Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 109 views

    OSI Layers

    Uploaded by

    Mir-Saddam Hussain Chandio
    The document discusses protocol architectures and reference models for computer networking. It describes the need for protocols to allow different systems to communicate through a common language. It introduces the OSI reference model as a standard architecture with seven layers, each providing functions for layers above and using functions from layers below. The layers include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite as the most widely used standard protocol architecture.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    OSI Layers

    Uploaded by

    Mir-Saddam Hussain Chandio
    109 views25 pages
    The document discusses protocol architectures and reference models for computer networking. It describes the need for protocols to allow different systems to communicate through a common language. It introduces the OSI reference model as a standard architecture with seven layers, each providing functions for layers above and using functions from layers below. The layers include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite as the most widely used standard protocol architecture.

    Original Description:

    overview of OSI layers

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses protocol architectures and reference models for computer networking. It describes the need for protocols to allow different systems to communicate through a common language. It introduces the OSI reference model as a standard architecture with seven layers, each providing functions for layers above and using functions from layers below. The layers include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite as the most widely used standard protocol architecture.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    109 views25 pages

    OSI Layers

    Uploaded by

    Mir-Saddam Hussain Chandio
    The document discusses protocol architectures and reference models for computer networking. It describes the need for protocols to allow different systems to communicate through a common language. It introduces the OSI reference model as a standard architecture with seven layers, each providing functions for layers above and using functions from layers below. The layers include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite as the most widely used standard protocol architecture.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 25

    PROTOCOLS & REFERENCE MODELS

    Protocols

    Cooperative action is necessary


    Computer

    Networking is not only to exchange bytes Huge system with several utilities & functions

    For proper communication, entities is different systems must speak the same language These conventions and associated rules are referred as PROTOCOLS

    Need For Protocol Architecture

    data exchange can involve complex procedures, cf. file transfer example better if task broken into subtasks implemented separately in layers in stack
    each

    layer provides functions needed to perform comms for layers above using functions provided by layers below

    peer layers communicate with a protocol

    Key Elements of a Protocol


    syntax - data format semantics - control info & error handling timing - speed matching & sequencing

    Figure

    Tasks involved in sending a letter (Breaking Task in layers)

    Standard Protocol Architectures

    Two Approaches (Standard)


    OSI

    reference model

    Never

    used widely But well known


    TCP/IP
    Most

    Protocol suite

    widely used

    The OSI Model

    Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.

    Reference model
    Provides general frame work for standardization Defines a set of layers and services provided by each layer One or more protocols can be developed for each layer

    Delivered too late (Published in 1984)!


    By that time TCP/IP started to become de facto standard Although no OSI based protocol survived but the model is still valid

    Seven layers of OSI Model

    Interaction between layers in OSI Model

    Exchange of Data using OSI Model

    Physical Layer

    Physical Interface between devices Characteristics


    Mechanical Interface specs Electrical Voltage levels for bits, transmission rate

    Data Link Layer


    Error Detection & Control Higher layers may assume error free transmission Link to link (Point to point) Later a sub-layer is added to data link layer

    MAC Sub-layer To deal with broadcast networks

    Hop-to-hop delivery

    Network Layer

    Transfer of information through communication Network Higher layers do not need to know underlying technology Not needed on direct links QoS & congestion control are also addressed in this layer Several other internetworking issues
    E.g.

    Differences in addressing, max data length etc

    Source-to-destination delivery

    Transport layer

    Exchange of data end to end If needed, upper layer data are split into smaller units

    Reliable Process to process delivery of a message

    Session Layer

    Control of dialogues
    Whose turn to talk? Dialogue disciple (half/full duplex) Check pointing & recovery

    Presentation Layer

    Data formats & Coding Data Compression Encryption

    Application Layer

    Support for various protocols

    Summary of layers

    You might also like