5(437), 7.6(444), 7.7(448), 7.8(459), 7.9(460), 7.10(464)
698 reading, 1.3(15) reading strategy, 662 real number, 579 real number line, 578 real numbers, 10.3(584) reciprocal, 4.6(255) reciprocals, 255 reduced, 235 reduced to lowest terms, 235 reducing a fraction, 235 relatively prime, 235, 235 remainder, 2.4(113) repeating decimal, 384 roots, 3.1(153), 3.2(154), 3.3(162), 3.4(172), 3.5(180), 3.6(184), 3.7(191), 3.8(193), 3.9(198) round a whole number, 22 rounding, 1.4(21), 21, 69, 8.2(477), 8.5(493)
S
INDEX
5.3(300), 5.4(306), 5.5(310), 5.6(314), 5.7(318), 5.8(323), 5.9(323), 5.10(327), 6.1(339), 6.2(340), 6.3(346), 6.4(350), 6.5(354), 6.6(360), 6.7(371), 6.8(383), 6.9(388), 6.10(394), 6.11(398), 6.12(399), 6.13(402), 10.6(599), 11.3(638) subtrahend, 45, 48 sum, 30, 69 summary, 2.7(136) Summary of Key Concepts, 2 symbols, 11.6(657)
T terminating division, 383
terms, 30, 11.2(632), 632 test, 2.9(140) total product, 95 United States System, 9.2(514) unlike denominate numbers, 420 unlike denominators, 5.3(300) use parentheses, 63 variable, 578 volume, 9.6(542), 547 whole number, 68 Whole Numbers, 1.1(9), 1.2(10), 12, 1.3(15), 1.4(21), 1.5(29), 1.6(44), 1.7(62), 1.8(68), 1.9(69), 1.10(74), 2.2(92), 2.3(105), 2.4(113), 2.5(126), 2.6(130), 2.7(136), 2.8(137), 2.9(140), 3.1(153), 3.2(154), 3.3(162), 3.4(172), 3.5(180), 3.6(184), 3.7(191), 3.8(193), 3.9(198), 579 word problems, 11.6(657) writing, 1.3(15)
U unit fraction, 515
Sample Sets, 1 second partial product, 95 Section Exercises, 2 Section Overview, 1 sign, 584 signed numbers, 10.1(577), 10.2(578), 10.3(584), 10.4(588), 10.5(592), 10.6(599), 10.7(604), 10.8(613), 10.9(614), 10.10(618) simple fraction, 314 simple fractions, 5.6(314) simplied, 524, 638 solutions, 641 solved, 641 square root, 156, 156 squared, 155 standard unit of measure, 514 Subtracting, 1.1(9) subtraction, 1.6(44), 45, 1.8(68), 69, 1.9(69), 1.10(74), 5.1(295), 5.2(296),
V value of a digit, 12
W weight, 521
ATTRIBUTIONS
699
Attributions
Collection: Fundamentals of Mathematics Edited by: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis URL: http://cnx.org/content/col10615/1.4/ License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ Module: "Fundamentals of Mathematics: Preface" Used here as: "Preface" By: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis URL: http://cnx.org/content/m18884/1.4/ Pages: 1-5 Copyright: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ Module: "Fundamentals of Mathematics: Acknowledgements" Used here as: "Acknowledgements" By: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34775/1.2/ Pages: 7-8 Copyright: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Addition and Subtraction of Whole Numbers: Objectives" Used here as: "Objectives" By: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis URL: http://cnx.org/content/m18885/1.4/ Page: 9 Copyright: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ Module: "Addition and Subtraction of Whole Numbers: Whole Numbers" Used here as: "Whole Numbers" By: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34795/1.5/ Pages: 10-15 Copyright: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Addition and Subtraction of Whole Numbers: Reading and Writing Whole Numbers" Used here as: "Reading and Writing Whole Numbers" By: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34778/1.5/ Pages: 15-21 Copyright: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Addition and Subtraction of Whole Numbers: Rounding Whole Numbers" Used here as: "Rounding Whole Numbers" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34780/1.3/ Pages: 21-29 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
700 Module: "Addition and Subtraction of Whole Numbers: Addition of Whole Numbers" Used here as: "Addition of Whole Numbers" By: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34786/1.5/ Pages: 29-44 Copyright: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Addition and Subtraction of Whole Numbers: Subtraction of Whole Numbers" Used here as: "Subtraction of Whole Numbers" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34784/1.5/ Pages: 44-62 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Addition and Subtraction of Whole Numbers: Properties of Addition" Used here as: "Properties of Addition" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34802/1.5/ Pages: 62-67 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Addition and Subtraction of Whole Numbers: Summary of Key Concepts" Used here as: "Summary of Key Concepts" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34798/1.3/ Pages: 68-69 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Addition and Subtraction of Whole Numbers: Exercise Supplement" Used here as: "Exercise Supplement" By: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34800/1.5/ Pages: 69-74 Copyright: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Addition and Subtraction of Whole Numbers: Prociency Exam" Used here as: "Prociency Exam" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34805/1.4/ Pages: 74-75 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
ATTRIBUTIONS
ATTRIBUTIONS
Module: "Multiplication and Division of Whole Numbers: Objectives" Used here as: "Objectives" By: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis URL: http://cnx.org/content/m18888/1.4/ Page: 91 Copyright: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ Module: "Multiplication and Division of Whole Numbers: Multiplication of Whole Numbers" Used here as: "Multiplication of Whole Numbers" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34863/1.2/ Pages: 92-105 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Multiplication and Division of Whole Numbers: Concepts of Division of Whole Numbers" Used here as: "Concepts of Division of Whole Numbers" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34864/1.3/ Pages: 105-113 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Multiplication and Division of Whole Numbers: Division of Whole Numbers" Used here as: "Division of Whole Numbers " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34865/1.2/ Pages: 113-126 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Multiplication and Division of Whole Numbers: Some Interesting Facts about Division" Used here as: "Some Interesting Facts about Division " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34866/1.2/ Pages: 126-130 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Multiplication and Division of Whole Numbers: Properties of Multiplication" Used here as: "Properties of Multiplication " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34867/1.2/ Pages: 130-135 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
701
702 Module: "Multiplication and Division of Whole Numbers: Summary of Key Concepts" Used here as: "Summary of Key Concepts " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34868/1.2/ Pages: 136-137 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Multiplication and Division of Whole Numbers: Exercise Supplement" Used here as: "Exercise Supplement " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34869/1.2/ Pages: 137-140 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Multiplication and Division of Whole Numbers: Prociency Exam" Used here as: "Prociency Exam " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34870/1.2/ Pages: 140-141 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Exponents, Roots, and Factorizations of Whole Numbers: Objectives" Used here as: "Objectives" By: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis URL: http://cnx.org/content/m18890/1.4/ Page: 153 Copyright: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
ATTRIBUTIONS
Module: "Exponents, Roots, and Factorization of Whole Numbers: Exponents and Roots" Used here as: "Exponents and Roots " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34871/1.2/ Pages: 154-162 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Exponents, Roots, Factorization of Whole Numbers: Grouping Symbols and the Order of Operations" Used here as: "Grouping Symbols and the Order of Operations " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34872/1.2/ Pages: 162-172 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
ATTRIBUTIONS
703
Module: "Exponents, Roots, Factorization of Whole Numbers: Prime Factorization of Natural Numbers" Used here as: "Prime Factorization of Natural Numbers" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34873/1.2/ Pages: 172-180 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Exponents, Roots, and Factorizations of Whole Numbers: The Greatest Common Factor" Used here as: "The Greatest Common Factor " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34874/1.2/ Pages: 180-184 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Exponents, Roots, Factorization of Whole Numbers: The Least Common Multiple" Used here as: "The Least Common Multiple" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34876/1.2/ Pages: 184-190 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Exponents, Roots, Factorization of Whole Numbers: Summary of Key Concepts" Used here as: "Summary of Key Concepts" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34877/1.2/ Pages: 191-193 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Exponents, Roots, Factorization of Whole Numbers: Exercise Supplement" Used here as: "Exercise Supplement " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34878/1.2/ Pages: 193-198 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Exponents, Roots, Factorization of Whole Numbers: Prociency Exam" Used here as: "Prociency Exam " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34879/1.2/ Pages: 198-199 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
704
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Module: "Introduction to Fractions and Multiplication and Division of Fractions: Objectives" Used here as: "Objectives " By: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis URL: http://cnx.org/content/m18892/1.3/ Page: 213 Copyright: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ Module: "Introduction to Fractions and Multiplication and Division of Fractions: Fractions of Whole Numbers" Used here as: "Fractions of Whole Numbers " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34908/1.2/ Pages: 214-223 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Introduction to Fractions and Multiplication and Division of Fractions: Proper Fractions, Improper Fractions, and Mixed Numbers" Used here as: "Proper Fractions, Improper Fractions, and Mixed Numbers" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34912/1.2/ Pages: 223-233 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Introduction to Fractions and Multiplication and Division of Fractions: Equivalent Fractions, Reducing Fractions to Lowest Terms, and Raising Fractions to Higher Terms" Used here as: "Equivalent Fractions, Reducing Fractions to Lowest Terms, and Raising Fractions to Higher Terms " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34927/1.3/ Pages: 233-244 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Introduction to Fractions and Multiplication and Division of Fractions: Multiplication of Fractions" Used here as: "Multiplication of Fractions" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34928/1.2/ Pages: 244-255 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Introduction to Fractions and Multiplication and Division of Fractions: Division of Fractions" Used here as: "Division of Fractions" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34929/1.2/ Pages: 255-261 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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705
Module: "Introduction to Fractions and Multiplication and Division of Fractions: Applications Involving Fractions" Used here as: "Applications Involving Fractions " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34930/1.2/ Pages: 261-267 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Introduction to Fractions and Multiplication and Division of Fractions: Summary of Key Concepts" Used here as: "Summary of Key Concepts " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34931/1.2/ Pages: 268-270 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Introduction to Fractions and Multiplication and Division of Fractions: Exercise Supplement" Used here as: "Exercise Supplement " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34932/1.2/ Pages: 270-276 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Introduction to Fractions and Multiplication and Division of Fractions: Prociency Exam" Used here as: "Prociency Exam" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34933/1.2/ Pages: 276-277 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Addition and Subtraction of Fractions, Comparing Fractions, and Complex Fractions: Objectives" Used here as: "Objectives" By: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis URL: http://cnx.org/content/m18893/1.3/ Page: 295 Copyright: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ Module: "Addition and Subtraction of Fractions, Comparing Fractions, and Complex Fractions: Addition and Subtractions of Fractions with Like Denominators" Used here as: "Addition and Subtraction of Fractions with Like Denominators" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34934/1.2/ Pages: 296-300 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
706
ATTRIBUTIONS
Module: "Addition and Subtraction of Fractions, Comparing Fractions, and Complex Fractions: Addition and Subtraction of Fractions with Unlike Denominators" Used here as: "Addition and Subtraction of Fractions with Unlike Denominators" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34935/1.2/ Pages: 300-306 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Addition and Subtraction of Fractions, Comparing Fractions, and Complex Fractions: Addition and Subtraction of Mixed Numbers" Used here as: "Addition and Subtraction of Mixed Numbers" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34936/1.2/ Pages: 306-310 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Addition and Subtraction of Fractions, Comparing Fractions, and Complex Fractions: Comparing Fractions" Used here as: "Comparing Fractions" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34937/1.3/ Pages: 310-314 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Addition and Subtraction of Fractions, Comparing Fractions, and Complex Fractions: Complex Fractions" Used here as: "Complex Fractions " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34941/1.2/ Pages: 314-317 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Addition and Subtraction of Fractions, Comparing Fractions, and Complex Fractions: Combinations of Operations with Fractions" Used here as: "Combinations of Operations with Fractions " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34942/1.3/ Pages: 318-322 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Addition and Subtraction of Fractions, Comparing Fractions, and Complex Fractions: Summary of Key Concepts" Used here as: "Summary of Key Concepts " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34943/1.2/ Page: 323 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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707
Module: "Addition and Subtraction of Fractions, Comparing Fractions, and Complex Fractions: Exercise Supplement" Used here as: "Exercise Supplement " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34944/1.2/ Pages: 323-327 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Addition and Subtraction of Fractions, Comparing Fractions, and Complex Fractions: Prociency Exam" Used here as: "Prociency Exam " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34948/1.2/ Pages: 327-328 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Decimals: Objectives" Used here as: "Objectives" By: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis URL: http://cnx.org/content/m18894/1.3/ Pages: 339-340 Copyright: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ Module: "Decimals: Reading and Writing Decimals" Used here as: "Reading and Writing Decimals" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34957/1.2/ Pages: 340-346 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Decimals: Converting a Decimal to a Fraction" Used here as: "Converting a Decimal to a Fraction" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34958/1.2/ Pages: 346-350 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Decimals: Rounding Decimals" Used here as: "Rounding Decimals" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34959/1.2/ Pages: 350-354 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
708 Module: "Decimals: Addition and Subtraction of Decimals" Used here as: "Addition and Subtraction of Decimals" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34960/1.5/ Pages: 354-360 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Decimals: Multiplication of Decimals" Used here as: "Multiplication of Decimals" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34963/1.2/ Pages: 360-370 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Decimals: Division of Decimals" Used here as: "Division of Decimals" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34968/1.2/ Pages: 371-383 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Decimals: Nonterminating Divisions" Used here as: "Nonterminating Divisions" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34969/1.2/ Pages: 383-388 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Decimals: Converting a Fraction to a Decimal" Used here as: "Converting a Fraction to a Decimal" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34970/1.2/ Pages: 388-394 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Decimals: Combinations of Operations with Decimals and Fractions" Used here as: "Combinations of Operations with Decimals and Fractions" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34971/1.2/ Pages: 394-397 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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Module: "Decimals: Summary of Key Concepts" Used here as: "Summary of Key Concepts" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34972/1.2/ Pages: 398-399 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Decimals: Exercise Supplement" Used here as: "Exercise Supplement" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34978/1.2/ Pages: 399-402 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Decimals: Prociency Exam" Used here as: "Prociency Exam" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34979/1.2/ Pages: 402-403 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Ratios and Rates: Objectives" Used here as: "Objectives" By: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis URL: http://cnx.org/content/m18895/1.3/ Page: 419 Copyright: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ Module: "Ratios and Rates: Ratios and Rates" Used here as: "Ratios and Rates" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34980/1.2/ Pages: 419-424 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Ratios and Rates: Proportions" Used here as: "Proportions" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34981/1.2/ Pages: 425-431 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
709
710 Module: "Ratios and Rates: Applications of Proportions" Used here as: "Applications of Proportions" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34982/1.2/ Pages: 431-437 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Ratios and Rates: Percent" Used here as: "Percent" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34983/1.2/ Pages: 437-444 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Ratios and Rates: Fractions of One Percent" Used here as: "Fractions of One Percent" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m34997/1.2/ Pages: 444-447 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Ratios and Rates: Applications of Percents" Used here as: "Applications of Percents" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35007/1.2/ Pages: 448-458 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Ratios and Rates: Summary of Key Concepts" Used here as: "Summary of Key Concepts" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35008/1.2/ Pages: 459-460 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Ratios and Rates: Exercise Supplement" Used here as: "Exercise Supplement" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35009/1.2/ Pages: 460-464 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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Module: "Ratios and Rates: Prociency Exam" Used here as: "Prociency Exam" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35010/1.2/ Pages: 464-465 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Techniques of Estimation: Objectives" Used here as: "Objectives" By: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis URL: http://cnx.org/content/m18896/1.3/ Page: 477 Copyright: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ Module: "Techniques of Estimation: Estimation by Rounding" Used here as: "Estimation by Rounding" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35011/1.2/ Pages: 477-484 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Techniques of Estimation: Estimation by Clustering" Used here as: "Estimation by Clustering" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35012/1.2/ Pages: 484-487 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Techniques of Estimation: Mental Arithmetic- Using the Distibutive Property" Used here as: "Mental Arithmetic-Using the Distributive Property" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35013/1.2/ Pages: 487-493 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Techniques of Estimation: Estimation by Rounding Fractions" Used here as: "Estimation by Rounding Fractions" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35014/1.2/ Pages: 493-495 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
711
712 Module: "Techniques of Estimation: Summary of Key Concepts" Used here as: "Summary of Key Concepts" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35015/1.2/ Page: 496 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Techniques of Estimation: Exercise Supplement" Used here as: "Exercise Supplement" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35016/1.2/ Pages: 496-502 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Techniques of Estimation: Prociency Exam" Used here as: "Prociency Exam" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35017/1.2/ Pages: 502-504 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Measurement and Geometry: Objectives" Used here as: "Objectives" By: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis URL: http://cnx.org/content/m18897/1.3/ Page: 513 Copyright: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ Module: "Measurement and Geometry: Measurement and the United States System" Used here as: "Measurement and the United States System" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35018/1.2/ Pages: 514-518 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Measurement and Geometry: The Metric System of Measurement" Used here as: "The Metric System of Measurement" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35019/1.2/ Pages: 519-524 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
ATTRIBUTIONS
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Module: "Measurement and Geometry: Simplication of Denominate Numbers" Used here as: "Simplication of Denominate Numbers" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35021/1.2/ Pages: 524-531 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Measurement and Geometry: Perimeter and Circumference of Geometric Figures" Used here as: "Perimeter and Circumference of Geometric Figures" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35022/1.2/ Pages: 532-542 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Measurement and Geometry: Area and Volume of Geometric Figures and Objects" Used here as: "Area and Volume of Geometric Figures and Objects" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35023/1.2/ Pages: 542-556 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Measurement and Geometry: Summary of Key Concepts" Used here as: "Summary of Key Concepts" By: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35024/1.2/ Pages: 557-558 Copyright: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Measurement and Geometry: Exercise Supplement" Used here as: "Exercise Supplement" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35025/1.2/ Pages: 559-564 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Measurement and Geometry: Prociency Exam" Used here as: "Prociency Exam" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35026/1.2/ Pages: 564-568 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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714 Module: "Signed Numbers: Objectives" Used here as: "Objectives" By: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis URL: http://cnx.org/content/m18898/1.3/ Page: 577 Copyright: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ Module: "Signed Numbers: Variables, Constants, and Real Numbers" Used here as: "Variables, Constants, and Real Numbers " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35027/1.2/ Pages: 578-583 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Signed Numbers: Signed Numbers" Used here as: "Signed Numbers " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35029/1.3/ Pages: 584-588 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Signed Numbers: Absolute Value" Used here as: "Absolute Value" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35030/1.3/ Pages: 588-592 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Signed Numbers: Addition of Signed Numbers" Used here as: "Addition of Signed Numbers" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35031/1.2/ Pages: 592-599 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Signed Numbers: Subtraction of Signed Numbers" Used here as: "Subtraction of Signed Numbers" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35032/1.2/ Pages: 599-604 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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Module: "Signed Numbers: Multiplication and Division of Signed Numbers" Used here as: "Multiplication and Division of Signed Numbers" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35033/1.2/ Pages: 604-612 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Signed Numbers: Summary of Key Concepts" Used here as: "Summary of Key Concepts" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35034/1.2/ Pages: 613-614 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Signed Numbers: Exercise Supplement" Used here as: "Exercise Supplement " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35035/1.2/ Pages: 614-618 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Signed Numbers: Prociency Exam" Used here as: "Prociency Exam" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35036/1.2/ Pages: 618-619 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Algebraic Expressions and Equations: Objectives" Used here as: "Objectives" By: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis URL: http://cnx.org/content/m18899/1.3/ Page: 631 Copyright: Denny Burzynski, Wade Ellis License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ Module: "Algebraic Expressions and Equations: Algebraic Expressions" Used here as: "Algebraic Expressions" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35038/1.2/ Pages: 632-638 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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Module: "Algebraic Expressions and Equations: Combining Like Terms Using Addition and Subtraction" Used here as: "Combining Like Terms Using Addition and Subtraction" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35039/1.2/ Pages: 638-641 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Algebraic Expressions and Equations: Solving Equations of the Form x+a=b and x-a=b" Used here as: "Solving Equations of the Form x+a=b and x-a=b" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35044/1.3/ Pages: 641-648 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Algebraic Expressions and Equations: Solving Equations of the Form ax=b and x/a=b" Used here as: "Solving Equations of the Form ax=b and x/a=b" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35045/1.3/ Pages: 649-657 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Algebraic Expressions and Equations: Applications I: Translating Words to Mathematical Symbols" Used here as: "Applications I: Translating Words to Mathematical Symbols" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35046/1.2/ Pages: 657-662 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Algebraic Expressions and Equations: Applications II: Solving Problems" Used here as: "Applications II: Solving Problems" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35047/1.2/ Pages: 662-671 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Algebraic Expressions and Equations: Summary of Key Concepts" Used here as: "Summary of Key Concepts" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35049/1.2/ Pages: 672-673 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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Module: "Algebraic Expressions and Equations: Exercise Supplement" Used here as: "Exercise Supplement " By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35050/1.2/ Pages: 674-680 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Algebraic Expressions and Equations: Prociency Exam" Used here as: "Prociency Exam" By: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski URL: http://cnx.org/content/m35052/1.2/ Pages: 680-681 Copyright: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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Fundamentals of Mathematics is a work text that covers the traditional topics studied in a modern prealgebra course, as well as topics of estimation, elementary analytic geometry, and introductory algebra. It is intended for students who have had a previous course in prealgebra, wish to meet the prerequisite of a higher level course such as elementary algebra, and need to review fundamental mathematical concepts and techniques.
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Since 1999, Connexions has been pioneering a global system where anyone can create course materials and make them fully accessible and easily reusable free of charge. We are a Web-based authoring, teaching and learning environment open to anyone interested in education, including students, teachers, professors and lifelong learners. We connect ideas and facilitate educational communities. Connexions's modular, interactive courses are in use worldwide by universities, community colleges, K-12 schools, distance learners, and lifelong learners. Connexions materials are in many languages, including English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Italian, Vietnamese, French, Portuguese, and Thai. Connexions is part of an exciting new information distribution system that allows for Print on Demand Books. Connexions has partnered with innovative on-demand publisher QOOP to accelerate the delivery of printed course materials and textbooks into classrooms worldwide at lower prices than traditional academic publishers.
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Fundamentals of Mathematics

By: Denny Burzynski Wade Ellis

By: Denny Burzynski Wade Ellis

Online: < http://cnx.org/content/col10615/1.4/ >

............................................................................ ................... 1 ............................................................... ................... 7

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Section Overview Sample Sets Practice Sets

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Section Exercises Exercises for Review Answers to Practice Sets

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Reading and Writing Whole Numbers (Section 1.3)

be able to read and write a whole number

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CHAPTER 1. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF WHOLE NUMBERS

1.2 Whole Numbers2

1.2.2 Numbers and Numerals

is a concept. It exists only in the mind.

is a symbol that represents a number.

1.2.2.2 Practice Set A

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This system of numeration began shortly before

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CHAPTER 1. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF WHOLE NUMBERS

Find the value of 6 in the number 7,261.

Find the value of 9 in the number 86,932,106,005.

Find the value of 2 in the number 102,001.

1.2.4.2 Practice Set B Exercise 1.2.2

(Solution on p. 76.) (Solution on p. 76.) (Solution on p. 76.)

Exercise 1.2.3 Exercise 1.2.4

1.2.5 Whole Numbers

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Graph the following whole numbers: 3, 5, 9.

1.2.6.2 Practice Set C Exercise 1.2.5

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CHAPTER 1. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF WHOLE NUMBERS

Exercise 1.2.8 Exercise 1.2.9

Exercise 1.2.10 Exercise 1.2.11

Our number system, the Hindu-Arabic number system, is a . base

number system with

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Exercise 1.2.32 Exercise 1.2.33

1.3 Reading and Writing Whole Numbers3

Reading Whole Numbers Writing Whole Numbers

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CHAPTER 1. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF WHOLE NUMBERS

1.3.2 Reading Whole Numbers

Write the following numbers as words.

Forty-two thousand, nine hundred fty-eight.

17 2. Beginning at the left, we read each period individually.

Thirty-six trillion, one.

1.3.2.2 Practice Set A

Write each number in words.

(Solution on p. 76.) (Solution on p. 76.) (Solution on p. 76.)

1.3.3 Writing Whole Numbers

Forty-two thousand, nine hundred fty-eight.