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C3.0 Multiple Access Techniques

This document discusses multiple access techniques used in mobile RF communication systems. It introduces time-division duplexing (TDD), frequency-division duplexing (FDD), frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), time-division multiple access (TDMA), and code-division multiple access (CDMA). For CDMA, it explains how direct-sequence spread spectrum works by spreading the baseband signal with a spreading code before transmission and despreading it at the receiver. It also discusses cellular system layout using a hexagonal cell structure and frequency reuse patterns to reduce co-channel interference between cells.

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Pawan Kumar Thakur
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60 views6 pages

C3.0 Multiple Access Techniques

This document discusses multiple access techniques used in mobile RF communication systems. It introduces time-division duplexing (TDD), frequency-division duplexing (FDD), frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), time-division multiple access (TDMA), and code-division multiple access (CDMA). For CDMA, it explains how direct-sequence spread spectrum works by spreading the baseband signal with a spreading code before transmission and despreading it at the receiver. It also discusses cellular system layout using a hexagonal cell structure and frequency reuse patterns to reduce co-channel interference between cells.

Uploaded by

Pawan Kumar Thakur
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C3.

0 Multiple Access Techniques

, Jeng-Han Tsai

Ref: Behzad Razavi, RF Microelectronics, Prentice Hall, 1997.


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Introduction
The modulation and detection techniques provide the basis for communication between only one transmitter and one receiver. For a large number of transceivers in a network, additional methods are required to ensure proper communication among multiple users. Such methods are called multiple access techniques. The complexity of wireless systems mandates that they conform to a standard. In addition to modulation and multiple access techniques, a wireless standard includes such details as frequency bands, timing, and data coding, while defining precise tests for the performance of transceiver.

100'1

Mobile RF Communication
A mobile is one in which users can physically move while communicating with one another. Ex: pager, cellular phones, and cordless phones. The transceiver carried by the user is called the mobile unit, the terminal, or the hand-held unit. The wireless infrastructure is called the base station. Each mobile receiver and transmits information from and to the base station via two RF channels called the forward channel or downlink and the reverse channel or uplink, respectively.

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Cellular System
Each cell is configured as a hexagon and surrounded by six other cells. If the center cell uses a frequency f1 for communication, the six neighboring cells cannot utilize this frequency but the cells beyond the immediate neighbors may. More efficient frequency assignment leads to the 7-cell reuse pattern. Each cell utilizes a group of frequencies.

Simple cellular system

7-cell reuse pattern

The mobile units in each cell are served by a base station, and all of the base station are controlled by a mobile telephone switching office (MTSO).
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Co-Channel Interference
An important issue in a cellular system is how much two cells that use the same frequency interfere with each other, which is called co-channel interference (CCI).

The effect depends on the ratio of the distance between two co-channel cells to the cell radius and is independent of the transmitted power. Given by the frequency reuse plan, this ratio is approximately equal to 4.6 for the 7-cell pattern.

100'1

Hand-off
What happens when a mobile unit roams from cell A to cell B?

Since the power level received from the base station in cell A is insufficient to maintain communication, the mobile must change its server to the base station in cell B. Since adjacent cells do not use the same group of frequencies, the channel must also change, which is called hand-off. Hand-off is performed by the MTSO. Once the level received by the base station in cell A drops below a threshold, the MTSO hands off the mobile to the base station in cell B. To improve the hand-off process, second-generation cellular systems allow the mobile unit to measure the received signal level from different base station.
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Path Loss and Multipath Fading


Propagation of signals in a mobile communication environment is quite complex.

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Multiple Access Techniques


Time-Division Duplexing (TDD)

Frequency-Division Duplexing (FDD)

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Multiple Access Techniques


Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

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Multiple Access Techniques


Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
x1 (t ) xBB1 (t ) W1 (t )
x2 (t ) xBB 2 (t ) W2 (t )

y (t ) [ x1 (t ) x2 (t )] W1 (t ) [ xBB1 (t ) W1 (t ) xBB 2 (t ) W2 (t )] W1 (t ) xBB1 (t ) W1 (t )

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Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)

TRANSMITTER BASEBAND SIGNAL BEFORE SPREADING

TRANSMITTER BASEBAND SIGNAL AFTER SPREADING

RECEIVER BASEBAND SIGNAL BEFORE DESPREAD

RECEIVER BASEBAND SIGNAL AFTER DESPREAD

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