Lect 1 2
Lect 1 2
Lect 1 2
Scope: Provide an introduction to the science and engineering of materials (e.g., metals, ceramics, polymers, and semiconductors).
Objective: Develop an awareness of materials and their properties that, as an engineer, you must rely in the future. To introduce basic concepts, nomenclature, and testing of materials. To reveal the relationships between Processing - Structure - Properties - Performance To develop ideas behind materials selection and design.
Chapter-1: Materials and their classifications A branch of science & engineering that deals with the inter-play between structure, properties and processing of materials Properties Materials Science Materials Engineering
Structure Processing Materials Science: investigates relationship between structure & properties of materials Materials Engineering: On the basis of materials science, designing and/or engineering the materials structure to produce desired properties
Properties Materials Science Investigating the relationship between structure and properties of materials.
Processing
Texturing, Temperature, Time, Transformations
Properties characterization
Crystal structure Defects Microstructure Microscopy: Optical, transmission electron, scanning tunneling X-ray, neutron, e- diffraction Spectroscopy
MatSE
Mechanical (e.g., stress-strain) Thermal Electrical Magnetic Optical Corrosive Deteriorative characteristics
Iron and Steel Alloys and Superalloys (e.g. aerospace applications) Intermetallic Compounds (high-T structural materials) Ferrous Steels Stainless Steels High Speed Steels Cast Irons Non-Ferrous Aluminium Copper Brass Titanium, etc
Thus, metals can be formed and machined easily, and are usually long-lasting materials. They do not react easily with other elements, however, metals such as Fe and Al do form compounds readily (such as ores) so they must be processed to extract base metals. One of the main drawbacks is that metals do react with chemicals in the environment, such as iron-oxide (rust). Many metals do not have high melting points, making them useless for many applications.
Oxides (alumina insulation and abrasives, zirconia dies for metal extrusion and abrasives) Carbides (tungsten-carbide tools) Nitrides (cubic boron nitride, 2nd in hardness to diamond)
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Semiconductors define the Digital Revolution and Information Age. Starting with extremely pure crystalline form, their electrical conductions can be controlled by impurity doping (and defect). The result is a tiny electrical switching called a "transistor". Transistors (at present) can be packed to about 1 billion in the size of a Lincoln Penny. Applications and Examples Computer CPUs Electrical components (transistors, diodes, etc.) Solid-state lasers Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) Flat panel displays Solar cells Radiation detectors Microelectromechanical devices (MEMS)
Properties of Materials
An alternative to major classes, you may divide materials into classification according to properties. One goal of materials engineering is to select materials with suitable properties for a given application, so its a sensible approach. Just as for classes of materials, there is some overlap among the properties, so the divisions are not always clearly defined
Properties of Materials Electrical properties A. Electrical conductivity and resistivity Dielectric properties A. Polarizability B. Capacitance C. Ferroelectric properties D. Piezoelectric properties E. Pyroelectric properties Magnetic properties A. Paramagnetic properties B. Diamagnetic properties C. Ferromagnetic properties
Properties of Materials Optical properties A. Refractive index B. Absorption, reflection, and transmission C. Birefringence (double refraction) Corrosion properties Deteriorative properties Biological properties A. Toxicity B. bio-compatibility
Annealing T (C)
Ductility (%EL)
T (0C)
Wt % Zn
Which one is single crystal? Why? These reflect the effects of processing.
Fig. 1.2 Callister
Requires Consideration of Materials The right materials for the job - sometimes need a new one.
We will learn about the fundamentals of Processing Structure Properties Performance We will learn that sometime only simple considerations of property requirements chooses materials. Consider in your engineering discipline what materials that are used and why. Could they be better?