HOW TO WIND YOUR OWN AUDIO TRANSFORMERS

HOW TO WIND YOUR OWN OUTPUT TRANSFORMERS WHEN YOU CANT FIND THE TRANSFORMER YOU WANT Circuits involving tube or solid-state components frequently require non-standard audio output transformers. This document describes simplified methods of calculating the primary/secondary, ratios, wire sizes, and numbers of turns for low-impedance matching transformers wound on salvaged cores..CRAIG KENDRICK SELLEN Project builders and experimenters occasionally need a small impedance matching audio transformer with an uncommon impedance ratio. When such a transformer is specially wound its cost is usually prohibitively high compared to the total cost of the project in while it is to be used. However, with a few calculations and a little work on your part, you can duplicate many unusual transformers or any special audio coupling or matching transformer to suit your needs. The techniques prescribed in this document are limited to transformers of average size and low-to-medium impedance. It is impractical to duplicate subminiature transformers that normally cost only $1 or less and high-impedance transformers that require many turns of very fine wire. Throughout this document, you will find the term volt amperes (VA) used in the same manner that watts is used for power. This usage involves an assumption which is not quite true. However, for this type of work, if you accept the assumption that the two are equal, the results will be acceptable. Calculations involved in designing an audio transformer are covered by the nine steps outlined in the box. To see how these steps work, lets design a typical transformer. Assume that a transistor output transformer with a 130-ohm primary and a 4/8/16-ohm secondary is needed to match the output of an RCA CA3020 IC to a loudspeaker. By referring to the mail-order catalogs, we find that the full output of the IC is 0.5 watt. The nearest thing you can find in the catalog is a 125-ohm center-tapped transformer thats rated at 300 mW. This transformer could be used, but you can make one that will be just as good and design it for a full watt of power if space and weight requirements permit. First calculate the core area required. Note, however, that the core area applies only to the crossectional area of the cores center leg as shown in Fig. 1. Referring to Fig. 2, we

find that the graph shows an approximate core area of 0.18 sq in. will suit our requirements. (We can use an approximation since the actual core area is not too critical.) Second. Determine the turns ratio from the impedance ratio. Since we know the primary and lowest secondary impedances to be used, plug in 130 and 4 into the equation: Ratio = the square root of (130/4): 1 = 5.7:1. Hence, the actual turns ratio required shows 5.7 turns in the primary winding for every turn in the secondary winding. Thrid. Next, determine the D.C. voltage to be applied to the transformers primary. In this case, we desire 9-volt operation. The CA3020 employs a push-pull output. So, bear in mind that an 18-volt figure must be used in all primary calculations. Four. Calculate the wire size needed for the primary winding. Since we have decided to design the transformer to handle 1 watt of power, let us first determine how much current will be handled by the primary: I = (VA/Vcc) = 1/9 = 0.111 Amp. Now, because of the pushpull division of the current, we divide the primary current by two for determining the wire size; this gives us 55mA in each half of the primary winding. If 700 circular mils/ampere is desired refer to the Wire Table (column four) and locate the current at or greater than 55mA. Column one shows that #34 wire will safely handle 57mA, the nearest figure to 55mA. This size is quite small and difienlt to work with, so choose #28 wire for ease of winding. Five. We will have to make some assumptions now in determining the number of primary turns to be used. For this calculation, we will use 2Vcc (2 times Vcc!), or 18 volts, and an area of 0.18 sq in, for our 1-watt transformer. The frequency we will arbitrarily settle on as being 100Hz. For flux density BM in gauss/sq in., any figure between 40,000 and 90,000 can be used; well settle on 70,000 to be conservative: 2Vcc x 10_8 Primary Turns = --------------------------------4.44 x A x f x BM So, 320 turns will be close enough. Six. Having calculated the number of primary turns, we use the turns ratio formula to calculate the number of secondary turns needed. This is a step-down-type transformer, so we divide the number of primary turns by the turns ratio: Secondary Turns = Primary Turns/Turns Ratio = 320/5.7 = 56 turns. Seven. Secondary wire size is determined by the current ratio method. Secondary current is equal to the primary current multiplied by the turns ratio: 0.111 x 5.7 = 0.64 A. The = 18 x 10_8 ------------------------------------ = 321 4.44 (0.18) (100) (70,000)

secondary wire size is determined by the same method as used for the primary. At 700 circular mils/ampere, the Wire Table indicates a 577mA current capacity for #24 and 728 mA for #23 wire. Since 640 mA is about midway between the two sizes, we will settle on #23 wire. Eight. Finally the 8 and 16-ohm taps must be calculated. Again, refer to the turns ratio formula, and determine the turns ratio for 8 and 16 ohms separately. Then use these ratios with the primary turns to determine the exact number of turns required for each impedance: 16-ohm ratio = the square root of (130/16): 1 = 2.86: 1; 8-ohm ratio = the square root of (130/8) : 1 = 4.04: 1. Secondary turns = 320/2.86 = 112 turns for the 16-ohm ratio; Secondary turns = 320/4.04 = 79 turns for the 8-ohm ratio. Hence, the composite secondary will consist of 112 turns of wire with taps at the 56th and 79th turns. Now that we have all of the design parameters, we can proceed to assembling our special-purpose transformer. Assembling the transformer from the design parameters derived from the above procedure is easy. We know that the core area must be about 0.18 sq in. The simplest and least expensive way of obtaining a suitable core is to salvage an old audio output transformer. Many such transformers have a core area of 0.25 sq in. If about a quarter of the laminations are removed, approximately the correct dimensions will be obtained (about 0.185 sq in.). Disassemble the salvage transformer, and remove and discard the windings, but reserve the plastic winding bobbin if it has one. If no bobbin is available, you can make one from an index card or heavy waxed (butchers paper. This bobbin should easily slide over the core leg and be a little shorter than the center leg of the laminations. Slide the bobbin onto a length of wood to serve as a winding handle. Then begin winding the primary turns onto the bobbin, starting and ending along the 1/2 side of the bobbin to avoid having the ends exit from the core windows when the bobbin is in place. Ordinary scatter winding is acceptable in most cases; but if space is limited, you might have to close-wind the turns. Our hypothetical transformer has a further complication: The primary winding is center-tapped. it must be wound so that both sides of the winding are balanced. To do this we will use the bifilar winding method shown in fig. 3. For our 320-turn primary winding, we wind two wires onto the bobbin simultaneously, side by side, until there are 160 double turns on the bobbin. Then to complete the bifilar winding, we connect one end of one wire to the opposite end of the other wire and solder on a 5 length of stranded hookup wire to make the center tap. Two more stranded wires soldered to the free ends of the primary windings complete the primary assembly. Color code the wires so that the center tap is easily identifiable. Make sure that each soldered connection is well insulated from the others; then wrap a layer or two of plastic tape over the windings.

Now wind the secondary turns onto the bobbin. Count the turns as you go, and make a pig-tail tap leads at the 56th and 79th turns for the 4- and 8-ohm taps (see Fig. 4.). Use color coded stranded hookup wires for the winding ends and taps so that each can be easily identifiable. Again, make sure that the solder connections are well insulated from each other, and wrap a layer or two of electrical tape over the assembly to prevent the windings from unraveling. Slip the bobbin assembly off the winding handle. Orient the primary leads to one side and the secondary leads to the other side of the bobbin. Then slip the bobbin onto the center leg of the transformer core laminations. Assemble the transformer. Testing the completed transformer is not really necessary if you exercised care during assembly and followed each step exactly as described. However, if you want to be on the safe side, you can test the transformer with the aid of an audio signal generator, two ac VTVMs or VOMs or DMMs an 8-ohm load resistor, and a 1000-ohm (1K) potentiometer as shown in Fig. 5. Set the generators amplitude control for an output of several volts at 1000 Hz (1 kHz). Adjust the potentiometer for minimum resistance so that both meters have an identical reading. Now, increase the resistance of the potentiometer until meter #2 indicates exactly one half its original indication while making sure that meter #1 remains at the original voltage setting. Since changing the resistance of the potentiometer decreases the load on audio generator, meter #1 will indicate an increase in voltage. Simply reduce the generators output level to return meter #1 to the original voltage setting. After jockeying back and forth between the generators amplitude control and the potentiometer a few times, you should be able to arrive at settings where meter #1 indicates the original voltage and meter #2 indicates exactly half of its original voltage. When this occurs, remove the potentiometer from the circuit without upsetting its final setting and measure its resistance. This resistance should be equal (or as near as possible) to the transformers input impedance, or 130 ohms. However, if the transformer is loaded with an incorrect impedance (say, the 8-ohm load resistor connected across the 4- or 16-ohm output leads), it will reflect an incorrect impedance into the primary. As a matter of fact, if you use a 3.2-ohm speaker on the 4-ohm transformer output, primary impedance somewhat lower than that for which the transformer was designed will be reflected. But if you plan to use such a speaker with the transformer, you could easily have plugged into the equations the 3.2-ohm figure for the 4-ohm figur e.