PHASOR DIAGRAMS

) cos( ) ( ) cos( ) ( + = Z = Z = + = t Y t y Y Y U U t U t u
M M M M
A phasor is a vector whose magnitude is the maximum value of a quantity
(eg V or I) and which rotates counterclockwise in a 2-d plane with
constant angular velocity .
A diagram containing phasor is called phasor diagram.
t
0
T
T
2
1
T 2
T
2
3

N
O
P
A
o
t A A
o
sin =
The projection of OP on the vertical axis (0y) is ON, which represents
the instantaneous value.
A
o
is the peak value of the quantity.
y y
EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB
=
0
cos t
PHASOR DIAGRAMS
A phasor is a vector that rotates
counterclockwise around the
origin at angular frequency .
The length of the phasor(radius)
represents the peak value of the
quantity.
t is a phase angle. If there are
more than one phasor in the
diagram, there can be multiple
phase angles.
EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB
PHASOR DIAGRAMS
The coordinate of the emf at any instant is the value of E
max
sin q. Observe
for incremental angles in steps of 45
0
. Same is true for i.
q
45
0
90
0
135
0
180
0
270
0
360
0
E
Radius = E
max
E =E
max
sin q
EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB
The magnitude of the instantaneous value of
the emf represented by this phasor is:
a. Increasing
b. Decreasing
c. Constant
d. Need to know t
The magnitude of the instantaneous value of
the emf represented by this phasor is:
a. Increasing
b. Decreasing, since it is travelling CCW
EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB
Phasors Phasors for L,C,R for L,C,R
i
wt
w
V
R
i
wt
w
V
C

Suppose:
t
i
V
R
0
1
V
C
11
0
i
i
0
1
V
L
1
i
wt
w
V
L
PHASOR DIAGRAMS
Display all relevant phasorson a common reference frame
Very useful to visualize phase relationships among variables.
Especially if some variable, like the frequency, can change
LEARNING EXAMPLE
SKETCH THE PHASOR DIAGRAM FOR THE CIRCUIT
Any one variable can be chosen as reference.
For this case select the voltage V
CV j
L j
V
R
V
I
S

+ + = : KCL
| | | |
C L
I I >
INDUCTIVE CASE
| | | |
C L
I I <
CAPACITIVE CASE
e) (capacitiv |
) (inductive |
CV j I
C
=
l j
V
I
L

=
LEARNING EXAMPLE
DO THE PHASOR DIAGRAM FOR THE CIRCUIT
C L R S
C
L
R
V V V V
I
C j
V
LI j V
RI V
+ + =
=
=
=

1
It is convenient to select
the current as reference
1. DRAW ALL THE PHASORS
| | | |
C L
V V >
) ( 377
1
= s 2. PUT KNOWN NUMERICAL VALUES
| | | |
R C L
V V V =
Z = 90 2 12
S
V REFERENCE WITH DIAGRAM
Read values from
diagram!
s) (Pythagora
) ( 45 12 V V
R
Z =
) ( 45 3 A I Z =
Z = 45 6
C
V
) ( 135 18 V V
L
Z =
LEARNING BY DOING
PHASE IN ARE
AND WHICH AT FREQUENCY THE FIND ) ( ) ( t i t v

+
) (t v
lineal - co are for phasors the i.e., ) ( ), ( t v t i
RI LI j I
C j
V + + =

1
C
L
R
I
LI j
I
C j
1
RI
RI LI j I
C j
V + + =

1
PHASOR DIAGRAM
0
1
= +
C j
L j I V

iff lineal - co are and

LC
1
2
=
) / ( 10 162 . 3 10
10 10
1
4 9
6 3
2
s rad = =

=


Hz f
3
10 033 . 5
2
= =

Notice that Iwas

chosen as reference
EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB
Resonance in RLC series circuit
Z
f X
L

R
f
1
X
C

0
f
Z R X X
L C
, , ,
r
f
Graph of impedance Z, inductive
reactance X
L
, capacitive reactance X
C
and resistance Rwith frequency.
The series resonance circuit is
used for tuning a radio receiver.
A varying capacitor changes the
resonance frequency of the tuning
circuit in your radio to match the
station to be received.
I
V
R
R
V
L
L
V
C
V
C

r
=1/
this frequency will produce
the maximum current in the
RLC circuit:
at
r
, energy is transferred
back and forth between
inductor and capacitor.
C
EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB
Resonance in RLC series circuit
Z
f X
L

R
f
1
X
C

0
f
Z R X X
L C
, , ,
r
f
The graph shows that :
at low frequency, impedance Z
is large because 1/C is large.
at high frequency, impedance Z
is high because L is large.
at resonance, impedance Z is minimum (Z = R) which is
( )
2
C L
2
X X R Z + =
C L
X X =
0 R Z
2
+ =
min
R Z =
min
LC
f
C f
L f
r
r
r

2
1
2
1
2
=
=
resonant
frequency
and I is maximum
R
V
Z
V
I = =
EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB
Phase Angle
The impedance of an RLC circuit
is defined as:
Z =
and has units of ohms.
Ohms Law for ac circuits can be
written as:
I =
0
/Z
This is for peak values only.
2
C L
2
) X - (X R +
From the diagram on the right we see that:
tan =(V
L
- V
C
)/V
R
tan =(X
L
- X
C
)I/IR
=tan
-1
(X
L
- X
C
)/R
LEARNING EXTENSION
Draw a phasordiagram illustrating all voltages and currents
Z
Z
Z
=

= 45 4
435 . 63 472 . 4
90 4
4 2
4
1
I
j
j
I
) ( 435 . 18 578 . 3
1
A I Z =
Current
divider
Z
Z
Z
=

= 45 4
435 . 63 472 . 4
0 2
4 2
1
2
I
j
I
Z = 435 . 108 789 . 1
2
I
1 2
I I I = than Simpler
) ( 435 . 18 156 . 7 2
1
V I V Z = =
DRAW PHASORS. ALL ARE
KNOWN. NO NEED TO SELECT
A REFERENCE
EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB
BASIC ANALYSIS USING KIRCHHOFFS LAWS
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
For relatively simple circuits use
divider voltage and Current
KVL KCL AND
and combining for rules The
i.e., analysis; for AC law s Ohm'
Y Z
IZ V =
For more complex circuits use
PSPICE
MATLAB
theorems s Norton' and s Thevenin'
tion transforma Source
ion Superposit
analysis Loop
analysis Node
LEARNING EXAMPLE
COMPUTE ALL THE VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS
) 4 8 || 6 ( 4 j j Z
eq
+ =
2 8
48 24 8 32
2 8
48 24
4
j
j j
j
j
Z
eq
+
+ + +
=
+
+
+ =
) ( 964 . 30 604 . 9
036 . 14 246 . 8
45 196 . 79
2 8
56 56
O Z =
Z
Z
=
+
+
=
j
j
Z
eq
) ( 036 . 29 498 . 2
964 . 30 604 . 9
60 24
1
A
Z
V
I
eq
S
Z =
Z
Z
= =
) ( 036 . 29 498 . 2
036 . 14 246 . 8
90 6
2 8
6
1 3
A I
j
j
I Z
Z
Z
=
+
=
) ( 036 . 29 498 . 2
036 . 14 246 . 8
565 . 26 944 . 8
2 8
4 8
1 2
A I
j
j
I Z
Z
Z
=
+

=
3 2 2 1
90 4 90 6 I V I V Z = Z =
Z = Z = Z = 105 82 . 1 58 . 11 71 . 2 06 . 29 5 . 2
3 2 1
I I I
) ( 15 28 . 7
) ( 42 . 78 26 . 16
2
1
V V
V V
Z =
Z =
2 1
3 2
1
V for V law s Ohm'
I I for divider current Use
I Compute
,
,
LEARNING EXTENSION
S O
V V COMPUTE , IF Z = 45 8
S
1 2
1
3
V COMPUTE
I I COMPUTE
V COMPUTE
I COMPUTE
,
THE PLAN...
) ( 45 4 ) (
2
3
A A
V
I
O
Z = =
Z Z = = 45 4 45 8 ) 2 2 (
3 1
I j V
) ( 0 314 . 11
1
V V Z =
) ( 90 657 . 5
90 2
0 314 . 11
2
1
2
A
j
V
I Z =
Z
Z
= =
Z + Z = + = 45 4 90 657 . 5
3 2 1
I I I
) )( 828 . 2 828 . 2 ( 657 . 5
1
A j j I + + =
) ( 829 . 2 828 . 2
1
A j I =
Z + = + = 0 314 . 11 ) 829 . 2 828 . 2 ( 2 2
1 1
j V I V
S
) ( 658 . 5 97 . 16 V j V
S
=
Z = 439 . 18 888 . 17
S
V
EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB
ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
PURPOSE: TO REVIEW ALL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS TOOLS DEVELOPED FOR RESISTIVE
CIRCUITS; I.E., NODE AND LOOP ANALYSIS, SOURCE SUPERPOSITION, SOURCE
TRANSFORMATION, THEVENINS AND NORTONS THEOREMS.
0
I COMPUTE
1. NODE ANALYSIS
0
1 1 1
0 2
1 1
2 2 1
=

+ + Z
+ j
V V
j
V
Z = 0 6
2 1
V V
) (
1
2
0
A
V
I =
0
1 1
0 2
1 1
0 6
2
2
2
=

+ + Z
+
Z
j
V
V
j
V
1 1
6
2
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
2
j j j
V
+
+ =
(

+ +
+
1 1
6 ) 1 1 ( 2
) 1 1 )( 1 1 (
) 1 1 ( ) 1 1 )( 1 1 ( ) 1 1 (
2
j
j
j j
j j j j
V
+
+ +
=
+
+ + + +
2 8
1
4
2
j
j
V + =

2
) 1 )( 4 (
2
j j
V
+
=
NEXT: LOOP ANALYSIS
) (
2
3
2
5
0
A j I
|
.
|

\
|
= Z = 96 . 30 92 . 2
0
I
EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB
2. LOOP ANALYSIS
SOURCE IS NOT SHARED AND Io IS
DEFINED BY ONE LOOP CURRENT
Z = 0 2
1
I : 1 LOOP
0 ) )( 1 ( 0 6 ) )( 1 (
3 2 2 1
= + + Z + + I I j I I j : 2 LOOP
3
I FIND MUST
3 0
I I =
0 ) )( 1 (
3 3 2
= + + I I I j : 3 LOOP
) 2 )( 1 ( 6 ) 1 ( 2
3 2
+ = + j I j I
0 ) 2 ( ) 1 (
3 2
= + I j I j
) 2 ( /*
) 1 ( /*

j
( ) ) 2 8 )( 1 ( ) 2 ( 2 ) 1 (
3
2
j j I j j + =
4
6 10
3

=
j
I
) (
2
3
2
5
0
A j I + =
ONE COULD ALSO USE THE SUPERMESH
TECHNIQUE
2
I
0 ) 1 ( ) (
0 ) ( 0 6 ) 1 (
0 2
3 2 3
3 2 1
2 1
= +
= + Z + +
Z =
I j I I
I I I j
I I
: 3 MESH
: SUPERMESH
: CONSTRAINT
3 2 0
I I I =
NEXT: SOURCE SUPERPOSITION
EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB
Circuit with current
source set to zero(OPEN)
1
L
I
1
L
V
Circuit with voltage source
set to zero (SHORT CIRCUITED)
2
L
I
2
L
V
SOURCE SUPERPOSITION
=
+
The approach will be useful if solving the two circuits is simpler, or more convenient,
than solving a circuit with two sources
Due to the linearity of the models we must have
2 1 2 1
L L L L L L
V V V I I I + = + = Principle of Source Superposition
We can have any combination of sources. And we can partition any way we find convenient
EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB
3. SOURCE SUPERPOSITION
1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 ( || ) 1 ( ' =
+
+
= + =
j j
j j
j j Z
) ( 0 1
'
0
A I Z =
) 1 ( || 1 " j Z =
) ( 0 6
1
"
"
"
1
V
j Z
Z
V Z
+ +
= ) ( 0 6
1
"
"
"
0
A
j Z
Z
I Z
+ +
=
) ( 6
1
2
1
2
1
"
0
A
j
j
j
j
j
I
+ +

=
6
3 ) 1 (
1
"
0
j j
j
I
+ +

=
) (
4
6
4
6
"
0
A j I =
) (
2
3
2
5
"
0
'
0 0
A j I I I
|
.
|

\
|
= + =
NEXT: SOURCE TRANSFORMATION
" Z
"
0
I COMPUTE TO
TION TRANSFORMA SOURCE USE COULD
EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB
Source transformation is a good tool to reduce complexity in a circuit ...
WHEN IT CAN BE APPLIED!!
Source Transformationcanbe used to determine the Theveninor Norton Equivalent...
BUT THERE MAY BE MORE EFFICIENT TECHNIQUES
ideal sources are not good models for real behavior of sources
A real battery does not produce infinite current when short-circuited
+
-
Impr oved model
f or vol t age sour ce
Impr oved model
f or cur r ent sour ce
S
V
V
R
S
I
I
R
a
b
a
b
S S
I V
RI V
R R R
=
= =
WHEN S EQUIVALENT ARE MODELS THE
V
Z
I
Z
S S
I V
ZI V
Z Z Z
=
= =
EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB
4. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION
j V 2 8 ' + =
j
j
I
S
+
+
=
1
2 8
O = + = 1 ) 1 ( || ) 1 ( j j Z
=
+
+
= =
j
j I
I
S
1
4
2
0
Now a voltage to current transformation
2
3 5
) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 )( 4 ( j
j j
j j
=
+
+
NEXT: THEVENIN
EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB
LINEAR CIRCUI T
May cont ai n
i ndependent and
dependent sour ces
wi t h t hei r cont r ol l i ng
var i abl es
PART A
LINEAR CIRCUIT
May cont ai n
i ndependent and
dependent sour ces
wi t h t hei r cont r ol l i ng
var i abl es
PART B
a
b _
O
v
+
i
THEVENINS EQUIVALENCE THEOREM
LINEAR CIRCUIT
PART B
a
b _
O
v
+
i

+
TH
R
TH
v
PART A
TheveninEquivalent Circuit
for PART A
Resistance Equivalent Thevenin
Source Equivalent Thevenin
TH
TH
R
v
Impedance
TH
Z
Phasor
EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB
5. THEVENIN ANALYSIS
2
6 10 j
O = + = 1 ) 1 ( || ) 1 ( j j Z
TH
) (
2
3 5
0
A
j
I

=
= +
+ +

= ) 2 8 (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
j
j j
j
V
OC
Voltage Divider
j 2 8+
NEXT: NORTON
EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB
LINEAR CIRCUI T
May cont ai n
i ndependent and
dependent sour ces
wi t h t hei r cont r ol l i ng
var i abl es
PART A
LINEAR CIRCUIT
May cont ai n
i ndependent and
dependent sour ces
wi t h t hei r cont r ol l i ng
var i abl es
PART B
a
b _
O
v
+
i
NORTONS EQUIVALENCE THEOREM
Resistance Equivalent Thevenin
Source Equivalent Thevenin
N
N
R
i
LINEAR CIRCUI T
PART B
a
b _
O
v
+
i
N
R
N
i
PART A
Norton Equivalent Circuit
for PART A
Phasors
Impedance
N
Z
N
Z
EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB
6. NORTON ANALYSIS
) (
1
2 8
1
0 6
0 2 A
j
j
j
I
SC
+
+
=
+
Z
+ Z =
ON SUPERPOSTI BY
Possible techniques: loops, source
transformation, superposition
O = + = 1 ) 1 ( || ) 1 ( j j Z
TH
=

+
= =
j
j I
I
SC
1
4
2
0
2
3 5
) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 )( 4 ( j
j j
j j
=
+
+