Lessons in

Spiritual
Economics
Fromthe Bhagavad-gita
Part One
Understanding and Solving
the Economic Problem

Dhanesvara Das


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Bhagavad-gita As It Is, Sri Isopanisad, and Srimad-Bhagavatam text
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2009-2010 Dhanesvara Das (Don Rousse).
Printed version ISBN: 1451589719






Dedicated

To my spiritual father and eternal master,
His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
who trained me in the spiritual science and blessed me
with the realization of these concepts, and

to my material father and mother,
Armand and Bertha Rousse,
who gave me this body, a good and loving home,
and a good education,
all of which have helped me to understand
the concepts of Spiritual Economics





Invocation
Let me offer my most humble obeisances
at the lotus feet of my spiritual master,
His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada,
who has given me the shelter of his eternal service.
His service is my refuge from the onslaught
of this material world. Let me then offer my obeisances
to the spiritual masters in disciplic succession who have
paved the way for Krishna Consciousness in this world:
Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati Thakura Prabhupada,
Srila Bhaktivinoda Thakura, and the Six Goswamis
of Vrindavana, each of whom have carried the
message of Love from Sri Krishna Chaitanya Mahaprabhu,
and rendered it suitable for the ears of their contemporaries
and posterity. They have all tasted this relishable fruit and
have passed it along for us to taste as maha-prasadam.
We pray for their blessings to make it suitable for our
contemporaries and all those who are willing to
stand in the light of Lord Chaitanyas benediction moon.
Although we are fallen and without qualification we pray also
to be blessed to manifest Sri Krishnas instructions as a
living philosophy in its full splendor, creating a complete
Krishna culture for the benefit of all of the conditioned
souls of this world, now and in the
many years to come.




Table of Contents


Preface 1
Introduction 10
Chapter One Understanding Economic Man 24
Chapter Two Lust, Envy & Greed 64
Chapter Three The Economics of Goodness 95
Chapter Four The Economics of Passion 117
Chapter Five The Economics of Ignorance 160
Chapter Six The Economics of Atheism 212
Chapter Seven Divine and Demonic Consciousness 261
Chapter Eight Understanding and Solving
the Economic Problem 294
Appendices 326
Glossary of Sanskrit Words 337
Notes 344
About the Author 359




Preface

This is not your typical book on economics. Those expecting to
find the usual economic jargon such as hedge funds, derivatives,
exchange rates, balance of trade, deficit spending, monetary policy,
and so on, may be disappointed. But perhaps not. Instead of working
with these typically dry and often sterile ideas I approach economics
in a way that is more realistic and more alive than these concepts can
ever hope to be. I approach economics on the basis of consciousness
and relationships based on that consciousness: relationships between
people, between people and the earth along with all of her other
inhabitants, and between people and God. These are the things that
are the most real to us and that give meaning to our lives. The
manner in which we handle our economic affairs, which is what
most economists concern themselves with, is but a reflection of our
consciousness and of the way we see or understand life and our place
in it. In that sense economics is the most visible demonstration of our
ideas of life. If we desire to change the manner in which we handle
our economics we must first understand the conceptions of life
underlying our economic behaviors; making changes there and living
accordingly, will automatically adjust our economics.
While our economic behaviors do reflect a particular way of life,
they may not be, and in many or even most cases are not, the ways in
which people think about the world. At first glance that may seem to
be a contradictory statement based on what Ive said above, but it is
not. I present it in that way for the purpose of calling to attention the
fact that in our modern world we no longer live according to a
specific philosophy of life. Instead we live according to an economic
method, or more specifically, a monetary method, while at the same
time professing to believe in quite different ideas than are reflected
in our economic behavior. Our ways of thinking about the world and
our behavior in the world have become dissociated by our economic
system. Hardly anyone notices this fact to say nothing about
understanding the consequences. Moreover the outcome of such
dissociation is significant both in our personal lives and in society as


1

a whole. These differences between thought and action and their
attendant consequences will be examined throughout the pages of
this book.
My approach to economics is even further removed from typical
economic discussions in that I examine economic behavior from a
spiritual perspective. All living things in this world are first and
foremost spiritual beings and the suit of material energy that they
wear has a very specific influence on their consciousness, meaning
their perceptions, thinking and behavior. Those influences and
behaviors are very visibly displayed in their economic dealings, all
of which will be thoroughly explained by reference to the teachings
of the Bhagavad-gita.
The basis for my analysis is the Gaudiya Vaishnava spiritual
tradition as popularized worldwide through the books of my spiritual
master and eternal guide His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta
Swami Prabhupada (Srila Prabhupada). He was the founder and
acharya of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness
(ISKCON), popularly known worldwide as The Hare Krishna
Movement. Far from being a newly created religion as some people
think, this spiritual tradition reaches back into antiquity more than
five thousand years. It is founded on the eternal knowledge revealed
to human kind in the Vedas. The Vedas are a vast body of work,
requiring a life of study to master. While in earlier times people had
sufficient capacity and time for this, modern man most certainly does
not. We should not despair however since the most essential and
indeed the most elevated elements of the spiritual science are
brought to us in four essential works: the Sri Isopanisad, Bhagavad-
gita, Srimad-Bhagavatam and Sri Chaitanya-charitamrita. The
introduction of the spiritual science begins with the Isopanisad and
Bhagavad-gita and is continued in the Srimad-Bhagavatam.
The title Bhagavad-gita translates as The Song of God. The
speaker of the Gita is Lord Krishna, who is accepted in the Vedic
tradition as the Supreme Lord. If we do not accept Krishna as God
then the Bhagavad-gita makes no sense. The Vedas acknowledge
that there can only be one God, although He is known in different
ways to different people. We cannot say that Krishna is a Hindu
God any more than we can say that the sun while over Germany is a
German sun and while over America is an American sun. The


2

sun cannot be so designated and neither can God. If this concept is
challenging, the reader may substitute whatever name of God he
prefers while reading the text and the meaning will not be disturbed.
Or the reader may temporarily put aside such differences and return
to his own preferences after having read the book.
Srimad-Bhagavatam translates as The Beautiful Story of the
Personality of Godhead. Its subject matter is bhagavat-tattva
vijnana, or the science of God, which is considered in minute detail
in the 54 volumes of this great work. The Chaitanya-charitamrta
brings this science to its summit with the teachings of Sri Chaitanya
Mahaprabhu, the greatest and most munificent avatar of the fifteenth
century.
In his books Srila Prabhupada followed the ancient spiritual
tradition of elucidating each individual verse with a commentary. In
these commentaries he wove the threads of the philosophy of
Gaudiya Vaishnavism into a complete philosophical tapestry that
beautifully displays a succinct understanding of reality, both material
and spiritual. This includes our relationship with God and all of His
varieties of energies that are manifest in this phenomenal world in
the form of plants, animals, the physical elements, the cosmos, and
all other phenomena that lie beyond our imperious gaze of
inspection. In this way Srila Prabhupada presented an entirely new
worldview, or spiritual paradigm, before his readers. This is a
worldview that at once satisfies the intellect as well as the heart. It
explains the mysteries of life and creates a singularly unique
perspective from which to see the world. This vantage point,
unavailable to mankind from other philosophical and religious
traditions, permits one to penetrate the labyrinth of confusion that so
perplexes todays society, providing insights into solutions for
modern problems.
The usefulness of such a spiritual science in dealing with the
issues of the modern day has been elaborately described by Sri R.
Subramaniam, the Deputy Director of Research in the Lok Sabha,
the Secretariat of Indias National Parliament. Writing in
appreciation of Srila Prabhupadas presentation of the Srimad-
Bhagavatam he says:
A strange feature of the modern world is that in spite of
vast advances in science and technology and the


3

establishment of a good number of institutions for
human welfare, mankind has not found true peace and
happiness. Knowledge of material sciences and arts has
increased tremendously in recent times, and millions of
volumes on each fill the libraries the world over. People
and leaders in every country are generally well versed in
these arts and sciences, but despite their efforts human
society everywhere continues to be in turmoil and
distress. The reason is not far to seek. It is that they
have not learned the science of God, the most
fundamental of every other art and science, and fail to
apply it to the facts of life. The need is, therefore, to
know and live this science if mankind is not only to
survive but flower into a glorious existence. To teach
this science of God to people everywhere and to aid
them in their progress and development towards the real
goal of life, Srimad-Bhagavatam is most eminently
fitted. In fact, this great ancient work of Vyasadeva will
fill this need of the modern times, for it is a cultural
presentation for the re-spiritualization of the entire
human society.
This book, Spiritual Economics, is presented as a tool by which to
learn how to practically live the science of God. The practice of
spiritual economics is the practice of bhakti yoga, which should not
be confused as idle meditation with little practical value. As the
reader will see, it is a most practical book for solving the problems of
life, which are so numerous in todays modern world. It deals with
consciousness, the foundation of all human behavior, and it is written
for those who are concerned with both the social and economic
issues of the day, which include as a subset most of the ecological
problems we now face.
I have assumed that the reader is unfamiliar with the Vedic
literatures on which this book is based and have therefore taken care
to explain the fundamental concepts in some detail; and hopefully in
a manner that will also be refreshing for those with previous
acquaintance. Since the Isopanisad and the Bhagavad-gita introduce
a worldview that is vastly different from that of the current dominant
culture, the complete significance of this work may not be fully and


4

immediately apparent to those who are new to the spiritual science.
The reader should not assume that a foundation of thought from
other religious traditions such as Judeo-Christian, Buddhist or the so-
called New Age, will adequately prepare one for this work. The
differences between these worldviews requires study and time to
assimilate, after which one will be better equipped to draw
conclusions. I recommend that the reader thoroughly study the
Bhagavad-gita As It Is by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami, on which this
work is based.
Although this work focuses on economics and introduces a
completely new economic theory based upon the principles of
consciousness, it is not written for economists. Neither do I
anticipate that many economists will find it very meaningful. Some
may find it mildly interesting from a theoretical or philosophical
perspective, but I have no doubts that most will dismiss it as idyllic
sentimentalism of no practical value in the real world. Their world
after all, is the real one (to their way of thinking at least), the one
that deals with the immediacy of the hard facts of life. They may also
dismiss this effort for not being sufficiently scholarly. They would
be right. I am not credentialed in the field; I have often been forced
to use secondary rather than primary sources; and my treatment of
many of the issues is not exhaustive from a historical perspective.
This book is intended for the layman who is seeking solutions that
professional economists do not provide to the existential, economic
and environmental problems arising from the current economic
paradigm. It is also written for the average person who sees nothing
but a dead-end at his job and wonders what his future will be, as well
as those who may no longer have a job and simply struggle to
survive.
There is one inescapable fact that must not go unnoticed: despite
all the posturing and fancy theories, the economic profession as a
whole has not solved the problem of providing for the most basic
needs of humanityfood, clothing and shelter. Indeed, by the
application of their collective efforts things continue to get worse
with each passing year. It is a hidden irony that while most
professionals work to serve others who are in need, professional
economists do not. Carpenters build houses for people who need a
place to live, doctors care for those who are ill, cooks whip up


5

delicious meals for the hungry, and mechanics fix the cars of those
who dont know a carburetor from a radiator. But do economists ply
their trade for those who are in need? To relieve the plight of those
who dont have enough money? Hardly it seems. Although the work
may sometimes go on in that name, we find exactly the opposite
result.
The reason for this is that economists work to preserve the status
quo for people who have more money than they can reasonably use
and who hire them. Somehow these employers are only interested in
increasing their wealth unlimitedly at any-and-everyone elses
expense. One must suspect that is the objective because that certainly
is the result. I do not fault those in the economics profession
personally, however, because they, like the rest of us, require a job
and financial support. They simply do what they are paid to do. If
they dare to think for themselves or apply discerning intelligence to
their work by questioning the workings of their own craft, they may
suddenly find themselves unemployed, like J oseph Stiglitz, the
former chief economist for the World Bank. He had the audacity to
speak the truth to outsiders on various occasions, pointing out that
the policies of that leviathan were severely damaging everybody they
were purportedly trying to help.
One doesnt need to be a weatherman to know which way the
wind blows. Neither does one need the stature of a chief economist
to understand the results of economic forces in his own life. In
dozens of books and all over the internet one can find a solid
explanation of the facts by many amateur and credentialed economic
analysts who can clearly understand the situation as it is. A few
honest professionals have also come clean on this point and have
clearly stated that todays economic methods are actually intended to
take from the poor and give to the rich. One such maverick
economist, E. F. Schumacher, has taken his profession to task,
writing: The conventional wisdom of what is now taught as
economics by-passes the poor, the very people for whom
development is really needed...An entirely new system of thought is
needed, a system based on attention to people, and not primarily
attention to goods...If it [economics] cannot get beyond its vast
abstractions, the national income, the rate of growth, capital/output
ratio, input-output analysis, labour mobility, capital accumulation; if


6

it cannot get beyond all this and make contact with the human
realities of poverty, frustration, alienation, despair, breakdown,
crime, escapism, stress, congestion, ugliness, and spiritual death,
then let us scrap economics and start fresh. Are there not indeed
enough signs of the times to indicate that a new start is needed?
1

Indeed there are. We offer this book as one such fresh start, a new
system of thought that is based on attention, not just to people and
their needs on this earth, but to the entirety of all living beings,
serving both their spiritual, as well as their material needs.
To give of oneself in the spirit of devotion is an important
principle in spiritual life. We actually receive more in giving than the
person receiving. Giving of ourselves means giving to ourselves. I
consider this book as an assignment, the information being given
to me for the purpose of teaching it to others. Since Spiritual
Economics encourages a gift economy based on devotional service I
am making this book available, as far as possible, for free from my
websites. In the gift economy everyone offers their services to others
without consideration of immediate exchange or direct reciprocation.
However, if you feel you have been blessed by what you read here
you may want to participate in the gift economy by offering a gift to
another person in the mood of paying it forward. It can, but does
not have to be money, and may be your time or expertise in the
service of others. If you do pay forward we would be happy to hear
the story so that we may use it to encourage the circle of gifting.
Now that this philosophy of spiritual economics has been put into
writing it has become my task to demonstrate the practicality of the
idea of a spiritual economy that functions on the basis of love (this
idea will be more clear after reading volume 2 of this work,
Creating a Culture of Satisfaction to Heal the World). I am
sometimes challenged as a dreamer whose ideas are utopian. Indeed,
these ideas are utopian. I will remind the reader that utopian does not
mean impossible. It means to live an ideal. And why not have an
ideal society when the means to achieve it are right before us? Is
there any benefit to be had in creating yet another mundane
community based on illusory conceptions of life? For my part I am
convinced that the message of the Bhagavad-gita is the most
practical way to live and through this book I invite as many as
possible to join me in creating and living this utopia. The world is in


7

great need of an ideal to show the way out of the hopeless mire of
modern economics and the infinite problems it creates. The way to
do that is to simply live a life of love according to the instructions of
Sri Krishna and the philosophy He presents in the Bhagavad-gita.
Our efforts to do so take place at our Gitagrad communities, where
we are practicing the economics of love, spiritual economics.
(Information about our Gitagrad communities is offered in Appendix
B). It is my hope that upon reading this book you will be encouraged
to join in re-spiritualizing the world by bringing dharma into your
life, particularly the practice of the yuga-dharma, and do your part to
establish transcendental communities that lead the way out of the
economics of ignorance.
Conventions Used in this Book
I often give emphasis to selected sections of quotes. If the
emphasis is contained in the original quote I will note it as such.
Otherwise all emphasis should be understood to be mine.
For brevity I have used a convention with citations to the main
references of this work: the Bhagavad-gita and Srimad-Bhagavatam.
Citations of only two parts, i.e., (2.4) refer to chapter and verse of the
Bhagavad-gita specifically. Citations of three parts, i.e., (7.1.14)
refer to canto, chapter and verse of the Srimad-Bhagavatam. Other
citations include the book title.

Appreciations
Many people have helped bring this book into print and I would
like to recognize their contributions. First I would like to thank His
Holiness Niranjana Swami who invited me to Ukraine and gave his
support for my efforts there. This provided the opportunity to speak
frequently to receptive audiences, which provided important support
and encouragement for this work. Next I would like to thank my
interpreters J aya Mangala Das, Bhakta Maksim Artemenko and
Paritosani Citra Devi Dasi, without whose selfless help I could have
done nothing in Ukraine. Thanks to: Samba Das, for his editing
work, and also Vijitatma Das, Veda Priya Devi Dasi, and Bhaktin
Lida for their translation of the Russian edition; and to Niranjana
Swami and Bhakta Oleg of Mykolaiv who provided support for my


8

writing. I am very grateful to all of the Krishna devotees throughout
Ukraine for their love and support. I am grateful to Chaitanya
Chandra Charan Das (Russia) and Chaitanya Chandra Das (India) for
reviewing the book, and to Bhakta Nelas of Lithuania for the cover
design. And finally, I want to express my deep gratitude to my
godbrothers and dear friends Prabhupada Das (Paul Rattray), Sri
Nandanandana Das (Stephen Knapp), and Madan Mohan Das (Mark
Birenbaum) for their friendship and very helpful, personal support
and encouragement during the development of the concepts of
spiritual economics.

I must explicitly state that the contents of this work are not to be
construed in any way as the official position of ISKCON. I alone am
responsible for the content.

Hare Krishna
Gaura Purnima Day, 14 March 2006
(Month of Vishnu, 519 Gaurabda era)
Dnyepropetrovsk, Ukraine


9



Introduction

In September 2008, the Financial markets were in a tailspin.
Stock values were plummeting, companies collapsing, and the
bastion of free enterprise and capitalism, the United States, began
socializing its largest economic institutions. In an unprecedented
move, the Federal Government took control of the two U.S.
mortgage giants Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, who had been battling
since the previous J uly to stave off crisis. Indeed, in August 2008
congress passed special legislation allowing the Treasury
Department to come to their aid with billions of dollars. That month
we also saw the failure of two of the largest investment banks
Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch. Lehman filed the biggest
bankruptcy in history on September 15, but Merrill Lynch was saved
from the same fate by Bank of Americas purchase reported the same
day. Then, two days later the U.S. government essentially bought an
80 percent stake in the largest insurance company in America,
American International Group, Inc. (AIG), for $85 billion. The
drama continued as investment banks Goldman Sachs and Morgan
Stanley were put under Federal control with the idea that this move
would help rescue the ailing U.S. finance system. The Securities and
Exchange Commission also did their part by temporarily banning
short-selling of 799 financial institution stocks.
As breathtakingly spectacular as it all is, there were a prescient
few who could see it coming. They even warned us! Less than a
month earlier a former chief economist of the International Monetary
Fund predicted that some big investment banks would go belly up.
1

The men on the inside of the game of course always know more, so
get readywhat we have seen so far is just the beginning. The
current IMF director general Dominique Strauss-Kahn, speaking just
the day after U.S. authorities arranged the rescue of AIG, told us:
The consequences for some financial institutions are still in front of


10

us. We have to expect that there may be in the coming weeks and
coming months other financial institutions with some problems.
2

Its being described as the worst financial crisis since the Great
Depression of the 1930s, and perhaps heralding another depression
just as great, or even worse. It is likely that by the time you read this
you will know the full truth of that prediction.
However well our financial experts can accurately predict these
crises they dont seem to know quite what to do about them, either
before or after the fact. On September 18
th
Senate Majority Leader
Harry Reid said the U.S. Congress was unlikely to pass new
legislation to overhaul financial regulations because no one knows
what to do. He added that neither Federal Reserve Chairman Ben
Bernanke nor Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson know what to do
but they are trying to come up with ideas.
3
It seems that Reid was
uninformed because the very next day Paulson produced a plan
the mother of all bail outs $700 billion to allow the government
to buy bad loans, taking them off the books of financial firms. Over
the weekend the measure was given to lawmakers who were told
give us the money and NOW! The White House insisted that
there was no time to debate the measure, or consider alternatives that
might benefit Main Street and not just Wall Street, and that Congress
must authorize it immediately or there was risk of further unsettling
global financial markets. When all is said and done, the price tag for
this fix, including Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae and AIG, will be well
over $1 trillion. But worse yet, after giving away such an
unfathomable sum of money it is uncertain whether this will fix the
problem once and for all. Some economic writers suggest that the
plan vastly underestimates the exposure that needs to be covered, and
predict that the problems may well continue.
What exactly is the economic problem? is the question of the
hour; a problem that is not understood cannot be fixed. Is the
problem the millions of bad mortgage loans, or is it the less-
mentioned outstanding $1 quadrillion (1,000 trillion) in derivatives
trading that also threaten many banks and brokerage firms?
4
Do the
problems stem from the fact that safeguards established in the 1930s
depression, such as the Glass-Steagall Act separating commercial
banks and investment banks, have foolishly been rescinded? Is the
problem isolated in an individual sector of the financial markets or is


11

it systemic? Should the government step in and take control of these
failing institutions? But, isnt that socialism? What about all of that
rhetoric of the invisible hand of the free market so widely
propagated during the rush to a global economy over the past two
decades? If the free market works the magic we were led to believe
why dont we just let the free market sort out the mess? There are
many immediate problems that can be dealt with on a piecemeal
basis, but the complete and final solution can only be found once we
understand the very root of the problem. What exactly is the
economic problem and where does it originate? That is the question
answered by this book.
Thousands of people working long hours in the corridors of
power in Washington DC and financial markets in New York are
busily trying to find solutions; yet they overlook the most significant
aspect of the problem. They are treating the issue as a money
problem, or perhaps a lack of regulatory oversight, and they offer
money and regulatory solutions accordingly. But money alone didnt
create the problem and money and regulations cannot completely
solve it.
Where did the problem actually start? Well, modern economics is
not a system of nature, like gravity, whose laws are infallible. It is a
man-made system, and human beings are fallible, if nothing else.
Therefore at the root of a faulty economic problem we find: people.
More specifically, many if not most of our economic problems are
caused by a people who have a particular consciousness that leads
them to cheat, exploit, defraud, and steal in order to enhance their
wealth. Good old-fashioned greed, for example, is being credited as
one of the primary causes of the current economic crisis. The
consciousness of others leads them to competitive economic activity,
and yet others to cooperative and egalitarian methods of solving the
economic problem. Therefore if we want to fully understand the
current economic problem and how to solve it we must first
understand people and the nature of consciousness.
To some, that sounds even more complex than solving the
financial mess. Weve been trying to understand people for millennia
and to this day there is no satisfactory gestalt.
Fortunately there is hope. The Vedas, the worlds oldest
scriptures, offer a very clear understanding. Overlooked or


12

misunderstood by Westerners, they explain human behavior very
well. They do so by adding the single most important element that
has been missing from most Western modelsthat we are spiritual
beings who have a dual material-spiritual nature; the Vedas further
inform us how the material energies of this world affect the
consciousness of human beings.
Although we are spiritual beings we have chosen to live in this
material world to fulfill our desire to contact the material energy. We
want to touch it, taste it, feel it, and see it, in all of its innumerable
permutations. That fact figures significantly into the manner in
which we handle our economic affairs. It is also the key that will
allow us solve our economic problems.
The basic spiritual truths on which we base our economic analysis
are found in the Bhagavad-gita. Although it is relatively unknown in
the West the Bhagavad-gita is revered as one of the foremost
scriptures in the world by more than one billion people. The Gita
itself explains that the speaker, Sri Krishna, is none other than God.
According to Vedic tradition the Lord Himself visits this world
periodically to instruct human beings in the spiritual science, and did
so just 5,000 years ago. If we do not accept the speaker of the Gita as
God then all manners of convoluted interpretation are required for it
to make sense. Saints in the line of the Gaudiya Vaishnavas
encourage us to accept the speaker of Bhagavad-gita, Krishna, as
God, if only theoretically, in order for us to learn the truths of the
Gita, and we follow that recommendation herein.
Still, understanding the Bhagavad-gita is not so easy. Our efforts
to do so are hampered by our cultural conditioning. We may read the
words of the Gita but the meaning may remain inaccessible to us
because we try to understand it in the context of our current culture.
We necessarily interpret what we read according to the material
conceptions of life by which we are conditioned. Instead the Gita is
meant to be understood in its own context. Therefore we need a
method that will help us to achieving the proper understanding. My
approach herein is to look at words that are familiar to us in a
particular cultural context, to strip them of their familiar meaning,
and then show their essence in a different way.
Economics is one such word. In this work I discuss what I call
spiritual economics, or economics based on the Bhagavad-gita.


13

The idea that economics is discussed in the Gita often brings
quizzical looks since there is nothing in the text for translators to
render as the word economics. Moreover the two words together
seem to constitute an oxymoron. But economics and economic
activity are definitely found there. For example, everyone can
appreciate that all economic activity has a result. In our current
culture that result is measured in terms of money and so economics
is typically understood as the dealings of money. I would like to
point out that this understanding of economics is a relatively recent
one since money as a transactional currency did not make its
appearance until some time around 8-600 BCE, and then only in
some parts of the world. Prior to that time economic activity also had
a result, but it was measured differently. Economics therefore is not
inherently synonymous with money. While the speaker of the Gita,
Sri Krishna, does not say anything specifically about economics or
money, He certainly has a lot to say about the results of activity. As
it turns out, how we get and what we do with the results of our
activity has a very significant relationship to our spiritual growth and
development.
Another item of economic interest is demand. Almost everyone is
familiar with the economic relationship between supply and demand:
the supply will increase or decrease as the demand changes,
according to the law of the marketplace. Sri Krishna also says
quite a lot about demand in the pages of the Gita. Many times He
refers to the desires and longings of the person in materialistic
consciousness. Our desires, which can be thought of as demands
for material things, also have a very significant relationship to our
spiritual growth and development.
Not coincidentally, this same method of reframing familiar
concepts is employed throughout the Gita itself. The best example is
our own existence. People typically think of themselves as the body
but Sri Krishna reframes our existence as the spiritual element, or
soul within. There are other phenomena that we think of in a
particular way according to the dictates of our culture that are
similarly reframed by the philosophy of the Gita.
It is these lessons about activity and desires, among others, that I
gather together to provide the understanding of spiritual economics.
The term spiritual economics means two things: first, an


14

understanding of the spiritual nature of the human being and how the
influences of the material energy affect his consciousness, which
provides a basis for analyzing past and present economic activity;
and second, the economic system that is created by the Lord and
offered to humankind as a method for dealing with the material
necessities of life. By following its precepts we can easily satisfy our
material needs. But this is actually a side-benefit, not the objective of
the endeavor, which is to bring us closer to God. His methods of
economics are not a matter of money and commerce. Rather, they are
an exchange of lovelove that is demonstrated by the interactions
between the Lord and His devotees. It is a method by which we can
develop a pure state of consciousness that will allow us to enter into
the higher spiritual realms. Actions performed under the banner of
spiritual economics are not at all material activity. They are entirely
spiritual and constitute the practice of bhakti yoga, or the yoga of
devotion.
Some Elements of Economics
Generally economics is thought of as the workings of global
finance and commerce by highly-trained specialists, but it can also
be much less than that, and for most people it is. The word
economics comes from the Greek oeconomia, which means
household. Originally it referred simply to the manner in which
people satisfied their most basic needs of food, clothing and shelter.
This is what constitutes economics for the average person. How we
solve our economic problem of obtaining food, clothing and shelter
is the basic economic question and history offers us many examples
of ways to do that. The present method of a cash economy is only
one of many possible options.
Another simple way of understanding the idea of economics is to
consider it in terms of our relationships. In our everyday
relationships we generally do not put money (cash transactions)
between ourselves and those we love, such as family members and
close friends. People generally see close relations as extensions of
themselves, and exchanges are typically offered as gifts of love. This
is particularly so in what we call the nuclear familyparents and
children, and perhaps other blood relatives, living under the same
roof. However, as our relationships become more distant we


15

introduce money into exchanges. Why? Because modern Western
culture does not provide us with a mechanism for relating to those
not who are not close to us.
Western philosophy has raised the individual to the pinnacle of
importance in society and has further set him apart from all others,
even isolating him, by defining the concept of unlimited private
ownership and fixing that concept in law. By legal definition what is
mine is not yours, and vice-versa. People become separated and
isolated from each other, contributing significantly to a sense of
alienation and impersonalism. Individuals are thus set against each
other in their interests. This fact alone is responsible for much of the
neuroses and strife in todays world. There is no longer any social
contract consisting of duty or obligation between the members of
society. It is every man, or rather, in todays progressive culture, it
is every person for himself.
Taking is not always a brute business. In many ways it has
become a civilized affair in which some people take the productive
efforts of others by means of creating an unfair advantage. This is
considered shrewd business in the capitalist way of thinking. In this
valueless concept successful people who have achieved wealth
through any means are highly respected. In modern society we now
value things over people. Wealth and money are important, and our
relationships are determined by it. If we can demonstrate good ability
to get or control wealth we are offered respect regardless of any
other personal shortcomings. Such is the nature of a materialistic
society.
By contrast, under the concept of spiritual economics, the
functions of the economy are based on social relationships and an
informal social contract with corresponding duties. This system is
secured not by laws created by men, but by voluntary personal
commitment by all sections of the social body to the principles given
by God. It is their understanding of the spiritual nature of life, and
their dedication to the service of the Lord that serves as the binding
contract. Never-ending legislation that is ever-evaded by the
conniving is not required.


16

The Concept of Spiritual Economics
In writing about spiritual economics my purpose is to distinguish
it in its character, application and results, from traditional or
material economics. Spiritual economics is understood in light of
spiritual knowledge, particularly the definitions and teachings of the
Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition of India, and based primarily upon Sri
Isopanisad, Bhagavad-gita As It Is, Srimad-Bhagavatam and Sri
Chaitanya-charitamrta as translated and commented upon by
Bhaktivedanta Swami.
Spiritual and material economics are to be distinguished by the
same differences that separate or characterize the qualities of matter
and spirit, to wit: the spiritual element is personal, eternal, fully
cognizant and blissful, complete in every respect without lack of any
kind and is eternally connected with the Supreme fountainhead of all
that be. The material element is impersonal, temporary, existing in a
state of ignorance and is without happiness or bliss. It is perceived to
be incomplete in itself, due to its being separated from the efficient
or supreme cause. Material economics is characterized by the
qualities of matter: it is temporary and always changing, founded and
maintained in deception and ignorance, and results in misery;
Spiritual economics on the other hand, based on a spiritual
conception of life, is eternal in nature, it increases and supports our
knowledge of spiritual truth and reality, and results in happiness,
even bliss, for all of its practitioners.
All living beings are spiritual in nature and are complete with all
spiritual qualities. However, when they are born into the material
realm and identify with the material coverings of the body and mind,
that identification causes them to assume the qualities of the material
energy as described above. The living beings attempt to compensate
for the resulting quality of incompleteness by possessing increasing
amounts of material things. The present economic system is arranged
to aid those in material consciousness in their development of a
material conception of life. On the other hand, spiritual economics is
arranged to aid those in spiritual consciousness in the development
of a spiritual conception of life. Material economics promotes a
consciousness of lack and the need to get. Spiritual economics
promotes a consciousness of completeness and the joy of giving. It is
important to understand that spiritual economics refers to more than


17

an economic system; it reflects a state of consciousness. It is the
consciousness of an individual who is fully abiding by the principles
of the Bhagavad-gita, and the individuals practice of spiritual
economics is the most visible hallmark of such.
Readers Interested in Spiritual Economics
We might ask why those interested in the Bhagavad-gita would
be interested in economics, or if indeed economics can be made to be
spiritual. To many the expression is a contradiction of terms. Those
who study the Bhagavad-gita are generally interested in spiritual
pursuits, not economics. Yet there are several reasons why they
should be interested. First of all, modern society is arranged in such a
way as to force everyone to deal with economics. For most people,
taking care of their bodily needs and desires consumes all of their
waking energy, leaving little time for anything else. The self-realized
sages advise us to live simply and save time for self-realization, but
for many, modern life simply doesnt permit that. Most people dont
earn enough to take care of lifes most basic demands even if they
work the majority of their waking hours. There are some who want
to give more attention to their personal or spiritual interests but
cannot due to their work commitments. Whether we like it or not we
live in an economic culture. Are we simply meant to work for a
lifetime and then die? While in our current culture many people do,
that is not the recommended use of this rare form of human life.
Whats the solution to this problem? Following the method of
economics as suggested by Sri Krishna in the Bhagavad-gita. This
method of spiritual economics can solve our economic problems
easily, and simultaneously provide a good amount of free time to be
used for spiritual and other personal pursuits.
This book will be of interest to several other groups of people,
beginning with those who are concerned with the social issues of the
day, which are first and foremost the economic ones. The massive
protests wherever the World Bank, and IMF meet, are due to the
disadvantages these institutions foist upon the weaker elements of
society. The economic analysis made in Spiritual Economics shows
in the most practical way how our economic affairs can be managed
to achieve a better world. Another group interested in social issues
who would find this book of interest are feminists who conclude that


18

the current state of affairs arises from what has been identified as a
patristic culture. Is it true that the male energy is overly aggressive?
No. But the male who is overly influenced by the energy of
ignorance is. There is such a thing as a male influenced by the
energy of goodness, which gives us the shining hero who uses his
strength to protect, who does good and punishes evil. The human
psychology explained in Spiritual Economics reframes the
masculine-feminine debate into one of spiritual beings (both male
and female) behaving in different ways according to the various
influences of the material energy.
Others who can find solutions in this book are environmentalists
who struggle for a wholesale, not piecemeal, solution. By saving one
forest or one species here and there, the work will never be done in
time. Environmental issues are, first and foremost, issues of
consciousness, and secondly economic issues. People pollute
because their consciousness is polluted. This leads them to use the
environment as a dumping ground for externalizing the costs of
cleaning up after industrial and social practices. The environment is
the place where all of our refuse goes when we throw it away, but
as the graffiti philosophers poignantly remind us there is no away.
It all stays here on earth, with us. As we too often hear, the
environment cannot be cleaned up because it will cost too much.
Why, for example, is the Amazon rain forest being cut down at an
alarming rate, and who is going to pay the estimated $33 billion to
repair it? Who gets and keeps the money resulting from this activity
(economics) is the answer to both of those questions. Solving the
economic problem by the method of spiritual economics
simultaneously offers a solution to all environmental problems.
Additionally Spiritual Economics will be interesting to students of
psychology, the social sciences and religion, due to the novel and
unique manner in which the human psychological-spiritual condition
is explained. Other interested readers will include those who analyze
the shadowy side of central banks, the machinations of paper money
and its controllers, the IMF, etc. and find conspiracies. For those who
are willing to go where others are afraid to even look, Spiritual
Economics reveals the answer to whodunit and explains why it is
happening the way it is.


19

The Plan of the Book
Human behavior has puzzled thinkers for centuries. Animals
everywhere follow the same instincts of naturedogs anywhere in
the world behave like dogs, as do cats, sparrows or deer. The human
being on the other hand is all over the map. He is both saint and
sinner, loving and hateful, greedy and generous. Philosophers have
speculated endlessly about why man behaves as he does, but the
speculation neednt go on any longer. The Bhagavad-gita and
Srimad Bhagavatam very capably explain the full spectrum of
human behaviors. Since our concern here is mans economic activity
we begin with first understanding man and his dual material-spiritual
nature; we look at the nature of his original spiritual consciousness
and how it is affected by contact with the material energy. We learn
how the material energy can be categorized as a combination of three
qualities of nature: goodness, passion and ignorance. How the human
being is conditioned by contact with these energies explains why he
can behave either as a divine or demonic personality. Other aspects
of human nature, such as lust, envy and greed, figure into his
economic behavior, especially in light of the current day and present
economic turmoil, and we will examine the origins of these in the
second chapter.
In the next three chapters we will examine in detail how the
material energies of goodness, passion and ignorance affect mans
economic behavior. Formerly, due to the influence of goodness,
there were all-inclusive egalitarian societies all over the world where
no person is left without. Very few or any of these remain intact
today, and deliberately so. The influences of the modern age erode
the values on which they are based and we will trace out that process
at the end of the chapter on the economics of goodness. Passion
characterizes the modern era, a quality that encourages us to be
more, do more, and have more. Those passionate influences replace
cooperation with competition, the idea that may the better man win,
and a winner-take-all mentality. This way of approaching economic
activity however, has corresponding negative influences on people,
society, and the environment.
From the modern era to the post-modern era our economic
practices vary from those of passion to ignorance. It is the influence
of ignorance that inspires predatory economic practices that wring


20

profit from suffering, chaos and death, practices that are now
observed all over the world. Excessive greed, profiteering at others
expense, exploitation of the earth, the animals and the people, are all
symptoms of the influence of the quality of ignorance. The
observable trend over the past six centuries has been from goodness,
to passion, and to the present influence of increasing ignorance, a
trend that has no opposing influences. We trace out that path and
how it has been deliberately created despite the continued
protestations of the mass of people. If the people dont want it, how
then can it happen? Due to the influences of the age, which can be
changed if we so will.
The economics of the late twentieth century have been described
as predatory capitalism or vulture capitalism. It is a system of
exploitation and is founded on atheism. In chapter six we examine
the economics of atheism, the illusions on which it is based, and the
machinations of the monetary system that are the tools of its
expression.
The trend and its influences has an apparent cause which are those
whom we might call the agents of destiny or the powers-that-be.
In fact they have led society down a path of destruction and have
manipulated the economic system over the centuries into a weapon
that is now being used to control and exploit anything and
everything, causing great harm, even large-scale death, to people and
the environment. It would seem as though those who deliberately
create destruction and death for economic gain are mad, or even
worse, demonic. We want to know: what is the consciousness that
gives rise to such deadly and destructive behavior? To understand
that we examine the two major types of consciousness in chapter
seventhe divine and demonic.
In the final chapter of this first volume we return to the question
what is the economic problem and how can we solve it? Having
examined the nature of consciousness and its influence on economic
behavior throughout history we can clearly answer the question.
Moreover, we now understand what is needed to fix the economic
problemsall of themand create an economics that is beneficial to
all, that cares for the environment, and for all future generations. The
answers are all there, given in the time-tested Vedas, the operating


21

manual for the universe. The only thing left to resolve then is if we
will apply the solution.
An explanation of the spiritual nature of human beings, the
influences of the material energy on the behavior of economic man,
the historical trends and our present economic course, the factual
economic problem, and its solution, together constitute Part One of
Spiritual Economics: Understanding and Solving the Economic
Problem.
In Part Two of Spiritual Economics: Creating a Culture of
Satisfaction to Heal the World, we present the concept of a spiritual
economics as prescribed by the Bhagavad-gita and Srimad-
Bhagavatam. We begin with essential background material
explaining the nature of karma (action and reaction), its relationship
to our economic endeavors, and its implications for the bondage or
evolution of the soul. We then examine the nature of, and differences
between material and spiritual love, and how they are actual bases
for all economic activity. Next we carefully examine the instructions
for action in Bhagavad-gita and find in them an explanation for a
complete economy of abundance, providing sufficiently for the needs
of all living beings, and by which our very ordinary activities can
become acts of devotion that carry us to a life of happiness and
satisfaction, and ultimately, spiritual emancipation. In the next
chapter, in explaining how spiritual economics can be practiced, we
examine the Vedic scientific social system known as varnashrama
dharma. This social system is a method of organizing society such
that everyones needsboth material and spiritualare met, all
people have a place, a function, security, and the satisfaction that
arises from proper spiritual engagement and the opportunity to make
a significant contribution to society according to ones ability. The
varnashrama dharma social system is the means of curing the
alienation and anomie that so plagues modern man.
Since the first two volumes constitute an introduction to the
concept of spiritual economics and are directed toward those
unfamiliar with the Bhagavad-gita, there is need to examine the
influences of economic activity in relationship to spiritual practices
and progress beyond the treatment given therein. The impact of
economic activities on spiritual evolution will therefore be treated in
detail for experienced, practicing vaishnavas in the Part Three of this


22

work, titled Advanced Lessons in Spiritual Economics for
Vaishnavas. This volume will also include a detailed discussion of
the concepts of varnashrama dharma, and daiva-varnashrama.

Living is nothing more than doing one thing instead of another.
How then shall we live? Shall we live in a way that ultimately
destroys our social fabric, our planet, our own spiritual
understanding and finer sentiments, and ultimately our own lives? Or
shall we live in a way that heals and supports the planet and all of its
inhabitants, eliminating the need or desire for poverty, fear,
exploitation, degradation and destruction? To live in the current
dominant culture participating in the economics of atheism is to
choose the former. To live according to the instructions offered to us
in the Bhagavad-gita, following the principles of spiritual economics
is to choose the latter. This book is meant to make you think about
how you live in this world, and why.


23


Chapter One
Understanding Economic
Man
Brahma first created the nescient engagements like self-
deception, the sense of death, anger after frustration,
the sense of false ownership, and the illusory bodily
conception, or forgetfulness of ones real identity.
Srimad Bhagavatam 3.12.2


Economic Behavior = Human Behavior
Considering that economics is a matter of activities engaged in for
the satisfaction of our needs and wants, we can dissect the economic
question into two basic parts: the first would be human beings, and
the second, their activities, specifically their economic activity.
Immediately the Vedic perspective diverges from the Western
materialistic perspective in that within the Vedic paradigm human
beings are understood and accepted as complex multi-dimensional
beings, whereas in the traditional economic model people are
considered to be hardly more than producing/consuming machines,
homo economicus, whose best interest is realized when these two
functions are performed at peak efficiency. In such a case their best
interest is considered to be their self-interest, where the concept of
self is interpreted in a very narrow and literal way. The traditional
economic model assumes that people desire an unlimited amount of
goods, that the goods they seek are limited in number or availability
and that they prioritize their behavior to satisfy those desires. True or
not, these assumptions are applied in economic theory. For example,
in 1881 Francis Edgeworth attempted to quantify human economic


24

behavior with the simple assumption that every man is a pleasure
machine.
1
Edgeworth thus proposed that economics could quantify
both the physical things of this world and also mans economic
behavior, and this was attractive to other economists who at the time
were eager to give their discipline the perception of being a genuine
science. But are people this simplistic? Are people nothing more than
producing/consuming machines? No one that you or I know. Since a
theory is only as good as the assumptions that underlie it, an
explanation of human behavior that fully accounts for all of the
varieties and vagaries of our experience will better explain our
economic activity and also provide for better economic theory.
2

Since human behavior undoubtedly involves much more than
getting and spending, and since the Vedic worldview provides a
much greater understanding of human behavior, I offer that it can
also do much better at explaining mans economic behaviors; it
possesses sufficient depth to explain a variety of economic strategies,
including one of transcendence. Well first take a look at the many
dimensions of the human being within the Vedic perspective, and
with those insights, be equipped to understand much more deeply the
complexity of human behavior, economic and otherwise.
Who Am I?
To begin with then, lets first consider what human beings are in
this world. If we are just like animals who seek to satisfy our most
basic urges of eating, mating, defense, and sleeping, then the
assumptions upon which the materialistic economic model are
established could be considered as valid. But are we nothing more
than animals? Are we nothing more than pleasure machines? Are
those assumptions valid?
The Vedas say there is much more. The Srimad Bhagavatam
explains the human condition as a composite existence of several
partsthe physical body, the subtle body and the soul (7.7.23):
There are two kinds of bodies for every individual
soula gross body made of five gross elements (earth,
water, fire, air and ether) and a subtle body made of
three subtle elements. Within these bodies, however, is
the spirit soul.


25

The Bhagavad-gita, considered the standard introductory text of
Vedic spiritual wisdom, explains the nature of the soul:
That which pervades the entire body, the soul, is
indestructible. For the soul there is neither birth nor
death. He has not come into being, does not come into
being, and will not come into being. He is unborn,
eternal, ever-existing, undying and primeval. He does
not die when the body dies. As the embodied soul
continuously passes, in this body, from boyhood to
youth to old age, the soul similarly passes into another
body at death. J ust as a person puts on new garments,
giving up old ones, the soul similarly accepts new
material bodies, giving up the old and useless ones.
(2.13, 2.17, 2.20, 2.22)
These verses explain that we are beings of a spiritual nature or
energy, in Sanskrit called the jiva, or atma, understood in Western
language as the soul, who temporarily lives in, or occupies, a body
made of material energies. We all are familiar with the physical body
made of gross material elements, but deeper than that we are encased
within an ethereal body, comprised of very subtle material elements.
Although these elements are not detectable with scientific
instruments, we are all too aware of their existence because they
provide our most immediate experience in this worldthey are the
elements of mind, intelligence, and the conscious concept of self, or
the false ego. This subtle body is different from the jiva who travels
in this material world within a body of both subtle and gross
energies. The jiva, carried in the subtle body, is given a physical
body at the time of conception, and due to its presence the physical
body develops. When the jiva, again carried in the subtle body leaves
the physical body, the event is called death. Actually only the
physical body dies. The eternally existing soul, that is, that being or
person, who experiences the activities of the body, continues to live.
The jiva has its own nature that is diametrically opposed to the
material condition, creating a dichotomy in the human being. Where
the jiva eternally exists and never dies, the material body is mortal.
Where the jivas eternal nature is a blissful state of existence, the
human condition is subject to pain, suffering and unhappiness. And
while the jivas natural condition is a state of complete knowledge,


26

the human condition is subjected to inherent ignorance, only
acquiring knowledge through effort.
This condition creates a complex set of circumstances unique to
material life. Although I do not want to, I am forced to die. Although
I want to be happy it seems an ephemeral quest. And although I need
knowledge to function in this world it seems that there is always
more to know that will be valuable to me in my endeavors here. The
human condition is arranged from the outset to be one of endeavor,
but there is often confusion about the aim of that endeavor. Do I
satisfy the senses, or the mind, or should I follow the intelligence
that wards me away from immediate sense pleasures advising me
instead to work now and enjoy later? Do I indulge my senses to their
utmost limit, or should I restrain myself and act for the benefit of my
eternal soul? But why should I do that if I dont even know what the
soul is? How can we know our real self-interest?
Interestingly, the answers to these perennial existential questions
will help to explain mankinds various economic behaviors. Lets
first look at how we come to find ourselves in such a condition. For
that we go back to the beginningthe beginning of time and the
universe.
What Am I Doing Here?
In understanding how our present economic situation has come
about we turn to the pages of the Srimad Bhagavatam, which
explains how and why the creation of the material world takes place.
The Bhagavatam explains how God has immense and innumerable
energies, that He alone is the source of all energies, and they can be
classified into three broad categories: superior, inferior and marginal.
The superior energies are completely spiritual and they eternally
exist in a state of perfection in Vaikuntha, or the Spiritual world. The
superior energies all display consciousness and as such are personal
living beings. The material energy, on the other hand is considered
inferior because it is not living and displays no consciousness. It is
dull and inert, but it is amazingly mutable and may be fashioned in
countless combinations and permutations. The marginal energy is
also spiritual, being both personal and conscious like the superior
energy, but has the unique ability to live in either the spiritual world
or the material world (hence the name marginal). We are that


27

marginal energy of the Lord, and although we obviously live in the
material realms we can transfer ourselves to the superior spiritual
realms if we so desire. This phenomenal material world that we are
living in and are familiar with is therefore made from a combination
of the inferior and marginal energies.
Thus this material world is created for two reasons: the first is to
give the living beings the opportunity to enjoy different varieties of
sense pleasures based on contact with the material energy. How this
comes about is explained by Srila Prabhupada (2.9.1 purport):
All of the living entities are desirous of becoming
equally as powerful as the Lord, although they are not
fit to become so. The living entities are placed under
illusion by the will of the Lord because they wanted to
become like Him. Therefore the first sinful will of the
living being is to become the Lord, and the consequent
will of the Lord is that the living entity forgets his
factual life and thus dream of a land of utopia where he
may become one like the Lord.
That so-called utopia is this material world. In this world of
illusion we struggle to achieve a position of complete happiness, but
ultimately we must be frustrated because we can never become like
God, nor can we find here the happiness and satisfaction we so
desire. After becoming thus frustrated we finally desire to understand
the nature of reality and the truth of our existence. We desire to free
ourselves from the shackles of matter and return to the spiritual
world. This is the second purpose of the material creation: to give
those living beings that are materially exhausted the opportunity to
free themselves from this material creation and go to the spiritual
world.
In the matter of creation, Lord Brahma had to provide an
appropriate environment for both of these situations. His first act of
creation therefore was to arrange for the necessary conditions of
material existence for the spiritual being (3.12.2):
Brahma first created the nescient engagements like self-
deception, the sense of death, anger after frustration, the
sense of false ownership, and the illusory bodily
conception, or forgetfulness of ones real identity.


28

Srila Prabhupadas comments help to clarify this verse:
Unless a living entity forgets his real [spiritual] identity,
it is impossible for him to live in the material conditions
of life. Therefore the first condition of material
existence is forgetfulness of ones real identity. And by
forgetting ones real identity, one is sure to be afraid of
death, although a pure living soul is deathless and
birthless. This false identification with material nature is
the cause of false ownership of things which are offered
by the arrangement of superior control. All material
resources are offered to the living entity for his peaceful
living and for the discharge of the duties of self-
realization in conditioned life. But due to false
identification, the conditioned soul becomes entrapped
by the sense of false ownership of the property of the
Supreme Lord.
We learn that in the creation of Brahma a condition was
established by which the beings in this world inherently have a
bodily conception of life (i.e., I am this body), a false sense of
ownership of the things of this world, and are subject to self-
deception, taking things to be different from what they actually are.
This false perception of material life is also referred to as maya, the
illusory energy of the Lord that covers the conditioned living being
(ma means not; ya means that; maya =not that). This covering of
illusion is required for the jiva to forget his spiritual nature and
experience varieties of material identities and pleasures. Not only
does the jiva desire self-deception, but he desires to lord it over,
control and exploit the material energy. The last sentence of Srila
Prabhupadas comment also bears repeating: due to false
identification (with the body, mind and senses), the conditioned soul
becomes entrapped by the sense of false ownership of the property of
the Supreme Lord.
It is here, in the fundamental orientation of the living beings to
this world, that we find the bedrock foundation of material economic
activity: the living beings of this world want to enjoy, possess and
exploit the resources of the material world. Due to identification with
the body and its senses they want to enjoy material objects,
beginning with their body and the bodies of others, and seek to enjoy


29

all varieties of sense pleasure. They want to enjoy tasting nice foods,
to hear pleasing sounds, to touch soft things, to smell attractive
smells, and to see beautiful forms. Moreover, another concept of
their enjoyment is to consider themselves as the owner of many of
these objects of enjoyment, considering that as they possess more
they somehow become more. In this materialistic concept of life
they think that they have become greater or better than others if they
possess more than others. To enhance their material ego they want to
acquire beautiful and valuable things, especially those that others
cannot acquire, and they thereby enjoy being the object of others
envy.
Under the illusion that he is the material body and mind, the jiva
becomes irresistibly attracted to the things of this world, and
develops unlimited desires to enjoy and lord it over the material
creation. Some enjoy engaging the mind in the creation of material
things, others engage their senses in manipulating the material
energy in various ways, others content themselves to simply enjoy
their senses, and yet others want to have power and control.
Working and striving by every means to get the things he desires, the
soul thinks himself to be the doer of activity, and that the results of
his efforts are produced by his endeavors alone. Such endeavors are
referred to as fruitive activityactivity engaged in specifically to
obtain the fruits, or results. This material concept of life drives him
forward in pursuit of his objectives. But although thinking that he is
controlling the material energy, he is factually becoming increasingly
implicated in the complexities of material life.
The Two Tracks of Material Ego
The very act of enjoying the objects of the senses conditions the
jiva to identification with the body and its senses. That is, he soon
forgets his original spiritual nature and mistakenly identifies with the
body and senses alone; thus he enters into a condition of spiritual
ignorance. Vedic wisdom calls this condition of forgetfulness of our
spiritual nature, and adoption of an identity based upon the material
aspects of life, the false ego. False ego has two main components:
ahankara, I am the doer (aham, I am; kara, the doer), and aham
mameti, I am the possessor (aham, I am; mama iti the
possessor). This false ego of the conditioned soul thus runs on two


30

tracks: it is I (I am the body), and it is mine (I am the possessor
of things); or I and mine (2.9.2):
The illusioned living entity appears in so many forms
offered by the external energy of the Lord. While
enjoying in the modes of material nature he
misconceives, thinking in terms of I and mine.
Srila Prabhupada comments:
The two misconceptions of life, namely I and mine,
are manifested in two classes of men. In the lower state
the conception of mine is very prominent, and in the
higher state the misconception of I is prominent. In
the animal state of life the misconception of mine is
perceivable even in the category of cats and dogs, who
fight with one another with the same misconception of
mine. In the lower stage of human life the same
misconception is also prominent in the shape of It is
my body, It is my house, It is my family, It is my
caste, It is my nation, It is my country, and so on.
And in the higher stage of speculative knowledge, the
same misconception of mine is transformed into I
am, or It is all I am, etc. There are many classes of
men comprehending the same misconception of I and
mine, in different colors.
The living being thus develops a particular ego based upon two
aspects: who I think I am, and what I possess. The false ego is thus
referred to because it completely excludes any understanding of
ones transcendental spiritual existence (real ego), and is based
solely on temporary material designations that apply to the body
during the course of one short lifetime only. This concept of I and
mine is further enhanced by, and centers around the sexual
attraction between man and woman (5.5.89):
The attraction between male and female is the basic
principle of material existence. On the basis of this
misconception, which ties together the hearts of the
male and female, one becomes attracted to his body,
home, property, children, relatives and wealth. In this


31

way one increases lifes illusions and thinks in terms of
I and mine.
Not only do we identify with our body, but we also identify with
the extensions of the body in the form of husband, wife, children,
parents, as well as with our community, nationality or country. Our
relationships with all of these provide us with the basis for our
identity in life, and an orientation from which to understand the
world and our place in it. Naturally family life requires so many
things for a comfortable existence, and people busy themselves in
acquiring these, further increasing their sense of self with the
acquisition of land, houses, buildings, furniture, clothing,
conveyances, etc. The concept of false ego also includes our position
in society, or titles of our work or occupation such as king, president,
cabinet minister, mayor, policeman, professor, businessman,
clergyman, manager, boss, clerk, worker, baker, carpenter, driver,
etc. Our concept of self may be high or low, rich or poor, male or
female. It may be based on skin color, black, brown or white. Our
bodily relationships with others such as father, mother, son,
daughter, sister, aunt, cousin, etc. also form the basis of our false
ego, which we further extend to include the concept of national
identity, thinking I am Australian, I am Ukrainian, I am
Brazilian, and so on. Every possible identity in relationship to this
body and its activities is false in the spiritual sense because these are
designations that apply to the body alone and for one lifetime only.
They have no real meaning to the actual living being, the soul. After
the death of this body we are born again into another situation,
perhaps completely different. I may have the body of an Irish man in
this life, but in the next I may be born as a Cambodian female. When
we think about ourselves from this many-lives perspective we are
forced to question the nature of our real identity apart from all of
these changes of costumes.
Within the concept of I and mine we also identify with what we
possess. We should bear in mind that it was the conditions imposed
upon the creation by Lord Brahma that influences our conceptions of
possession. This consciousness however pervades this entire
world, and many books have been written in justification of the idea
of private property rights. A good example comes from social
philosopher Henry George, who wrote about private property and


32

ownership in Progress and Poverty. There he explains our now
common understanding of private property:
What constitutes the rightful basis of property? What
allows someone to justly say, This is mine!? Is it not,
primarily, the right of a person to ones own self? To
the use of ones own powers? To enjoy the fruits of
ones own labor? Each person is a definite, coherent,
independent whole. Each particular pair of hands obeys
a particular particular brain and is related to a particular
body. And this alone justifies individual ownership.
As each person belongs to himself or herself, so labor
belongs to the individual when put in concrete form. For
this reason, what someone makes or produces belongs
to that personeven against the claim of the whole
world. It is that persons property, to use or enjoy, give
or exchange, or even destroy. No one else can rightfully
claim it. And this right to the exclusive possession and
enjoyment wrongs no one else. Thus, there is a clear
and indisputable title to everything produced by human
exertion. It descends from the original producer, in
whom it is vested by natural law.
3

Ironically, although he acknowledges the original producer,
George overlooks His claim to this phenomenal world. If the
production of something belongs to a person against the claim of the
entire world, then no person on this planet may claim anything for
themselves, because God first produced everything that we see.
However, He produces it specifically for our use, automatically
providing for the maintenance of every living being. Georges
assertion that we can be the rightful owner of something is due to the
influence of maya. The concept of mine factually exists only in our
individual and collective imaginations, and is established as a social
convention that has varied widely in different times and places.
Although George valued the idea of private property he nonetheless
held that the earth belonged to everyone, and that some piece of it at
least was to be made available to everyone as their birthright. In this
one philosopher we thus see two distinctly different conceptions of
ownership, and we will give examples of more below.


33

In our contemporary Western culture we think of ownership and
possession as being completely natural, identifying just as strongly
with the things we possess. This can readily be seen on the road.
People own a car that expresses who they are: the elegant J aguar,
rich Mercedes, the mom-mobile van, a sporty SUV or convertible,
the staid sedan, and of course the ubiquitous pick-up truck. You may
have seen the bumper sticker
4
: Whoever dies with the most toys
wins. Its a perfect motto for the materialistic person. We literally
become our things. Where we live, dine out, the clubs we go to, our
job title and authority, where we go to church, the way we wear our
hair, the way we dress, decorate our fingernails, our bodies, our
house and its furnishings, the things we collect, such as our art,
coins, music, or Barbie Doll collections, etc., all become a part of
our ego. These and more, are the very things that people use to
define themselves, all too often completely forgetting the person
withintheir very selves. Within the concepts of I and mine the
individual person can even cease to have importance compared to the
things associated with him. In Los Angeles it is sometimes said that
it is not who you are that is important, as much as what you wear,
what you drive and where you live, these being the litmus test of
social acceptability. Unfortunately this mentality is also found far
outside the city limits of Los Angeles. May I suggest it pervades the
entire world? Is it any wonder then that people suffer the neurosis of
alienation, depression, anxiety and other psychological disorders?
Preoccupied with the things that we have, and identifying too
strongly with them we have become dissociated from our very
selves.
Ones possessions are thus employed to establish a social
hierarchy, as demonstrated by exclusive clubs whose membership is
determined by ones social standing, or astronomical entry fees.
Other hierarchies are established based on the body alone, either by
skin color as in America or South Africa, or by birth, as in the Hindu
caste designations. Discriminations and prejudices based on body,
wealth, intellect, or physical strength have all been observed through
the passage of time, and all of them are based upon envy arising
from a material conception of life.
It is not at all unusual then that people struggle to acquire the
many adornments of their ego, and struggle further to maintain them.


34

As we have seen in every culture throughout history, people are very
willing to lie, cheat, and kill to get what they want, both on a
personal as well as collective level. Violent conflicts between
kingdoms or countries are frequently fought to increase or defend
such possessions. As illusory as all of this is, we are impelled by our
desires to enhance our concept of I and mine, in quality or
quantity, or both.
For the materially engrossed person identifying with the body
means I am my body. Such a person has no belief in life after
death, and thus thinks that all of his experience will take place in the
short span of one lifetime. Needless to say, such a person, thinking
that he will one day be gone and enjoy no more, is driven to get,
experience and enjoy as much as possible. Americans of my
generation may remember the old beer commercial that played on
this sentiment: you only go around once so grab all the gusto you
can! Moreover, besides attempting to maximize the pleasures of his
life, it is also likely that such a person will be unconcerned with how
they are acquired. Whether by hook or crook is of little consequence,
after all, when Im dead, Im dead. Finished. Kaput. Sayonara. Why
worry? Obviously such an attitude can have significant consequences
on a persons moral bearing and dealings with others while alive.
Indeed, the motto of some is do what thou wilt. They care nothing
at all for any punishments or rewards because, to them, life ends with
the death of the body.
This then is the illusory condition of material life wherein we
think that we are our bodies, and that the things that we can acquire
and possess while in this body are ours, and that they belong to us.
Yet both Vedic wisdom and simple dispassionate logic tell us that
both of these conceptions are completely false, because one day
when we are at deaths door we will be forced to give up this body
along with its so-called possessions. Can anything really belong to
us then? Only in a very illusory sense. But take note! The entirety of
human, civilization, especially in the West, is based on this illusion!
Such extreme conceptions of I and mine as expressed in modern
Western culture are not, and have not in the past, been universal.
There are indeed many ways in which the concepts of ego and
ownership are manifest, and we will examine some of them shortly.
First however, we need to further examine the Vedic explanation of


35

human nature and behaviors. This is very important in the discussion
of economics, because another of economics most fundamental
assumptions is that human beings behave rationally. Nobel prize-
winning economist Amartya Sen remarks that this rational behavior
is not...ultimately different from describing actual behavior.
5
The
problem with this statement is that there is an entire panoply of
human behaviors, some of which seem to be more rational than
others. Which of them is the rational one? All of them or just some?
Sen clarifies, that while economists have more than one definition of
rationality, one of the predominant methods equates rationality
with maximization of self-interest.
6
This assumption, and its
interpretation, is often used to justify certain economic behaviors,
and we shall have more to say about this in coming chapters. This
assumption however, again begs the question, who is the self? The
Masters of Vedic Wisdom instruct us that our real self-interest is not
to be found in any variety of material economic activity it is to
understand our true spiritual identity, freeing us forever from the
materialistic contemplation that arises from I and mine. The
entirety of this book serves as both an explanation and plan for
achieving our real self-interest.
Economist Robert Nelson answers the question of rationality a bit
differently. He says that economists take it as an article of faith
(another way of saying assumption) that the behavior of
individuals is not random but follows definite directions. He writes
economists argue that beneath the surface of what often appears to
be widespread ignorance, miscalculation, and self-deception, there
are in fact deep and powerful forces at work that obey rationally
discoverable laws.
7
Although he doesnt clearly say what those laws
are (and his language indicates that they are not yet known) we
nonetheless agree. But these laws are not unknown nor do they need
to be discovered. Long ago the Bhagavad-gita clearly explained
those forces and the influence they have on the consciousness of
living beings. Those influences also help us to understand how it is
that a person develops and pursues their various conceptions of I
and mine. What are those laws? Do they determine or just predict
human behavior? Are there different but equally valid conceptions of
rational behavior? Perhaps even more importantly, is there some


36

way of affecting peoples consciousness that will cause them to
behave differently?
Material Energy and Its Influence on Human Consciousness
In this material world the jiva is a traveler in a foreign
environment. Traveling to foreign places nowadays often requires
immunizations against diseases to which a non-native person may be
susceptible. The material world is likewise an infectious place for the
pure spiritual being. In fact, everything in this material world has an
infectious nature for the soul, and simply by contacting the material
energy the jiva becomes infected by its qualities. These influences
are known in Sanskrit as gunas or ropes. As a person bound with
ropes can be helplessly pulled this way or that, in the same way, a
persons consciousness is controlled by the gunas.
Lord Krishna explains the nature of the gunas to Arjuna in the
fourteenth chapter of the Bhagavad-gita, but before doing so, makes
him aware of the tremendous value of this knowledge. He stated: I
shall now declare to you this supreme wisdom, the best of all
knowledge, knowing which all the sages have attained to supreme
perfection. By becoming fixed in this knowledge, one can attain to
the transcendental nature, which is like My own nature. Thus
established, one is not born at the time of creation nor disturbed at
the time of dissolution. Sacred are these words because this
knowledge, when used properly, can be extremely powerful. J ust as a
key that unlocks a prison cell is very important to the prisoner, all of
us prisoners in this material world should similarly value this key of
Vedic wisdom, for it opens the passages to spiritual freedom that
were previously locked by our ignorance.
The gunas are described by Sri Krishna in the Bhagavad-gita (Ch.
14):
Material nature consists of three qualities, or modes
goodness (sattva-guna), passion (rajo-guna), and
ignorance (tamo-guna). When the eternal living entity
comes in contact with nature he becomes conditioned
by these modes. The mode of goodness (sattva) is purer
than the others, and it is therefore illuminating and gives
understanding. It frees one from sinful reactions through
the development of knowledge. By working in the mode


37

of goodness one becomes spiritually uplifted, but also
becomes conditioned to the concept of material
happiness.
From the mode of passion (rajas) unlimited desires and
longings are born. Due to this quality one becomes
eager to engage in material activities, eager for the
fruits, or results, of activities. Passion however
conditions one to continually engage in fruitive activity,
with the view of gain and increase. When there is an
increase in the mode of passion, the symptoms of great
attachment, uncontrollable desire, hankering, and
intense endeavor develop. However, work done in the
mode of passion eventually results in distress to ones
self and others.
The quality of ignorance (tamas) causes the delusion of
the living beings. The result of contact with ignorance is
foolish, violent, or wrong behavior, laziness and sleep.
Actions performed in the mode of ignorance result in
foolishness and misunderstanding. Ignorance binds the
conditioned soul and conditions him to working against
his own best interests. When there is an increase in the
mode of ignorance madness, illusion, inertia and
darkness are manifested.
From the mode of goodness, understanding, knowledge
and happiness develop; from the mode of passion, greed
and grief develop; and from the mode of destruction,
ignorance, foolishness, and illusion develop. From
passion comes creation, everything is maintained by the
quality of goodness, and the influence of ignorance
brings decay, dissolution and destruction.
Not accepting the spiritual nature of man, and considering him as
the body alone, modern social theory proposes that human beings
develop their character through social conditioning. However, the
Bhagavad-gita and Srimad-Bhagavatam add significant dimensions
to the understanding of human behavior by explaining the influence
of the gunas on the understanding, knowledge and behavior of man.
Srimad-Bhagavatam expands on the information available to us from


38

the Gita regarding the nature or character that the living entity attains
by association with the individual modes of nature:
Mind and sense control, tolerance, discrimination,
sticking to ones prescribed duty, truthfulness, mercy,
careful study of the past and future, satisfaction in any
condition, generosity, renunciation of sense
gratification, faith in the spiritual master, being
embarrassed at improper action, charity, simplicity,
humbleness and satisfaction within oneself and
detachment from the material mind and of the senses
from matter, are qualities of the mode of goodness.
Material desire, great endeavor, audacity, dissatisfaction
even in gain, false pride, praying for material
advancement, the distortion of the intelligence due to
too much activity, the inability to disentangle the
perceiving senses from material objects, an unsteady
perplexity of the mind, considering oneself different and
better than others, sense gratification, rash eagerness to
fight, a fondness for hearing oneself praised, the
tendency to ridicule others, advertising ones own
prowess and justifying ones actions by ones strength
are qualities of the mode of passion.
Intolerant anger, stinginess, speaking on the basis of
ones false pride and without scriptural authority,
violent hatred, living as a parasite, hypocrisy, chronic
lethargy, quarrel, lamentation, delusion, unhappiness,
depression, false expectations, fear, laziness and
sleeping too much, the failure to attain or disappearance
of an awareness of ones higher (spiritual) self, and the
inability to concentrate ones attention, constitute the
major qualities of the mode of ignorance.
All facets of both the material energy as well as human action are
influenced by some combinations of the gunas. Sri Krishna explains
that everyone living within the material world is influenced by the
gunas, and in the last several chapters of the Gita He further explains
their influence on faith, worship, penances, sacrifices, charity,
austerities, foodstuffs, time of day and night, knowledge, action,


39

understanding, determination, happiness, work or the performance of
action, and the worker.
The Different Qualities of Work and Action
Lets now consider the influence of the qualities of nature on
economic activity with several examples, beginning with the
performer of work. We learn in the eighteenth chapter of the Gita
that:
The worker who is free from all material attachments
and false ego, who is enthusiastic and resolute and who
works steadfastly, indifferent to success or failure, is a
worker in the mode of goodness. But that worker who is
attached to the fruits of his labor and who passionately
wants to enjoy them, who is greedy, envious and impure
and moved by happiness and distress, is a worker in the
mode of passion. The worker who is always engaged in
work against the injunction of scripture, who is
materialistic, obstinate, cheating and expert in insulting
others, who is lazy, always morose and procrastinating,
is a worker in the mode of ignorance.
This information helps us to better understand the varieties of
behavior that we commonly observe in our own experience and that
rational behavior assumed by classical economic theory. Each of
us could probably identify a number of people of each category that
we must interact with on a regular basis. Who is the enthusiastic and
determined worker? The lazy one doing only what he has to? Who
are the ones that are driven by results, prestige and position?
Obviously the methods by which these three work are going to be
different and have different results. I once attended a management
training seminar wherein the students were given an exercise to
identify how well they could cooperate for a common goalsuch as
the overall profitability of the company. Interestingly the most
cooperative workers were invariably among the lowest ranks of the
organizationthose who were generally focused on getting the job
done. Based upon the information above can you guess what was
found at the upper echelons of management, where prestige and
position were significant? These persons often achieved their high


40

positions because of a strong desire for status and recognition. Being
driven by ego in passion and envious of the success of others, they
repeatedly scored the lowest in terms of cooperation. Why would the
lower ranks be more cooperative? Their activity was free from the
negative aspects of passion and ignorance and influenced more by
the quality of goodness.
Apart from the worker, work itself is likewise categorized
according to the gunas. Work performed as an offering to the Lord,
without desire for, or consideration of the fruits, is of the quality of
goodness. Work performed with a desire to enjoy the results is done
in the mode of passion. And work impelled by violence and envy is
in the mode of ignorance.
Action is another human trait influenced by the gunas and useful
in an economic context. Economic activity requires action and
results. What does the Gita tell us about action?
Action in accordance with duty, which is performed
without attachment, without love or hate, by one who
has renounced fruitive results, is called action in the
mode of goodness. Action performed with great effort
by one seeking to gratify his desires, and which is
enacted from a sense of false ego, is called action in the
mode of passion. And that action performed in
ignorance and delusion without consideration of future
bondage or consequences, which inflicts injury and is
impractical, is said to be action in the mode of
ignorance. (18.2325)
Again we see a variety of influences according to the various
gunas. When people work, and perform action in the quality of
goodness, their understanding will increase, and they will likely
perform their work in the best manner possible, in accordance with
duty and without personal attachment. They will also be happy and
fulfilled by their work. When people work and perform action with
the quality of passion great effort may be expended and they may
appear to be doing a lot of work. However, they may also have great
attachment to the results, which will invariably lead to conflict with
co-workers, duplicitousness, covetousness of others work,
backstabbing, ego-driven ladder-climbing, and so on. Some will
undoubtedly achieve their aim of superiority and recognition but


41

create a lot of grief in the process. Those in ignorance want to avoid
work, or take credit for work done by others, or perhaps make a
show of work only when the boss is nearby, and then slack off after
he leaves. They will often falsify the results of their work if possible,
to make things look better than they are, or else push the costs of
their work onto others who do not share in the results. When work is
done in ignorance accidents, waste, shoddy results, re-work and
losses are likely to be the result.
The Varieties of Material Happiness
There are several other human qualities important in social and
economic activities that are influenced by the gunas to which we
must give some detail. Primary is happiness. There are different
kinds of happiness generated by the gunas, and in understanding the
modern economic problem it is important that we understand their
features, especially happiness in the mode of passion. The happiness
of persons under the influence of passion might better be described
as pleasure because these persons seek happiness from sense
gratification, from the contact of the senses with their sense objects.
This idea of happiness is the driving force of consumerism, the
desire by many people to get it all. In America the Sunday
newspaper typically contains dozens of advertising brochures to
entice people into the stores. In glee people fill their shopping carts
to the brim with many unnecessary articles, not because they need
them, or even want them, but because they were too good of a deal to
pass by.
Although shopping is one of the primary methods of sense
gratification, it is not nearly as significant to individuals as romance,
sex, and relationship. Sexual attraction, passionate romance and
marriage are often viewed as the way to find happiness. Indeed,
people are very often attracted to each other and unite on the basis of
sexual attraction alone. This is the bliss of rajo-guna. New romance
is certainly blissful, but only for a while. How long does passionate
love last? On the average just fifteen to eighteen months. This is the
one very serious problem with the happiness of rajo-guna. Based on
sense gratification it quickly fades. It is wonderful in the beginning,
but later it becomes stale, distasteful, repulsive, or even, as the Gita
puts it, like poison. Once that happiness is lost we find ourselves


42

searching for it again. Remember, things of this world are created in
passion, but they are maintained by goodness. In order for marriages
to survive couples must bring to their relationship the qualities of
sattva-guna.
Happiness in the mode of goodness is just the opposite of that of
passion. In the beginning, a passionate person may find it distasteful,
but gradually it becomes wonderful. Moreover, it awakens one to a
higher understanding of the self beyond the body. This is the only
lasting happiness available in this world. Such happiness is achieved
by doing ones duty, proper living, and so on. In order to pursue
happiness in goodness however, we must understand by our
intelligence that the result of such activities are in our long-term
interest. Unfortunately, this idea is almost lost in our modern I want
it now society where we can get almost instant gratification through
the use of credit. While this may bring us some immediate
satisfaction, it also brings lots of debt and endless monthly bills that
drain our energy. Nectar in the beginning...but poison in the end.
There is another form of happiness as wellthat influenced by
the mode of ignorance. It is experienced by sleep, laziness, and
illusion. It is blind to self-realization. This type of happiness can be
obtained from sleeping for very long periods of timetwelve to
sixteen hours, or other forms of laziness. It is a desirable fashion
among certain classes of people to do as little as possible, and upon
achieving such a state they think themselves happy. Happiness in
tamo-guna is also derived from intoxication, drugs, and even
violence and all other kinds of degraded, licentious behavior. Of
course this is the basis of a very large segment of both the normal as
well as the underground economywith up to a trillion dollars spent
every year on the consumption of intoxicants, drugs, gambling and
illicit sex. Making others suffer can also bring a sort of happiness to
those infected with tamo-guna; the thrill that aggressive youths find
in picking a fight, for example.
Knowledge According to the Gunas
Epistemology is the study of knowledge; a branch of philosophy
that is concerned with the nature of knowledge, its possibility, scope,
and its general basis. It has been the object of study by all Western
philosophers, but in all cases they have made a very important


43

omission: consideration of the different types of knowledge based
upon the modes of material nature; an exposition that predates their
attempts to understand knowledge. Under the influence of the gunas
there are different types of knowledge which lead to different ways
of seeing the world, and by extension, the things we should or should
not do, and how to do them.
By knowledge in sattva-guna one can also realize the equality of
all living beings based on their spiritual nature. Knowledge in
goodness allows one to see and value all life equally, regardless of
the type of body, be it a frog, a cow, a tree, an insect, or a person
from Europe, Africa, or China. The influence of sattva provides
knowledge of the spiritual basis of life, and the equality of all spirit.
These people may be those who are concerned about maintaining the
ecological balance, humanitarians, human rights activists,
vegetarians, and women who refuse birth control and abortion.
Those in sattva-guna also accept an absolute standard of
knowledge as was formerly the case for philosophers and people
alike. That concept has fallen into disfavor in our modern world.
Suggestions of an absolute truth are today met with derision, but that
reaction is itself a demonstration of the lack of sattva under the
influence of tamas. That which passes for knowledge today is
heavily influenced by passion and ignorance.
Knowledge in rajo-guna is based on duality by which everything
is understood to be relatively good or bad, desirable or undesirable
based on a bodily conception of life. Under its influence people see a
different type of living entity in each different body. They are likely
to think that a human has a soul whereas a cow, a flower, or a bug
does not. They see different bodies relative to themselves and their
own needs and desires. They see this world in terms of their
enjoyment, in relationship to their personal satisfactionor in other
words, in terms of I and mine. According to them a cow is an
animal for my milk and food, a tree only as so many board-feet of
lumber for my dwellings, and every insect as a pest to be destroyed
before it eats my crops. Plants, animals, insects, birds have only
the value that I assign to them according to my need, and if I do not
find value in them alive there may be some value derived from
killing them.


44

Under the influence of knowledge in rajo-guna people think for
example, that capital punishment is bad, while abortion and birth
control are good; capitalism is bad and communism is good; war is
bad but euthanasia is good; heroin and crack cocaine are bad, but
marijuana and alcohol are good; white skin is good and brown skin is
bad, Mexicans are good but Americans are bad, or Indians are
good but Pakistanis are bad, or Palestinians are good but Israelis are
bad, and so on. Any of these dualities can be reversed because what
is good or bad depends on who is doing the thinking. As such,
knowledge in rajo-guna is based on relative standards that lead to
division and quarrel.
Knowledge in ignorance is based on faith in matter alone. It is
materialistic knowledge, by which work is accepted as the basis of
everything. Such knowledge in the mode of darkness gives rise to
concepts such as: the Big Bang theory; the theory of Darwinian
evolution; other theories such as sociobiology which declares that
genes alone determine a persons every action; the idea that
machines can be more intelligent or even more moral than humans,
etc. In all of these, matter alone is paramount and plays the most
important, indeed, the only role. Such knowledge is of the quality of
tamo-guna.
Srila Prabhupadas comments on knowledge according to the
gunas are helpful in our understanding of the subject:
The knowledge of the common man is always in the
mode of darkness or ignorance because every living
entity in conditional life is born into the mode of
ignorance. One who does not develop knowledge
through the authorities or scriptural injunctions has
knowledge that is limited to the body. He is not
concerned about acting in terms of the directions of
scripture. For him God is money, and knowledge means
the satisfaction of bodily demands. Such knowledge has
no connection with the Absolute Truth. It is more or less
like the knowledge of the ordinary animals: the
knowledge of eating, sleeping, defending and mating.
Such knowledge is described as the product of the mode
of darkness. In other words, knowledge concerning the
spirit soul beyond this body is called knowledge in the


45

mode of goodness, knowledge producing many theories
and doctrines by dint of mundane logic and mental
speculation is the product of the mode of passion, and
knowledge concerned only with keeping the body
comfortable is said to be in the mode of ignorance.
8

Understanding and Determination
Reasoning and understanding are fundamental to the rational
behavior that economists assume people have. But what is rational
behavior? It may seem that reasoning and understanding are
universal traits, but actually there are different ways in which people
perceive the world, each perception having its own set of
implications for society. Every persons understanding is affected by
the particular gunas by which they have become conditioned.
9
One
kind of understanding impels one to strive always in the wrong
direction. They consider wrong to be right and right to be wrong.
This understanding is brought about by association with the quality
of tamo-guna, the mode of ignorance. People with such backward
understanding are their own worst enemyand a problem for society
as well. They havent even the ability for proper understanding.
These persons consider irreligion to be religion, and actual religion
to be irreligion. They take a saintly person as a common man, and
deify a common person as a saint. They take truth to be untruth and
accept falsity as truth. Needless to say, persons whose understanding
is of the mode of ignorance are very easy to manipulate for either
political or economic gain.
Persons influenced predominantly by passion cannot discriminate
between action that should be done and action that should not be
done. Action that should be done or not done has nothing to do with
an understanding of how to do things. Certainly many people are
engaged in doing things that must proceed in a logical order, and
therefore know what to do first, second, third, etc. This is not what is
referred to here. The perspective of Vedic wisdom is one of
transcendence, and everything is viewed in this light. In this respect,
how does one decide what to do and not to do? There must be some
reference point. In Vedic culture the reference point is ones eternal
spiritual welfare. But that reference point is lost to those in passion
whose understanding is bewildered by the bodily concept of life. It is


46

in this sense that they do not know what to do or what not to do for
their long-term spiritual well-being and the overall well-being of
society. This also applies to their perception of other living beings.
By the influence of rajo-guna other living things are also understood
to be simply the body, and are seen as an object of sense
gratification.
Conversely, that understanding by which one knows what ought
to be done and what ought not to be done, what is to be feared and
what is not to be feared, what is binding and what is liberating, is
understanding in the mode of goodness. Such understanding is
referenced to spiritual welfare. Srila Prabhupada explains further
that: Performing actions in terms of the directions of the scriptures
is called pravritti, or executing actions that deserve to be performed.
Actions which are not so directed are not to be performed. One who
does not know the scriptural directions becomes entangled in the
actions and reactions of work [karma]. Understanding gained by the
use of discriminating intelligence is considered to be in the mode of
goodness.
The varied understandings that arise due to the gunas have
significant influence on what is understood to be rational. Thus there
cannot simply be one definition of rational behavior. We will see in
coming chapters that, influenced by the gunas people have rationally
dealt with solving the economic problem in a wide variety of ways.
Determination, used here as a synonym for motivation, is also a
very important element of successful economic endeavor and it is
also influenced by the gunas (18.33):

That determination by which
one holds fast to fruitive results in religion, economic development
and sense gratification is of the nature of passion. In other words,
those in passion are motivated in all activities by the desire for
fruitive resultsbe they in religion, economic development, or sense
gratification. Without this element, those in passion lose their
determination (motivation) for any endeavor. The ever-present
question in considering anything they do is Whats in it for me
personally? They are not interested so much in the welfare of others
(a product of sattva-guna). Projecting their own qualities onto the
world, they think that others should be similarly motivated, and if
they fail to perform it is only due to incompetence or laziness.
Attached to fruitive results they are reluctant to support others


47

through welfare based on taxes from their hard work. Moreover they
believe that there is no other possibility for motivation than fruitive
work, and they tout capitalism, private enterprise, and private
ownership as the only practical means of achieving such motivation.
To establish the truth of this idea they point to the shallow results
obtained by Russian communism, which they say led to its eventual
downfall. Indeed, Russian communism was unable to achieve the
same results that private enterprise did, because most of the Russian
people, who were also steeped in passion and ignorance, required
fruitive results or even threat of loss, for motivation and
determination. But these motivations were absent from Soviet
society. This not to say that there are not other types of motivation.
Those under the spell of rajo-guna are bewildered by the
determination of those in goodness who are not similarly motivated.
They think of them as lazy, incompetent, ner-do-wells, or un-
achievers. In fact though, those in sattva-guna have a different
determination. They are interested in the welfare of others, including
nature, and are motivated to see that everyone is happy, well cared
for, and progressing spiritually. They typically work to make the
world a better place for all.
The determination of those under the influence of ignorance does
not go beyond dreaming, or illusion, they are unable to take any
action to fulfill their desires. Such people are morose. They are
motivated only by threat of loss, pain, fearfulness and lamentation.
They dont have the ability to understand what they can or will gain;
that is not as important to them as what they will lose. People too
influenced by ignorance thus have no ambition, resourcefulness, or
determination for material activities, what to speak of spiritual
activities. In order to be productive, people influenced predominantly
by ignorance must have the help of those in passion or goodness to
direct them in productive work. They havent the motivation, ability
or understanding to know what to do or how to do it.
Faith
An important component of determination is faith. One takes
action based on the faith that it will be successful. Without such faith
one loses determination. Faith is also of different kinds due to the
influences of the gunas. Faith based on an understanding of, and


48

directed to, spiritual life is of the quality of goodness. Faith in
passion is rooted in fruitive work and its perceived results. And faith
that resides in irreligious activities is in the mode of ignorance.
Thus by the myriad influences of the gunas we all view this world
and act in it in different ways. These influences are the basis of our
false egowho we think we are in this world in our relationship to
others. It is therefore a very relative world in which people do not, or
(under the influence of tamo-guna) cannot, agree either on what is
the right or wrong way to do things, nor what should be done. Some
people are concerned only about themselves, others concern
themselves with the common good of all, and others are concerned
only about how to do as little as possible, either for themselves or
others. It is the influence of the gunas that fuels the debates about
what to do or how to do it. Each side feels themselves properly
justified; that theirs is the right course, although their ideas have
consequences that may be vastly different. It is the influence of the
gunas that cause some people to be only concerned with profit,
others to be concerned with the poor or the environment, and others
to be completely unconcerned about anything. It is the influence of
the modes of ignorance and passion that are the very root cause of
the exploitation of people and the resources of nature.
We Are Conditioned by the Qualities of Matter
We form habits by the ways that we associate with the gunas.
Year after year we consume the same foods and beverages, do the
same activities, associate with the same people, or keep the same
hours. By continually associating with the same gunas their
influences are reinforced, with important consequenceswe become
conditioned by them.
Becoming conditioned means that we become habituated to a
given pattern of thinking, understanding and behavior. As a result a
particular stimulus will elicit a predictable response. According to
how we associate with the material world and all of its phenomena,
we will become so conditioned. Every aspect of this material world
has its own quality: a unique mixture of the qualities of goodness,
passion, and ignorance. J ust as the three primary colors of a
television screen combine to generate a possible 72,000 colors, so
also the three qualities of matter combine to generate innumerable


49

influences. All of the many aspects of human activity are influenced
in different degrees by the modes of nature.
The very idea of conditioning infers a predictable response. The
masters of Vedic wisdom have therefore told us that we are not as
free as we think ourselves to be. Association with matter influences
the soul in such a way that our behavior becomes habitual, automatic
or reactionaryeven though we each think that we act according to
our own free will. The modes, or gunas, influence the behavior of
people according to their previous association with them over the
course of many lives, and they carry this conditioning with them
from lifetime to lifetime as various conceptions of life. The atma, by
force of his unfulfilled desires, is born again and againunlimitedly.
Lifetime after lifetime he is confronted by sense objects for which he
feels attraction and repulsion (desire and hate). In this way his heart
becomes increasingly contaminated by the dualities of material life.
According to his association with the gunas he becomes conditioned
to a particular way of understanding and thinking. This process has
been going on since time immemorial, and because of this the living
beings in this world are said to be eternally conditioned. Thus we are
already conditioned before we enter into the present life. We bring
attitudes and desires with us, and it is our conditioning and our
karma that determines the circumstances we are born into. After birth
our associations with matter continue to add to the overall effect of
the gunas influences and our conditioning.
Drug addiction provides a good example of conditioned behavior.
Drug addicts are powerless as a result of their addiction. When such
a person actually wants to kick their habit, they are enrolled in a
behavior modification program in which they are expected to avoid
the places and people associated with the addiction. They are
encouraged to find new friends and engage in new activities. In other
words they must give up contact with the qualities of nature that they
are accustomed to and replace them with positive alternatives. This is
not easy or automatic. The very nature of the conditioned state
makes such change extremely difficult. The most common addictions
are food (over-eating) and cigarette smoking. Anyone who has ever
been on a diet or tried to quit smoking knows that such behavioral
changes can be very difficult and that they take time to become the
normal pattern of behavior. If you want to see behavioral


50

modification in action all you have to do is attend any 10-Step
meeting. It may not be clearly understood, but what these people are
attempting to do is change their conditioning to become re-
conditioned, so to speak.
Lets take another example. People generally engage in certain
types of activity at certain times of the day. The gunas have specific
influences at particular times of the day. The quality of ignorance,
tamo-guna, has a major influence during the night hours, waxing and
waning from about 8 p.m. to 4 a.m. The influence of sattva-guna
predominates from about around 4am until noon, and rajo-guna from
approximately noon to 8 p.m. Those who have cultivated the quality
of goodness will retire from activity and will be summoned by sleep
during the influence of tamo-guna. They often like to go to bed early
and get up early as well. But those who have become conditioned by
tamo-guna are just coming to life around 9 p.m. They think of
themselves as night persons and are often active all night until
sattva-guna begins to make its influence felt around 4 a.m. When the
mode of goodness begins to show its influence these night-owls will
want to retire from activity and go to sleep, while in the early
morning those who have cultivated goodness are waking-up to begin
their day. Sattva and tamas are actually polar oppositeswhat is
attractive to the sattvic person is disliked by the tamasic person, and
vice-versa.
As these groups of people continue to behave in their respective
ways, their conditioning and expected responses become more
consistent and predictable. But all the while, unconscious of these
influences, people generally think that they are acting on their own
volition. What about the people in passion? Being driven by activity
they often stay up late and get up early. With too much to do they are
often sleep-deprived. Still, the main influence of rajo-guna is during
middle of the day when people are moved to action and work. Each
of the gunas has its predominance and then wanes as another
predominates. According to how we have become conditioned by the
gunas we will similarly be moved to act. The effect of the influence
is dependent on both the nature of the combination of the gunas, and
our particular conditioning.
The Srimad-Bhagavatam explains that because our intelligence is
polluted by a materialistic conception of life we are subjected to the


51

modes of nature, and thus we become conditioned by material
existence. Our conditioning and our enjoying and suffering in
material life are, in one sense, false, just like the suffering we may
experience in a dream. When we wake up, the suffering of the dream
immediately stops. Similarly we are meant to wake up from this
material dream which is temporary. Material existence is considered
undesirable and unwanted; it continues only due to the ignorance that
covers our real knowledge of self. Only while in the human body do
we have the opportunity to wake up from the material condition and
realize our transcendental spiritual nature. This is the considered by
the masters of Vedic wisdom to be the highest achievement of
human life.
The Gunas and the Grand Epochs
Sri Krishna explains in the Bhagavad-gita that He is time, the
most powerful of all elements because nobody can check its
influence. The time factor is invisible and imperceptible.
Nevertheless it carries all living beings just as the masses of clouds
are carried away irresistibly and silently by the wind. By its
influence the living beings take birth, and by its influence they are all
delivered to deaths door. Those in the bodily conception of life and
who do not understand that time is the influence of the all-powerful
Lord are afraid of death: The influence of the Supreme Personality
of Godhead is felt in the time factor, which causes fear of death due
to the false ego of the deluded soul who has contacted material
nature. (3.26.16)
In order to experience the full panoply of their desires the living
beings must change bodies and are given the opportunity to take
birth when the external conditions offer the appropriate facility. The
Supreme Lord therefore creates the time factor to allow the material
energy and the living entity to act within set limits.
The history of the earth according to Vedic tradition differs
considerably from the Western worldview offered to us by
biologists, anthropologists, and cosmologists. Far from evolving
from nothing, as the atheistic scientific worldview would have us
believe, the Vedas explain in exacting detail how, why, and by
whom this world was created, and how all living beings were
established here. The Puranas, the ancient histories of mankind,


52

explain that this world was endowed with intelligent life, and a
highly advanced civilization from the very beginning of creation.
Due to the influence of the gunas however, there is a gradual
degradation. J ust as the influence of the gunas waxes and wanes over
the course of the day, they also rotate in their influence over vast
periods of time known as yugas. J ust as our year cycles through the
seasons of spring, summer, fall and winter, the entire cosmos
perpetually revolves through four great agesSatya, Treta, Dvapara
and Kali, repeating the same general sequence of events.
The Golden Age, a wonderful time of the distant past, referred to
in almost every culture, is described in the Vedas as the Satya-yuga.
It was the age of goodness, sattva-guna, without much influence of
the disturbing elements of rajas and tamas. In this age everyone was
noble and principled. The earth was a veritable paradise. During
Satya-yuga the four legs of religion: truthfulness, mercy, austerity
and charity, were fully intact. The people of Satya-yuga were for the
most part self-satisfied, merciful, friendly to all, peaceful, sober and
tolerant. They found pleasure within, seeing all things equally and
endeavored diligently for spiritual perfection. The recommended
process of self-realization during Satya-yuga was the eightfold yoga
system, when they had the time, determination and peaceful
atmosphere in which to properly meditate.
Gradually by the force of time the mode of passion began to make
its influence felt on the consciousness of man and became the
dominant guna during the silver age, or Treta-yuga. In Treta-yuga
each leg of religion was gradually reduced by one quarter due to the
influence of the four pillars of irreligionlying, violence,
dissatisfaction and quarrel. During this age people were devoted to
ritual performances and severe austerities. They were not excessively
violent or very lusty after sensual pleasure. Their interest lay
primarily in religiosity, economic development and regulated sense
gratification, and they achieved prosperity by following the
prescriptions of the three Vedas.
As time progressed the influence of ignorance began to show its
effect during the epoch of Dvapara-yuga, characterized by the mixed
gunas of rajas and tamas. During Dvapara-yuga the religious
qualities of austerity, truth, mercy and charity were reduced to one
half. People were very noble, devoted themselves to the study of the


53

Vedas, possessed great opulence, supported large families and
enjoyed life with vigor. Of the four social classes, the ksatriyas and
brahmanas were most numerous. The end of Dvapara-yuga some
5,000 years ago marked the beginning of the current age of Kali.
As Kali-yuga has progressed the influence of passion has waned
as ignorance has increased. Kali-yuga is characterized by the
unchecked influence of tamo-guna and its characteristics of lying,
violence, dissatisfaction, quarrel and hypocrisy. Sinful and degraded
personalities are born in Kali-yuga because this age offers them
many opportunities to satisfy their qualities of anger, lust, envy and
greed. By the end of this age all good qualities will be lost along
with any understanding of religion, what to speak of its practice.
Humans will then be barbarians, less than animals, who, lacking
other foods will eat each other, and even their own children.
The Srimad Bhagavatam (12.3.3043) long ago predicted in
detail the nature of this age:
When there is a predominance of cheating, lying, sloth,
sleepiness, violence, depression, lamentation,
bewilderment, fear and poverty, that age is Kali, the age
of the mode of ignorance. Because of the bad qualities
of the age of Kali, human beings will become
shortsighted, unfortunate, gluttonous, lustful and
poverty-stricken. The women, becoming unchaste, will
freely wander from one man to the next. Cities will be
dominated by thieves, the Vedas will be contaminated
by speculative interpretations of atheists, political
leaders will virtually consume the citizens, and the so-
called priests and intellectuals will be devotees of their
bellies and genitals.
Women will become much smaller in size, and they will
eat too much, have more children than they can properly
take care of, and lose all shyness. They will always
speak harshly and will exhibit qualities of thievery,
deceit and unrestrained audacity. Businessmen will
engage in petty commerce and earn their money by
cheating. Even when there is no emergency, people will
consider any degraded occupation quite acceptable.
Servants will abandon a master who has lost his wealth,


54

even if that master is a saintly person of exemplary
character. Masters will abandon an incapacitated
servant, even if that servant has been in the family for
generations. Cows will be abandoned or killed when
they stop giving milk.
In Kali-yuga men will be wretched and controlled by
women. They will reject their fathers, brothers, other
relatives and friends and will instead associate with the
sisters and brothers of their wives. Thus their
conception of friendship will be based exclusively on
sexual ties. Uncultured men will accept charity on
behalf of the Lord and will earn their livelihood by
making a show of austerity and wearing a mendicants
dress. Those who know nothing about religion will
mount a high seat and presume to speak on religious
principles.
In the age of Kali, peoples minds will always be
agitated. They will become emaciated by famine and
taxation, my dear King, and will always be disturbed by
fear of drought. They will lack adequate clothing, food
and drink, will be unable to properly rest, have sex or
bathe themselves, and will have no ornaments to
decorate their bodies. In fact, the people of Kali-yuga
will gradually come to appear like ghostly, haunted
creatures.
In Kali-yuga men will develop hatred for each other
even over a few coins. Giving up all friendly relations,
they will be ready to lose their own lives and kill even
their own relatives. Men will no longer protect their
elderly parents, their children or their respectable wives.
Thoroughly degraded, they will care only to satisfy their
own bellies and genitals. In the age of Kali peoples
intelligence will be diverted by atheism, and they will
almost never offer sacrifice to the Supreme Personality
of Godhead, who is the supreme spiritual master of the
universe. Although the great personalities who control
the three worlds all bow down to the lotus feet of the


55

Supreme Lord, the petty and miserable human beings of
this age will not do so.
The influences of Kali are increasingly being felt by the
population, and a study of Western culture, which had its advent at
the beginning of this age, is a study of the degradation of Kali. This
can most easily be seen in economic practices.
The Gunas and the Different Types of Human Nature
It is, no doubt, a trite understatement to say that people are
different. As different as they are however, because those differences
are attributable to the gunas, people can be broadly categorized in
four basic divisions. Actually these four categories, known as
varnas, are created by the Supreme Lord Himself for the purpose of
the progressive development of society. Sri Krishna states in the
Bhagavad-gita (4.13):
According to the three modes of material nature and the
work associated with them, the four divisions of human
society are created by Me.
The modes of nature create four divisions, or varnas: those
situated primarily in sattva-guna, those in rajo-guna, those
influenced by both rajas and tamo-guna, and those primarily
influenced by tamo-guna. Each varna has a particular nature and
associated abilities. During Satya-yuga there was only one varna,
which was divided into four during Treta-yuga. At that time there
were persons who were the embodiment of these pure varnas who
protected the culture by conscientiously performing their duties. Due
to the influences of this age however, such ideal persons of pure
varna and associated characteristics are rarely found. It is helpful
nevertheless to understand the influence of the gunas on the human
consciousness in the pure or ideal state. Afterwards we will look at
the realities of varna in our modern world.
Persons situated in the quality of goodness have the ability to
properly understand things. That is, they can tell right from wrong,
good from bad, proper and improper action, what should be done and
not done, and truth from falsity. They have natural characteristics of
peacefulness, self-control, austerity, purity, tolerance, honesty,
knowledge, wisdom and religiousness. Because they are non-


56

acquisitive and non-envious they are naturally leaders in determining
what to do and what not to do. They are the rightful intelligentsia of
society whose role it is to explain the purposes of life: who we are,
where we have come from, and where we are going. In Vedic culture
they are called brahmanas. They are the rudder of the social flagship.
However, because of their sattvic nature they are not very active in
society. Society therefore requires the help of those who are
predominantly influenced by passion.
The influences of rajo-guna on the human psyche generate people
who are by nature natural leaders: determined, resourceful,
courageous, generous, heroic and powerful. Due to the influence of
passion they are able to subdue the material energy and bring it
under control. They are naturally motivated by working with people
and helping others. Being more capable they help to give order and
direction to society. They are also skillful diplomats. These types of
persons were the ksatriyas, the kings and rulers of ancient culture.
They were not of the standard of rulers we are familiar with in recent
Western history, such as the Roman emperors, the Catholic Popes, or
the Russian czars, who definitely neglected, or even deliberately
destroyed whatever vestiges of Vedic culture remained. The factual
ksatriyas were fixed in Vedic principles and lived according to their
duties thus prescribed. During Dvapara-yuga the bulk of society
consisted of such genuine brahmanas and ksatriyas who were
influenced by goodness and passion respectively, but in Kali yuga
there are but a few in a hundred. Their numbers are too small to
practically organize all human activity, and therefore the help of a
third group is requiredthose predominantly influenced by both
passion and ignorance.
The people of this third group, known as vaisyas in Sanskrit, have
a natural ability for organization and productive activity. They know
what to do first, second, third, and so on, and can understood how to
bring productive results from any situation. People of this nature can
create wealth by producing many valuable things from natures
resources with the help of labor whom they organize. In todays
vernacular vaisyas would be called businessmen, if businessmen
actually followed the ideals of Vedic culture. The workers, known as
sudras in Vedic culture, require instruction and guidance without


57

which they cannot bring productive results. Nonetheless they can
take instruction, and act according to such direction.
These four divisions are observed in every culture. Every culture
must and does have intelligentsia, administrators, organizers and
laborers, regardless of how close they may come to the ideal
mentioned above. These four categories are known as the varnas in
Vedic literature, and they naturally appear in every society, in every
culture. I hasten to point out that this description of the varnas
should not be confused, either in theory or practice, with the Hindu
caste system. The occurrence in society of four types of mentality
arise from the influence of the individuals guna and karma, or
nature and abilities, whereas the Hindu caste system is a perverted
descendent of the varna system, based on birthright alone.
Solidifying privilege by birthright is done in ignorance. This idea is
as foolish as saying that the son of a doctor, simply by taking birth in
the doctors family, should automatically be considered a qualified
doctor without the necessary training or personal qualification. Or an
engineers son should automatically be considered a qualified
engineer without suitable training and demonstrated understanding.
The very notion is ludicrous. Likewise a brahmana must have
specific qualifications and abilities in order to properly lead society.
The position is not titular, only for a show, but has very real
requirements and duties that one must be qualified to execute. The
brahmana holds particular rank and privilege in Vedic culture
because that persons abilities are significant to the overall welfare of
society. But to expect the perquisites of the title without
qualification, ability, or performing the functions of the position is
out-and-out cheating. We might add that the caste system fixed by
birth is not supported in Vedic literature, and was not practiced in
India until she was subjugated by the British. It was the British who
created scheduled castes in order to undermine the culture of India
and subjugate her.
10

Inherent in the system of varna is the concept of the duty of each
segment of society to the others, with the higher orders, the vaisyas,
ksatriyas and brahmanas having increasingly greater responsibility
to the other orders. It was the duty of the higher orders to protect the
lower ones, and especially to protect the weak and innocent such as
brahmanas, women, children the elderly and the cows. Indeed, every


58

living creature was considered a citizen in Vedic culture and entitled
to the protection of the king. The duties of each varna were
established by Manu, and promulgated in the Manu Samhita. Every
member of Vedic culture traditionally voluntarily followed their
duty, because that was the culture. They were not motivated by
desire for gain, or threat of punishment or loss. Because the culture
was established in goodness people acted out of a sense of duty
the characteristic of Sattva-guna.
Varna Sankara
The above is a description of the varnas in an ideal world, and as
they existed more or less in their pure form in the ancient Vedic
cultures. Think of these varnas as precision parts of a social
machine, which when properly assembled enabled the entire culture
to function as designed all members working together for the
common ideal of achieving the transcendental destination at the end
of lifes journey. At that time those in goodness, the brahmanas, or
priests of society, maintained the purity of the culture. Those in
passion were not just kings, but due to their spiritual purity were also
considered sages, or rishis. Consequently they were called raja-
rishis, or rajarshis, meaning saintly king. The rajarshis valued and
respected Vedic culture and guided by the brahmanas insured that all
members of society were properly engaged according to their
dharma, insuring their own, as well as societys welfare. The
organizers of society, the vaisyas, were not obsessed with
accumulation of wealth and self-aggrandizement, but engaged in
production as required for the proper maintenance of society
according to their duty. And the laborers, or sudras, of the social
body were submissive, dedicated, and working to their best ability.
By such an arrangement everyone in society shared amicably in the
material and spiritual benefits.
Ancient Vedic cultures understood the transcendental destination
and the value of Vedic principles as necessary elements to help them
achieve it. They therefore did their best to maintain the purity of the
culture through purity of the individual, and by extension, the purity
of the varnas. Due to the influences of Kali however, the ideal was
abandoned as sensual attractions took precedence over maintenance
of an ideal culture. Due to repeated intermarriage among the varnas


59

over the course of centuries the purity of the varnas has almost
entirely been lost. The result is called varna sankara, or mixed
varnas, in which the vast majority of people now have some of the
tendencies of each varna, and nobody really knows who he is in
society, nor what role he should play. The parts of that fine-tuned
social machine have become worn to the point that they do not work
together so well. The priests are not pure, the ksatriyas are no longer
saintly or otherwise qualified, and the organizers, now called
businessmen, do their best to exploit labor and the workers
reciprocate in kind. As a result there is chaos and everyone is doing
their level best to take as much as they can from the other members
of society. Of course, since we are not equals, some are better at
taking than others, with the result that some sections of society,
including many women, too many children, and often the elderly, are
often left in a desperate condition.
The varna arrangement of society describes what is called the
social body. Like our own body, all of the parts are meant to serve
the entire being. The brahmanas are considered the head of society,
the ksatriyas as the arms, the vaisyas as the belly, and the sudras as
the legs. When all parts of the body are engaged in service to the
whole, the body can be maintained in a healthy state. This is true for
the social body if it acts as one unit. But when one part loses its
connection with the whole and seeks its own self-interest, there can
only be difficulty for the entire social body. In our modern society
this distinction of, and connection between, the various parts of the
body has been lost. We each strive for our own self-interest,
seemingly independent of the others, as if this were possible.
Attempting to find fulfillment in that way is as ludicrous as the
various parts of our own body trying to act independently for their
own welfare. Can the arms be happy independently of the head?
Can the head be happy without the help of the stomach for
nourishment? Can the stomach be happy without the help of the arms
and legs? Or can the stomach simply enjoy everything and neglect to
distribute the benefit to all the other parts of the body? No. Neither
can the parts of the social body survive without a mutually beneficial
relationship, but that is the state of the world today. Each member of
society is attempting to take care of themselves alone, with no
relationship or obligation to the other sections of society, very few


60

are happy, and all but a very few have insufficient resources for any
kind of meaningful life. The idea that we can be independent of
others and still be happy in this world is but another of the illusions
of modern life.
The personal commitment of the members of Vedic culture to its
principles created a social contract that protected and benefited all
members of society. The contract was that each member of society
would contribute to the benefit of others as their natural abilities
allowed. The brahmanas would see to the spiritual welfare and
direction of society. The ksatriyas would provide physical protection
from harm as well as ensuring that every member was properly
engaged in productive activity. The vaisyas organized the productive
efforts of society and managed the distribution of goods, while the
sudras supplied the labor. In the context of a culture devoid of any
idea of money, the interdependence of all members was not difficult
to recognize. In a smaller personal world it was likely that you knew
the person who made your shoes or clothing, or provided your milk.
What were you giving in return? Something was expected and an
obligation was felt. Importantly, the members of society were able to
maintain their personal commitment to this ideal because of the
influences of sattva-guna, and it continued as long as sattva-guna
remained. This social arrangement was further supported by each
persons commitment to a higher spiritual idealthe goal of
transferring themselves to a higher destination at the end of lifea
heavenly reward if not complete spiritual emancipation. It was
widely prevalent in years long past, but due to the increasing
influences of passion and ignorance, commitment to this ideal could
not be maintained. It was perverted into the caste system in Indian
culture, and in the West continued in its basic form in medieval
society through the Middle Ages.
The Gunas and the Natural World
Exploring the influences of the gunas farther, lets consider how
people see this world. Ecologists claim that one of the foundational
aspects of our collapsing ecosystems is that we see others,
particularly the non-human world, as fundamentally different from
ourselves. Hence we have little or no reason for caring for nature.
For example, according to environmentalist Fritjof Capra logic does


61

not lead us from the fact that we are an integral part of the web of
life to certain norms of how we should live. However, if we have
deep ecological awareness, or experience, of being part of the web of
life, then we will (as opposed to should) be inclined to care for all
living nature. Indeed, we can scarcely refrain from responding in this
way. Why do only some people have such an environmental
consciousness? Because they have some modicum of sattva-guna.
Those in passion see each living entity differently. Their
consciousness dictates that if the body is different, then the life is
different. Persons under the influence of passion (what to speak of
ignorance) cannot see the oneness of life. For them a fish cannot
have the same value as a human being. The fish, pigs, cows, and
chickens are all seen simply as objects for mans use. The owls,
frogs and birds, all innocent victims of mans sloppy environmental
housekeeping and habitat destruction, are not seen on par with
people by those too influenced by rajo-guna. Neither can they see
themselves as just another strand in the web of life, ostensibly equal
to the other members of our planetary home. What to speak of
animals, they cannot extend a vision of equality to other humans, be
they different due to sex, skin color, race, nationality or culture. This
understanding of equality is available only to those who have
sufficiently cultivated goodness (18.20): That knowledge by which
one undivided spiritual nature is seen in all living entities, though
they are divided into innumerable forms, you should understand to
be in the mode of goodness. Therefore we can understand social
commentator Wendell Berrys conclusion that people need to
understand more than their obligations to one another and to earth;
they also need the feelings of such obligations. This simply cannot
be realized by the majority of people who are steeped in passion and
ignorance. Only by coming to increasing sattva-guna can such ideas
be grasped.
The destructiveness that we witness in economics, in human
relations, in the environment, in politics, or any other place is due to
the influences of tamo-guna. There is only one way that these can be
restored to a healthy condition, and that is by bringing into our
activities, thinking and consciousness, the healing and nurturing
influences of sattva-guna, or suddha-sattvatranscendental
goodness.


62

The Vedic perspective provides something else that is entirely
missing in modern culturean absolute standard by which to
understand what is beneficial or destructive, what will uplift and
what will degrade humanity, and therefore what should be done and
what should not be done in the interest of, and benefit for all society.
Because its basis for understanding and decision making lies beyond
the material condition of life, the Vedic perspective offers an
absolute understanding of the differences between good and bad, and
right and wrong. The idea of moral relativism, based on the pleasures
of the mind and body and relative only to oneself, is based on an
illusory bodily conception of life. The Bhagavata understanding of
life allows us to reestablish the moral compass that has been
destroyed by ignorance. This is not a matter of one section of society
arbitrarily imposing is will on others, but a scientific influence that
can be observed in practice in any part of the world. The quality of
goodness enlightens and uplifts while the quality of ignorance
confuses, degrades and destroys. Although there will always be a
section of society who are intent on using their free will to degrade
themselves, if we want a healthy society, a healthy environment, and
a healthy future for our children and grandchildren, society must
somehow be brought to the standard of sattva-guna. We cannot chart
a course there unless we first know where we are now, and that will
be understood as we progress through the next few chapters.
We have learned how the gunas influence our perceptions of life
and in turn how this conditions the consciousness of all people. The
manner in which we pursue our economic activity is but a result of
that consciousness and conditioning. But there is more to
understanding the economic behavior of man, specifically those
attributes that are thought, in these modern times at least, to motivate
him in his economic dealingslust, envy and greed.



63



Chapter Two
Lust, Envy and Greed
O my Lord, those whose hearts are bewildered by the
influence of lust, envy, greed, and illusion are interested
only in falsity in this world created by Your maya.
Attached to various illusions created by maya they
wander in this material world perpetually. Srimad-
Bhagavatam 9.8.25


In considering the whys and wherefores of the economics of man
we should also consider the qualities of lust, envy and greed, which
too often in todays world are helpful accomplices for delivering
economic results. This is according to one of the 20
th
centurys most
able economic captains, J ohn Maynard Keynes. He was of a mind
that economics might one day be able to serve the human race, rather
than man serving the needs of vested interests. However, although he
dreamed of a future time in which everyone would be the beneficiary
of economic surplus he nonetheless advocated the use of a lesser
morality to achieve that end. In Economic Possibilities for our
Grandchildren he writes:
I see us free, therefore, to return to some of the most
sure and certain principles of religion and traditional
virtuethat avarice is a vice, that the exaction of usury
is a misdemeanour, and the love of money is detestable,
that those [who] walk most truly in the paths of virtue
and sane wisdom [are those] who take least thought for
the morrow. We shall once more value ends above
means and prefer the good to the useful. We shall
honour those who can teach us how to pluck the hour


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and the day virtuously and well, the delightful people
who are capable of taking direct enjoyment in things,
the lilies of the field who toil not, neither do they spin.
But beware! The time for all this is not yet. For at least
another hundred years we must pretend to ourselves and
to every one that fair is foul and foul is fair; for foul is
useful and fair is not. Avarice and usury and precaution
must be our gods for a little longer still. For only they
can lead us out of the tunnel of economic necessity into
daylight.
1

Lust generally refers to desires of the flesh. This is its definition
as a noun. But in this discussion I want to define it as a verb,
meaning intense, or extreme desire, which can be directed to objects
of any variety such as the lust of consumers to get it all, and now!
In this sense lust is a significant factor fueling the economic engine,
particularly for the United States, since consumer activity is the basis
for a significant portion of its economy. Keeping up with the
J ones is another important aspect of economic activity. The
possessions and fortunes of others incite desires in our own heart,
thus envy figures importantly in the economic calculus as well. And
greed is too often the driving force behind much economic activity,
especially mergers and acquisitions creating corporate behemoths
wherein a handful of companies control the destiny of the entire
world. Intense and unlimited desires, the envy of others, and
unlimited and unmitigated greed are significant forces shaping
modern mans economic conduct. Indeed, lust, envy and greed can
be said to be the driving forces behind the practice of what has been
dubbed predatory economics. Therefore, if we are to fully
understand economic man in the modern context we must first
understand the foundation of these qualities.
Some say that these qualities are the inherent nature of the human
being. The Christian and Buddhist traditions for example, accept
lust, envy and greed as an unavoidable part of the human condition.
But if these qualities actually are inherent in humans why are they
not consistently displayed by all humans, across time and throughout
populations? And why do they seem to be increasing in our Western
culture over the past fifty years? Understanding these influences as


65

they are explained in Vedic literature will help us to understand the
economic behavior of modern man.
The Development of Lust
I want...I want...I want . . . is the mantra of lust. The list of
things that we want seems to be endless. No matter how much we get
there are always more things that we want. Our wish list is never
fulfilled because our desires continue to expand. The Bhagavatam
explains why: because we are infected by the modes of nature. The
qualities of lust and hankering (desire) are the symptoms of passion
and ignorance. By contemplating the objects of the senses we
develop a desire to have them; from that desire attachment arises,
and from attachment comes lust.
This progression is easy enough to understand. Consider anything
that you may have in your possession. Before you acquired it you
first thought about having it, and based on your desire you took the
necessary action to acquire it. This progression is very subtle of
course, and often completely unconscious. We dont stop to examine
from where our desires spring; all we know is that we want
something. Of course there is practically no limit to the number of
desires a person might have, especially given the nature of modern
marketing techniques that artificially increase the demands of the
senses. How many times have you gone to the store for one item and
left with others you had no intention of buying when you walked in
the door? Merchandisers know how to increase your desires and they
attractively arrange their displays to capture your attention. Once you
have seen the item the result is often fait accompli. Contemplating
the object you develop a desire for it, and another purchase is made.
Children provide very good examples of this phenomenon
because they are so transparent in their desires and actions. Take
them down the candy aisle and their senses go wild. They want
everything they seetheir little hands stretching out from the
shopping cart with such vigor that it seems that they might well
levitate the cherished object right off the shelf. It is often a much
harried mom who valiantly tries to get out the door without their
little one crying hysterically over the desires that they couldnt
fulfill. The Gita explains that reaction as well: anger is the result of
the frustration of our desires.


66

Part of our acculturation as we grow into adults is to regulate our
desires according to what we can afford or reasonably obtain,
balanced against other competing needs and desires, and as
importantly, to develop the intelligence to recognize those desires or
temptations that we are better off without. Another part of this
acculturation is learning to express or conceal our desires in such a
way that we think most beneficial to achieving them. Children are
clever and often quickly learn how to manipulate their inexperienced
or unwitting parents in achieving their desires. While younger
children unabashedly reveal their desires, as they mature they learn
to be much more subtle or even crafty in expressing them. If crying
and temper tantrums work that behavior will be called on whenever
required, and as they mature it can develop into a more sophisticated
display of emotional distress over unmet desires. Most adults
progress beyond temper tantrums to achieve their desires by either
subtly or directly expressing them to those capable of fulfilling them.
Hints or suggestions, expressions of envy, direct requests,
intellectual coercion or even hostile arguments are also employed. Of
course the healthiest behavior is to obtain ones desires by ones
honest efforts, and good people everywhere do so. But if such desires
are very strong and honest means are insufficient, too troublesome,
or considered unnecessary to fulfill them, deception, theft, bribery,
fraud, and violence can also be used. These may even be the methods
of first choice for persons accustomed to such dealings.
At times circumstances may make it socially inappropriate to
reveal ones actual desires or intentions. They will then be concealed
or expressed in discreet and tactful ways. Vedic texts define this
desire to hide ones real mentality as avahittha, or concealment. As
the Vaishnava acarya Srila Bhaktivinoda Thakur expresses in his
Jaiva Dharma Leaving this straight path for that of deception, [one]
becomes sly, engages in unscrupulous dealings, and tries to hide his
crookedness behind a facade of sweet words and postured civility.
Oftentimes those sweet words are merely lies. Lies and intrigue are
not infrequently employed in obtaining the objects of our desire.
Through lies and other obfuscation we may disguise our intentions
altogether, or create some elaborate scheme by which to achieve our
end without revealing our hand. Efforts in duplicity or falsity
however, are a dangerous trap in which the practitioner soon


67

becomes a victim of his own doing. Practicing to deceive by blurring
the lines between truth and falsity for others, a person soon looses
the ability to distinguish between truth and falsity. In other words, by
attempting to put others into illusion we ourselves fall under the
same illusion. The truth is whatever we want it to be, or so we think,
but that does not make it so. By the repeated practice of duplicity we
place ourselves further under the control of maya. This maya helps to
form our ahankara, or false ego, wherein we hide our real mentality
even from our very selves. We become unable to understand our own
motivations, and actions.
Our first act of deception is our desire to enjoy the property of
God, falsely thinking of ourselves as the rightful enjoyers of the
things of this world. Srila Prabhupada explains this in several places
throughout his works:
He is spirit. He has nothing to do with this material
world, but he wanted it. Or the real thing is that he
wanted to enjoy by becoming the master. He is
servant...Sometimes servants desire it that Why am I
the servant? Why not master? That is natural. But the
natural position is he is subordinate, a servant. If he
remains servant of God, then hes happy always. But
because he desired to become master, so he cannot
become master in the spiritual world, because in the
spiritual world the master is God, Krishna. So he is
given the chance, All right, go to the material world
and become master. So hes struggling for existence, and
everyone is trying to become master.
2

There is no necessity of tracing out the history of when
the living entity desired this. But the fact is that as soon
as he desired it, he was put under the control of atma-
maya by the direction of the Lord. Therefore the living
entity in his material condition is dreaming falsely that
this is mine and this is I. The dream is that the
conditioned soul thinks of his material body as I or
falsely thinks that he is the Lord and that everything in
connection with that material body is mine. Thus only
in dream does the misconception of I and mine
persist life after life. This continues life after life, as


68

long as the living entity is not purely conscious of his
identity as the subordinate part and parcel of the Lord.
3

The entire process of self-realization is meant to eliminate self-
deception, so that we can see the truth as it is, recognize our own
position relative to this world and its creator, and let go of our ill-
conceived and ill-begotten desires and attachmentsthe very ropes
that bind us to repeated birth and death in this material world. Those
who aspire to self-realization become straightforward in their
dealings with others. The passage quoted above by Bhaktivinoda
Thakur later continues: True culture, in its pristine state, shorn of all
immorality, is found amongst the Vaisnavas. Real culture means
worthiness to participate in a serious truthful assemblyin other
words, simple decencybut the contemporary definition of culture
is simply a method of masking mischievous internal motives, which
are gradually further perverted into deceit.
Never-Ending Sense Desires
Sensual activity, bringing happiness in the mode of passion, provides
immediate gratification and the promise of fulfillment. There is a problemwith
sensual delight however in that its gratification soon fades, and while it may give us
pleasure it does not give us satisfaction. As soon as the immediate happiness fades
we seek another experience that promises pleasurable feelings, only to find the
satisfaction fade. Again, and again we repeat the behavior. We try different
experiences, or different people, endlessly changing the caste of characters, events
and places. A new situation may seemto offer a new experience, but its really just
old wine in new bottles. Who bothers to make such an analysis? Few if any, and
the process is repeated through countless lifetimes.
The behavior of children once more provides an easy and
universal example. Candies taste good, but because their intelligence
is not sufficiently developed children dont know when to stop eating
them. Children will continue to eat entire bowls filled with candies
until they make themselves sick. Eventually we learn when to stop
eating candies, but those desires are simply replaced by others some
of which can prove addictive for adults. These desires, the list of
which is very long, include a variety of sensual activities and other
more destructive behaviors. Consider that there are now more than
one hundred 12-Step programs, the popular behavioral modification
programs designed to help adults to overcome addictions to such


69

things as: gambling, eating addictions and compulsions,
consciousness altering drugs, cigarettes, self-mutilators, sex
addiction and prostitution, shoplifting, compulsive shopping, and
compulsive debt. While the initial experiences may bring some sense
of pleasure these behaviors become uncontrollable passions and
problems resulting in distress and despair.
The senses are thus bad masters. Regardless of how much one
may strive to please them they are never satisfied and always
demand more. In order to satisfy their strong desires people may
engage in illegal or sinful, even abominable acts, or accept many
different types of hardships, austerities, scorn or insults. Despite
being subjected to the necessities of the body, mind and senses and
suffering from various types of disease, and other kinds of
tribulations, due to his lust to enjoy the world the living entity is
carried away by many plans. Although transcendental to this material
existence, the living entity, out of ignorance, and under the
consciousness of I and mine, accepts all these material miseries.
(4.29.2425)
The condition of addiction is one where we find ourselves forced
to engage our senses with their objectseven against our own will.
Aware of the troubles that the senses bring Arjuna asks Sri Krishna
how it is that one is forced to obey the dictations of the senses even
when they compel him to sinful acts. Sri Krishna replies: it is lust
only Arjuna, the all-devouring sinful enemy of this world. It is born
of contact with the mode of passion and later transformed into wrath.
The living entitys pure consciousness becomes covered by his
eternal enemy in the form of lust, which is never satisfied and which
burns like fire. The senses, the mind and the intelligence are the
sitting places of this lust. Through them lust covers the real
knowledge of the living entity and bewilders him. (3.3637, 3940)
To say that the senses, mind and intelligence are the residence of
lust is to say that they are polluted or contaminated by lust. Polluted
by lust the intelligence is constantly making plans how to achieve the
objects of desire; the mind constantly recalls the sensations obtained
by engaging the senses with their objects, and the senses themselves
hanker for that stimulation. Having been polluted by lust the senses,
mind and intelligence become both attached and conditioned to the
experience, which act to form a corresponding conception of life in


70

which desires, and the means to achieve them become the very
reason for ones existence, justifying whatever means are used to
obtain them. In this manner sinful and criminal behavior become
accepted or even normal to the person who is the slave of lust.
The Bhagavatam provides a fitting metaphor to describe this
situation. Picture a chariot being pulled by five horses. The horses
represent the senses, the reigns are the mind, the driver is the
intelligence, the chariot is the material body, and the passenger is the
soul. When the intelligence is good, it controls the mind and senses.
Therefore it understands where to go and where not to go, based on
the interests of the passenger, the soul. The driver of the chariot of
the body thus safely delivers the passenger to the desired destination.
But if the horses are out of control or the reigns not properly used or
connected to the horses, or if the driver is drunk or asleep, no good
result can come of the situation.
First of all the intelligence must be properly established with
knowledge of what the body is, who the passenger is, how to control
the mind, and what the desired destination of human life is, then, and
only then, is the intelligence fit to direct all activities. If the
intelligence is untrained, or does not know how to control the mind,
it cannot properly direct the action, so the result will be questionable.
This describes the condition of modern civilization. There is no
longer any understanding of the spiritual nature of man, or our
purpose in this world, nor the proper destination of human life. The
senses and mind are allowed to run free, completely uncontrolled.
The mind and intelligence are used by the senses to aid them in
achieving their objects of desire. The senses are so strong and
impetuous, O Arjuna, that they forcibly carry away the mind even of
a man of discrimination who is endeavoring to control them. (2.60)
Responsible human life thus requires that the mind and senses be
strictly controlled. The Bhagavatam therefore warns us (7.15.46)
the senses, acting as the horses, and the intelligence, acting as the
driver, both being prone to material contamination, inattentively
bring the body, which acts as the chariot, to the path of sense
gratification. When one is thus attracted again by the rogues of
eating, sleeping and mating, the horses and chariot driver are thrown
into the blinding dark well of material existence, and one is again put


71

into a dangerous and extremely fearful situation of repeated birth and
death.
Mind is the Nexus of Lust Leading to Perpetual Material Life
Not knowing who we are prevents us from resolving the pitiable
condition of endless hankering for the objects of desire and
lamenting for what has been lost. How can the intelligence function
effectively, deciding what is acceptable and what is not, if it is
completely unaware of the truths of life? Understanding ones long-
term interests depends entirely on ones conception of the self. If the
intelligence is not trained to understand that the perceiver of
experience is the soul who is different from the body and mind, how
can it discriminate on the basis of ones spiritual, or eternal,
interests? It cannot. In such a situation the intelligence has no basis
for decision making.
Most people think that they are the body, or perhaps the mind.
Others may have some idea of the soul, but because of the vagueness
of this concept offered in the mainstream religious traditions, they
are unsure of what that means. Being conditioned to identifying with
the body and the mind, any desire that comes into the consciousness
is taken to be my desire, and we thus think I want this, I
want that. Who does this inner voice that says I want belong to?
There are three possible sources of the inner voice: I the soul, I
the intelligence, and I the mind.4 These elements are so subtle in
their nature that one can understand the difference between them
only by their function.
The function of the intelligence is to discriminate between that
which is desirable or undesirable on the basis of ones long-term
interests. The function of the mind is to determine what is desirable
or undesirable based on sense gratification, while the actual desire of
the soul is to find the ever-fresh source of his satisfaction in his
original transcendental state. In order to determine who is
speaking, introspection is requiredwe must examine the thought
according to these criteria. Training to distinguish between the
voices of consciousness is the purpose of the practice of yoga.
5
Does
it ask for sense gratification? If so, that is the voice of the mind.
Does it encourage one to think about ones long-term welfare? Then
that is the voice of intelligence. Of course these voices may conflict


72

with each other. The cartoon of such moral dilemmas depicts an
angel on one shoulder and the devil on the other: do it, no, dont
do it, yes, do it...and the battle rages. The devil and angel
represent the mind and intelligence respectively. The mind is eager
to taste some delectable, even forbidden, fruit, but the intelligence
recognizes that there will be a price to pay further down the road,
and it is better that one act for long-term happiness.
Since most people do not understand the distinction between the
gross and subtle bodies, the distinction between the mind and
intelligence, or the presence and nature of the soul, and assume that
the inner voice is but a singular me, they necessarily assume that
every desire is their desire. Whenever only immediate pleasures
are considered the mind has carte blanche. But because the
uncontrolled mind is ones worst enemy this creates a dangerous
situation. Acting according to the dictations of ones enemy can
never bring a favorable result. Conditioned by a materialistic
conception of life, the mind desires many things that become a
source of trouble and repeated births in this material world. The
Bhagavatam therefore asks (5.6.5): The mind is the root cause of
lust, anger, pride, greed, lamentation, illusion and fear. Combined,
these constitute bondage to fruitive activity. Therefore what learned
man puts his faith in the mind? It explains: The souls designation,
the mind, is the cause of all tribulations in the material world. As
long as this fact is unknown to the conditioned living entity, he has
to accept the miserable condition of the material body and wander
within this universe in different positions. Because the mind is
affected by disease, lamentation, illusion, attachment, greed and
enmity, it creates bondage and a false sense of intimacy within this
material world. (5.11.16)
To further illustrate the role of the mind in creating material
bondage as well as happiness and distress Lord Krishna tells us of a
story about the Brahmana from Avanti:
This brahmana had been an agriculturalist and
merchant. He had been extremely greedy, miserly and
prone to anger. As a result, his wife, sons, daughters,
relatives and servants were all deprived of every kind of
enjoyment and gradually gave up their affection for
him. In due course of time, thieves, family members and


73

providence took away all of his wealth. Thus finding
himself without any property and abandoned by
everyone, he developed a deep sense of renunciation.
He was grateful that this sense of detachment had arisen
in his heart and considered it the factual means for
delivering his soul from material bondage.
In such a state of renunciation the Avanti brahmana
began to wander about the earth concealing his spiritual
position by presenting himself as an old and dirty
beggar. Rowdy persons would dishonor him with many
insults. Yet while being insulted by low-class men
trying to affect his downfall, he remained steady in his
spiritual duties. Fixing his resolution in the mode of
goodness, he thought:
These people are not the cause of my happiness and
distress. Neither are the demigods, my own body, the
planets, my past work, or time. Rather, it is the mind
alone that causes happiness and distress and perpetuates
the rotation of material life. The powerful mind actuates
the functions of the material modes, from which evolve
the different kinds of material activities in the modes of
goodness, passion and ignorance. According to his
activities in these modes one develops corresponding
statuses of life. I, the infinitesimal spirit soul, have
embraced this mind, which is the mirror reflecting the
image of the material world. Thus I have become
engaged in enjoying objects of desire and am entangled
due to contact with the modes of nature.
Charity, prescribed duties, observance of major and
minor regulative principles, hearing from scripture,
pious works and purifying vows all have as their final
aim the subduing of the mind. Indeed, concentration of
the mind on the Supreme is the highest yoga. If ones
mind is perfectly fixed and pacified, then what need
does one have to perform ritualistic charity and other
pious rituals? If ones mind remains uncontrolled, lost
in ignorance, then of what use are these engagements


74

for him? All the senses have been under the control of
the mind since time immemorial, and the mind himself
never comes under the sway of any other. He is stronger
than the strongest, and his godlike power is fearsome.
Therefore, anyone who can bring the mind under
control becomes the master of all the senses.
Failing to conquer this irrepressible enemy, the mind,
whose urges are intolerable and who torments the heart,
many people are completely bewildered and create
useless quarrel with others. Thus they conclude that
other people are either their friends, their enemies or
parties indifferent to them. Persons who identify with
this body, which is simply the product of the material
mind, are blinded in their intelligence, thinking in terms
of I and mine. Because of their illusion of this is I,
but that is someone else, they wander in endless
darkness.
6

Sri Krishna concludes the story of the Avanti brahmana by
confirming the mind as the nexus of our material existence: No
other force besides his own mental confusion makes the soul
experience happiness and distress. The perception of friends, neutral
parties, and enemies, and the whole experience of material life built
around this perception are simply created out of ignorance. Illusion
created out of ignorance is thus the genesis of lust.

* * *
EnvyThe Scourge of Plentiful Prosperity
Envy has very real-world results in terms of economic affairs.
Consider that the definition of envy is the desire to have what others
possess, even though they have no right to it. When materialistic and
envious people see the opulence of others they immediately begin to
determine how to get the same or more. In cases of extreme envy,
they become spiteful of others prosperity and seek to impoverish
them. There is no better example of the influence of envy and its
vicissitude in economics than the history of India.


75

It was once a country of stupendous wealth. Nicolo Conti
described that in the early fifteenth century the banks of the Ganges
were lined with one prosperous city after another, each well
designed, rich in gardens, and orchards, silver and gold, commerce
and industry. Mount Stuart Elphinstone writes The Hindu kingdoms
overthrown by the Moslems, were so wealthy that Moslem historians
tire of telling of the immense loot of jewels and gold captured by the
invaders.
7
Although extensive trade with India had been going on
for millennia, and almost any of her riches could be had by such
legitimate means, the lust and envy of the invaders precluded this
more reasonable method. Lust over her riches, and the covetousness
of I and mine over her treasure was their desire.
The wealth of India was repeatedly sacked, but still when Shah
J ahan was emperor his treasury included two underground strong
rooms, each some 150,000 cubic feet in capacity, that were almost
entirely filled with silver and gold. But although the Moguls
conquered India, they did not destroy her. The British historian
Vincent Smith in his Akbar (Oxford, 1919 ed.) acknowledges that
India prospered even into the 19
th
century: contemporary
testimonies permit no doubt that the urban population of the more
important cities was well to do. Indeed, travelers described Agra
and Fatehpur Sikri as each greater and richer than London. Not only
were the cities prosperous but the entire citizenry were as well, as
reported by Anquetil-Duperron, who, journeying thru the Maratha
districts in 1760 found himself in the midst of the simplicity and
happiness of the golden age...the people were cheerful, vigorous, and
in high health. Such prosperity continued into the later years of the
Mogul reign, as Maria Graham who visited Pune in the early
nineteenth century informs us: Among the lower classes (castes) it
is very common to see a man loaded with gold and silver on his
hands, feet, waist, neck, ears and nose. Robert Clive, the chief
architect of the British empire in India, upon visiting Murshidabad in
1759, concluded that she was a country of inexhaustible riches.
Indias opulence was due to the fact that the populous adhered to
the religious principles of dharma. The higher classes, not being
envious, allowed all classes to share in the vast wealth. The populace
was active in all varieties of manufacturing, doing an active trade
with the Roman Empire even at the beginning of the current era.
8



76

The Reverend J abuz Sunderland chronicled: This wealth, was
created by the Hindus vast and varied industries. Nearly every kind
of manufacture or product known to the civilized worldnearly
every kind of creation of Mans brain and hand, existing anywhere,
and prized either for its utility or beautyhad long, long been
produced in India. India was a far greater industrial and
manufacturing nation than any in Europe or than any other in Asia.
Her textile goodsthe fine products of her loom, in cotton, wool,
linen, and silkwere famous over the civilized world; so were her
exquisite jewelry and her precious stones, cut in every lovely form;
so were her pottery, porcelains, ceramics of every kind, quality, color
and beautiful shape; so were her fine works in metal iron, steel,
silver and gold. She had great architectureequal in beauty to any in
the world. She had great engineering works. She had great
merchants, great business men, great bankers and financiers. Not
only was she the greatest ship-building nation, but she had great
commerce and trade by land and sea which extended to all known
civilized countries. Such was the India which the British found when
they came.
9

In 1750, her relative share of entire worlds manufacturing output
was 24.5 percent, higher than the combined output of the United
Kingdom, France, Germany, Habsburg Empire, Italian states, and
Russia. India was also a major producer and exporter of textiles. The
city of Kasimbazar in Bengal alone produced over 2 million pounds
of raw silk annually during the 1680s, more than eight times that of
Europes foremost silk producer of the time, Sicily. The cotton
weavers of Gujarat turned out almost 3 million pieces a year for
export alone, dwarfing that of the largest textile enterprise in
continental Europe which produced less than 100,000 pieces per
year.
10

However inexhaustible Indias wealth might have appeared, it
was intolerable to the envious British who made it their policy to
eliminate her manufacturing competition and make her an
agricultural colony only, bringing the once productive and
prosperous Bharata to destitution and dependency. The methods they
used to accomplish this ignoble feat are tried and true, and have been
repeated all over the globe for hundreds of years since the earliest
times of colonization, and even before that on a lesser scale with


77

neighboring countries, cities and even villages. The process
continues to this very day on a planetary-wide scale under the
seemingly benign, even beneficial, concept of Global Free Trade.
The Result of Lust, Jealousy and Pride
As we have quoted Srila Prabhupada above, when the jiva desires
to become the lord of this world he is put under the spell of illusion,
thus he attempts to imitate the Lord as the enjoyer of this world. To
say that the living being wants to lord it over this world does not
necessarily mean as the supreme enjoyer, although that may certainly
be the case. The factual meaning of being the lord of this world
means to be the enjoyer of the material energy. Depending on the
qualities of the gunas one has become conditioned to, one can take
that as far as his consciousness determines. Under the influence of
sattva-guna one will enjoy that which is naturally obtainable without
extensive endeavor. Under the influence of passion one makes a
strong endeavor to obtain the objects of his desire. But in ignorance
one dispenses with all niceties and simply takes what he wants
according to his ability.
Regardless of the scale and scope that one is able to achieve, the
desire to exhibit ones superiority over others is characteristic of the
materialistic mentality. This desire is called pride. J ealousy, the
inability to tolerate the opulence of another, is concomitant with
pride. Envy is the resentment of, or even spite toward another, upon
seeing their opulence or success. It is derived from the combination
of lust, jealousy and pride. These qualities combine in this way: due
to lust one is not satisfied with what he has and always wants
morehow much more? At the very least he must have more than
others, in order to be considered superior to them. Being jealous of
those who have more than us, we are unable to tolerate their
opulence because of our pride. We are spiteful for what they have
achieved, and want what they have.
Envy is the Fuel of Conspicuous Consumption
Due to ignorance, the materialistic person does not
know anything about his real self-interest, the
auspicious path in life. He is simply bound to material
enjoyment by lusty desires, and all his plans are made


78

for this purpose. For temporary sense gratification, such
a person creates a society of envy, and due to this
mentality, he plunges into the ocean of suffering. Such a
foolish person does not even know about this. (5.5.16)
Persons fully absorbed in the consciousness of I and mine are
naturally envious and they therefore want to advertise their
superior status to others. Thus envy drives one to acquire as much
as or hopefully more than their rivals so that they feel equal to, if not
superior to others in their evaluation of themselves. But there must
be some means by which one can measure themselves against others,
and thus materialistic persons create a society of envy in which they
strive to out-do, out-accumulate, out-use, and out-perform each
other. Thus we now see designer labels worn on the outside of the
latest fashions, and name brands have become the visible means by
which one displays their wealth and thus advertises their prestige. It
is envy that fuels conspicuous consumption, in which the wealthy
extravagantly consume in excess beyond the GDP of two-thirds of
the countries of the world, spending for example $300,000 for a
Breguet watch, or $48,000 for a Michel Perchin pen.
11

There is perhaps no better description of the self-absorbed effete
materialist than The Theory of the Leisure Class written as a satire a
century ago by economist and social critic Thorstein Veblen. Veblen
describes the mentality of those who think of themselves in terms of
the things that they possess, and who, due to their envy of others,
must demonstrate their superiority through consumption: During
the earlier stages of economic development, consumption of goods
without stint, especially consumption of the better grades of goods
ideally all consumption in excess of the subsistence minimum
pertains normally to the leisure class. Veblen describes the quasi-
peaceable gentleman of leisure who consumes of the staff of life
far beyond the minimum required for subsistence and physical
efficiency. His consumption must be marked not only in quality but
in quantity as well. In order to display his status he requires the help
of others in disposing of the finer, no, the very best in food, drink,
narcotics, shelter, services, ornaments, apparel, weapons and
accoutrements, amusements, amulets, and even idols or divinities.
Satisfaction though, is not the sole purpose of their consumption.
The canon of reputability is at hand and seizes upon such


79

innovations as are, according to its standard, fit to survive. Since the
consumption of these more excellent goods is an evidence of wealth,
it becomes honorific; and conversely, the failure to consume in due
quantity and quality becomes a mark of inferiority and demerit.
The term conspicuous consumption was coined by Veblen in
this work, and he demonstrated that it had a very specific purposea
means of reputability to the gentleman of leisure:
As wealth accumulates on his hands, his own unaided
effort will not avail to sufficiently put his opulence in
evidence by this method. The aid of friends and
competitors is therefore brought in by resorting to the
giving of valuable presents and expensive feasts and
entertainments. Presents and feasts had no doubt
another origin than that of naive ostentation, but they
acquired their utility for this purpose very early, and
they have retained that character to the present; so that
their utility in this respect has now long been the
substantial ground on which these usages rest. Costly
entertainments, such as the potlatch or the ball, are
peculiarly adapted to serve this purpose. The competitor
with whom the entertainer wishes to institute a
comparison is, by this method, also made to serve as a
means to the end. He consumes vicariously for his host
at the same time that he is a witness to the consumption
of that excess of good things which his host is unable to
dispose of single-handed, and he is also made to witness
his hosts facility in etiquette. 12
Lost to any deeper understanding of themselves such persons can
no longer understand their existence beyond the brands they use and
the labels that they wear, and this is true of people at every income
level, not just the leisure class. Precluded from using brand names
priced in the stratosphere to note their pedigree, the less affluent use
branding as a means of finding an identity both in life and in death.
Brand names are thus not just something that make an item stand out
on the shelf, but are perceived as offering an entrance into a more
desirable world, even replacing religious faith as the source of
purpose in life.


80

A few years back in an article appearing in the Financial Times
the advertising agency Young & Rubicam stated that brands are the
new religion, and that people are turning to brands to find meaning
in life. The brands that are succeeding they say, are those that portray
themselves as being connected with original ideas and strong beliefs
on which they appear to refuse to compromise. These brands are also
the ones that appear to have the passion and energy necessary to
change the world, and in this way they convert people to their way of
thinking.
13

In the Times article the London design agency Fitch similarly
supported the claim of brand name deification by noting that
between 1991 and 2001 some 6,000 couples pledged their vows of
matrimony at the altar of Walt Disney World, and that instead of
going to church on Sundays many people choose instead to pay
homage at stores like the home furnishings giant IKEA. The Times
article further tells us that some brands also pave the path to the
hereafter and those pearly-gatesbeing buried in Harley-branded
coffins has apparently become a popular final tribute to their deity
amongst Harley-Davidson motorcycle aficionados.
Extreme Envy Leads to Self-envy
J ust imagine! Lust can increase to such a degree that a person can
be envious of their own selfthat is, their actual, spiritual self. Not
understanding their true spiritual nature, impelled by lust and envy,
such persons commit violence to themselves and others, acting in
spite of their own future spiritual well being, as explained by Srila
Prabhupada (16.18 purport):
A demoniac person, being always against Gods
supremacy, does not like to believe in the scriptures. He
is envious of both the scriptures and the existence of the
Supreme Personality of Godhead. This is caused by his
so-called prestige and his accumulation of wealth and
strength. He does not know that the present life is a
preparation for the next life. Not knowing this, he is
actually envious of his own self, as well as of others. He
commits violence on other bodies and on his own. He
does not care for the supreme control of the Personality
of Godhead, because he has no knowledge. Being


81

envious of the scriptures and the Supreme Personality of
Godhead, he puts forward false arguments against the
existence of God and denies the scriptural authority. He
thinks himself independent and powerful in every
action. He thinks that since no one can equal him in
strength, power or wealth, he can act in any way and no
one can stop him. If he has an enemy who might check
the advancement of his sensual activities, he makes
plans to cut him down by his own power.
Self-envy means to act spitefully towards ones own self, to deny
any benefit that might accrue to ones self by introspection, or
spiritual practices. Self-envy is the product of the mode of darkness
and by this influence one takes that which is wrong to be right, and
that which is right to be wrong. Such persons are their own worst
enemies.
The Envious Are Intolerant of the Happiness of Others
A person who is lost to his spiritual nature actually endeavors to
expand his lust thinking that this increases his enjoyment more and
more. This mentality relates to the question posed by Alan Durning
in his book How Much is Enough? Almost incomprehensible to the
average person is the fact that some people want it all. The demonic
consciousness allows one to think that such enjoyment can and
should be increased without limit. Such consciousness however, also
prevents one from being satisfied with what they already have, thus
increases in lust automatically increase the envy of others. Lust,
jealousy and pride combine to generate enviousness of an extreme
degree, as noted in the description of the demonic mentality in the
Gita: so much is mine today and it will increase in the future more
and more. He is my enemy and I have killed him, and I will kill my
other enemy also...I am perfect, powerful and happy. Under the
influence of such envy the demonic become unhappy at seeing the
happiness of others; they actually become happier when they see the
unhappiness and suffering of others. Such extreme envy is thus one
of the prime motivators behind the predatory economic practices that
are disenfranchising and devouring the weak and helpless. We
usually think of envy as an emotion or feeling we experience when
we see something that others have and we want. What could the poor


82

of the world have, that the wealthy would want? Their money, their
happiness and their contentmentall of it. We will explore this
further in a later chapter.
The commonness of envy and through it the desire to do harm to
others was demonstrated by an experiment conducted by Professors
Daniel Zizzo of Oxford University and Andrew Oswald of Warwick
University.
14
The experiment was a game played which created
wealth distribution among participants by means of betting, but some
of the participants were given an arbitrary gift, of which everyone
was aware, giving them an unfair advantage. After the betting stage
of the experiment was completed the participants were allowed to
anonymously reduce (burn) the amount of other participants
winnings, but to do so they would have to pay a price, giving up
some of their own cash. Despite this cost, and contrary to the
assumptions of economics textbooks, two thirds of the participants
spent their own money to hurt other people, ultimately reducing the
amount of cash all participants had to take home by more than
twenty percent. One of the surprising findings of the experiment was
that some 15% of advantaged participants demonstrated an attitude
of envy toward the disadvantaged, burning them as much or more
than advantaged ones. While the advantaged subjects burned
disadvantaged and advantaged subjects alike, the disadvantaged
subjects seemed to care only about whether money had been
received deservedly or through the unfair advantage, and appeared to
use this criterion in deciding who to burn.
Envious persons are naturally attracted to participate in religious
systems that encourage the envy of othersmeaning classifying
others in terms of friends and enemiesinvoking the help of God to
destroy those whom they envy. The Srimad-Bhagavatam explains
how envy is even brought into religious systems (6.16.4142):
Being full of contradictions, all forms of religion but
bhagavata-dharma work under conceptions of fruitive
results and distinctions of you and I and yours and
mine. The followers of Srimad-Bhagavatam have no
such consciousness. But there are other, low-class
religious systems, which are contemplated for the
killing of enemies or the gain of power. Such religious
systems, being full of passion and envy, are impure and


83

temporary. Because they are full of envy, they are also
full of irreligion.
How can a religious system that produces envy of ones
self and of others be beneficial for oneself and for
them? What is auspicious about following such a
system? What is actually to be gained? By causing pain
to ones own self due to self-envy and by causing pain
to others, one arouses [Gods] anger and practices
irreligion.

* * *
GreedLessons on the Path to Unlimited (and Unearned)
Riches
Does greed have anything to do with the workings of the
economy? According to Gordon Gekko it does. Gekko, is famous for
explaining the virtues of greed: The point is, ladies and gentleman,
that greed is good. Greed is right. Greed works. Greed clarifies,
cuts through, and captures the essence of the evolutionary spirit.
Greed, in all of its formsgreed for life, for money, for love,
knowledgehas marked the upward surge of mankind. And greed
you mark my wordswill not only save Teldar Paper, but that other
malfunctioning corporation called the USA. Taking Gekkos good
advice many of our leaders, both economic and political have been
using greed as the means for saving the day, but its usually only
their day that is saved.
Gekko, of course, is a fictional character of the late 80s movie
Wall Street but his composite character is based on real people who
personified greed: the corporate raiders Ivan Boesky, Michael
Milliken and Carl Ichan. They were the captains of junk bonds,
insider trading and hostile takeovers, after whom the decade of
greed was named, having shown us how to get rich by gutting and
destroying profitable companies that had the temerity not to be
greedy themselves.
15
It was Boesky who made a very real speech on
the virtues of greed at the University of California Berkeley in 1986
mentoring the fresh products of American education with the
wisdom that Greed is all right, by the way I think greed is healthy.


84

You can be greedy and still feel good about yourself. The producers
of the movie Wall Street intended to portray Gekko as a villain, but
because of not understanding the increasing greed among the general
public he ironically became instead a source of inspiration, and the
movie turned out to be one of the most effective recruitment tools the
investment banking industry ever had.
Other encouragement in greed came from none other than the
U.S. president during most of that decade, The Gipper himself,
Ronald Reagan. Good leader that he was, Reagan wanted America to
be a place where somebody could always become rich, and his tax
policies demonstrated that the best persons for becoming rich(er)
were the already rich. Of course his tax reform was nothing more
than a case of quid pro quo. All of these lessons were not lost on
Americas impressionable youth. The vast majority, a whopping 83
percent, of the children of the counter-culture bred during the
turbulent dissent of the 60s, thought that developing a meaningful
philosophy of life was more important than being very well off
financially, which then only 44% thought of as important. After the
decade of greed the numbers were reversed. By 1990 the share of
Americans entering college who believed it was essential to be very
well-off financially almost doubled to 74 percent, while those who
believed in having a meaningful philosophy of life had dropped to 43
percent.
16
Business Administration capped with an MBA became the
hot major on college campuses all over America, while the
engineering colleges were turning to foreign students to fill their
classrooms.
Unmitigated greed brought Americans the Savings and Loan
crisis of the early eighties that cost the public some $150 billion
dollars of which $125 billion was directly subsidized by the U.S.
government. In that crisis over 1,000 savings and loan institutions
failed in the largest and costliest venture in public misfeasance,
malfeasance and larceny of all time.
17
This turpitude took place in
large part due to government deregulation of the S&Ls allowing
them to operate very much like banks but without the strict
government oversight that banks are subject to, creating a very
attractive environment for the unscrupulous. Not surprisingly the
Federal Home Loan Bank Board cited fraud and insider abuse as the
worst aggravating factors in the wave of S&L failures. The officers


85

of the S&Ls would collude with others and make bad loans that
could not be repaid, or work with brokerage houses to make loans to
certain individuals who would then use the proceeds for example, to purchase
Michael Millikens junk bonds, or take an equity interest in property purchased
with the loans. There were many different ways that the banking powers of the
S&Ls were used, and too often the money went directly into private
coffers. Among those implicated in the scandal was Neil Bush, the
son of then Vice President George H. W. Bush.
Greed continued to rage on through the 90s, not with hostile
takeovers and leveraged buyouts, but through consolidation of banks,
oil companies, media companies, you name it. Buying became
frenzied, and anything and everything desirable was being bought to
render profits alone. Anti-trust legislation that was created to protect
the public from monopolies was thrown aside, and companies
gobbled each other up creating gargantuan companies whose reach
extends all over the globe. Many of these megaliths have revenues
that far exceed the GNP of entire countries. The cigarette giant
Phillip Morris revenues for example, exceed that of more than 140
countries (out of 182). And while they have huge revenues, their
primary objective is still profit alone. ExxonMobils profits are
increasing at 30-40 percent per year, year after year, despite, or
perhaps due to, an energy crisis resulting largely from the war in
Iraq. Needless to say, those profits are generated from large and
unexpected price increases of more than one hundred percent
between 2005 and 2008, despite the fact that there is a sufficient
quantity of oil on the market, much of which can be attributed to
speculation and profiteering (greed) according to some studies.
18

The modern corporation is structured in such a way that the sole
objective is to make money. Period. As much as possible, and some
dont care how they do it. Enron Corporation, formerly the seventh
largest company in the United States, is one of those companies who
earned such profits in the deregulation and privatization schemes of
both water and electricity. They were one of the energy wholesalers
that became notorious for exploiting the market during Californias
energy crisis of 2000 and 2001 and became the object of a separate
investigation by The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
(FERC) into that crisis. The investigation included the manipulation
of the energy markets by middlemen such as Enron to create


86

exorbitant profits by creating many schemes, including deliberate
energy shortages that would result in huge price jumps in the spot
market and rolling blackouts. Ken Lay, Enrons CEO, mocked the
efforts by the California State government to thwart the practices of
the energy wholesalers saying, In the final analysis, it doesnt
matter what you crazy people in California do, because I got smart
guys who can always figure out how to make money.
19
The way
Lays smart guys made money playing the markets was nothing
more than a game to them. They created a number of manipulation
strategies given names such as Fat Boy, Death Star, Forney
Perpetual Loop, Ricochet, Ping Pong, Black Widow, Big
Foot and more.
20
The Death Star method was explained in this way
to Senator Barbara Boxer: There is a single connection between
northern and southern Californias power grids. Enron traders
purposely overbooked that line, then caused others to need it. Next,
by Californias free-market rules, Enron was allowed to price-gouge
at will.
21

As a result of the actions of electricity wholesalers, utilities
companies were buying from a spot market at very high prices but
their retail rates were regulated and fixed. Unable to raise their retail
rates Southern California Edison (SCE) racked up $20 Billion in debt
in just over one year by spring of 2001, and Pacific Gas & Electric
was forced into bankruptcy in the same year.
A separate investigation by the California Public Utilities
Commission also found evidence of a cartel of companies who
closed plants for unnecessary maintenance in order to create artificial
shortages and inflate prices, specifically when the state had issued
emergency alerts due to seriously low electricity levels. The Utilities
Commissioner said that there are instances that plants, when called
to produce, chose not to produce. The plant shutdowns were a key
factor in soaring power prices that went from $200 to $1,900 per
megawatt hour. The PUC Commissioner further said I would argue
that its no accident. That in fact its due to the coordinated behavior
of a cartel.
22

Central to that cartel was Reliant Energy Services, who, almost
four years after the crisis had subdued, was indicted by a federal
grand jury in San Francisco over a plot to artificially boost power
prices by unnecessarily closing their plants. The company shut most


87

of its California power plants when a sudden drop in market prices
created likely losses for the companys trading position. They falsely
claimed environmental limits and maintenance problems, and
withheld additional electricity from the state, prosecutors said.
23

The FERC study concluded that many trading strategies
employed by Enron and other companies [illegally] violated the anti-
gaming provisions.
24
Enron was playing both sides against the
middle (the public and government) as they engaged in these
practices for the purpose of further multiplying their profits trading
in energy derivatives specifically exempted from regulation by the
Commodity Futures Trading Commission. The FERC report
concluded that market manipulation was only possible because of the
complex market design produced by the process of partial
deregulation. In other words, the deliberate creation of a cheating
system which was allowed to operate at the expense of the public
was due to the governments abandonment of its duty.
S. David Freeman, appointed Chair of the California Power
Authority in the midst of the crisis said about Enrons involvement:
...electricity is really different from everything else. It cannot be
stored, it cannot be seen, and we cannot do without it, which makes
opportunities to take advantage of a deregulated market endless.
Enron stood for secrecy and a lack of responsibility. There is no
place for companies like Enron that own the equivalent of an
electronic telephone book and game the system to extract an
unnecessary middlemans profits. Never again can we allow private
interests to create artificial or even real shortages and to be in
control. Good advice but it seems nobody is paying attention
because in 2008 the same practices are again being applied to two
other commodities that everyone needsfood and fuel, again with
skyrocketing prices.
The energy fiasco was finally resolved when companies trading
energy in the state were again regulated, and by an increase in the
number of power producing facilities. Finally the State of California
issued $11 billion worth of bonds to cover the damages. In several
cases we experience how deregulation of necessary utilities allows
market manipulation and price increases. Did we learn who benefits
from such practices? We certainly did, but what does that mean
when the officials elected to safeguard the public interest are


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working on behalf of the profiteers? In the spring of 2001, when
officials of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power met
with the National Energy Development Task Force asking for price
controls to protect consumers the Task Force refused, and insisted
that deregulation must remain in place. Not surprisingly, Vice
President Dick Cheney, who has well-known serious conflicts of
interest with the public purse, was appointed in J anuary 2001 as the
head of that task force.
Glamorous Greed
Early into the new millennium billionaire Donald Trump became
the host of a popular reality show where young and eager
contestants competed for the brass ring of the presidency of one of
his many companies. Trump, like Boesky is big on greed, and like
Boesky advocates it as a desirable quality for a successful career,
encouraging one and all with this unabashed glorification: The point
is that you cant be too greedy! Greed is no longer one of the seven
deadly sinsit is enviable! Presumably envy no longer counts
among the big sins as well, but that presumption would be only the
opinion of our materialistic friends. Regarding the downside of
greed, Andrew Carnegie, one of the great icons of American
entrepreneurship, or robber barons depending on ones charity,
admitted to the pernicious influence of greed when he said: To
continue much longer, with most of my thoughts wholly upon the
way to make more money in the shortest possible time, must degrade
me beyond hopes of permanent recovery. Unfortunately his
experience is not touted as much as Milliken and Boeskys.
The Path to Never-ending Dissatisfaction
It is perhaps a trite understanding that everyone seems to know,
but which cannot be repeated enoughthere is no limit to greed. The
strong bodily desires and needs of a person disturbed by hunger and
thirst are certainly satisfied when he eats. Similarly, anger can be
satisfied by chastisement of the offending party. But as for greed,
even if a greedy person has conquered the entire world or has
enjoyed everything in the world, still he will not be satisfied. The
nature of greed is that the more I get the more I want. I measure not
by what I have but what I dont have. Is the glass half empty or half


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full? It is always half empty for the greedy person. Hes not looking
at what he has but sees only that there is still more to get. Where
does it come from? Others; and when some take too much others are
left with too little.
Greed is based on the delusion of ownership, one of the
conditions laid down by Brahma at the beginning of the creation.
Many or most of us are able to keep it in check because we have
learned to be contented with our lot in life. Others however, when
they have the means become obsessed with getting more. Why?
Simply because it becomes an addiction, and like all addictions is
harmful. The Isopanisad tells us that we have a right to as much as
we can make productive use of. What is the point of owning, or even
possessing that which cannot be properly used? It is none other than
to fuel the false ego of I and mine. This idea of false ownership
constitutes one of the many illusions of modern life that we are
attempting to live as if it were a reality.
Because the concept of ownership is fundamental to material
consciousness and the repetition of birth and death, lessons regarding
it are repeatedly brought to our attention in the Srimad-Bhagavatam.
Of course these include many valuable lessons on the subject of
greed as well. Regarding the vain attempt to enjoy the objects of the
senses the Bhagavatam tells us (11.10.3):
One who is sleeping may see many objects of sense
gratification in a dream, but such pleasurable things are
merely creations of the mind and are thus ultimately
useless. Similarly, the living entity who is asleep to his
spiritual identity also sees many sense objects, but these
innumerable objects of temporary gratification are
creations of the Lords illusory potency and have no
permanent existence. One who meditates upon them,
impelled by the senses, uselessly engages his
intelligence.
Such use of ones intelligence is useless because it brings no
permanent result. The fact is that permanent, everlasting results are
available to the jiva. If one has the option of working for permanent
benefit, what intelligent person will choose something that brings
only temporary results?


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The Bhagavatam specifically addresses the topic of greed and its
impulse on the jiva (4.24.66):
All living entities within this material world are mad
after planning for things, and they are always busy with
a desire to do this or that. This is due to uncontrollable
greed. The greed for material enjoyment always exists
in the materially conditioned soul.
While the greed for material enjoyment always exists for the
materially conditioned soul, it is not a permanent feature of the jivas
existence. Greed is a symptom of spiritual disease, and that disease
can be cured by the proper therapeutic, spiritual treatment.
Sri Krishna, while instructing His disciple Uddhava, gives
instructions about the undesirable qualities of greed for wealth
(11.23.1619):
Generally, the wealth of misers never allows them any
happiness. In this life it causes their self-torment, and
when they die it sends them to hell. In the earning,
attainment, increase, protection, expense, loss and
enjoyment of wealth, all men experience great labor,
fear, anxiety and delusion.
Theft, violence, speaking lies, duplicity, lust, anger,
perplexity, pride, quarreling, enmity, faithlessness, envy
and the dangers caused by women, gambling and
intoxication are the fifteen undesirable qualities that
contaminate men because of greed for wealth. Although
these qualities are undesirable, men falsely ascribe
value to them. One desiring to achieve the real benefit
of life should therefore remain aloof from the
undesirable accumulation of material wealth.
In todays world of artificial wealth people often think that money
can solve all of their problems. Thus they make every attempt and
use every means, legal as well as illegal, to obtain money.
Unfortunately they do not know that money brings with it its own set
of problems. Therefore the Srimad-Bhagavatam encourages us not to
blindly chase after money (8.19.2425):


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One should be satisfied with whatever he achieves by
his previous destiny, for discontent can never bring
happiness. A person who is not self-controlled will not
be happy even with possessing the entire world.
Material existence causes discontent in regard to
fulfilling ones lusty desires and achieving more and
more money. This is the cause for the continuation of
material life, which is full of repeated birth and death.
But one who is satisfied by that which is obtained by
destiny is fit for liberation from material existence.
* * *
An Economics for Every Consciousness
In the first two chapters we examined the composite nature and
psychology of human beings from the perspective of the Vedic
worldview. With that background we are now in a position to
examine how that psychology plays itself out in the activities of
mankind, and we will begin by applying our understanding of the
gunas to economic behaviors. We will look at the influences of each
guna in turn, giving some examples of how they influence the sense
of I and mine and corresponding economic practices. We will also
examine the transition of economic practices through history
charting their course from goodness to passion to ignorance. Then,
examining the circumstances in which we currently find ourselves
and the influences of the modern day we will be able to clearly
recognize the trajectory of modern society, our place on it, and the
destructive destination we will arrive at if we do not alter our course.
If we examine the various cultures of the world we will find an
amazing variety of ways in which people live. There are still, even
today, more than 3,000 indigenous cultures whose members live to
some degree according to the traditional ways passed down to them
by their ancestors. Often they find themselves in conflict with the
concepts held by the encroaching modern Western culture because
they have different ways of understanding and living in the world,
specifically as regards ownership and possession, and the proper use
of the resources provided by nature.


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The conception of ownership is the mine aspect of false ego.
Ownership means different things to different people due to
differences in culture, as we have quoted Srila Prabhupada above:
there are many classes of men compre-hending the same
misconception of I and mine, in different colors. Those
differences arise from the different combinations of the modes of
nature. Those differences in the conception of ownership and what
constitutes acceptable economic activity and practices can be
summarized as follows:
Under the influence of sattva-guna God is recognized as the
creator and proprietor of this world. Every member of the group,
indeed, every living thing, as a child of God, therefore has a right to
the resources of this world. Property is understood as the common
heritage of all, it is ours. In sattva-guna the members of society
respect and are responsible to each other. Production and distribution
are accomplished by cooperative means. Economic activity is done
as a matter of duty, according to proper place, time, and based on
religious principles. Under the influence of sattva-guna we are all
deserving children of God and we share the resources provided to us
by God.
Under the influence of rajo-guna the admonitions of religion are
replaced by the laws of man, by which they attempt to make the
world as they want it to be, rather than as it actually is. Possession,
ownership and exchange are defined in law, ownership becomes the
exclusive prerogative of one individual, and transfer of property is
established in law as well. Production and distribution are now
accomplished through means of competition. The property that is
due to me depends on my individual ability to produce. I depend on
myself, and you depend on yourself. By my efforts I created what I
have therefore I am the rightful enjoyer of it. Passion creates a
society of winners and losers by which one demonstrates their
superiority over others. You have yours, I have mine. May the better
man win.
In ignorance, unlimited and exclusive title to property is
established; it is taken by deception, collusion, bribery, theft or force.
Indeed, by any means possible. The economics of ignorance destroys
the social welfare leaving the majority of people in extreme poverty,
in want for their basic necessities of life, helpless, alone and


93

destitute. Both people and property are objects of possession to be
exploited, used and abused as far as possible. There is no
consideration of spending for maintenance. Especially if something
isnt mine I am free to abuse it; others land for example, I use as
my waste dump. Property becomes more important than people, and
the property of the ruling class even has rights that supersede that of
the common people. In tamo-guna production is either ignored or
accomplished by force and slavery. What is needed is acquired by
taking from others, by any and every means, legal or illegal, moral or
immoral.
In the 21
st
Century These Methods Are Mixed
As we progress through our analysis of economics in the various
modes of nature the reader will recognize that each of these concepts
of economics are simultaneously being practiced at different times
and places. They may also be practiced concurrently by a single
individual. For example, common ownership and sharing of sattva-
guna is practiced within a persons immediate family and with close
friends; simultaneously they may engage in competitive retail
business in the local community, while at the same time, they may
also rationalize and support their own countrys economic
colonialism of other countries and exploitation of foreign resources,
environment and people. Such mixed thinking is justified according
by the various conceptions of I and minemy family, my
business, and my country.
We begin our examination of economics and the gunas with the
mode of goodness.


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Chapter Three
The Economics of
Goodness

My dear Lord, everyone in this material world is under
the modes of material nature, being influenced by
goodness, passion and ignorance. Everyonefrom the
greatest personality, Lord Brahma, down to the small
antworks under the influence of these modes.
Therefore everyone in this material world is influenced
by Your energy. The cause for which they work, the
place where they work, the time when they work, the
matter due to which they work, the goal of life they have
considered final, and the process for obtaining this
goalall are manifestations of Your energy. Srimad-
Bhagavatam 7.9.20



The quality of goodness is purer than the other modes of nature. It
is illuminating, and it lifts one up from the ways of passion and
ignorance, giving clarity and understanding. Those situated in
goodness experience a genuine sense of happiness in material life.
Under the influence of goodness people will do what ought to be
done, as a matter of duty, without false ego, yet with great
determination and enthusiasm, unwavering in determination
regardless of success or failure. Their actions are regulated and
performed without attachment, without love or hatred, and without
desire for fruitive results.


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In the Bhagavad-gita Sri Krishna explains that human beings are
of two different natures: divine or demonic. The divine qualities are
manifestations of the quality of goodness. Persons who possess these
qualities cannot separate them from their activities since those in
goodness are free from duplicity. As such these qualities must be
reflected in the economic behaviors of societies established in
goodness. Therefore we expect to see that being charitable and
compassionate they will care for every person, protect and nurture
the helpless and infirm, and the weak. Being free from envy they are
happy to see others prosper, and being naturally renounced they
require only what they need to live lightly on the earth, and shun
self-aggrandizement. Life (spirit) holds the highest value in sattva-
guna. This life includes not only human life, but is extended to the
animal species as well as the earth herself, and in goodness man lives
in harmony with the animals, the earth and with God. Personal
(spiritual) development is the objective of this society, and material
things are valued to the degree that they are useful to that end.
Generally because of developed spiritual practices people are
satisfied within and are not driven to find external satisfaction
through acquisition of property and things. In that regard wealth is
communal or shared among the members, again leaving no one
without. Being freed from desires of possessiveness, from
covetousness and envy people do not seek to exploit each other, but
instead act to nourish and protect each other. In goodness, no one is
left behind, ill-cared for, or without the minimum necessities of life.
Work is adjusted to that which is necessary, but not more, and time
saved is given to leisure, social and civic affairs, worship, spiritual
growth, and personal development.
In cultures influenced predominantly by goodness members have
an egalitarian perspective toward each other. They literally practice
the golden rule. They will identify in others the feelings, emotions
and needs that they feel themselves. They are cooperative and non-
competitive, nurturing and non-violent in nature. The strength of
men is used to protect the weak and helpless against aggressors and
wrong-doers, and the nurturing nature of women is employed in the
role of maintaining the standards of the culture, defending it from
degradation.

In these cultures every person is afforded a place in
relationship to others; a place defined by the contribution that they


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can make. Each person depends on others for their skills and
abilities. Feeling that dependence they each have a shared sense of
responsibility, wherein each individual finds his place. Taken
together, this constitutes a social contract that is based on duty, not
on legal agreements.
Under the influence of sattva-guna we find a personal world
organized in a way that each and every individual can fulfill both
their material and spiritual needs. Lust, envy, greed and other base
qualities are held in check by proper training and social conventions,
under the influence of sattva.
Everywhere in the Bhagavad-gita that sattva-guna is mentioned,
duty is mentioned as its identifying characteristic, therefore duty is a
significant feature of a culture grounded in sattva-guna. Within
sattvic cultures every member has a particular function to perform on
the basis of duty. These duties are not whimsically assumed but are
given in the dharma shastras, or religious code books such as Manu-
samhita. Manu is considered the father of man and from his name the
word man is derived. Moreover, the social arrangement of Vedic
culture permits these duties to be performed in a very personal
manner, to the immediate and direct benefit of others. The social
obligations of a society in sattva-guna function to provide a very real
sense of social security whereby every person feels safe and
protected.
From the perspective of our current culture the obligations and
duties described might be perceived as being restrictive and limiting
the freedom that we enjoy. The manner in which our culture is
arranged requires no personal obligation to anyone but our own self
and perhaps immediate family members. We may also have
obligations or duties at our workplace, but they are generally not
performed in a personal manner that directly benefits someone. But
even if they do the duties of the workplace do not generally extend
outside the boundaries of that time or place, our work lives and
personal lives being separated and compartmentalized. Such
limitations on our duties and obligations give us the relative
impression of not being burdened by the needs of others, allowing us
the luxury of using our time as we alone desire. From another point
of view however, this lack of responsibility to others creates what the
Bhagavatam terms nirvishesha and shunyavada, impersonalism and


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voidism, because although we may have no obligation to others,
neither have they any obligation to us. At best this leaves each of us
to fend for ourselves in a challenging world, and at worst creates the
Hobbesean world of each against alla lonely and difficult struggle
for existence. Personal relationships are in fact strengthened by a
bond of mutual dependence, and give each member the security of
knowing that they are not alone in this world. The freedom to be
independent at the same time requires us to be alone, ultimately a
very high price.
Economics Influenced by Goodness
One of the most essential qualities of a society functioning
predominantly under the influence of goodness was that there was no
profit motive per se. Instead there was a productive motive, which
meant that the ultimate objective of an activity was the immediate
thing produced. Things were valued according to their immediate
function and utility, not for the profit they might bring. Thus the
motive for exploitation of others or of the earth was absent. These
things werent necessarily physical objects like food or furniture,
they included services such as education, law, medicine, fighting
skills and so on. Moreover, ones efforts, besides producing
something of value for society, also gave one the satisfaction of a job
well done, be it in martial arts for defense, teaching of students,
production of a basket, or sewing of a garment. In this manner work
was a source of great satisfaction for all members of society.
In passion, economy functions through competition, and in
ignorance through exploitation, but in goodness, cooperation is the
main characteristic. Using their individual skills and natural talents
everyone is employed to their satisfaction and voluntarily contribute
to the group in a joyous and mutually beneficial way. In goodness
every member of the community will share in the results of the
cooperative enterprise, each to their own satisfaction, with nobody
left out.
Those in sattva-guna recognize that all of the gifts of this earth
are given to humankind by God, and are meant for the benefit and
well-being of all. As such the cultures of sattva-guna grant every
member their sustenance as an entitlement. It should be noted this is
not generally linked to their duty. Duty is not performed with the


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intention of earning a right to sit at the dinner table. The sattvic
cultures are not fruitive. Rather, they exhibit a reversal of the fruitive
mentality. Instead of an attitude to get, earn or take, there is a mood,
perhaps even a competition, of giving. In some sattvic cultures each
person may sustain themselves through the gifts of others, or through
some method of redistribution.
The sattvic economy also utilizes the natural way of living that is
given to mankind by God. By the Lords arrangement the
fundamental needs of the householdfood, shelter and clothing
are not difficult to obtain; they can be had directly from the earth at
almost every place on the globe. To obtain these necessities of life
directly from the earth, and specifically for ones own use is the
natural economy, or the natural way of life. The immediate product
of ones effort is the desired end, and not a means to some other end.
In the production of ones own food, clothing and shelter, one
performs that function for its own sake. One is directly interested in
the object of their endeavor, and thus they pursue it with greater
interest and diligence. The activity itself is thus also a source of
satisfaction for a job well done, and brings an honest pride in what is
produced.
In artificial ways of living, such as todays world, people do
something not for its own sake, but in order to achieve something
else. Most employed people are not directly interested in, nor do they
benefit directly from their work activity. They go to work and
perform some function to get money, and with money they then
obtain the objects of their desire. Thus most people have become
interested in money only, and have little interest in their activities
aside from that end. (This is another source of impersonalism and
voidism). The necessity of getting something different than what
they create by their effort puts them in a vulnerable and precarious
position, and makes them dependent upon whoever controls the
intermediate variable. In our society that is money. Its control by
others, such as ones boss or the government, gives them an
unnatural power over us. The person who has or controls money
becomes an authority regardless of how qualified he may or may not
be. The result of this is that too often today the inexperienced can
command the experienced, and folly commands wisdom.


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Unqualified people are in positions of authority simply because they
control the money; this creates frustration and chaos in the world.
By contrast, a significant feature of the economics of goodness is
that, because relationships function on the basis of love and duty,
each person who is in command of another must, by necessity, be
qualified. A person must earn the right to lead and command by
virtue of his abilities, and generally such positions are attained after
long periods of training. Experience and wisdom are highly
respected and valued, thus in sattvic cultures there are generally few
unqualified leaders.
In goodness man also cooperates with the animal kingdom
nurturing and protecting domesticated animals. Cooperation with the
earth is similarly practiced, wherein man nurtures the earth, giving
back to her by maintaining the soil through organic means; not just
taking, artificially pumping up her capacity to produce while
simultaneously depleting her of nutrients.
I and mine in Sattva-guna
There are many examples of previous cultures characterized by
goodness, and one of the best is found in the history of India in the
epic Mahabharata. Although modern scholars say that India lacks a
recorded history they do not properly take into account that which is
presented in the Vedic literatures, preferring instead to label it as
myth, perhaps because it portrays wonderful qualities and events that
we no longer witness in this degraded age of Kali. The vaishnavas
however accept as accurate the historical accounts of the Puranas, as
well as the Mahabharata, which, by its very title The Great
Bharata indicates that it describes the events that took place in
Bharata (present day India) some 5,000 years ago. In the Adi-Parva
of Mahabharata we are told of the characteristics of earlier times
reaching back into the last age, Dvapara-yuga, when man lived in
harmony with man, with the animals, and with nature (in these
passages the Law refers to the codes of behavior established by
Manu):
Thenceforth living for hundreds and thousands of years,
and bent upon the vows of the Law, men were wholly
free from worries and diseases. The ksatriyas kings
governed the entire earth, with her ocean borders, with


100

her mountains, wilderness, and woods. While the
ksatriyas reigned over this earth in accordance with the
Law, all of the social orders found surpassing joy.
Casting off such vices as spring from lust and anger, the
kings of men protected their subjects, using their staff
according to the Law upon those that deserved it. As the
ksatriyas were law-abiding, and sacrifice was performed
according to scriptural injunction, Indra, the god of a
thousand eyes and the one-hundred sacrifices, rained
sweet rain at the right time and place, swelling the
people.
Thus this ocean-girt earth was filled with long-living
people. The ksatriyas offered up grand sacrifices for
which ample stipends were given. The brahmanas
studied the Vedas with their branches and Upanishads.
The brahmanas rendered their services to all as sacrifice
and not for personal gain, nor did they attempt to unduly
persuade anyone to religious causes beyond their ken.
The farmers plowed the earth with bullocks: they did
not put cows to the yoke, and they let the lean cows
live. Men did not milk cows whose calves were still
suckling, and merchants did not sell their wares with
false weights. People did their lawful chores looking to
the Law and devoted to the Law. All the classes devoted
themselves to their own tasks, and thus the Law was in
no way diminished in that age. The cows and women
gave birth in time; trees stood in fruit and bloom in all
seasons. And thus the entire earth became filled with
many creatures.
But such was the case not only in Bharata-varsha (modern day
India), for by and large all of the indigenous cultures of the world
were of a sattvic nature, evidence of which remains with us today.
All of these many cultures, even into more modern times, maintained
an economic structure that left no individual without sufficient
means, usually through the mechanism of shared wealth that, by
tradition, was frequently exchanged leaving no person permanently
in a superior position to others. There is a nice example of this, also
from the Mahabharata:


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There once lived an exalted sage named Vibhavasu,
who was extremely ill-tempered, and his younger
brother Supratika, who was a great ascetic. Supratika
did not like that the two brothers held their wealth in
common, and he constantly recommended dividing it,
until Vibhavasu said to his brother Supratika: There are
many who out of foolishness ever wish to divide their
property, but once wealth is divided people become
enchanted by their riches and fail to respect one another.
When wealth is divided, each man cares only for his
own riches, and people thus become separated by
holding separate wealth. Then foes in the guise of
friends, understanding the situation, begin to create
conflict and divide the community against itself.
Realizing that people are now divided, still others take
advantage and prey upon the community. Thus a
divided people soon come to utter ruination.
Therefore, dear brother, the wise do not encourage the
division of wealth among those who strictly follow their
holy teachers and scriptures and who sincerely wish
each other well.
1

Historical Examples of Sattvic Society and Economics
It is the principles of religion that uphold and protect society.
Even though this age of Kali is immersed in the lower modes of
nature, at the beginning of this age and even well into it, the quality
of sattva-guna was still to be observed almost everywhere. For
example...
Not too long ago, in Asia, if you were a member of the Chukchi,
one of the tribes of northwest Asia, and you wished to use a boat
which was found lying on the beach, you would simply use it,
regardless of the theoretical owner, with no question of
compensation or even permission. Among the pre-industrial
J apanese nothing that was a mans belonged to him exclusively, not
even the house in which he lived, since, as in many other cultures,
his door was to remain open to all travelers. The Fiji Islanders
formerly held a custom called kerekere which allowed a man to take


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anothers property with great freedom. In the Fijis, the people shared
all belongings with the chief, he was the ostensible owner of
everything, but in practice the people owned and used all the
property of the chief. However in an emergency the chief could
appropriate everything needed to deal with the calamity. For
example, if a famine arose, the leader might declare that the products
of the fields to be common possession; or if men were needed for
planting, canoe-making, or some other public purpose, the chief
might conscript the necessary labor. In the event of war, he could
exert absolute control over all property, and even all lives. But even
in peacetime, the people of one district in need of some commodities
could demand them from other districts, albeit with the
understanding that they were to repay the gifts either with labor or
other things of value. Here we see the ancient doctrine that what is
my neighbors is also mine, as well as, I must share with my
brother and help him.
2

Similarly the ancient Samoans would extend communal sharing to
relatives even if not to more distant individuals. Anthropologist
Margaret Mead tells of them: From a relative one could demand
food, clothing, shelter, and assistance in a feud. Refusal of such a
demand would brand one as stingy and lacking in human kindness,
the virtue most esteemed by the Samoans. No definite repayment is
made at the time the services are given, except in the case of the
distribution of food to all those who share in a family enterprise.
Generally recognition of the gift received was expected by a return
gift at the earliest opportunity. These behaviors were not codified
into legal form, maintained by courts and juries. There was no law
other than social custom and public opinion.
3

As recently as the 18
th
century in Africa the Nuer tribe held that
they must assist one another, and if one had a surplus of a good thing
he was obliged to share it with his neighbors. Consequently, no Nuer
would be found with a surplus. A Nuer was not expected to part with
his personal household property, but if a man possessed several
spears or hoes or other such objects he would inevitably lose the
surplus.
4
And almost into the present day the Kalihari bushmen of
Africa, a nomadic hunter-gatherer tribe, practiced the egalitarianism
for which hunter-gatherers are renowned. All of their needs were
supplied in situ, and upon the discovery of a food source it was


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shared by every member of the tribe. So simple were their needs, and
abundant the supply that anthropologist Marshall Sahlins describes
them as the original affluent society.
5
The Ba-Ila of Africa, make
every mans elder relations the beneficiaries of their property. Thus,
if the chief grants you some land, it is not wholly yours; your older
brother or your uncle or your grandfather or any of your senior
kinsmen have the right to it as well, and they may share other kinds
of property in the same way. For example, a Ba-Ila who had earned
money working for European settlers would be expected to share it
with his elder relatives.
6
Among the Bergdama peoples of central
Namibia, a man returning from his hunting excursion, or the woman
coming back from her search for roots, fruit, or leaves were expected
to offer the greater part for the benefit of the community. Among
some tribes the headman or other prominent member of the group
may act as an intermediary to receive and distribute the supplies.
Ancient Europe also practiced the principle that what belongs to
you also belongs to me. In Ireland most of the agricultural land
belonged to the tribe collectively and it was redistributed according
to need every three or four years. Among the ancient Germans,
whose freemen exercised rights in common over the land, the
meadows were divided among all the families, but after harvesting
the hay, were opened to common use. Even in early Rome the land
for the most part was held in common, until the time of the
housefather, who, having been placed in temporary occupancy,
began to covet the idea of permanent possession. The old Slavic
tribes held to a custom called toloka, by which every member of
society was duty bound to help their neighbor. Toloka was offered as
a gift, not a sale, and there was no concept of repayment for the
kindness of others, understanding that when one had such a need he
could also call upon the help of others. The Slavs also did not
privately own even furniture or the results of other labor. They
possessed all property as a group, did all work as a group, and
conceded to every man a right to the food and other articles produced
by his brothers.
In the Middle East the old Arab tribes held their flocks and herds
in common. And the Essenes of Palestine, the so-called early
Christians, held all property of the group in common. According to


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Acts of the Apostles, the unwanted goods of new members were sold
and the proceeds distributed according to the need of each.
In the Americas the Aztecs of Mexico maintained a system based
upon the communal ownership of productive property, so that a man
received his land from the clan. He was not considered the proprietor
as much as the current occupant. Periodically, as the needs of the
community changed resources were redistributed. Although not an
indigenous group, J esuit priests established a socialist community in
Paraguay early in the seventeenth century. They were a money-less
community that shared all labor and its products on a basis of equal
work and equal privileges. Their culture thrived for a century and a
half, being remembered as a veritable paradise long after its
destruction by outside forces.
Another example is that of ancient Egypt, where in theory the
people and all they possessed belonged to the divine ruler, the
Pharaoh, despite the fact that private property actually did exist.
Similarly across the Atlantic Ocean for the Incas, whose ruler, the
Inca, was considered a descendent of the sun god. He not only
owned everything in theory, but tightly controlled it in practice,
regulating the activities of the people as well. Manual labor was
afforded a dignified position in Inca society, made so by the
participation of the Inca himself. Organization was such that none
were overworked, and they even worked joyously. So abundant was
their production, that each male citizen even after payment of taxes
in the form of three months labor in government service, still had
three months of leisure each year. Any resulting abundance or
surplus was sequestered against future emergency rather than
allowed to accumulate in the hands of individuals.
Sharing of wealth was practiced practically everywhere in North
America as well. The Kwakiutl of Vancouver Island in the
Northwest had a distinctive institution, the potlatch, whereby they
used their riches to serve the ends of vain glory. They practiced
acquisitiveness for non-acquisitive purposes, economic activity for
anti-economic ends, and efficiently produced material possessions
for no other purpose than to give them away. The potlatch was a sort
of competition in charityto see who would have the prestige of
giving away the greatest amount. The potlatch served to redistribute
the wealth of the community, and in order to reduce the tendency of


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greed and accumulation whatever remained undistributed was
purposely destroyed. Both men and women, therefore, were
constantly occupied in accumulating things of value only for the sake
of giving them away. The ladies wove mats and baskets, and
blankets of cedar-bark, while the men made canoes, and gathered
shell-money, etc.
7

The inhabitants of the Trobriand Islands off of the eastern coast of
New Guinea were similar. The islands belong to an archipelago
forming roughly a circle, around which an active trade, known as the
Kula was carried on. It was a complex system of ceremonial
reciprocity between partners that involved two classes of giftsarm
shells and shell necklaceswhich traveled in opposite directions
around the archipelago. A significant portion of the population and a
considerable amount of time were given to activities of the Kula
trade. Although it may be called trade there was no exchange. Nor
was there any profit involved, either in money or in kind. Neither did
haggling or barter enter into the affair. The arm shells and necklaces
were offered as gifts. None of these goods were hoarded or thought
of as permanent possessions, and the goods received were enjoyed
by giving them away. Kula gift-giving was conducted with a desire
to achieve prestige and recognition as a generous giver of great gifts.
A man would set out with a canoe full of practical goods and either
arm bands or necklaces. He would trade with connections inherited
from maternal relatives, and, depending on the item he was trading,
he would travel clockwise or counterclockwise around the ring,
leaving one item and acquiring the other. The trading maintained
social ties which might not otherwise exist and also served as a
means for Gimwali trade (simple bartering for needed goods such as
pigs, bananas, yams, taro, etc.), which was seen as less worthy and
honorable.
Consider the case of an Indian victor, returning home with
trophies of war. While he might theoretically have kept everything as
his own, in practice he had to share his gains. Robert H. Lowie tells
about the practices of the Crows: A man who exercised his legal
prerogative to the extent of actually retaining everything for his own
use would certainly be flouted for his greed. To hoard in such a
miserly fashion was so repugnant to Crow sentiment that probably
no captain ever thus laid himself open to universal reprobation.
8
The


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Iroquois who lived near the Great Lakes not only lived in communal
dwellings, but also shared their possessions: if a man raised some
corn or pumpkins, or if a woman cooked, they would all share the
food. Guests would also share in the hospitality, and indeed, they
would be fed even though the host went without.
9

A Late 20
th
Century Example
Bhakti Vikasa Swami joined the Hare Krishna Movement in the
mid-70s and has lived in India since 1977, spending many years in
West Bengal and Bangladesh.
10
He developed a deep appreciation for
the traditional life of rural Indians and has written about it in detail in
his Glimpses of Traditional Indian Life. Even up to the present day
Bengali culture is predominantly sattvic, especially in villages, as
Bhakti Vikas Swami relates:
Loneliness is unheard of in Bengal, not because people
get lost in the crowd, but because they know how to live
as persons. Bengalis like nothing better than to get
together and go on and on talking and talking, though
their discussions are of little practical value. Boredom is
also unknown. Bengalis like to be and do things
together. Everyone gets involved and has his part to
play. Its a different kind of pleasure than that derived
from an endless variety of external stimuli, the norm of
modern society.
Development-minded Westerners often become
frustrated at the apparent foolishness of the
Bangladeshi, who appears to lack common sense
regarding his own best interests. Bangladeshi culture
does not promote individual dynamism,
competitiveness, or the type of efficiency required for
technological advancement. Rather, although not
uninterested in economic development, a Bangladeshi is
more concerned to preserve the indigenous group
culture that fosters the sharing and cooperativeness
necessary for a traditional labor-intensive agrarian
society.


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I was once in a village that had recently been devastated
by a cyclone. The residents were cheerfully helping
each other rebuild houses from clay. Thats how village
life works. People are obliged to cooperate throughout
the year, and they happily help each other harvesting,
irrigating, organizing festivals, or building a wall
against a rising river.
Necessity also dictates maintaining good relationships
with neighbors. Most people arent well situated
economically, so those who have more are expected to
help those with less. Its a culture of sharing and
responsibility toward others...Bangladeshis emphasize
dependence on others and a sense of group identity.
They usually say our house and our country rather
than my house or my country.
Bangladeshis do not like to be judged as individuals, but
as members of the group to which they belong. To
offend an individual Bangladeshi is to arouse the ire of
his group, because he stands for the group and thus also
is upheld by it. Group solidarity assures protection of a
member if he is attacked in any way. An entire village
may seek revenge for the sake of an individual member.
The group lends support when a member is in difficulty,
whether moral, social, or economic. Reciprocally,
members have obligation to the group, one of which is
conformity. In fact, the pressure to maintain fellowship
with the group is extremely strong. In this way the
group regulates the behavior of its members, keeping
them within the bounds of acceptable conduct. What
one person does reflects upon his group. A wrong action
brings shame, success brings honor, to the group. If
someone is behaving improperly, the elders of the
family or village will tell him You will give your
family (or village) a bad name. That will be a
compelling reason for him to rectify his conduct.
11

These many examples demonstrate that the influence of sattva-
guna was once felt all over the world. As long as indigenous cultures


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were isolated from Western influences, they remained relatively
unchanged; some of them well into the 20th century. But as our
world shrinks they are being swallowed by the juggernaut of
progress. The magazine Cultural Survival Quarterly, dubbed the
conscience of anthropology by Newsweek magazine, reports on the
struggle of indigenous peoples everywhere to maintain their way of
life free from modern culture and its pernicious influences. In 1989
they reported that a full two-thirds of all violent conflicts in the
world involved the efforts of indigenous peoples to maintain their
way of life free from the encroachment of Western culture.
In these societies members were clearly dependent on each other.
For them, the notion of economic independence was as irrational as
social independence, and all notions of economics were subordinated
to maintaining a good social standing.
Relationships Are the Foundation of the Sattvic Economy
Modern economists who are mesmerized by profits and market
economy assume that the mysterious, ubiquitous and magical market
and its profits have always been the motivation of human endeavor.
This is hardly the case. In the above examples featuring the qualities
of sattva-guna there was often not even a conception of economics,
or the market, or profits, as we now think of them. Economist Karl
Polanyi, in his seminal work The Great Transformation, TheGreat
Transformation, explains that
In spite of the chorus of academic incantations so
persistent in the nineteenth century, gain and profit
made on exchange never before played an important
part in human economy. Though the institution of the
market was fairly common since the later Stone Age, its
role was no more than incidental to economic life.
In that work Polanyi explains that throughout history there are
only three methods of economic exchangeredistribution,
reciprocity and the market. (I put economic in quotation marks
because within the concept of redistribution there may or may not be
a motive for gain). Interestingly these reflect the influences of sattva,
rajas and tamas respectively. The market, especially in the manner


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in which it functions today is increasingly tamasic, as will be
discussed later.
12

Redistribution recognizes that the bounty of the earth properly
belongs to everyone. In such a system the produce of the members of
society are collected at a hierarchical center, reorganized, and then
redistributed according to the need of each, without consideration of
purchase or who is somehow qualified to receive. This method of
exchange was practiced by the Fijians, Kwakiutl, the early
Egyptians, the early Christians, and the Bergdama. Polanyi explains
that redistribution tends to enmesh the economic system proper in
social relationships. We find, as a rule, the process of redistribution
forming part of the prevailing political regime, whether it be that of
tribe, city-state, despotism, or feudalism of cattle or land. The
production and distribution of goods is organized in the main
through collection, storage, and redistribution, the pattern being
focused on the chief, the temple, the despot, or the lord.
Redistribution involves what may be called charity on several
levels and functions on the basis of duty. First of all the members of
the group perform their work and out of duty give the result to be
collected. The headman then returns to each according to their
requirement, again performing his function on the basis of duty.
Frequently the methods of redistribution involved no concept of
personal gain, although there are historical examples of redistribution
wherein the priests, kings, or other agents of distribution became
extremely greedy, keeping for themselves the overwhelming share of
the communitys production while the peasants starved. Such greedy,
selfish, and neglectful behavior of course indicates the influence of
tamo-guna.
ReciprocityReciprocity is often a more personal form of
exchange, and may range in quality from goodness to passion. If the
reciprocation is performed with the attitude of giving, without the
expectation of return in equal measure, or if it is given to a person
other than whom first gave a gift, it is of the quality of sattva.
Examples in American culture are the sharing between parents and
children. When something is given with the expectation of return, or
with the desire for some result, it is of the nature of rajas. Thus when
reciprocation is expected in roughly even measure, though not
necessarily immediately, it is influenced by rajas, and is a sort of


110

social contract. The Samoans or more distant familial relations in
American culture are examples.
There are a great many historical cultural examples of varieties of
both redistribution and reciprocity. In almost all cases the basis for
such economic activity is not material gain for oneself, which is
quite insignificant. Polanyi explains that the social relationships
within which the exchanges take place are the most important
principle:
The outstanding discovery of recent anthropological
research is that mans economy, as a rule, is submerged
in his social relationships. He does not act so as to
safeguard his individual interest in the possession of
material goods; he acts so as to safeguard his social
standing, his social claims, his social assets. He values
material goods only in so far as they serve this end.
Neither the process of production nor that of
distribution is linked to specific economic interests
attached to the possession of goods; but every single
step in that process is geared to a number of social
interests which eventually ensure that the required step
be taken. These interests will be very different in a
small hunting or fishing community from those in a vast
despotic society, but in either case the economic system
will be run on non-economic [non-profit] motives.
...Take the case of a tribal society. The individuals
economic interest is rarely paramount for the
community keeps all its members from starving unless
it is itself borne down by catastrophe, in which case
interests are again threatened collectively, not
individually. The maintenance of social ties, on the
other hand, is crucial. First, because by disregarding the
accepted code of honor, or generosity, the individual
cuts himself off from the community and becomes an
outcast; second, because, in the long run, all social
obligations are reciprocal, and their fulfillment serves
also the individuals give-and-take interests best. Such a
situation must exert a continuous pressure on the
individual to eliminate economic self-interest from his


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consciousness. This attitude is reinforced by the
frequency of communal activities such as partaking of
food from the common catch or sharing in the results of
some far-flung and dangerous tribal expedition. The
premium set on generosity is so great, when measured
in terms of social prestige, as to make any other
behavior than that of utter self-forgetfulness simply not
pay. Personal character has little to do with the matter.
Man can be as good or evil as social or asocial, jealous
or generous, in respect to one another. Not to allow
anybody reason for jealousy is, indeed, an accepted
principle of ceremonial distribution, just as publicly
bestowed praise is the due of the industrious, skillful, or
otherwise successful gardener. The human passions,
good or bad, are merely directed towards non-economic
ends. Ceremonial display serves to spur emulation to the
utmost and the custom of communal labor tends to raise
both quantitative and qualitative standards to the highest
pitch. The performance of all acts of exchange as free
gifts that are expected to be reciprocatedthough not
necessarily by the same individualsshould in itself
explain the absence of the notion of gain or even of
wealth other than that consisting of objects traditionally
enhancing social prestige.
13

The profit-less economic activity he refers to is directly the
result of sattva-gunaespecially when we see deliberate efforts to
diminish self-centeredness, envy and jealousy, and so on.
The Range and Evolution of Economic Practices
In this world none of the gunas are completely pure, each of them
being tainted: material goodness is tainted with some portion of
passion and ignorance, passion by goodness and ignorance, and so
on. More importantly consciousness is conditioned by a combination
of the gunas and their corresponding influences. Therefore we
should not expect that we are going to find examples of society that
are purely in goodness, or passion or ignorance. Rather what we do
find is a range of influences and characteristics from each guna
present in every member of the population who together make up


112

society as a whole. Thus we should expect that expressions of
goodness will range from almost pure goodness to the borderline of
passion. Likewise passion will range from near goodness to near
ignorance; and ignorance from near passion to absolute depravity.
We therefore expect to see a wide range of influences and activity in
all aspects of human society, both personal as well as in civic and
economic affairs.
As explained in the first chapter the influence of the gunas varies
throughout the different yugas, from sattva in Satya-yuga, to tamas
in Kali-yuga to provide jivas of different consciousness with the
opportunity to act according to their consciousness. During Kali the
earth is given over to the degraded and demonic for their purposes,
and as such we should not be surprised to see the progressive
degradation of society through the course of time. However
lamentable the fact might be from one perspective, it is appropriate
considering the actual purpose of the material worldfor illusioned
living beings to enjoy the material energy in all of its varieties and
forms. From the transcendental perspective all of it is lamentable,
even activities in goodness, because all of the countless jivas who
make this world their home are misplaced, and cannot find the
permanent and unlimited happiness they so desire. From the
transcendental perspective this entire world is a prison house for the
living beings who desire to live outside the will of the Lord, and
according to the masters of Vedic wisdom whether one is a first-class
prisoner or a third-class prisoner makes little difference.
Readers who are not conversant with accounts of Vedic history
may be surprised, and even skeptical, to learn of this direction of
human evolution, because the Western man especially, has been
taught that modern society has evolved from animals, and that the
most primitive of men, not long ago mere apes, were as savage as
animals themselves, or even more so since they kill their own kind.
The propagandists of modern culture tell us that we are presently at
the pinnacle of social advancement, and that mankind has never had
it so good as he does today, or even, that this is as good as it will
ever get. Fortunately, that is not at all the case.
Not only is that not the case, but this progression typically
presented as Western social evolution is exactly the opposite of the
true history of mankind on earth. Vedic history stands in sharp


113

contrast to the modern Western idea that we have evolved from
prehistoric, or animal-like ancestors, and instead tells us that in prior
ages mankind was far more developed in terms of his knowledge,
culture, and civility. The Vedic worldview tells us that as we pass
through the pages of time we are devolving not evolving. Evidence
gathered from many quarters supports this truth, especially the
evidence of economics. A recent example of this trend was
documented by Helena Norberg-Hodge.
Economic Transition in Ladakh
As an example of the transition from goodness to passion we can
study the experiences of the Ladakhis through the writings of
anthropologist Helena Norberg-Hodge, who was the first foreigner
accepted to make her home in Ladakh (Kashmir). She had the
privilege of living there over the course of three decades, coming to
know life in the traditional villages before the intrusion of Western
culture, and she documented what it was like:
In traditional Ladakh, to link happiness to income or
possessions would have been unthinkable. A deep-
rooted respect for each others fundamental human
needs and an acceptance of the natural limitations of the
environment kept the Ladakhi people free from
misplacing values of worth. Happiness was simply
experienced. Though not an easy lifestyle by Western
standards, people met their basic physical, social,
spiritual and creative needs within the security of a
caring, sharing community and an abundant agrarian
subsistence economyand experienced evident joy.
(emphasis in original)
14

The symptoms of sattva are reflected in this culture a respect
and caring for others as well as the environment, and happiness
derived within. Norberg-Hodge has made regular visits to the region
over several decades and has documented the subsequent changes as
Western-style economic development has taken place. She notes that
the advance guard for the contemporary colonization of Ladakh has
been a combination of tourists, media, educational models and
technology, and also notes that this development has created a


114

void in peoples lives, inferiority in their self-perceptions, and a
greed for material wealth. The influences are often subtle but
nonetheless powerful:
A Western tourist can spend more [money] in a day
than what a Ladakhi family might in one year. Seeing
this, Ladakhis suddenly feel poor. The new comparison
creates a gap that never existed before because in
traditional Ladakh, people didnt need money in order
to lead rich and fulfilling lives. Ladakhi society was
based on mutual aid and cooperation; no one needed
money for labor, food, clothing, or shelter . . . In the
traditional economy, Ladakhis knew that they had to
depend on other people, and that others in turn depend
on them. In the new economic system, local
interdependence disintegrates along with traditional
levels of tolerance. In place of cooperative systems
meeting needs, competition and scarcity become
determinants for survival.
Perhaps the most tragic of all the changes I have
observed in Ladakh is the vicious circle in which
individual insecurity contributes to a weakening of
family and community ties, which in turn further shakes
individual self-esteem. ConsumerismConsumerism
plays a central role in this whole process, since
emotional insecurity generates hunger for material
status symbols. The need for recognition and acceptance
fuels the drive to acquire possessions that will
presumably make you somebody...It is heartbreaking to
see people buying things to be admired, respected and
ultimately loved, when in fact the effect is almost
always the opposite...[they are] set apart which furthers
the need to be accepted.
15

As Ladakhi society was penetrated by members of modern society
we observe the symptoms of rajas entering the society: competition,
the desire for acquisition and the impersonal attempts to gain respect
through by means of possessions rather than personal qualities and


115

abilities. We also observe the result of passion in terms of social
isolation, and insecurity.
Ladakh was relatively late in meeting with the onslaught of
passion and ignorance, most areas of the world having succumbed to
them long ago. In the next chapter we will look at the introduction of
rajo-guna, along with its ideas of private property and concentrated
wealth based on the agreements of men and all the attendant
consequences.


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Chapter Four
The Economics of Passion
From the mode of goodness, real knowledge develops;
from the mode of passion, greed develops; and from the
mode of ignorance develop foolishness, madness and
illusion. Bhagavad-gita 14.17


A Culture in Passion
Passion is the hallmark of modern society and as such its
characteristics are very familiar to most people. Create, make, do,
build, develop, are all watchwords of the mode of passion, or rajo-
guna. Rajo-guna is also characterized by competition, in which
winners establish their superiority over the losers. That theme is
played out in every aspect of a culture grounded in passion.
Competitive sports are popular the world over and every weekend
hundreds of thousands, if not millions, root for their team. National
pride or shame no longer depends on the actions of its statesmen, but
instead rides on the abilities of the players of the football, hockey, or
basketball team. In the arena of romance, intense passion is taken to
be the indicator of true love. Love is now won in competitive ways,
sometimes in front of an audience of millions on such television
shows as The Bachelor.
All members of Western culture are inculcated into competition
as soon as tiny tots become socialized. We learn about competition
establishing our superiority over othersin the first years of school
and it gradually intensifies as we enter our teenage years. The
innocence of childhood is sacrificed at increasingly earlier ages as
competitive parents push their children to win over others in sports


117

and to compete against other students for the highest test scores; in
that way they earn entrance into the finest schools. Of course this
childhood training is not lost upon graduation from school. The
graduates, having long since been conditioned to competitive play
and education, become competitors in the field of business and in
career pursuits. For those in passion the idea of gain figures
prominently in religion as well, where worship and proper
investment (tithing) are frequently promoted by ministers as the best
and proper means to material prosperity. Prayer itself does not go far
beyond the entreaty for material wants and desires. Such petition is
not limited to the church by any means. Supplication of any
powerful person is employed, be he God Himself, or any number of
lesser gods, who determine the course of the more ordinary things in
this world.
It is not unexpected then that for people in passion, competition
would be the distinguishing factor, both in business, and as the
underpinning of the economy such as the monetary system. The
competitive struggle for gain (winning) against loss (losing) is what
capitalism is all about, and it is the economic system of choice for
passionate cultures. Look at the business section of the paper any
day, and you will read about production, growth, earnings and losses,
endeavor for gain, competition to win over rivals, acquisition, and so
on. The dream of passion is the possibility of unlimited gain through
individual effort, supported by an environment where no persons
initiative is checked and any man can pull himself up by his own
bootstraps. At the same time its every-man-for-himself and may the
better man win. Loss is also thus a significant feature of economics
in passion.
Another feature of rajo-guna that figures prominently in the
activities of modern culture is how people see the world. The Gita
tells us that a person under the influence of passion sees a different
living being to be present in every different body and thus sees with
decidedly un-equal vision. Persons with different skin color will be
seen as inherently different and unequal. Those in passion will afford
a different measure of respect to different persons, either higher or
lower according to their personal characteristics of beauty, wealth,
fame, etc. Thus we see that a persons status in society, the respect
afforded them, even the doors that are opened for them, are


118

influenced by such things as their ancestral pedigree, family wealth,
personal connections and so forth.
This manner of discrimination along social and economic lines is
not limited to capitalistic countries. In the older societies that have a
rigid caste system or other social hierarchies, the influence of passion
also shows up in economic discrimination and disparity. Because of
a differential outlook in terms of bodily features and social position,
discrimination is made as to who is fit or unfit, equal or unequal.
Those who stand as peers in the privileged class will reap rewards,
but those of lower status are generally denied such privileges,
rewards, opportunities, or even sufficient means to live a proper and
decent life.
Passion is bounded by goodness and ignorance, and shows itself
across an entire spectrum of activity according to the influences of
those gunas. Passion influenced by goodness is naturally concerned
with the building of families, the arts, commerce, infrastructure
entire culturesfor the benefit and welfare of all members. The
culture is inclusive, egalitarian, and aspires to high, even lofty,
ideals. The primary objective of passion influenced by goodness is
the creation and development of a wonderful world for all of its
members. A primary goal is not simply employment or even proper
employment, but work done with dignity and pride, to a high degree
of perfection. Money may used as a means to assist these efforts, but
profits are of secondary consideration, and may even be viewed with
a wary eye.
When the influence of goodness wanes and ignorance increases
the focus becomes increasingly narrowed to special groups of
individuals related by blood, marriage or other socially important
ties. Insider and outsider status is created and discrimination begins
to take place. Development is now for fewer and fewer of the culture
or group, and even within the insiders group a competitive
environment exists in which members vie for dominance over the
others, and a strong pecking order develops. Unabated achieving
and ranking, with accompanying lust, envy and greed pushes the
interest for personal and exclusive gain. Where does that gain
typically come from? Most often and most easily, it comes at the
expense of the weak and inferior classesthe outsiderswho
have few options and must settle for the lot that is dealt to them. The


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influence of tamo-guna added to rajo-guna results is a society of
haves and have-nots, and as tamo-guna increases so too does the
disparity.
As tamo-guna continues to increase and the influence of sattva-
guna declines, so too does the proper maintenance of any and every
thing, including families, children, education, infrastructure, society,
culture, etc, because the emphasis is on the here and now; the future
can take care of itself. The weak are neglected firsttheir needs,
their health, their roads, their sewage. As those at the top take more,
the ranks of the weak and neglected grow. Lacking proper
maintenance, decay and dissolution of infrastructure, of people, and
of society, set in. Weakened by selfish interests the culture succumbs
to either attack from without, rebellion from within, or both,
resulting in chaos, destruction and collapse. This has been the pattern
of every civilization in Western history, and according to some the
present one is also following that trend and is now in its dwindling
phase. However, ours is exceptional in that instead of it being
contained in a limited geographical area, the modern culture
encompasses the entire globe. If and when it crumbles, it will bring
the entirety of humanity to ruin all at the same time.
Will it come to that? It has already begun. The present dissolution
of Zimbabwe is a good example. Other African countries are not too
far behind. Americas economy faltering in 2008, with worse
projections for coming years, is also on the brink. The popular
wisdom displayed on the internet and in books such as America:
End of an Empire, and Nemesis: The Last Days of the American
Republic tell us that we cannot go on the way we have been. Change
or die is their message. The future is still yet to be fully determined,
and it is not too late to make the necessary changes to create a
different and better future, if only we will. It is the intention of this
book to show the way to that change.
The overarching trend of civilization over the course of Kali-yuga
is from goodness to ignorance. This is reflected quite clearly in
economic practices, which are a very visible demonstration of the
consciousness of people. I would also like to point out that the
methods and trends differ considerably at different strata of society,
as we shall demonstrate below. Oftentimes the people were strongly
at odds with the methods and practices of their leaders and were


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violently forced to comply. We will look at how goodness and
ignorance influence economics in the mode of passion in this
chapter. I do not want to give the impression that this is simply one
smooth and neat progression, everywhere the same. It most certainly
was/is not. Every part of the world has had its own progression, but
the overall trend has been the same, particularly as travel has
increased and culture has been homogenized.
Shifting from Goodness to Passion
It may strike some as ironic that the religious beliefs of the
Protestants encouraged the demise of the economics of goodness.
That should not surprise us however, since religions too, interpreted
by men, reflect the influences that the gunas have on them. It was the
Protestant Christian ethic in particular that at least enabled, if not
fomented, the dissolution of the economics of goodness and opened
the door to the economics of passion. This enabling is explained by
Max Weber in his essay on The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of
Capitalism.
1
This story begins in the Middle Ages when most
productive work was managed through the system of craft guilds.
The guilds themselves operated according to a code of conduct that
purposely limited competition by uniting members of the same
occupation, or essentially uniting competition. They were in essence
cartels that managed trade in such a manner that all members could
have a reasonable life, and to accomplish this end they inculcated in
their members certain civic virtues. Through a long established
tradition they encouraged a subsistence policy that discouraged
members from raising profit above honor and social responsibility.
In this way they sought to maintain society in a manner beneficial to
all. Weber writes that in the guilds there was frequently a control of
the general ethical standard similar to that exercised by the ascetic
protestant sects. But, he says, there was an unavoidable and
significant difference between the effects of the guilds and that of the
sects upon economic practices:
The sects, on the other hand, united men through the
selection and the breeding of ethically qualified fellow
believers. Their membership was not based upon
apprenticeship or upon the family relations of
technically qualified members of an occupation. The


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sect controlled and regulated the members conduct
exclusively in the sense of formal righteousness and
methodical asceticism. It was devoid of the purpose of a
material subsistence policy which handicapped an
expansion of the rational striving for profit. The
capitalist success of a guild member undermined the
spirit of the guildas happened in England and
Franceand hence capitalist success was shunned
[within the guild]. But the capitalist success of a sect
brother, if legally attained, was proof of his worth and
of his state of grace, and it raised the prestige and the
propaganda chances of the sect. Such success was
therefore welcome. The organization of free labor in
guilds, in their Occidental medieval form, has
certainlyvery much against their intentionnot only
been a handicap [for their continued success] but also a
precondition for the capitalist organization of labor,
which was, perhaps, indispensable.
But the guild, of course, could not give birth to the
modern bourgeois capitalist ethos. Only the methodical
way of life of the ascetic sects could legitimate and put
a halo around the economic individualist impulses of
the modem capitalist ethos.
2

The significant difference to note is that the guilds were content to
limit economic activity to its proper sphere of providing for
sustenance, so that profit should not become a goal in its own right.
This attitude reflects the consciousness of sattva-gunaliving in
harmony with natures economy, which provides for the sustenance
of all creatures. The Christian worldview declares that God put men
on the earth to be abundant and happy. He gave them dominion over
all things for this purpose. Historically the interpretation of the
Christian worldview has been that the destiny of man is to be the
Lord of naturethat he is to subdue and conquer her. In their view
God wants man to work hard and enjoy all of the rewards that this
world can offer; worldly success and increased profits are taken as a
sign of Gods favor. It can be understood that Christianity thus
interpreted is a religion for those in passion, because these are the


122

characteristic of rajo-guna as explained in the Srimad-Bhagavatam
(11.25.3, 17):
Material desire, great endeavor, dissatisfaction even in
gain [desiring even more], praying for material
advancement, the distortion of the intelligence due to
too much activity, the inability to withdraw the
perceiving senses from material objects, sense
gratification, and justifying ones actions by ones
strength are qualities associated with the mode of
passion.
In Webers statements we encounter again the darling word of
economistsrationaland here we can witness how its meaning
varies according to the consciousness and guna of the players. Weber
admits that what is considered rational can differ considerably,
although in his opinion it was rational to increase ones profit and
gain and he considers the Protestant ethic as the rational choice.
However under the influence of sattva-guna the guilds rational
choice was to promote cooperation and limit competition, which they
did to the extent that a member dare not under-price his goods, or put
them on sale as we now say, to increase his sales at the expense of
his fellows.
By the time Weber visited America he observed that many of the
qualities of the Protestant ethic had become freed from any religious
connection. Thrift, hard work and frugality were no longer followed
to curry either God or mans favor, but by observation of their
contribution to success were thought to be a practical formula for
material life. Historian R. H. Tawney examining the connection
between capitalism and Protestantism saw their influences as mutual,
explaining that the Protestant ethic, with its insistence on hard work,
thrift, etc., had contributed to the rise of capitalism, but at the same
time Protestantism itself was also influenced by an increasingly
capitalistic society.
3
He saw that Protestantism adopted the risk-
taking, profit-making ethic of capitalism; however he went even
further to indict Christian preachers for being laissez-faire and not
bringing their ethics into the sphere of economics and business:
If preachers have not yet overtly identified themselves
with the view of the natural man, expressed by an


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eighteenth-century writer in the words, trade is one
thing and religion is another, they imply a not very
different conclusion by their silence as to the possibility
of collusions between them. The characteristic doctrine
was one, in fact, which left little room for religious
teaching as to economic morality, because it anticipated
the theory, later epitomized by Adam Smith in his
famous reference to the invisible hand, which saw in
economic self-interest the operation of a providential
plan...The existing order, except in so far as the short-
sighted enactments of Governments interfered with it,
was the natural order, and the order established by
nature was the order established by God...Naturally,
again, such an attitude precluded a critical examination
of institutions, and left as the sphere of Christian charity
only those parts of life which could be reserved for
philanthropy, precisely because they fell outside that
larger area of normal human relations, in which the
promptings of self-interest provided an all-sufficient
motive and rule of conduct.
4

The decades of the late 19
th
and early 20
th
centuries were a time of
philosophical upheaval brought on by the combination of ideas from
Darwins Origins of Man, and Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations.
Smiths invisible hand of the market was combined with Darwins
concept of survival of the fittest to justify a new natural order in
economic affairs, one in which all forces and results were now
considered the impersonal result of chance and even the forward
progress of the continued natural evolution of mankind. Smiths
fictional invisible hand was the prescription that admonished
governments to stay out of the markets affairs and allow it to work
its magic. This is but another of lifes illusions that modern man has
tried to bring to the level of reality, with tragically disappointing
results for millions of people. It is in fact the continued progression
from passion to ignorance, and the results support that conclusion.
This audacious and patently false fictionthat the pursuit of ones
own self-interest would magically result in the best interests of all
has been used as a propaganda campaign to justify the methods of
the clever and able, as they exploit the politically weak and less able.


124

The concept continues to have currency even to the present day as
economic Darwinism is put forward as serious economic
philosophy by some to justify current predatory economic practices.
This philosophy is also used as justification to exploit nature.
Survival of the fittest is extended to the economic realm, and
combined with the concept of mans dominion over nature as
commanded in Genesis. Man is the fittest and is therefore justified in
whatever he does. This, along with increasingly powerful
technology, gives the captains of business and industry a green light
to fully exploit nature, giving no consideration to the idea of
nurturing or caring for her benevolence. Whatever she offers is
simply taken, with little regard for any damage caused, or thought
that there might be a debt to repay to her. In the early stages of
industrialization she was able to absorb the deficit. Two centuries
later however she is overwhelmed, defeated by the immense forces
and scale of mankinds technology. We will come back to the
environmental issue below as we discuss the progression of the
economics of passion to the economics of ignorance. First we will
trace some of the history of the economics of passion influenced by
sattva-guna.
Economics of Passion Influenced by Goodness
Although the Protestant philosophy helped to pave the way to a
life of rajo-guna, for some sects it continued to be strongly attached
to some aspects of sattva-guna. In Webers same essay he explains
how Protestant asceticism [became] the foundation of modern
vocational civilizationa sort of spiritualist construction of the
modern economy. This essay was written after Weber visited the
United States in the early 20
th
century during which he observed
first-hand the influence church membership held, not only in
business, but in social and political circles as well. Indeed, in earlier
periods in America religious beliefs were completely integrated with
every aspect of life. During the colonial period (prior to 1776) in the
central areas of New England for example, full citizenship status in
the church was one of the preconditions for achieving full citizenship
in the stateit was the religious congregation that determined ones
citizenship status. At that time one didnt simply join a particular
church as we might today. Membership was gained only after one


125

had repeatedly proved his religious qualification through personal
conduct, in the broadest meaning of the word, and further passed an
investigation into, and a determination of his moral worth. Such
candidates even then were only admitted after being elected by vote.
Proven moral conduct was also especially significant in determining
with whom one should do business.
The literature of the Quakers and Baptists, up to and throughout
the 17
th
century instructs that the children of the world distrust one
another in business but they have confidence in the religiously
determined righteousness of the pious.
5
Therefore credit was given
to and money deposited only with those who were deemed pious
after thorough scrutiny. These measures eventually led to the success
of the Protestants because there, and there alone, they are given
honest and fixed prices.
6
The Baptists claimed to have made fixed
prices a principle, while the Methodists imposed even broader
restrictions upon their followers, who were forbidden:
1. to make words when buying and selling (bargaining or
haggling)
2. to trade commodities before the custom tariff has been paid
on them
3. to charge rates of interest higher than the law of the country
permits
4. to gather treasures on earth (meaning to transform
investment capital into funded wealth, and living off of
money, not work; i.e., becoming a capitalist).
5. to borrow without being sure of ones ability to pay back the
debt
6. luxuries of all sorts
7

It is well known of Protestants that they were both admonished
and reputed to be thoroughly honest, thrifty and frugal. An individual
was also religiously compelled to follow a secular vocation with zeal
and hard work, because lack of worldly success was thought to be
due to either laziness or divine disfavor:
...premiums were placed upon proving oneself before
God in the sense of attaining salvationwhich is found
in all Puritan denominationsand proving oneself
before men in the sense of socially holding ones own


126

within the Puritan sects. Both aspects were mutually
supplemental, and operated in the same direction: they
helped to deliver the spirit of modem capitalism, its
specific ethos: the ethos of the modern bourgeois
middle classes.
8
(all emphasis in original)
The striving for material success, as well as the spirit of modern
capitalism as Weber defines it, are both characteristic of rajo-guna.
The strict adherence to principles of honesty, consideration not to
harm others, and adherence to legal statutes indicate the influence of
sattva-guna. The Protestant sects strove for success and reward as
long as it was earned according to their ethical standards, and their
ethical standards created perhaps one of the best examples of the
economics of passion influenced by goodness.
This example offers evidence that human society does not exist
simply in a pure state of goodness, passion, or ignorance. Although
one may be prominent, the influences of the others are always
present to some degree. As we traverse the path of Kali the quality of
goodness wanes while ignorance increases, and life on earth
continues to reflect the changing influences.
Moving Toward Ignorance
Under the influence of sattva-guna material wealth was shared,
but under rajo-guna, personal profit and gain come into play, along
with the concept of individual private ownership. Indeed, the entire
concept of I and mine changes dramatically. The change of
consciousness from sattva to rajas brought with it dramatic changes
in relationships between people and the manner in which they
handled their economic affairs. This shift did not occur
spontaneously on the part of the people, but was imposed on them by
the ruling classes with the use of force (tamo-guna).
In one sense the idea of controlling the people did not change, but
the locus of power was shifted. The ruling classes of the early
modern times determined to create a culture of dependence with
themselves replacing the popes as the dispensers of favor; those
favors now being decided by money. It was necessary therefore to
make the populace dependent on money alone and for that their
sustenance from the land and mutual dependence had to be
abolished. The desired social transformation would turn the


127

independent commoner into a dependent of disinterested others
(industrialists or government). It would make them compete with
each other to obtain such favors as the right to survivepaid
employment being the only means of sustenance available. To
achieve this, the former social customs of shared ownership, mutual
aid, and the commons had to be destroyed. It mattered not what was
lost in the process. More important was that society be transformed
into the concept that the ruling classes wanted. It was a concept that
was to chiefly benefit the ruling class at the expense of everyone
else.
Destruction of The Commons
In earlier times when cultures were established in goodness, land
was recognized as the only means of sustenance to which everyone
had a rightful claim, not by proprietorship, but by use. The
commons, as it was generally called, provided sustenance for the
commoners, or peasant classthose who lived in a subsistence
economy. A subsistence economy is one in which people make, or
trade, for what they need instead of purchasing their needs with
money. There were four significant social developments that were
required for that long-standing arrangement to be changed. One was
industrialization and markets for the goods produced, the second was
a pool of laborers who would give themselves to factory work, the
third was a paper money economy that could provide people with
sustenance seemingly independent of the land, and the fourth was the
development of the modern state.
Industrialization, applying other than human or animal power to
machines, and increasing the scale of operations beyond cottage
industry, required a work force that would not directly benefit from
their work activity. This would require some incentive, which was
the role of money. But why would the peasant subsistence farmers,
who could happily maintain themselves in rural village life without
extreme endeavor be motivated to take up an onerous and
monotonous job tending a noisy machine, working long hours in a
dirty, hot, or cold, sometimes dusty and otherwise rank factory
atmosphere? If a person could live a life of independence on the
land, even if meager, why would they choose to become dependent


128

on the mercy of others in the city? They wouldnt, and didnt.
Something had to be done.
These changes in the social structure were accomplished, as they
typically are in Kali-yuga, by force. From the 16
th
century and
continuing into the 20
th
century, land has been confiscated by state
authorities, forcing people into a dependent lifestyle. In England
from the 16
th
through 19
th
centuries a series of enclosure laws were
enacted to eliminate the use of village lands and the commons. Of
course the commoners resisted the loss of their prerogatives with
petitions, threats, foot dragging, the theft of new landmarks and
surveys, covert thefts and even arson. By law, the commoners had
previously been entitled to the produce of the soil. Their cattle also
had a right to the grass.
9
The soil itself, the land, was not owned by
the commoners, but the use of it was. That use, what the law called
profit a prendre, was a common right that ensured the survival of
peasants whose social relations were structured by access to land,
common agriculture and shared use-rights, and they did not want to
surrender any of these rights. This contest of wills was decided by
force over the course of three centuries, as 19
th
century social
revolutionary and commentator Peter Kropotkin explains:
In France, the village communities began to be deprived
of their independence, and their lands began to be
plundered, as early as the sixteenth century. However, it
was only in the next century, when the mass of the
peasants was brought, by exactions and wars, to the
state of subjection and misery which is vividly depicted
by all historians, that the plundering of their lands
became easy and attained scandalous proportions.
Everyone has taken of them according to his powers...
imaginary debts have been claimed, in order to seize
upon their lands; so we read in an edict promulgated by
Louis the Fourteenth in 1667. Of course the States
remedy for such evils was to render the communes still
more subservient to the State, and to plunder them
itself...As to the appropriation of communal lands, it
grew worse and worse, and in the next century the
nobles and the clergy had already taken possession of
immense tracts of land one-half of the cultivated area,


129

according to certain estimatesmostly to let it go out of
[agri]culture.
...What took place in France took place everywhere in
Western and Middle Europe. Even the chief dates of the
great assaults upon the peasant lands are the same. In
Germany, Austria and Belgium the village community
was destroyed by the State. Instances of commoners
themselves dividing their lands were rare, while
everywhere the States coerced them to enforce the
division, or simply favoured the private appropriation of
their lands.
The communal lands continued to be preyed upon, and
the peasants were driven from the land. But it was
especially since the middle of the eighteenth century
that, in England as everywhere else, it became part of a
systematic policy to simply weed out all traces of
communal ownership...The very object of the Enclosure
Acts, as shown by Mr. Seebohm, was to remove this
system, and it was so well removed by the nearly four
thousand Acts passed between 1760 and 1844 that only
faint traces of it remain now. The land of the village
communities was taken by the lords, and the
appropriation was sanctioned by Parliament in each
separate case.
In short, to speak of the natural death of the village
communities in virtue of economical laws is as grim a
joke as to speak of the natural death of soldiers
slaughtered on a battlefield. The fact was simply this:
The village communities had lived for over a thousand
years; and where and when the peasants were not ruined
by wars and exactions they steadily improved their
methods of culture. But as the value of land was
increasing, in consequence of the growth of industries,
and the nobility had acquired, under the State
organization, a power which it never had had under the
feudal system, it took possession of the best parts of the


130

communal lands, and did its best to destroy the
communal institutions.
10

We note in the above that the newly formed political organization
called the State gave the nobility powers that it never had under
the feudal system, allowing the lords to simply usurp the land of the
peasants without consideration. The development of the money
economy and the State allowed the lords to free themselves from the
mutually dependent relationship they had had with the vassals and
serfs. The enclosure laws were specifically intended to eliminate
their means of sustenance making the peasants dependent on wages
to provide a labor pool for developing industrial and commercial
agricultural concerns. Many of the advisors to the Board of
Agriculture in England recommended the creation of complete wage
dependence, arguing that wage dependence would create discipline
amongst the somewhat independent commoners. Being mostly self-
sufficient the commoners were independent enough to avoid being
exploited, much to the ire of the large landholders. It was therefore
argued that the threat or reality of unemployment of the commoner
cum laborer would benefit the farmers who were required to reach
mutually agreeable terms with them. Wage work would give the
landholders an unfair advantage and the ability to force their terms
upon labor. The proposals went even further to state that once the
commoners had been made dependent they were to be prevented
from ever again becoming independent of wages. For example, it
was proposed that cottage gardens must be sufficiently small to
prevent independence and always require wage work. The intention
of the Board of Agriculture was to create a working class culture by
eliminating the commoner, permitting only agricultural proletariats.
11

In his book Commoners: Common Right, Enclosure and Social
Change in England, 1700-1820 author J .M. Neeson challenges the
view that England had no peasantry or that it had disappeared before
industrialization. It documents 18th century debate on the enclosure
laws from original sources, and shows that parliamentary enclosure
changed social relations, created both antagonisms and a pervasive
sense of loss on the popular culture. All 18th century commentators
recognized the relationship between the decline of the common right
and the nature of social relations in England. Both sides of the


131

published debate agreed that enclosures would end independence, the
only argument was whether to welcome or disapprove of the change.
The process of enclosure saw laws enacted to the advantage of the
ruling classes as if to legitimize their usurpation of the resources of
the politically weak common man. Although these acts were
ostensibly legal, they were written to serve the interests of one
section of society over another, creating a culture of winners and
losers expressive of the mindset of those mired in rajo-guna, and the
use of force to obtain the result adds the element of tamo-guna.
Whether such laws were for the protection and benefit of the
majority or the minority determines the relative influence of
goodness or ignorance. The influence of sattva-guna allows one to
see the unity of all beings, to have empathy for others, and to treat
others as one would treat oneself. As the influences of rajo-guna and
tamo-guna increase the conception of I and mine increasingly
narrows, ultimately bringing one to the deluded position where he
thinks himself all-important.
Let us recall that the Srimad-Bhagavatam states that living as a
parasite is one result of the quality of tamo-guna. Insomuch as the
ruling classes do not care for the citizensspiritually as well as
materiallythey are guilty of living as parasites, consuming the
produce of the citizens without performing their prescribed duties.
To say that the ruling classes (brahmanas and ksatriyas in the Vedic
tradition, bishops and kings in the medieval period) must see to the
spiritual development of the citizens is not to say that they dictate
what to believe. Rather, it is their duty to see that the citizens are
properly educated in spiritual knowledge, and follow universal, non-
sectarian religious principles, such as given in Bhagavad-gita. Who
one chooses to worship, be it J esus, Mohammed, Allah, Krishna or
whoever, is left to the individual person to decide according to the
merits of their own consciousness.
In the history cited above, and continuing on into the present day,
the shift in social organization brought with it a change in the social
contract, and with it political forces became arrayed against the
common man. No longer were a people protected by their betters
against common external threats and enemies. Class distinctions
were now based on wealth and the control of wealth, with the owners
of wealth occupying, influencing and engaging governmental forces


132

on their behalf, organized against the common man. With enclosure
the rulers of society had devised a method that would free them from
all responsibility to those who labor on their land or in their factories.
In feudal society the lord was responsible to see to the maintenance
(however meager it might have been) and protection of those in his
charge. They were a source of expense to him, and he wanted to be
free of it. They determined to reorganize society in a manner that
would bring them all of the benefits with none of the expense. They
reorganized the kingdom into the state, and for that they wanted to
create a situation in which everyone was dependent on them through
an impersonal mechanism such as a wage job. The developments of
the nation state, exclusive title to property, industry, and a paper
money economy gave them the means to do so. One of those ruling
dynastys was, and continues to be, the Rothschilds, who controlled
the Bank of England at that time. Through the bank they
promulgated this concept to American bankers in a document which
read in part:
...chattel slavery is likely to be abolished by the war
power [referring to the American Civil War]...This, I
and my European friends are in favor of, for slavery is
but the owning of labor, and carries with it the care of
labor, while the European plan, led on by England, is
that capital shall control labor by controlling wages.
12

Gustavus Myers, writing about slavery in America, corroborates
that the idea was to exploit the worker as far as possible, and more
than slavery alone would permit:
...chattel slavery could not compete in efficiency with
white labor...more money could be made from the white
laborer, for whom no responsibility of shelter, clothing,
food and attendance had to be assumed than from the
Negro slave, whose sickness, disability or death entailed
direct financial loss...The perfect slave thinks hes
free.
13

Social psychologist Eric Fromm explains how this change in the
social structure led to the loss of control over ones own destiny by
impersonal forces:


133

The breakdown of the traditional principle of human
solidarity led to new forms of exploitation. In feudal
society the lord was supposed to have the divine right to
demand services and things from those subject to his
domination, but at the same time he was bound by
custom and was obligated to be responsible for his
subjects, to protect them, and to provide them with at
least the minimumthe traditional standard of living.
Feudal exploitation took place in a system of mutual
human obligations, and thus was governed by certain
restrictions. Exploitation as it developed [under the
money economy] was essentially different. The worker,
or rather his labor, was a commodity to be bought by
the owner of capital, not essentially different from any
other commodity on the market, and it was used to its
fullest capacity by the buyer. Since it had been bought
for its proper price on the labor market, there was no
sense of reciprocity, or of any obligation on the part of
the owner of capital, beyond that of paying the wages. If
hundreds of thousands of workers were without work
and on the point of starvation, that was their bad luck,
the result of their inferior talents, or simply a social and
natural law, which could not be changed. Exploitation
was not personal any more, but it had become
anonymous, as it were. It was the law of the market that
condemned a man to work for starvation wages, rather
than the intention or greed of any one individual.
Nobody was responsible or guilty, nobody could change
conditions either. One was dealing with the iron laws of
society, or so it seemed.
14

The Russian aristocrat and social reformer Lev Tolstoy also
recognized that the end result was to be the same, albeit by deceptive
means that would allow the enslaved to think they are free. He wrote
Money is but a new form of slavery, distinguishable from the old
simply by the fact that it is impersonalthere is no human relation
between master and slave. Being the relationship is impersonal the
slave is left in a truly helpless circumstance. To whom shall he
complain when his chains weigh too heavily on him? Who shall he


134

revolt against? Due to impersonal circumstances he cannot find his
enemy and his protests are rendered ineffective in procuring his
relief. His situation appears not to be anyones fault in particular. It
is simply the way things are. Thats life. There is nobody to blame
and everyone should simply accept the lot that is dealt to them in
life. But Tolstoy adroitly penetrates the obfuscation and identifies the
source of the problemthe ruling classwriting: I sit on a mans
back, choking him, and making him carry me, and yet assure myself
and others that I am very sorry for him and wish to ease his lot by
any means possible, except getting off his back.
15

Driven from the land the common man now needed to find shelter
in some manner. Under the new organization of society that shelter
was arranged for him as his own private property. Formerly the
aristocrats held exclusive title to the land, including the commons,
and were thus forced to provide for those under their care. Under the
new system exclusive land rights were to be shared with the common
folk who would be permitted to also own land. Land thus became a
commodity, but access to it would of course be limited to those who
had the money to buy it. If the common people were given only
minimum wages for their work they would be unable to accumulate
the capital to buy land. Commonly throughout the world the
common man has not achieved widespread land ownership and the
ruling classes have continued to hold the vast majority of the land. In
Ireland in the late 19
th
century for example, 616 landowners owned
80 percent of the country and 1.5 percent of the Russians owned 25
percent of that vast country. Even today in Brazil less than 3 percent
of the population own two-thirds of the countrys arable land and
two-thirds of England is owned by a mere 0.3 percent of the
population.
For the wage earners the privilege merely to live would require
that they continually pay a significant portion of their hard earned
income as rent to moneyed class. Those landlords would continue to
accumulate capital under such an arrangement with which they
would build more housing to rent to future generations. After some
time it simply becomes a way of life, the natural order of things.


135

I and mine in Rajo-guna
Our modern Western conceptions of ownership come to us from
Roman thought which held that everything must to have an owner.
The Romans did not recognize the ownership of God as did other
earlier cultures; they thought that everything should have a human
owner, and a very select human owner at that. Roman law eventually
came to decree that it was possible for a free man (i.e., a Roman
citizen) to own and possess unlimited quantities of anything which
he found the means to acquire, including animals, land and other
human beings as slaves. Roman ideas of private property were
codified into law, and it is the Romans juris prudence that is often
regarded as their greatest contribution to Western culture.
16
The
exclusive ownership and control of land in particular is one of the
foundational aspects of modern culture, and its introduction into
society marks the passage from sattva-guna to rajo-guna,
increasingly narrowing the sense of I and mine.
Exclusive title to land as private property did not evolve naturally
but was also imposed on society during the changes of the middle
ages, despite the unwillingness of people to accept it. In the earlier
organization of society a social contract existed that gave every
member of the group at least the minimum for survival through the
communal character of shared property, and a right to the commons.
But these social relationships were antagonistic to the type of society
that the rulers wanted to establish. They had determined that each
person was to become apparently independent of others, to depend
on money alone and their individual abilities to obtain it. This of
course would give them the greatest leverage in exploiting the
workers, which was their chief aim. To establish this idea it was
necessary to destroy the commoners mutual dependence on each
other, and the rulers attempted to do so by the method of divide and
conquer. But their efforts to divide the people met with frustration as
the people continued to follow their long-standing traditions of
mutual dependence on each other. From Kropotkin we learn that:
the peasants still maintained their communal
institutions, and until the year 1787 the village
folkmotes, composed of all householders, used to come
together in the shadow of the bell-tower or a tree, to
allot and re-allot what they had retained of their fields,


136

to assess the taxes, and to elect their executive, just as
the Russian mir does at the present time. This is what
Babeaus researches have proved to demonstrate.
The Government found the folkmotes too noisy and
too disobedient. In 1787, elected councils composed of
a mayor and three to six syndics, chosen from among
the wealthier peasants, were introduced instead. Two
years later the Revolutionary Assemblee Constituante,
which was on this point at one with the old regime, fully
confirmed this law (on the 14th of December, 1789),
and the bourgeois du village had now their turn for the
plunder of communal lands, which continued all
through the Revolutionary period. Only on the 16th of
August, 1792, the Convention, under the pressure of the
peasants insurrections, decided to return the enclosed
lands to the communes, but it ordered at the same time
that they should be divided in equal parts among the
wealthier peasants onlya measure which provoked
new insurrections and was abrogated the next year, in
1793, when the order came to divide the communal
lands among all commoners, rich and poor alike,
active and inactive.
These two laws, however, ran so much against the
conceptions of the peasants that they were not obeyed,
and wherever the peasants had retaken possession of
part of their lands they kept them undivided. But then
came the long years of wars, and the communal lands
were simply confiscated by the State (in 1794) as a
mortgage for State loans, put up for sale, and plundered
as such; then returned again to the communes and
confiscated again (in 1813); and only in 1816 what
remained of them, i.e. about 15,000,000 acres of the
least productive land, was restored to the village
communities. Still this was not yet the end of the
troubles of the communes. Every new regime saw in the
communal lands a means for gratifying its supporters,
and three laws (the first in 1837 and the last under
Napoleon the Third) were passed to induce the village


137

communities to divide their estates. Three times these
laws had to be repealed, in consequence of the
opposition they met with in the villages.
17

We note that every time the land was divided the peasants put
them back into communal ownership, undivided. It took centuries of
effort to destroy their mutual dependence to the point that they could
adopt an individual conception of I and mine. These efforts were
combined with a campaign of propaganda (see Divide and Conquer
below) to enshrine the rugged individual as the champion of
determination, heroism, and all things good. The self-made man is
made out to be superior to all others. The same propaganda is used to
instill an envy of others and to ridicule the less able as parasites who
suck the wealth that others created. The propaganda continues to this
day, and the people of the West have finally accepted individualism
as the natural order of things. Americans especially can no longer
conceive of any other social organization and suggestions to unite
property outside of the family are immediately ridiculed with cries of
socialism or communism, forgetting that the hallowed family
unit is actually one such form of communism, and that everyone
belongs to one larger family as the children of God. People have
been brought to heel, faithfully following what they have been
taught: to depend on oneself alone, what you create is yours alone. It
is the governments responsibility to help those in need, keeping the
state in between the relationships of people. These efforts are very
effective, to the point that people today have not an inkling of how
they are indoctrinated and controlled.
Destruction of the Commonwealth Continues
This same technique is used to this day, centuries later, to divest
people of their traditions of mutual dependence and shared resources.
The following example comes from the peoples of Alaska: the
Inupiat, Yupik, Aleut, Athabascan, Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian,
collectively known to us as Eskimos. The story is detailed in Village
JourneyThe Report of the Alaska Native Review Commission by
Thomas R. Berger.
18
The Eskimos have been living in the Arctic
Tundra for centuries. Their forebears were already there when
Columbus first discovered the Americas. They have been able to
maintain their place in the world because of the traditions carefully


138

passed from one generation to the next. Their way of life has been
relatively simple: they share the land on which they live, as well as
the life-sustaining resources that they obtain by gathering, hunting
and fishing. This territory was sold by Russia to the United States
in 1867, and these tens-of-thousands of acres have since been
considered the property of the United States Government, although
the natives have been allowed to continue to live on these lands of
their forefathers.
In 1972 the United States Government sought to change their way
of life, ostensibly to help these people, although the people
themselves did not ask for or want the so-called help. Something else
must have been the motivation. Matters were settled the way they
had been centuries earlier in Europe. A government thousands of
miles away passed The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
(ANCSA). Under ANCSA law Alaskan Natives were to receive
$962.5 million in cash and title of ownership to forty-four million
acres of their ancestral lands. Bear in mind the vast majority of this
land is covered by snow the majority of the year in one of the
harshest winter climates in the world. The people there are mostly
subsistence hunters and fishermen. The land and the waters around it
are their principal concern. This land itself is the source of their life.
For all practical purposes, the land is their life. In their own words:
Our subsistence way of life is especially important to
us. Among other needs it is our greatest. We are
desperate to keep it (Paul J ohn, Tununak).
We Yupiks do not wish to lose the land. We would like
to use the land as our ancestors did. We would like to
use it without any problems. (Mike Angaiak, Tununak).
In Alaska subsistence living requires free access to land and the
waters. Moreover it requires that the land and waters are free from
intrusion and ownership in order for natures bounty to proliferate.
Subsistence has been a way of life thatfar from being marginal
fulfills these peoples spiritual and economic needs. But it was a life
that the ruling powers wanted to destroy.
Alaska Natives were given the impression that the ANCSA
settlement would protect their lands so they could pass them on to
future generations. But by ANCSA, Congress extinguished


139

aboriginal title of (common) ownership throughout the entire state of
Alaska, and subjected the land, which before had been the common
property of all and owned by God, to private ownership of
individuals. Now it was subject to the concepts of I and mine,
divisible and subject to sale. Previously these natives were secure on
Gods land. Dividing it and subjecting it to private ownership
through ANCSA they were now faced with the very real possibility
that they could lose their land, and along with it, their way of life.
ANCSA brought the fictitious concept of incorporation to this
frozen world and divided the land into areas of incorporation. It
further disenfranchised future generations by distributing corporate
shares only to adults over 21 years of age. The supposed purpose of
the village corporations was to make profits and pursue economic
purposes. But the villagers have always been chiefly concerned with
subsistence activities, not monetary onesthey had no interest in
private profit. This placed the corporations, run by city
professionals at cross purposes with their village shareholders.
Further the law decreed that after ten years the land could be subject
to taxation, even though it generates no revenues. Where were these
people going to get money to pay taxes? Obviously only from a job
in some distant city. Moreover, if the village corporation fails, for
whatever reason, creditors could attach the ancestral land of these
villagers. Additionally, after twenty years (1991), shares in the
corporation were allowed to be sold, and therefore after this date
outsiders could take over the village corporation and its assets,
including the land, driving the original natives off of it.
For most village corporations, the story is a sad one.
Undercapitalized, without corporate experience, with virtually no
business prospects, these fledgling corporations were at the mercy of
the lawyers, advisers, and consultants who flocked to the villages
like scavengers. The money was quickly spent, mostly on lawyers
for the settlement of land claims until the land itself was at risk, and
with it their way of life.
ANCSA introduced serious changes to native life that grew with
the passage of time. It affected family relations, traditional patterns
of leadership and decision making, customs of sharing, and
subsistence activitiesthe entire native way of life. The village has
lost its political and social autonomy. In short, its culture was


140

destroyed. Unable to see a future for themselves, as the young adults
came of age they began to leave for the cities to earn money. With
the loss of the next generation to the money culture, the elders could
understand that their way of life was also coming to an end. Where
would these people go but the cities? Which, of course, was the
original purpose. Under the ruling order established in the Middle
Ages nobody is simply entitled to live, but all must earn their place
in the money economy.
Economics of Passion Influenced by Tamo-guna
The influence of tamo-guna brings covetousness, envy, force and
violence, anger and hatred, duplicity and cheating, theft, false pride,
stinginess, hypocrisy, destruction, and so on. By the influence of
passion people see with an unequal vision, considering themselves
superior to others. As the influence of tamo-guna increases so does
envy. Those so infected cannot stand to see others prosper. They get
to the point where they can exploit and neglect without a twinge of
conscience. The economics of passion influenced by ignorance is
thus characterized by the attempt to increase ones gains by means of
cunning, deception, cheating, exploitation, force and violence
without consideration of the consequences to others.
Because the trend of society is now rushing pell-mell toward
ignorance in almost every sphere, the function and utility of
economics is as well. There are almost an unlimited number of cases
that could be cited that are indicative of either passion bordering on
ignorance, or ignorance bordering on passion, the distinction being
subtle. The assessment must be based on the relative component of
the characteristics of each guna as described in the Bhagavad-gita
and Srimad-Bhagavatam. I will give several examples to illustrate
the economics of passion influenced by ignorance. Each of these
examples reveals the intent to increase gain through force, violence,
or exploitation: 1) the violent destruction or elimination of
competition in order to secure markets and extract the wealth, 2)
exploitation of the worker with the help of government, 3) dividing
and conquering the common man, 4) creating unequal trade, with an
example of how the British extracted the wealth of India, and 5) the
Christian concept of mans dominion over nature.


141

Stifling the Competition
One of the major, and often overlooked, problems with a money
economy is the necessity to produce something that one cannot use
in the real sensemoney. The modern economy puts money in
between people and the objects of their desire. We cannot eat or wear
money, but the arrangement of a money economy requires money in
order to have food to eat, or clothes to wear. This emphasis on
something completely artificial in order to sustain life creates
problems in society that otherwise do not exist. A paper money
economy was artificially created and necessitated, so that
unnecessary wealth could be stored and accumulated in vast
amounts. Bhaktivedanta Swami has called it the unlawful
accumulation of wealth.
19
Stemming from a false consciousness of
I and mine, those who desired to increase their sense of self
through increasing their possessions enjoy this artificial money
mechanism. Cleverly, its creators also retained to themselves the
exclusive privilege of its creation giving them unlimited power and
control over others.
The use of the money economy instead of the subsistence
economy, in which people simply labor to produce what they need,
creates many more problems by introducing a very unnatural
competition, which in turn brings about strife, struggle, suffering and
wars. In fact, it can be said without too much exaggeration that
almost all of the wars of Western culture have been wars to obtain
advantages in, and control, over trade.
20
The reason that the
competition is unnatural is due to the excess wealth that can be
accumulated and stored using an artificial measure of wealth (paper
money). Excessive desire for profits (over and above what can be
used in a reasonable period of time) leads to desires for increased
market share, which can be gained by restricting the activities of
competitors. This is what gangsters are famous for. But not only
gangsters recognize the value of a monopoly. As one of Americas
foremost robber barons J ohn D. Rockerfeller puts it, competition is
a sin!
Monopoly control of industries was the objective of J . P. Morgan,
J . D. Rockefeller, and other business tycoons of the late nineteenth
century. However, by that time those in the inner sanctums of Wall
Street understood that the most efficient way to gain an unchallenged


142

monopoly was politicalunder the name of the public good and the
public interest. This strategy was detailed in 1906 by Frederick C.
Howe in his Confessions of a Monopolist. There Howe wrote:
The rules of big business are reducible to a simple
maxim: Get a monopoly; let society work for you and
make a business of politics. To control industries it is
necessary to control Congress and the regulators and
thus make society go to work for you, the monopolist. A
legislative grant, franchise, subsidy or tax exemption is
worth more than a Kimberly or Comstock lode, since it
does not require any labor, either mental or physical, for
its exploitation.
That maxim has been applied everywhere since, regardless of the
costs necessary to establish it.
We should note that there is no such artificial competition in a
subsistence economy. If you trade your apples for Victors wheat
there is a natural limit to the transaction since you only have so many
apples and can only eat and store a limited amount of wheat. But
although need has definite limits greed does not. Since money is
used as a store of wealth and it is imperishable, you can accumulate
vastly greater quantities of it than you can wheat. Add to this the
ego-enhancing nature of accumulating wealth and then excess profits
become highly desirable. People are thus encouraged to earn more
than they can use in a reasonable amount of time, and store that
wealth to further enhance their ego, or their control over others. The
hallmarks of passion and ignorance are seen in these efforts: material
desire, great endeavor, dissatisfaction with simple gains and desiring
more, false pride, envy of others, justifying ones actions by ones
strength, stinginess, intense competition in which some win and
others lose, personal distinction, considering oneself different from
or better than others.
Economist J .W. Smith explains that the rules of what he calls
plunder-by-trade are arranged to bring profits from the periphery of
an empire to the center. Trade is therefore restricted in such a way to
benefit the powerful as much as possible, at the expense of others.
This approach to economic affairs began in the Middle Ages at the
same time that the feudal system was being dismantled. Karl Polanyi


143

has pointed out how stifling the competition has been an economic
policy beginning in years long past:
Up to and during the course of the fifteenth century the
towns were the sole centers of commerce and industry
to such an extent that none of it was allowed to escape
into the open country....The struggle against rural
trading and against rural handicrafts lasted at least seven
or eight hundred years...The severity of these measures
increased with the growth of democratic
government...All through the fourteenth century
regular armed expeditions were sent out against all the
villages in the neighborhood and looms and fulling-vats
were broken or carried away. The problem of the towns
collectively was to control their own markets, that is, be
able to reduce the cost of items purchased from the
countryside and to minimize the role of stranger
merchants. Two techniques were used. On the one hand,
towns sought to obtain not only legal rights to tax
market operations but also the right to regulate the
trading operation (who should trade, when it should take
place, what should be traded). Furthermore, they sought
to restrict the possibilities of the countryside engaging
in trade other than via their town. Over time, these
various mechanisms shifted their terms of trade in favor
of the townsmen, in favor thus of the urban commercial
classes against both the landowning and peasant
classes.
21

Dr. Smith explains further:
The loss of the citys markets for both raw material and
manufactured products due to the comparative
advantage of the countryside meant impoverishment
and possibly even starvation for those in the city who
produced that cloth. The same loss of monopoly through
increased technological knowledge of the countryside
and its natural comparative advantage held true for
other products and other cities. The wealth-producing
process had to be protected. The comparative


144

advantages of the outlying villages were eliminated by
force to maintain dependency upon the city and lay
claim to both the natural wealth of the countryside and
the wealth produced by technology.
When one city took over the countryside markets of
another city, the dispossessed would again face
starvation. Thus the wars between the City-states of the
Middle Ages were wars over control of trade. City-
states evolved into countries that also went to war over
control of trade. Powerful countries evolved into
empires which controlled resources and trade far
beyond their borders.
22

Exploitation of Labor
The envy of tamo-guna is not exclusively directed towards others
who have more than we have, as is generally thought. But, being a
state of consciousness, it is extended everywhere the glance is cast.
When employed in the class divisions of business and labor, each
side sees their interests as divided and they attempt to exploit each
other. Adam Smith details this conflict, and the advantages
management holds over labor in ability, resources and law:
The workmen desire to get as much, the masters to give
as little as possible. The former are disposed to combine
in order to raise, the latter in order to lower, the wages
of labour. It is not, however, difficult to foresee which
of the two parties must, upon all ordinary occasions,
have the advantage in the dispute, and force the other
into a compliance with their terms. The masters, being
fewer in number, can combine much more easily; and
the law, besides, authorises, or at least does not prohibit
their combinations, while it prohibits those of the
workmen. We have no acts of parliament against
combining to lower the price of work; but many against
combining to raise it. In all such disputes the masters
can hold out much longer. A landlord, a farmer, a
master, manufacturer, or merchant, though they did not
employ a single workman could generally live a year or


145

two upon the stocks which they have already acquired.
Many workmen could not subsist a week, few could
subsist a month, and scarce any a year without
employment. In the long-run the workman may be as
necessary to his master as his master is to him; but the
necessity is not so immediate.
We rarely hear, it has been said, of the combinations of
masters; though frequently of those of workmen. But
whoever imagines, upon this account, that masters
rarely combine, is as ignorant of the world as of the
subject. Masters are always and every where in a sort of
tacit, but constant and uniform combination, not to raise
the wages of labour above their actual rate. To violate
this combination is every where a most unpopular
action, and a sort of reproach by a master to his
neighbours and equals. We seldom, indeed, hear of this
combination, because it is the usual, and one may say,
the natural state of things which nobody ever hears of.
Masters too sometimes enter into particular
combinations to sink the wages of labour even below
this rate. These are always conducted with the utmost
silence and secrecy, till the moment of execution, and
when the workmen yield, as they sometimes do, without
resistance, though severely felt by them, they are never
heard of by other people.
23

We learn here from Smith how the masters have arranged the
laws in their favor at the expense of labor, and how the masters
collude for the sake of controlling wages to their lowest possible
level. Such acts, indicative of tamo-guna, result predictably in
conflict. But it is not, as Smith, Marx and so many others are
convinced, that the conflict between labor and management is
inevitable in all circumstances. The conflict results from greed and
envy brought about by the influence of raja and tamo-guna. Under
the influence of sattva-guna an entirely different situation will result
as was noted above regarding the craft guilds of medieval society.
Under those circumstances management and labor assisted each
other and cooperated for the overall good, without perennial conflict.
Absent the influence of sattva-guna however, conflicts of interest


146

result in an ever-tenuous working relationships, disturbed whenever
one party finds an opportunity to further exploit the other.
Divide and Conquer
One method of increasing market share is to increase the market
by eliminating the competition altogether. This was another motive
in destroying the commonsto prevent people from providing for
themselves. Forced to take wage work they would purchase their
necessities with the money they earn. Not only was the commons
destroyed, but the tendency of the commoners to support and rely on
one another was as well. The fear of course was that the workers
would organize themselves and establish collective bargaining with
employers. The state apparatus was intent on dismantling any union
or collaboration of individuals. As noted above, this idea was
established by championing the self-made man, the rugged
individual, as a model to emulate. Again Kropotkin provides the
necessary history:
For the next three centuries the States, both on the
Continent and in these islands, systematically weeded
out all institutions in which the mutual-aid tendency had
formerly found its expression. The village communities
were bereft of their folkmotes, their courts and
independent administration; their lands were
confiscated. The guilds were spoliated of their
possessions and liberties, and placed under the control,
the fancy, and the bribery of the States official. The
cities were divested of their sovereignty, and the very
springs of their inner lifethe folkmote, the elected
justices and administration, the sovereign parish and the
sovereign guildwere annihilated; the States
functionary took possession of every link of what
formerly was an organic whole. Under that fatal policy
and the wars it engendered, whole regions, once
populous and wealthy, were laid bare; rich cities
became insignificant boroughs; the very roads which
connected them with other cities became impracticable.
Industry, art, and knowledge fell into decay. Political
education, science, and law were rendered subservient


147

to the idea of State centralization. It was taught in the
Universities and from the pulpit that the institutions in
which men formerly used to embody their needs of
mutual support could not be tolerated in a properly
organized State; that the State alone could represent the
bonds of union between its subjects; that federalism and
particularism were the enemies of progress, and the
State was the only proper initiator of further
development. By the end of the last century the kings on
the Continent, the Parliament in these isles, and the
revolutionary Convention in France, although they were
at war with each other, agreed in asserting that no
separate unions between citizens must exist within the
State; that hard labour and death were the only suitable
punishments to workers who dared to enter into
coalitions. No state within the State! The State
alone, and the States Church, must take care of matters
of general interest, while the subjects must represent
loose aggregations of individuals, connected by no
particular bonds, bound to appeal to the Government
each time that they feel a common need. Up to the
middle of the century this was the theory and practice in
Europe.
24

The effort of the rulers was to establish complete control over the
lives of the people, and to insert their bureaucratic agents in between
the people. By dividing their land, their interests, and their efforts,
the rulers sought to exploit the citizens as much as possible. We can
understand that this was their intention because it certainly was the
result, irregardless of where one lived. By the end of the nineteenth
century, the unlivable wage that was paid to the workers in London
was no different than that paid in New York, or in St. Petersburg.
The various powers had determined that the way of life was going to
change to what is now called the modern way of life. It more
properly deserves to be called money slavery, since everyone,
without exception, is a slave to obtaining money simply to survive.
In order to further hide the truth, we are indoctrinated into life as if
its different aspects were neatly divided and compartmentalized into
separate spheres of activitypolitical, economic, social, religious


148

and so on. Life is no longer an integrated whole (the impersonalism
that characterizes Kali-yuga). We have the impression that we are
governed by a certain political arrangement called democracy, or a
constitutional republic, and so on. Nothing could be farther from the
truth. We are in fact governed by money, or more specifically, by
those who control money, as attested to by Rothschild.
Creating Unequal Trade
The other critical factor in social developments at this time was
the creation and expansion of the manufacturing of commodities.
The output of machines was vastly greater than what local markets
could typically absorb, and therefore new markets had to be found in
order to make the factory produce the greatest possible profit. When
markets were saturated at home naturally they were sought in other
nations. But more than that, by controlling trade in a strategic
manner wealth could be extracted from trading partners. This is
Smiths plunder-by-trade, and it is explained by Adam Smith in
Wealth of Nations:
A small quantity of manufactured produce purchases a
great quantity of rude [raw, unfinished goods] produce.
A trading and manufacturing country, therefore,
naturally purchases with a small part of its
manufactured produce a great part of the rude produce
of other countries; while, on the contrary, a country
without trade and manufactures is generally obliged to
purchase, at the expense of a great part of its rude
produce, a very small part of the manufactured produce.
The one exports what can subsist and accommodate but
a very few, and imports the subsistence and
accommodation of a great number. The other exports
the accommodation and subsistence of a great number,
and imports that of a very few only. The inhabitants of
the one must always enjoy a much greater quantity of
subsistence than what their own lands, in the actual state
of their cultivation, could afford. The inhabitants of the
other must always enjoy a much smaller quantity...Few
countries...produce much more rude produce than what
is sufficient for the subsistence of their own inhabitants.


149

To send abroad any great quantity of it, therefore, would
be to send abroad a part of the necessary subsistence of
the people. It is otherwise with the exportation of
manufactures. The maintenance of the people employed
in them is kept at home, and only the surplus part of
their work is exported.
25

This process of importing raw materials and exporting finished
goods allows imperial nations to extract the wealth of their colonies
and trading partners, enriching the former and impoverishing the
latter. When the value of their currencies differ this results in an
exponential net transfer of wealth, as explained by Dr. Smith.(in this
example substituting the words cotton cloth for widgets will
prepare the reader for the next section):
Consider how long the underpaid nation must work to
buy one unit of wealth from the high-paid nation and
then consider how many units of wealth the high-paid
nation can purchase from the underpaid nation with the
wages of their equally-productive labor working that
same number of hours.
Capital accumulation advantage increases or decreases
exponentially with the differential in pay for equally-
productive labor. The equally-productive worker in the
poorly-paid nation produces a unique widget, is paid $1
an hour, and is producing one widget an hour. The
equally-productive worker in the well-paid nation
produces another unique widget, is paid $10 an hour,
and also produces one widget per hour. Each equally-
productive nation likes, and purchases, the others
widgets. All true costs are labor costs so we ignore
monopoly capital costs, which go to the developed
world and only increases the advantage anyway, and
calculate the cost of those widgets at the labor cost of
production, $1 an hour and $10 an hour. The $1 an hour
country must work 10 hours to buy one of the widgets
of the $10 an hour country but, with the money earned
in the same 10 hours, the $10 an hour country can buy
100 of the widgets of the $1 an hour nation. In a


150

homogenized market (a mixture of high-paid and
underpaid equally-productive labor) there is a 10-times
differential in wealth gained. At that 10-times wage
differential in a non-homogenized market there is an
exponential 100-times differential in capital
accumulation or buying powe...All wealth is processed
from natural resources by labor utilizing industrial
capital, most of those resources are in the weak,
impoverished world, and that natural wealth is
transferred to the powerful imperial-centers-of-capital
through low commodity prices and unequal pay for
equal work, as per this formula. (all emphasis in
original)
Given this understanding it isnt surprising that the imperialistic
nations established the value of currencies of their colonies not on
par with the homeland, allowing them to take advantage of this
principle and transfer the wealth of the world to themselves. The
result was impoverishment of the colonies. Regarding Indias
experience Prime Minister J awaharlal Nehru noted: If you trace
British influence and control in each region of India, and then
compare that with poverty in the region, they correlate. The longer
the British have been in a region, the poorer it is.
26
Continuing the
exploitation up to the present time, a deliberate devaluation of
currencies is often a precondition for loans from the World Bank and
an integral part of the IMFs structural adjustment programs.
Stealing and Destroying the Wealth of India
In Economic Democracy Smith explains how the impoverishment
of India is a classic example of plunder-by-trade backed by military
might. As we noted in an earlier chapter, India, prior to the advent of
British rule was a well-organized, and wealthy country. When the
British arrived they found a thriving industry and a prosperous
agriculture. It was, in the optimistic words of one Englishman, a
wonderful land, whose richness and abundance neither war, nor
pestilence, nor oppression could destroy. Production in India was
very decentralized and many thousands of independent artisans
produced handicrafts. In Bengal woven cloth was the specialty. It
was common to find hand-weaving done by a person who would


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sing or chant prayers in time with the clickety-clack rhythm of the
machine. Although he was a very skilled and expert craftsman, and
the cloth that he produced was the best in the world, Indian cloth
could still be sold for far less than that produced in Europe.
Before the British fully understood Adam Smiths principles they
purchased much of their cloth from India. However, there was little
exchange between the two countries due to a lack of interest in India
for English goods, and the British had to make up imbalance in trade
with payments of gold, a drain on her reserved wealth. However,
after India was colonized and the British controlled her trade this
arrangement came to an abrupt halt. Indian textiles were forbidden
on the British markets. Instead the British imported from India only
the raw materials for production of cloth in England, producing it
with mechanized weaving technology. Britains machine made cloth
was still inferior to that which the Indians themselves could produce,
but to create a market for it Indian produced cloth was heavily taxed.
As a result of manipulating production and the market Britain
quickly came to dominate the Indian cloth market, destroying
domestic production. Historian Lewis Mumford explains how the
British eviscerated the Indian economy:
In the name of progress, the limited but balanced
economy of the Hindu village, with its local potter, its
local spinners and weavers, its local smith, was
overthrown for the sake of providing a market for the
potteries of the Five Towns and the textiles of
Manchester and the superfluous hardware of
Birmingham. The result was impoverished villages in
India, hideous and destitute towns in England, and a
great wastage in tonnage and man-power in plying the
oceans between.
27

By 1947, when the sun finally set on the British Empire in India,
Eastern Bengal had been reduced to an agricultural hinterland. In the
words of an English merchant, Various and innumerable are the
methods of oppressing the poor weavers...such as by fines,
imprisonment, floggings, forcing bonds from them, etc. By means
of every conceivable form of roguery, the [British East India]
companys merchants acquired the weavers cloth for a fraction of its
value.
28



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This example of stifling the competition of India is far from being
an isolated case. What applies to British colonialism applies to all
colonialism, and according to J . W. Smith, India and China were
actually the least damaged of all colonial regions. The same process,
carried to extremes, continues to this day at an accelerated pace
under the name of Globalization and Free Trade, which will be
discussed in the next chapter as the economics of ignorance.
Christian Dominion as I and mine of Rajo-guna
Having earlier traced our path into rajas following the influence
of Christianity we should not overlook Christianitys influence in
abetting the consciousness and effects of rajo-guna and tamo-guna
into the twentieth century and beyond. The bible states that God has
given man dominion over nature, which has historically been
interpreted to mean that nature is at mans disposal, literally. The
idea has long been presented in Christian circles that God made this
world specifically for mankind to enjoy. The idea of man as the
rightful enjoyer of nature, not in modesty, but as far as his appetite
permits, was expressed by Thomas Traherne, a seventeenth century
clergyman who gushes at the idea of possessing the world:
It is of the nobility of mans soul that he is insatiable:
for he hath a benefactor so prone to give [God], that he
[God] delighteth in us for asking. Do not your
inclinations tell you that the world is yours? Do you not
covet all? Do you not long to have it; to enjoy it; to
overcome it? To what end do men gather riches, but to
multiply more? Do they not, like Pyrrhus the King of
Empire, add house to house and lands to lands, that they
may get it all?
Historian Lynn White, reflecting on such attitudes, is credited
with making a lasting indictment of Christianity as the culprit of the
ecological crisis. He challenges that the ideology of Christianity
that man is given dominion over the earth and all of its lifehas
been used as a provocation, even encouragement, for exploiting
nature to the fullest degree.
29

White asks and answers: What did Christianity tell people about
their relations with the environment? That no item in the physical


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creation had any purpose except to serve mans purposes. He says
that Christianity, in absolute contrast to ancient paganism and Asias
religions, not only established a dualism of man and nature but also
insisted that it is Gods will that man exploit nature for his proper
ends. By destroying pagan animism, Christianity made it possible to
exploit nature in a mood of indifference to the feelings of natural
objects.
Moreover White suggests that Christianity has nothing to
contribute to solving the environmental crisis. Social commentator
Wendell Berry agreeing observed: the culpability of Christianity in
the destruction of the natural world and uselessness of Christianity in
any effort to correct that destruction are now established clichs of
the conservation movement. The environmentalists are looking
beyond Christianity for another worldview that has protection, and
not dominion, as its central principle. In Whites opinion what we
do about ecology depends on our ideas of the man-nature
relationship. More science and more technology are not going to get
us out of the present ecologic crisis until we find a new religion, or
rethink our old one.
Whites thesis damning Christianity, and the unlikely success of
Christianitys rearguard action on the issue, is forcefully reinforced
by ecologist Keith Helmuth:
Revising our understanding of dominion and
rehabilitating a theology of Creation is not likely to alter
the fact that the ethos of domination permeates Western
culture. The technology and economics which are
poisoning and disabling the Earth have come straight
out of our Biblically-dominated culture. There is no
escaping this accountability...A growing range of
cultural studies has shown that the categories of thought
through which we organize our understanding of the
world, and the structures of language through which we
express that understanding, have been shaped by the
ethos of domination. The urge to dominate is
undoubtedly a pre-Biblical behavior. But the Biblical
injunction to march under the banner of a progressively
widening dominion, has amplified this tendency into
such cultural prominence as to have become a virtual


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worldview, a generally unconscious assumption about
the natural order of things and relationships.
30

The reader should be able to recognize by now that the Christian
worldview as portrayed by White and Helmuth is one predominated
by the mode of passion influenced strongly by the mode of
ignorance. That being the case White is quite correct to assert that
such a worldview will never provide solutions for the ecological
crisis.
In response to Whites essay Christian thinkers have entered into
an extended debate about the role of Christianity in creating and
sustaining a destructive attitude toward exploitation of nature, and
have generated three alternative approaches. The first is the
Stewardship model that requires Christians to exercise dominion
with care and prudence. This alternative, although still mired by the
rajasic conception of I and mine has some elements of sattva, and
would have been a better approach had it been applied centuries ago.
But given the severity of the problems it is not much more than a
band-aid attempt to heal a gaping wound.
Within liberal Christianity, two other models are offered to
reform Christianitys exploitative influences: eco-feminism and
creation spirituality. Eco-feminism advocates that our deliverance
can be found in modification of the masculine, patriarchal
institutions that have dominated not only the environment but
women as well. This sexist approach does not properly analyze the
problem; it equates destructive tendencies with masculine energy. In
fact, exploitation and destruction arises from masculine energy under
the influence of the mode of ignorance. Modern women are likewise
overly influenced by tamo-guna, and transference of power to
females under its influence is not an appropriate nor adequate
solution. Under the influence of tamo-guna women and men alike
cannot understand what is to be done and what is not to be done.
Instead both male and female energies must be raised to the platform
of sattva-guna which nurtures and sustains allpeople and
environment alike. Creation spirituality and its counterpart, eco-
theology, lack an adequate conceptual frame from which to
understand the nature of the problem and thus provide the necessary
solution.


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Even though the external characteristics of Christianity have
largely faded from modern society, an underlying consciousness of
exploitation survives. It is not a problem that is going to be dealt
with by Christians making their philosophy politically correct.
Exploitation, not just of nature, but of everything and everyone is the
current state of the Western world today. It is the de facto worldview
of the entire globe. To remedy a solution it is not enough to simply
recognize the need for change, or to call for others to change, a new
way of thinking is required. As White said we are not going to get
us out of the present ecologic crisis until we find a new religion, or
rethink our old one.
The actual root of the ecological crisis is the consciousness of
modern man mired in rajo-guna and tamo-guna, and in that state
ecological exploitation and destruction will continue. Everything in
this world, and even the world itself, rests on consciousness. The
only factual remedy for the problems of the world is the upliftment
of the consciousness of mankind from the lower modes of nature to
that of sattva and suddha-sattva, or transcendence. If only a small
fraction of the population moves in this direction, even three to five
percent, it will be sufficient to bring about a cure.
While his correlation of the churchs interpretation of Christianity
and environmental problems may be correct, does this mean that
Christian theology on the whole is thus guilty as charged? Looking
at the history of the Christian faith we must answer, no. One example
to the contrary is sufficient to demonstrate that Christianity can be
understood and practiced in a different and positive light, by those of
a different consciousness. Among others, one example is Francis of
Assisi, who communed with nature as if he were with the Supreme
Being. Francis, it seems, saw the divine personality present in all of
creation, and expressed a commensurate reverence to nature. It is not
the doctrines of Christianity per se that are at fault but the manner in
which the Roman and Protestant churches chose to understand them.
Unfortunately they adhered to a more rajasic and tamasic, self-
serving, interpretation, instead of Francis more sattvic vision and
understanding, which would also be more appealing to others
situated in sattva-guna.


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The Result of Economics in Passion
Most of us are familiar with the economics of passion because we
live in cultures where passion is the dominant mode. Especially in
the so-called developed world. In many of the developing
countries the sattvic villages are becoming deserted as people flock
to the rajasic cities. Thats where the money is. The influences of
passion are tempting. The shops are full of attractively displayed
products and many people are well-dressed and attractive, and as the
Gita teaches us: while contemplating the objects of the senses one
develops attachment for them. There is a sense of euphoria that
comes from passion, a seductiveness that entices all people. Hopeful
of being freed from a life of ordinariness and often drudgery, and
enticed by the prospect of becoming a more attractive person by the
display of stylish accoutrements, city dwellers spend their hard
earned money on the latest electronic gadgets and fashions. Getting
money for all of this consumerism becomes the driving force of the
American, and increasingly other, economies.
There has not yet been a single culture in the history of Western
civilization that has been able to withstand the seductiveness of
passion. Nor have there been any who have had sufficient sattva to
avoid their inevitable demise. For all of the material gain there is a
social loss that is too subtle to be recognized by most as it is
happening. Norberg-Hodge as an observer to the Ladakhi culture
could see it as it was in the process of happening. So has J eremy
Seabrook. In his book What Went Wrong? Why Hasnt Having More
Made People Happier? he describes the increasing despair of the
working class people of England, despite their material progress. He
offers a number of personal cameos that demonstrate the pain and
resentment that existed in working-class communities despite their
material gains:
Abundance is seen as something absolute, like life
itself, self-evidently desirable; and as such, is a sacred
taboo. But what if it has been achieved in a way that is
corrupting and damaging to our human associations and
relationships? Under the pretext of being released from
a rigid and oppressive system of work we have also
been robbed of our skills and the satisfaction in what we
did...


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Most of us now do not want for basic comforts; and this
has been achieved, not for the most part by exercising
our skills, but by forfeiting them. Many of us resent the
work we do now. We grudge the use of our time, and
are often indifferent to the things we make or the
services we provide. We feel bored and functionless.
We see work as something else; it is an unhappy
intrusion into the real business of our lives. We measure
ourselves not by what we do, but by what we can
acquire. Our function is no longer a primary
determinant of our identity...
The chance to abolish poverty, one of the great scourges
of mankind, should have given rise to a spontaneous
and sustained cry of joy; but instead, there is nothing
but discord and violence, ruined human relationships,
the contamination, not only of work, but of
neighborhood, kinship and comradeliness, division
between generations, distrust within families. The price
is too high: humanity is not liberated, but subordinated
by this capitalist plenty, which is sold to us as though it
were life itself. It is joyless and destructive: it cannot be
without significance that when you talk to the old about
their poverty, the great consolation in all that suffering
was the quality of human relationships; now that things
have been so well perfected, the only thing wrong
seems to be people.
31

The point is that no amount of material progress alone is
sufficient to satisfy the soul. When people are poverty stricken and
struggling simply to survive they have the impression that if they
have material comforts that they will then be happy. The simple fact
is that they were not happy when they were in poverty, nor are they
happy after they attained some degree of affluence. Seabrooks
lament does not arise from the increasing prosperity as he perceives
it, but is a direct result of the influence of rajo-gunagrief is the
result of the mode of passion; happiness derived from contact of the
senses with their objects, appears to be like nectar at first, but as the
Gita teaches us, it is poison at the end. The losses that he laments and
the happiness, satisfaction and fulfillment he longs for are all


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qualities of sattva-guna. The transition that has so affected the
people and culture of England is that of economics of passion
neglecting goodness. If we were the body then material comforts
should yield happiness, but since we are in fact spiritual beings,
jivas, other considerations are at play as Tawney also observed,
commenting that both the existing economic order, and too many of
the projects advanced for reconstructing it, break down through the
neglect of the truism that, since even quite common men have souls,
no increase in material wealth will compensate them for
arrangements which insult their self-respect and impair their
freedom.
32



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Chapter Five
The Economics of
Ignorance
For human society, constantly thinking of how to earn money and
apply it for sense gratification brings about the destruction of
everyones interests. Srimad-Bhagavatam4.22.33



Economics Influenced Predominantly by Ignorance
Whereas competition in the mode of passion is characterized by a
level playing field, under the influence of ignorance everything is
done to tip the field significantly, or even completely, to ones own
side. The desire for gain becomes incessant and relentless. Any
means, especially foul, are used to accumulate wealth. All of the
qualities of ignorance find a valuable role: lying, cheating, stealing,
deception, harshness, exploitation, coercion, and violence. Gain at
others expense (win-lose) is preferable to mutual gain (win-win),
and may-the-better-man-win becomes winner-take-all. Personal
gain progresses to the point of malignant narcissism until there is
nobody else to think about beyond oneself.
Under the influence of ignorance exploitation is the rule not the
exception, and economic advantage is taken wherever it can be
found: from competitors, from suppliers, from buyers, and from
workers. Costs are externalized to those who have no benefit from
the transaction, with the environment and future generations being
the favorite stooges.


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Cultures that are predominantly influenced by the quality of
ignorance are harsh, cruel, exploitative, violent, combative, employ
methods of cheating, hypocrisy, double-dealing, covetousness,
hoarding, fraud, and slavery. Thinking only of oneself or extended
self such as family members and colluding friends, those influenced
by ignorance even take delight in seeing others suffer. Acts of
conquest, looting, and destruction of ones enemy are typical, as are
acts of genocide.
By the influence of ignorance, outright largesse, bribery of, and
kickbacks to government officials are the means for businesses to
obtain exclusive markets. The government in turn passes laws to
protect the profits of their contributors from taxation or even
economic calamity and failure. Lucrative contracts and gifts of
money or favors are awarded to political cronies. So-called heads of
state rob the government coffers and the citizenry, secreting the
money to their off-shore accounts. The armies of state are used to
install regimes friendly to international commerce (such as land and
resource grabbing foreign firms) and to defeat local insurgents
(those who are trying to protect their land, water, and right to a
decent livelihood). In ignorance it will all have the appearance of
propriety and the legitimacy of laws passed by the representatives
of the people but that is only a guise, for behind the masks are
rogues and thieves stealing from the very people they are supposed
to protect. Black markets, drugs, and underground economies have
major influences on the global economy. By the influence of
ignorance the social contract breaks down and its every man, no,
every person, for themselves. The innocent, weak, and infirm, are
unprotected, and the unwanted old people are euthanized. Women
and children are ruthlessly exploited, even made to be sexual and
servile slaves.
Societies such as those characterized by these demonic traits lead
the world to ruin. Nazism and fascism represent societies functioning
under the demonic influence of ignorance. Nor are they a recent
developmentthis is the entire history of Western culture dating
back to the 4th millennia BCE and continuing into the modern day.
Marauding invaders, present at the dawn of Western civilization
include the Assyrians, Hittites, Greeks, Romans, the Ottomans,
Mongols, Visigoths, Germanic tribes, the Roman Church, etc. Still


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later the colonial powers brought destruction to indigenous peoples
all around the world. Violence is the base of such economic
expediency and this modus operandi continues even to this daythe
demonic plunder from behind the mask of corporations, freely
roaming the globe for every opportunity of profit at the expense of
others.
I and mine in Tamo-guna
Under the influence of tamo-guna we have entered into a
winner-take-all society, and the winners are indeed taking as much
as they possibly can, winning through fraud, extortion, slavery,
violence and any of the other tools from Kalis toolbox of horror.
People are no longer shocked and dismayed by political graft and
corruption; it is the norm. It is now expected that government and
industry leaders are going to take as much from the public as they
can, with little or no oversight, accounting, or legal recourse. Most
people simply throw up their hands in despair and dismay, and if
they vote, they vote for the lesser of two evils. If the people get
anything at all, well and good.
I and mine under the influence of tamo-guna means that any
and everything should be owned and as much as possible.
Privatization of anything that can turn a profit has become the
objective of government policy and the international economic
community. Anything that was formerly held to be the commons or
public property, created as a result of taxes at work, formerly deemed
for the public good, is being sold into private hands for private profit
to those who can pay the required franchise fee. The most notorious
recent examples include the electromagnetic bandwidth of television
or radio, electrical generating plants, municipal water systems and
highways in America. In the former Soviet Union this included all of
the state owned enterprises that were sold to private parties for
insignificant fractions of their actual value.
Under the influence of tamo-guna there are no limits to private
ownershipland, water, and even life itself, are being claimed for
exclusive privilege. Patent ownership of genes, foods, plants,
animals, and life-forms, including pathogens is progressing at a
break-neck pace in order to claim monopoly rights for 20 years. Now
known as bio-piracy, corporations frequently attempt to patent


162

existing life forms. For example, W. R. Grace & Co. tried to patent
the neem tree which has been growing in India since time
immemorial, Ricetec, Inc. of Texas applied for patents on basmati
rice, while the University of Florida was using genetic manipulation
to create their own patent of Thailands jasmine rice.
More than 20 human pathogens are already privately owned,
including Hepatitis C, the owner of which collects millions of dollars
in royalties from laboratories around the world interested in studying
it. Genetically modified organisms, especially foodstuffs, have
created furor around the world. The European communitys fight to
keep Americas GMO corn or soybeans off the continent has failed,
while at the same time a great percentage of Mexicos many varieties
of indigenous corn are becoming contaminated with GMO pollen.
This means that in the future the owner of that GMO variety will
sue the indigenous, subsistence farmers for royalties.
Under the influence of tamo-guna where profits are valued above
everything else it is easy to predict that the time will come when
some laboratory creates a deadly pathogen, patents it, disseminates it
throughout a population and then charges exorbitant fees for
studying it to find a much needed cure, ala Ken Lays smart guys.
Tests for a certain marker for breast cancer already cost $3,000
instead of the $1,000 they could cost because the owner of that
gene takes the difference in royalties. Only the wealthy have the
right to survive under the influence of tamo-guna.
Capitalism the Economic Method of Tamo-guna
Each of the gunas has its characteristic economic method. Under
the influence of goodness gifting is the preferred economic method.
Under the influence of passion equal exchange is the method of
choice. But under the influence of ignorance, those who can profit at
the expense others are considered to be the best and most intelligent
persons. There is no better description of capitalism. We therefore
issue an indictment against capitalism as being the preferred
economic system for those who are under the spell of ignorance and
illusion. Being of the quality of ignorance, capitalism can only lead
to the results of ignorancesuffering, ignorance, illusion, death and
destructionwhich is exactly what capitalism has brought since its
inception. Of course in the modern day capitalism is lauded


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everywhere as the very best economic system ever created, which
clearly identifies those making such claims as also being under the
influence of the material mode of ignorance.
But, the capitalists and all others conditioned to value this
method, protest: I risk my capital and therefore I am entitled to the
profits! In reply to this argument the Isopanisad states that the Lord
Himself is isavasya, the ultimate controller or owner of everything
everything in this world is His property alone. As the maintainer of
everyone He has created this world and has arranged for the
maintenance of every living being who takes birth:
Everything animate or inanimate that is within the
universe is controlled and owned by the Lord. One
should therefore accept only those things necessary for
himself, which are set aside as his quota, and one should
not accept other things, knowing well to whom they
belong. (Isopanisad, mantra 1)
Only under the spell of illusion do we claim anything as our own.
Nothing is ours to claim as our personal property beyond the
minimum necessary to maintain a healthy life. Therefore, the
capitalist cannot claim his so-called capital as his own, and neither
does he therefore risk anything of his own. Any accumulated capital
must have already been unlawfully taken from others. As such all
claims of exclusive entitlement to profit are null and void, and the
proceeds of the enterprise should equally be distributed among those
who labored together to produce the result.
The Bhagavad-gita (18.25) gives further proof of this argument.
There it is explained that actions performed under illusion (of
ownership), in disregard of scriptural injunctions (such as from
Isopanisad above), and without concern for the future bondage of
people or for violence or distress caused to others is said to be in the
mode of ignorance. This is an apt description of capitalism. The
Srimad-Bhagavatam (11.25.4) adds that stinginess, and living as a
parasite are the symptoms of tamo-guna. In this regard Veblens
leisure class, the capitalists immediately come to mind.
There are many who recognize that the modern expression of
capitalism is deeply flawed and who put forth suggestions of how it
may be amended, particularly in the creation of a sound-money
system that is not a fiat, but is backed by commodities of some sort,


164

be it gold, or grain, or another. While their intentions are good they
do not recognize that the root cause of the problem is not the money
per se, but the consciousness of those who are influenced by the
mode of ignorance. In order for a sound money system to continue to
be sound, people absolutely must have some measure of sattva-guna,
otherwise as people become degraded they will intentionally debase
the currency and economic calamity will follow. This is exactly the
history of all money-based systems throughout the history of
Western civilization. The longest period of sound moneyover a
thousand yearswas that of the Byzantine Empire, and that culture
was the longest lasting as well. When they finally succumbed to
tamo-guna and debased their currency, their civilization collapsed
within two hundred years time.
With the help and influence of sattva-guna it is possible for
capitalism to function in a more just and reasonable manner,
allowing the development of a significantly sized middle class,
perhaps as exemplified by American society in the 1950s, but this is
a rare occurrence and by far the exception in the history of
capitalism. This experience, isolated in time and place, is a long-
forgotten past unknown to most of the people of the world in their
experience of capitalism. By far the rule has been extreme
exploitation, both in the past and the present, in which workers are
paid an insignificant sum insufficient to provide them with a decent
life. Nonetheless those who desire to reestablish what is referred to
as the good capitalism should understand that this goal can only be
accomplished by bringing society as a whole to the much higher
standard of sattva-guna, especially the leaders and the elite. Only
under such circumstances can sound money be maintained. The
challenging question is how do we get there from here?
During the late 40s and early 50s there was some measure of
sattva-guna (restored after the world was chastened by the ravages of
WWII) but it has since waned practically to nil, being overcome by
the influence of tamas which is now the standard of life everywhere.
Illicit sex, meat eating, intoxication and gambling, the four pillars of
tamo-guna, are found on every street corner throughout the world.
We even acculturate our children to think of these as normal, with
Las Vegas becoming a family tourist destination, for example. But
the fact is that however much our lives may be compartmentalized in


165

separate spheres for work, play, church, and so on, we are
nonetheless integrated beings, and what is done in one sphere
impacts all of the others. It is sheer foolishness to think that we can
degrade things over here without degrading them over there.
When almost 100 percent of the people unnecessarily kill animals to
eat them, those acts of violence impact the way we think about
economics and it becomes normal to have violent economics.
When 20 percent or more of the population are alcoholic and almost
everyone drinks socially, deliberately inviting the illusory effects of
alcohol, it becomes normal for us to conceive of, and actually
savor illusory economic concepts. When it becomes a norm for
married partners to each have another lover, that cheating propensity
also invades our economic behavior and cheating becomes the
standard economic practice as well. Is it any wonder therefore that
when the moral standard of society becomes degraded the economic
system becomes degraded as well? It shouldnt surprise us in the
least. Indeed, it is impossible for it to be otherwise since our
economic behavior only reflects our consciousness.
So degraded has our thinking and consciousness become that
everyone is doing their best to cheat the system, from the top to the
bottom of society, with the result that capitalism has required more
and more degraded expressions to reflect the one-sided, exploitative
manner in which it is practiced. Thus we now regularly hear such
terms as the suicide economy, tapeworm and Machiavellian
economics, predatory capitalism, vulture capitalism, savage
capitalism, casino capitalism, criminal capitalism, finally achieving
new lows with disaster capitalismunabashedly based on suffering
and deathwhich has become the standard economic practice for the
twenty-first century at the state level (as we will explain below).
Each of these expressions has surely been earned. Although some
aspire for a good capitalism of the old days, there simply isnt
enough sattva-guna throughout the population for it to function.
Further, people who elevate their consciousness to the level of
goodness will suddenly become aware that capitalism fails
miserably to consider the welfare of everyone. As such, they will
reject it as being unsuitable for an enlightened society.
This is not some speculative philosophy, or my biased opinion.
The nature of the gunas is a living philosophy that can be put to the


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test. They are very real. Everyone in any part of the world can easily
study this and see that it is indeed a sound philosophy by which
human nature can be understood. Once understanding it we can mold
ourselves as we desireif we have the inclination and the will.
Such a sweeping indictment of capitalism makes it impossible not
to follow with a rejoinder regarding communism, and we will,
below. First however let us become further acquainted with the
economics of ignorance.
Because common men follow what great men do, the economics
of ignorance is rampant throughout societyfrom the halls of power
to the streets and alleywaysthe abuses and injustices have filled
hundreds, maybe thousands, of books. The greatest difficulty in
writing this chapter was in deciding which of the hundreds of scams,
schemes and frauds to use as examples. Because of the numbers of
people that are affected, the main story takes place at the global
level, but before getting to it I want to present a cameo of what life
can be like at the local level, where most people live, when tamo-
guna becomes pervasive.
Increasing I and mine by Theft at the Local Level
When ignorance is not counter-balanced by sattva and rajas the
results are devastating to society as it descends into lawlessness,
chaos, anarchy where the law of the junglesurvival of the fittest
rules. The most desperate stories always seem to come from the
African countries whether from ethnic wars, millions of fleeing
refugees, famine, or the devastation of AIDS. An American writer
who lived in South Africa relates the crime and corruption as it was
in the late 1990s:
The acting head of the Licensing Department for the
J ohannesburg area, Gerrie Gerneke, issued a report in
J uly 1997 confirming that the department was in the
control of criminal syndicates. He said that half of all
cars stolen in the J ohannesburg area are legalized
with new official documents within 30 days of being
stolen. He said that cooperation between criminal gangs
and union members has made it impossible for senior
staff members or security staff to take any action. After
Gernekes report to the government was made, two


167

anonymous letters accused him of being a racist. As a
result of these anonymous complaints, Gerneke was
suspended for five months. A year later Gerneke says
the government has not acted on any of his
recommendations to deal with corruption. When a car
theft ring was recently exposed, five of the sixteen
individuals arrested were policemen. The chief
investigator said, We found that policemen were
receiving stolen cars and then selling them to their
clients.
In 1997 corruption reached such a level that [then
President Nelson] Mandela appointed a Special
Investigating Unit to look into the matter. According to
J udge Willem Heath, head of the unit, there are
currently more than 90,000 cases under investigation. If
Heath and his crew manage to resolve one case of
corruption per day, including weekends and holidays, it
will take about 247 years to clear the current backlog.
This doesnt include any new cases that will arise.
Heath thinks the cases involve a sum of around 6 billion
rand.
Approximately 2,300 police officers were charged with
corruption in 1997just about one every three hours.
Almost 500 police officers have appeared in court on
charges of working with criminal gangs. In the
J ohannesburg area alone 700 police officers are facing
trials for committing crimes ranging from murder to
burglary. And everyone assumes this is only the tip of
the iceberg.
Over the last two years, there have been dozens of
major highway robberies. In broad daylight gangs of a
dozen men armed with AK-47s and other military
weapons attack security trucks carrying large amounts
of cash. These robberies have netted millions for the
gangs. Government officials blame security companies,
banks, and anyone else they can think of. But some
arrests have finally been made, and the ringleaders who


168

were arrested were officials in the so-called armed
wing of the ANC, Umkhonto weSizwe. One gang
leader had been Youth League secretary for the
J ohannesburg area. A close associate of his, also a gang
leader, was arrested but escaped from jail. Both were
recent guests at the birthday party of Peter Mokaba,
Deputy Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism.
In 1997 alone, there were 465 bank robberies. In all
about $40 million was taken.
Crime seems to be the only thing that works in South
Africathe risk of being arrested, tried and convicted is
minuscule. In 1997, only 14.6 percent of murders led to
arrest and conviction. Of 52,110 rapes there were only
2,532 convictionsabout 6.7 percent. For the 330,093
burglaries there were 15,710 convictions, about 4.8
percent.
This is life in South Africa today.
1

South Africa will not be an isolated case if the world-wide
calamity continues; increasing crime has been reported in America as
the economic crisis there continues. Grand theft of banks, cars and
armored vehicles is one thing, but the theft of one of the worlds
greatest countries is another thing altogether.
Increasing I and mine by Theft of a Nation
That other great empire of the 20
th
century, the Soviet Union, was
looted upon its demise mostly by the members of the former ruling
party, the kitty handsomely embellished with billions in grants from
America. Although President Yeltsin shelled his own parliament
building and ignored the Russian supreme court he was lauded in the
American press as a great statesman who was bringing
democracy(?!) to the Russian people. What he was doing was looting
the country but because he cut the Western elite in on the action this
theft was ignored, even applauded. The immense wealth of the
Soviet state, ostensibly the property of the people under the doctrine
of communism, was simply stolen from them and sold for a song to a
very small number of private individuals using foreign money loaned


169

to the country for stabilization purposes. The result is that no more
than several dozen people seized ownership of the majority of
Russias natural and productive wealth, and in the process further
impoverished the population.
Within seven or eight years more than 80 percent of Russias
farms had been bankrupted, and seventy thousand factories were
closed, out of some 225,000 in total, to reduce the competition to the
remainder that were privatized. In the Soviet Union a factory was the
townthe entire town. Everythingemployment, the schools,
markets, and culturewere centered on the factory, and there was
typically only one. When the factory closed there was no
surrounding economy for people to shift to. Generally the only
options were to survive from the kitchen-garden at their dacha, or to
flee to somewhere where money could be found. That typically
meant either Moscow, where some four-fifths of the money of the
entire country is located, or emigrating to another country. Millions
fled for the possibility of a decent life elsewhere: between 1992 and
2006 the population declined by 6.6 million people.
2

Amazingly with no assistance to explain what to do, or what to
expect, people who were perhaps happy that the Communist
nightmare was finally over, were faced with the capitalist nightmare.
They were expected to suddenly shift, overnight, from a protective
government (however minimal) to taking care of themselves under
the capitalist system. The problem was that there were no jobs. Even
worse, under guidance from the West the ruble collapsed and
whatever savings people might have had became utterly worthless.
Unemployment was rampant and millions immediately descended
into a poverty that they had never expected. Prior to Yeltsins
reforms two million out of a population of some 150 million were
living in poverty (less than $4 a day). By the middle 90s 74 million
people were in poverty, and the condition of 37 million of those was
described as desperate by the World Bank.
3
In the same period the
suicide rate almost doubled, alcoholism became epidemicby some
estimates as much as 40 percent of the populationand
homelessness, almost unknown under communism soared, including
somewhere between 750,000 and 3.5 million children.
4



170

Increasing I and mine by Stealing from the Shareholders
Collapse of giant firms who had deceived the investing public
with fraudulent accounting practices shocked us as we entered into
the new millennium. In one of the worlds biggest financial debacles,
the Enron Corporation, once the seventh largest corporation in
America, went down in a spectacular heap, taking with it the promise
of a comfortable retirement for many of its shareholders, including
the companys employees who were forced to invest their 401K
retirement accounts in the companys stock. Before it collapsed
however, it was looted by the companys executives who received
more than $744 million in payments and bonuses in its last year
alone.
5
The companys former CEO Kenneth Lay received at least
$152.6 million in cash and potential stock, and another 100 or so
executives received some $600 million in cash and stock options
from the company in its last year.
6
At bankruptcy however, Enron
workers lost $800 million from their pension funds, 5,000 employees
lost their jobs, and after filing for bankruptcy Enron lost $68 billion
in (stock) market value.
Increasing I and mine by Stealing from the People
The idea that ones sustenance is an entitlementtheir due given
by Godis completely out the window under the influence of tamo-
guna. Everyone grabs whatever, and as much as they can, resulting
in an extremely imbalanced and distorted world. One percent of the
people of the world now own 40 percent of the worlds wealth, while
at the same time, the poorest 50 percent of the people have to share a
mere 1 percent of the wealth.
7
But at the top, wealth is even more
concentrated. Consistently over decades in America, the top 1/2 of 1
percent hold from 25 to 30 percent of all wealth.
8
Looking just a little
further, 85 percent of the wealth is held by the richest 10 percent,
while the vast majority of the people90 percenthold a mere 15
percent of the wealth.
9
And what do the rich do with all of that
wealth? Spend it thoughtlessly to impress others in the society of
envy. The world-wide sales of luxury goods, that is as an
ostentatious and unnecessary display of wealth, now exceeds the
gross national product of two-thirds of the worlds countries.
10

Of course accumulating more wealth is entirely unnecessary in
any practical sense. The wealthy already have much more than they


171

can possibly use. How can one spend a billion dollars, what to speak
of tens of billions? The only possible use of more is to feed an
inflated ego laboring under the illusion of I and mine. And where
do they get all that money from? When a famous Chicago gangster
was asked why he robbed banks, he retorted because thats where
the money is! A fortune of billions is similarly gathered by taking
from where the money isnot from banks, but from the people.
For example, in America between 1977 and 1987, during
Reagans decade of greed, the average after-tax family income of the lowest
10 percent fell from$3,528 to $3,157, a 10.5 percent drop in ten years, while
during the same period, average income of the top 10 percent increased from
$70,459 to $89,783 up 24.4 percent. The trend has been the same with
wealth. Between 1983 and 2004, the average wealth of the top 1
percent of households grew by 78 percent, while the bottom 40
percent of the population lost 59 percent of their wealth. And those
trends continue into the 21
st
century. Census data shows that median
household income fell $1,700, or 3.8 percent in the five years from
1999 to 2004, a period when average productivity rose 3 percent per
year. That varies from place to place however. In Illinois for
example, the median income of families declined 12 percent between
1999 and 2005, while in Michigan hard hit by layoffs in the auto
industry median income dropped 19 percent in the same period.
11
All
the while costs of living continue to increase. Housing, healthcare,
education and childcare costs rose 46 percent between 1991 and
2002, squeezing workers at both ends.
12
In 2005 a full-time
minimum-wage worker in America earned only $10,500 for an entire
year. The CEO of Wal-Mart however, was paid $3,500 an hour, the
CEO of Halliburton was paid about $8,300 an hour, and the CEO of
Exxon-Mobil was paid some $13,700 an hourmore than 2,600
times what the minimum wage earner makes. Or to put it another
way a minimum wage earner would work for 2,600 years to make
what that CEO made in one.
Although $5.50 per hour is not a living wage in America, its still
too much to pay when labor can be had for next to nothing around
the world. During the 90s with the help of free trade and
downsizing of Americas corporations, productive work was sent
overseas, to Bangladesh for example, where a 19 year-old worker is
paid a mere 8 cents (US $0.08) to sew ten caps in an hour (her 12-14


172

year old helpers are paid just 5 cents an hour). The labor cost is one-
half of one cent for a hat that sells for more than $10 at American
universities. Can they not afford to pay this girl even double that
wage? Of course they can. But they dont. The likelihood is that she
has taken that job from somebody in Mexico who would have been
paid 40 cents an hour, who, in turn, took it earlier from an American
minimum wage worker.
At another Bangladeshi sweatshop seamstresses sewed shirts for
the Disney Corporation. They were paid about 12 cents per hour, and
worked 15 hours a day, 7 days a week. They were denied basic
necessities such as maternity leave, and beaten if they fell behind
quota or complained about the horrendous working conditions. They
were paid 15 cents to sew a shirt Disney sold for $18. To earn as
much as Disney CEO Michael Eisner makes in one hour, which was
$63,000 (his base salary is $133 million a year, but with stock option
he took home $570 million in 1998) the Bangladeshi women would
have to work about 6 lifetimes260 years.
13
When the women
bravely took a stand, Disney pulled its operation out of the factory,
and left all the women unemployed. Eisners attitude sums up and
justifies Disneys, as well as other corporations employment
practices: We have no obligation to make history. We have no
obligation to make art. We have no obligation to make a statement.
To make money is our only objective.
14

Can people live on 8 cents or even 12 cents an hour, even in
Bangladesh? No, its impossible. With every member of the
household working the entire family can still hardly survive. And
many dont. The World Health Organization tells us that worldwide
ten million children a year die from causes related to poverty
30,000 every daybecause they havent clean water to bathe with or
drink, nourishing food to eat, proper clothing or health care. As
much as one-third of the global work forceone billion peopleare
now unemployed, and thus have no lawful means of income, which
is not to say that they dont have income. Everybody requires money
under the economics of ignorance, and if its not obtained
legitimately, it must be had in any way possible. Driven to desperate
circumstances these unfortunates are forced to deal in other of Kalis
methods: theft, violence, drugs, prostitution, murder and so on, in
order to merely survive.


173

Increasing I and mine by Slavery
Not only is money stolen but people are also, used against their
will to generate money for others by labor or sex. The U.S. Central
Intelligence Agency estimates that some 50,000 people, many of
whom are minors, are trafficked into or through the United States
annually as sex slaves, domestics, garment workers, and agricultural
slaves. Generating some $10 billion a year in America alone, the
United Nations estimates that trafficking in persons is one of the top
three sources of revenue for organized crime behind drugs and
weapons. The Central Intelligence Agency declared that in 2004 it
detected sixteen thousand undocumented Mexicans and Central
Americans subjected to sex and labor slavery in the United States. In
1986 it was estimated that 20,000 children in the Philippines were
involved in the sex trade, and that number had increased to over a
hundred thousand by the year 2000. According to a survey by India
Today Magazine there are between 400,000 and 500,000 child
prostitutes in India. UNICEF reported that in 19945 there were an
estimated 200,000 child prostitutes in Thailand, 40,000 in Vietnam,
30,000 in Sri Lanka, and more than 250,000 in Brazil.
15

While human trafficking is a huge international operation,
millions of others are trafficked annually within their own countries.
According to an ABC news report there are 25 distinct Russian
organized-crime groups operating in the U.S., with 250 pending
investigations targeting Russian gangs in 27 states.
16
And the
Russians are not the only ones. Among others an international
trafficking ring in San J ose, California and Toronto, Canada,
trafficked women from Southeast Asia for prostitution. The women
were prostituted under debt bondage to pay off a $40,000 debt for
their passage.
17

Escape for abductees is often impossible. Fear maintains their
victim status. Minors live in fear of sadistic acts by customers, fear
of being beaten and abused if they fail to bring in their quota
(ranging from $500 to $1,800 a day/night), fear of losing their coping
mechanisms (drugs and alcohol), and fear of losing a place to live
and food to eat. These children are also ashamed and fear their
families will find out what they have been doing. They fear the
police and fear being returned home. They have no place to go.
Cardinal Renato Martino, former longtime Vatican envoy to the


174

United Nations and current head of the Holy Sees office, concerned
with migrant and itinerant peoples, told a news conference at Pope
Benedict XVIs annual message dealing with the problems of
migrants Its worse than the slavery of those who were taken from
Africa and brought to other countries.
18

Men are also forced into slavery all around the world. In Brazil
young men are enslaved to make the charcoal for making steel,
getting black lung disease and a life of suffering after only six or
eight months of such labor, while in Florida slaves from Mexico pick
your breakfast oranges. In most such places armed guards prevent
anyone from making a run for freedom. Kevin Bales, author of
Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy, estimates
that from 27 million, to as many as 200 million people, are enslaved
today making every conceivable consumer item and commodity.
Slaves work as housemaids in every major city of the world.
J ohn Bowe offers more horror stories in his Nobodies: Modern
American Slave Labor and the Dark Side of the New Global
Economy. Indian men brought to Oklahoma to weld oil-refinery
tanks for example. They sign contracts mortgaging their futures
thinking that they will be making American wages, become
established in America, and even send some money back home.
When they arrive they are told that the contracts are not legally
binding, and they are not even given the minimum wage of America.
Deep in debt for their passage they are forced to pay it down, while
at the same time being charged exorbitant rates for room and board
in conditions primitive even by Indian standards. There is no escape
for these fellows because the supervisors hold their passports.
We must not think that these things are happening because of a
breakdown of the economic system. No. This is the economic system
under the influence of tamo-guna. These things dont happen by
chance. They are deliberately planned by the elite and supported by
governmental policies, with the aid of major corporations, banking
and other international financial institutions, often in cooperation
with organized crime.
Although heartbreaking, disillusioning, and thoroughly disgusting
for most normal, ordinary, decent and good people, we must
understand that such abuses are the reactions to previous actions,
which is not to say that justice should not be done. All people should


175

always be given proper protection. Such activities are not surprising,
however, for those who have studied the wisdom of the Bhagavad-
gita. The Gita explains that actions performed under the influence of
the mode of ignorance degrade the consciousness, leading to further
degraded actions in a downward spiral. Life is an integrated whole,
not separately compartmentalized parts. Performing actions in tamo-
guna such as eating the flesh of animals, the killing of unwanted
children conceived as a result of illicit sexual activity, gambling and
taking intoxicants degrades not only the consciousness of the
individual, but drags down the entire society. With increasing tamo-
guna people actually lose the ability to understand the difference
between right and wrong, what they should or should not do, and
they act against their own best interest. The result can only be
degradation, dissolution and destruction accompanied by great and
widespread suffering. Being a product of the mode of ignorance the
economics of ignorance must absolutely bring tragic results. Under
the strict laws of material nature there is no way to escape the
reaction of such sinful activities. Suffering must follow actions
performed in passion and ignorance, just as the back end of the car
must follow the front.
Increasing I and mine Through War
Economics Professor and investigator Michel Chossudovsky does
much to explain the death dealing economics of ignorance in
Americas War on Terrorism, which was written to refute the
official narrative and revealusing detailed evidence and
documentation (not speculation based on opinion alone)the true
nature of Americas war on terrorism. His opinion is that it is
actually a pretext for a permanent New World Orderwars of
conquest for the purpose of serving the moneyed interests: Wall
Street, the US military-industrial complex, Big Oil, corporate and
other interests who profit in death and destruction. These interests,
working in collusion, are perpetrating a hugely massive scheme that
harms the public interest in the name of protecting it, and according
to Chossudovsky, placing the world at the crossroads of the most
serious crisis in modern history.
19

On the evening of that fateful day, September 11
th
2001, at 9:30
p.m., just twelve hours after the twin towers in New York City had


176

been attacked, a War Cabinet was formed from a select number of
top intelligence and military advisors. The meeting was concluded
by 11:00 p.m. when the War on Terrorism was officially launched.
The decision was announced to wage war against the Taliban and Al
Qaeda in retribution for the 9/11 attacks. News headlines the next
day asserted with certainty former CIA Director J ames Woolseys
identification of state sponsorship of the attacks. Americas lapdog
press sounded the call and roused the shocked citizens, still reeling
from the previous days events, for military retaliation. The still-
stunned Americans, and apparently the press too, werent thinking
clearly enough to ask how in the short space of one day, with no
obvious in-depth investigation, that the Taliban and Al Qaeda had
been identified as the guilty parties. Yet, although our efficient
military apparatus, with all its spies and muti-billion dollar budget,
were unable to thwart the attack in advance, within a matter of hours
they had identified the perpetrators and broadcast their photos around
the world. They then went on to attack the Taliban in Afghanistan,
on the plea of George Bush that he would make no distinction
between the terrorists who committed these acts and those
governments who harbor them, conveniently overlooking the fact
that most of those identified as the perpetrators were in fact not from
Afghanistan, but were instead Saudi Arabians.
Chossudovsky clearly demonstrates that the Taliban government
was not responsible for the attacks, and the United States
government knew it. However they needed a guise for an attack on
Afghanistan. As General Tommy Franks describes it, Americans
would have to experience a terrorist, massive, casualty-producing
event to arouse enough public anger for the Bush administration to
justify their actions. Although large scale theater war is never
planned and executed in a matter of weeks, four weeks later on
October 7, the bombing of Afghanistan began and American troops
invaded in partnership with the United Islamic Front for the
Salvation of Afghanistan. This war, like all others, was months in the
making, waiting for the trigger event to allow it to happen.
The Taliban was ousted from control of Afghanistan in 2001 for
various reasons, one of which was their effort to free their country
from opium productionwhich had nearly succeeded. That was
turned around however as a result of the United States efforts. One


177

curious result of the Afghan war was the reinstatement of opium
production. UN anti-drug chief, Antonio Maria Costa, estimated the
2006 production at a record 6100 tons (enough for 610 tons of
heroin)92 percent of total world supply, and opium production is
flourishing again under Northern Alliance-occupation forces rule.
Drugs and their trafficking are a quintessential example of the
economics of ignorance. In fact drugs are the third biggest global
commodity in cash terms after oil and the arms trade, generating
some $500 billion annually according to the UN. Chossudovsky
explains that narcotics are a major source of wealth not only for
organized crime, but also for the US intelligence apparatus (recall
National Security Council aide Oliver Norths involvement with the
Iran-Contra drugs and arms trade) representing powerful spheres of
finance and banking.
20

Intelligence agencies and legal business syndicates often
cooperate closely with criminal enterprises, and at times they are
indistinguishable. Western and international banks and their offshore
affiliates in tax havens are key components of the process. They
redirect billions of dollars from the drug trade into stocks, bonds, and
other speculative investments, as well as into legal enterprises such
as real estate and manufacturing.
21

Through exhausting research Chossudovsky exposes the war on
terrorism as a fraud used to create the myth of an outside enemy
and the threat of Islamic terrorists [that became] the cornerstone
(and core justification) of the Bush administrations military
doctrine. He offers evidence that al Qaeda itself was a creation of
the CIA going back to the Soviet-Afghan war, and that in the 1990s
Washington consciously supported Osama bin Laden, while at the
same time placing him on the FBIs most wanted list as the
Worlds foremost terrorist. This charade has allowed Washington to
wage permanent aggressive wars beginning with Afghanistan and
Iraq, ignore international law, and repeal civil liberties and
constitutional government through repressive laws such as the Patriot
Act and the Military Commissions Act. The key objective has been,
and continues to be, Washingtons quest to control the oil supplies of
the Middle East where two-thirds of known reserves are located,
because as Henry Kissinger teaches, those who control the oil control
the countries of the world, and those who control the food control the


178

people. In other words, the War on Terror is a euphemism for the
economics of ignorance.
We can understand why war is considered the most desirable
route to a prosperous future by examining the ideas of one of George
Bushs neo-conservative (neocon) advisors Michael Ledeen, who is
very enthusiastic about war and the benefits it bringsto some.
Ledeen is an associate at the right-wing think tank The American
Enterprise Institute, where he works with the former chairman of the
Defense Policy Board, Richard Perle. The titles of his books such as
Universal Fascism and Machiavelli on Modern Leadership: Why
Machiavellis Iron Rules Are as Timely and Important Today as Five
Centuries Ago give an idea of his mentality. He has said: In order to
achieve the most noble accomplishments, the leader may have to
enter into evil. This is the chilling insight that has made
Machiavelli feared, admired and challenging...we are rotten...Its true
that we can achieve greatness if, and only if, we are properly led.
22

And his idea of leadership is revealed in Machiavelli on Modern
Leadership: Creative destruction is our middle name, both within
our society and abroad...they must attack us in order to survive, just
as we must destroy them to advance our historic mission. Our
historic mission? He doesnt say what that is, but we may surmise
that it is the creation of a New World Order, a term expressed by
many heads of state after the economic debacle of 2008. The New
World Order is a two-class society of the privileged and the destitute
created by destroying the existing social order and violently
imposing the new one. The New World Order is the unabashed
exploitation of the vast majority for the benefit of the few, created
and maintained by violence and death.
As Chossudovsky tells it war and globalization go hand in
hand. As Ledeen puts it in his book, change, above all, violent
change, is the essence of human history. He believes that violence
should be used in the spread of his idea of freedom around the
world (freedom for who? we ask): Total war not only destroys the
enemys military forces, but also brings the enemy society to an
extremely personal point of decision, so that they are willing to
accept a reversal of the cultural trends. The sparing of civilian lives
cannot be the total wars first priority...the purpose of total war is to
permanently force your will onto other people.
23



179

Increasing I and mine Through Global Enslavement
A game as old as empire is how the former economic hit man
J ohn Perkins describes what goes on under the economics of
ignorance. The game, of course, is the method by which the
empire is built. Formerly through messy and often prolonged wars of
conquest, today the battle is neatly fought with pens and pencils,
balance sheets and economic projections, together conjuring illusions
of future prosperity and grandeur, all secured by legal contracts and
yes, enforced when necessary by military strength. Todays empire
building is nothing more than loan-sharking writ large, and it
threatens to enslave the entire planet.
In his Confessions of an Economic Hitman Perkins describes how
sharply dressed men make financial slaves of entire countries and
their people for todays empire. They identify a third-world country
that has coveted resources, such as oil. The advance team of
specialists visits and explains to a President or Prime Minister what
wonderful prosperity could be brought to their country if only they
were modernized enough to be able to exploit the bounty nature had
endowed them with. They then prepare grandiose economic
projections based on huge infrastructure projects that will bring the
country into the modern age and prosperity with it: airports, deep-
water ports, electrical generation and transmission, industrial parks,
and wide, paved highways. This development and the need for
resources will of course bring jobs, and those jobs in turn will fuel
the prosperous economy. Everyone will benefit. Next a gargantuan
loan is arranged from the World Bank or private financial
corporations to finance all of the work. Then its only a matter of few
years and prosperity will run right off the charts! Thats the sales
pitch and how its supposed to happenin theory.
In practice it works like this. Most of the money from that loan
never gets to the borrowing country. Instead, never leaving the
shores of America it goes to large United States construction firms
such as Haliburton, Bechtel, Brown and Root, who build the
projects. The money is simply transferred from one U.S. bank to
another. Local labor is hired, but it is contracted out to private
placement companies that pay only the very bare minimum. The
other needed resources are often brought from other countries,
leaving the country taking the loan with very little internal economic


180

growth. The development that occursthe ports and other
infrastructureactually only benefit the very rich ruling elite who
are collaborators in the process. The poor who shoulder the great
burden of the debt receive absolutely no benefit whatsoever from the
development because they are not connected with the power grids,
they dont have the skills to get the jobs in the industrial parks, they
dont have the cars to drive on the highways, or own ships to use in
the ports. Following King Solomons maxim that the poor shall serve
the rich and the borrower is slave to the lender, conditions are
purposely arranged to overextend the borrower such that the loan
cannot possibly be repaid.
No sooner than the ink on the contract has dried the trap is set.
One or two years down the road when it becomes obvious that the
promised progress has not materialized, Perkins explains that the
economic hit-men then go back and say listen, you cant pay your
debts so give us a pound of flesh, sell oil to our oil companies real
cheap, or vote with us on the next critical UN vote, or send troops in
support of ours to some place in the world, like Iraq...Sometimes we
fail, it doesnt happen very often, but when it does then what we call
the jackals go in. The jackals overthrow governments as we tried to
do with Caesar Chavez in 2002 in Venezuela, or they assassinate the
leaders of these governments such as Hyme Roldos in Ecuador and
Omar Tarihos in Panama. On the few occasions the jackals also fail,
then, and only then, does the military go in. Thats what happened in
Iraq.
24

The ruling elite are often made party to the deal with bribes the
size of a fortune in the form of a commission. Asif Ali Zardari,
also known as Mr. 10 Percent, is an example recently
brought to mainstream attention by the assassination of his
wife, the late Benazir Bhutto. Apparently that was his take on all
government contracts, stealing directly from the Pakistanis they were
supposed to be the guardians of. By such graft the family siphoned
some $1.3 billion out of the country during Bhuttos two terms in
power.
25
Such arrangements are the norm rather than the exception.
Billions of dollars have been spirited into offshore accounts in
practically every country successfully invaded by the economic hit
men. Anyone can understand that such bribes are not paid simply out
of kindness or some goodwill. These hundreds of millions are


181

offered as an incentive because the offering parties intend to take so
much more. The presidents are offered such sums to overcome the
resistance created by pangs of conscience they might experience by
selling-out their country and their people, who will suffer all
manners of deprivations to pay back the loan. The bribe also
provides a safety net, funds to bribe others, and the purchase of
protection if or when the fed-up citizens depose and attempt to kill
him.
The much vaunted prosperity was simply a ruse, and it never
arrives because the purpose was to appropriate wealth from the
periphery to the center of the empire.
26
Because the loans have been
arranged such that they can never be repaid, compounding interest
only increases the debt. There simply is no way out. If the country
defaults on debt payments then they are cut off from all international
funding (one of the conditions that all countries enter into before
receiving a loan). The international racketeering between the global
financial institutions and multinational corporations has come a long
way since Perkins worked with them in the 70s. J ust as he left the
business in 1981 the art of economic enslavement was being
perfected to a superb degree.
The World Bank, IMF and Povertization
Everyone is familiar with the supra-national body called the
World Trade Organization (WTO) that works together with the
World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) to promote
free trade and the global economy, but few actually understand the
role these Washington-based institutions play in bringing suffering,
poverty and death to the world. In the tradition of Kali they are key
players in serving up the economics of ignorance behind the mask of
do-gooders offering aid and assistance. The World Bank was
established at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 as a lending
institution composed of member governments to help rebuild post-
war economies. The IMF was created to restructure and organize the
market systems of member nations by promoting international
economic cooperation and trade, and by encouraging stable
currencies. The business of the World Bank is ostensibly to make
loans for development projects, while the supposed business of the
IMF is to lend to governments to ease deficits and make their


182

economies more stable. Thats the reasoning fed to the public. What
happens in practice is another thing altogether.
The criticism can be found on all sides, but perhaps the most
telling is always from the inside. Davison Budhoo was a senior
economist with the IMF for more than 12 years. He publicly resigned
as an act of conscience via a book-length open letter to Michel
Camdessus, managing director of the IMF, titled Enough is
Enough,
27
in which he thoroughly criticized the IMFs policies as
genocidal. After leaving the Fund he created the Bretton Woods
Reform Organization to campaign against the IMF-World Bank
structural adjustment programs.
Modern countries cannot exist today without borrowing money.
But like any borrower, in order to obtain loans from the IMF-World
Bank certain conditions must be met. Budhoo explains that these
conditions, called structural adjustment programs (SAPs), are
designed to reduce consumption in developing countries and to
redirect resources to manufacturing exports for the repayment of
debt. This has caused overproduction of primary products and a
precipitous fall in their prices. It has also led to the devastation of
traditional agriculture and to the emergence of hordes of landless
farmers in virtually every country in which the World Bank and IMF
operate. Food security has declined dramatically in all Third World
regions, but in Africa in particular. Growing dependence on food
imports, which is the lot of sub-Saharan Africa, places these
countries in an extremely vulnerable position. They simply do not
have the foreign exchange to import enough food, given the fall in
export prices and the need to repay debt.

SAPs also require drastic
cuts in social expenditures, especially in health and education, and
force governments to remove subsidies to the poor on basic
foodstuffs and services such as rice and maize, water and electricity.
Tax systems are made more repressive, and real wage rates are
allowed to fall sharply.
28

The basic structural adjustment requirements of the IMF-World
Bank include:
Drastic cuts in social expenditures, especially in
health and education.


183

Removal of subsidies to the poor on basic
foodstuffs and services such as rice and maize,
water and electricity.
Tax systems are made more repressive, and real
wage rates are allowed to fall sharply.
Required devaluation of the currency which
brings inflation and increases the price of all
imported foodstuffs.
The removal of price controls which allows the
prices to skyrocket, making it even more difficult
for the poor to meet their needs.
Interest rates are raised causing bankruptcies in
domestically owned small businesses and further
unemployment.
Trade restrictions are removed making it difficult
for domestic industries to compete, thus they are
forced to close, bringing more unemployment.
Foreign exchange restrictions (on currency) are
lifted allowing the wealthy elite who benefit from
all of these actions to export funds overseas
(capital flight) thus further challenging the
economy due to less currency in circulation and
creating problems in the balance of payments.
All government owned enterprises that can
produce a profit are privatized, often after
reducing wages or increasing prices.
All of this is done under the assumption that such measures are
going to somehow improve economic conditions in the country. But
even on the basis of objectives established by the IMF-World Bank
themselves, SAPs have not been successful. Subsequent programs
have failed even more dismally in relation to IMF-World Bank self-
imposed objectives, as demonstrated by the United Nations
Development Program (UNDP) and UN Economic Commission for
Africa.
Budhoo recalled how, at one IMF board of directors meeting,
then-President Ronald Reagan declared that the sole duty of the IMF
was to convert all countries to freewheeling Western market
economies. Reagans declaration signaled that the IMF no longer had


184

to operate under the guise of development, or alleviating poverty
or any other humanist philosophy. We note that this is not Adam
Smiths hidden hand of the free market, but the iron fist of an
imperial power. As New York Times columnist and author of The
Lexus and the Olive Branch, Thomas Friedman put it: For
globalization to work, America cant be afraid to act like the
almighty superpower that it is. The hidden hand of the market will
never work without a hidden fist. McDonalds cannot flourish
without McDonald-Douglas, the designer of the F-15, and the hidden
fist that keeps the world safe for Silicon Valleys technology is
called the United States Army, Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps.
29

Budhoo called the core staff of the IMF successors of colonial
civil servants. Pointedly observing that South Africa is administered
by the European Department, not the African Department, an
observation confirmed by an official of the Institute for African
Alternatives who revealed that the IMF completely controls the
economic activities of countries who have borrowed from them as
one of the preconditions for loans: Under structural adjustment, the
IMF and the World Bank do not merely supervise individual sectors
of the economy as in the past...they now manage each country
entirely...They have to approve annual national budgets...monetary,
trade and fiscal policies...before countries can negotiate with other
foreign lending agencies.
30
Budhoo concludes these programs have
created economic, social and cultural devastation whenever and
wherever they are introduced.
Chossudovsky echoes Budhoos criticism of the structural
adjustment programs. The professor has been researching the effects
of so-called globalization for decades, detailing its dark and deadly
machinations and results in The Globalization of Poverty and the
New World Order. The structural adjustment programs he says are
conducive to a form of economic genocide which is carried out
through the conscious and deliberate manipulation of market forces.
When compared to previous periods of colonial history, its social
impact is devastating.
31

In The Globalization of Poverty he goes on to explain that the
internationalization of macro-economic policy transforms countries
into open economic territories and national economies into
reserves of cheap labor and natural resources.
32
And at the heart


185

of the global economic system lies an unequal structure of trade,
production and credit which defines the role and position of
developing countries in the global economy.
33
This is old wine in
new bottles. The macro-economic policies enacted by the World
Bank and IMF create exactly the same relationships and conditions
of unequal trade used to extract the wealth of colonies that we
learned from Adam Smith and Dr. J . W. Smith in the previous
chapter. Nothing has changed except the appearance and scale,
bringing the same devastating result to ever greater numbers of
people. Rather than helping anyone the supposed aid instead is
actually poisoned bait on a hook, the result of which is the opposite
of what it promises. Chossudovsky:
The economic stabilization package destroys the
possibility of an endogenous national economic
development process controlled by national policy
makers. The IMF-World Bank reforms brutally
dismantle the social sectors of developing countries,
undoing the efforts and struggles of the post-colonial
period and reversing with a stroke of the pen the
fulfillment of past progress. Throughout the developing
world, there is a consistent and coherent pattern: the
IMF-World Bank reform package constitutes a coherent
program of economic and social collapse...these
measures go far beyond the phasing out of import-
substituting industries. They destroy the entire fabric of
the domestic economy.
34

King Solomon was right, wasnt he? Deceitfully ironic the motto
of the World Bank is A World Without Poverty.
The Chicago Boys and the Globalization of Poverty
There was another war that started on September 11
th
, twenty-
eight years before that now infamous date in 2001. It was the date
that a military coup headed by General Augusto Pinochet overthrew
the elected government of President Savador Allende in Chile. At
that time Chossudovsky was teaching at the Institute of Economics
of the Catholic University of Chile, which was as he puts it a nest of
Chicago trained economists, disciples of Milton Friedman, also


186

known as the Chicago Boys. Initially Chossudovsky was surprised
to find the Chicago Boys rejoicing at the success of the coup, but he
quickly understood whybarely a week later several of his
colleagues were appointed to key positions in the new military
government. Their glee was due to the fact that they were now going
to have an unfettered opportunity to employ Freidmans economic
theories in a living laboratoryon the people of Chile.
Several weeks later the new dictator ordered a 264 percent hike in
the price of bread. Other commodities also followed suit, and
although food prices were going through the roof, wages had been
frozen to ensure economic stability and stave off inflationary
pressures. From one day to the next the entire country descended
into abysmal poverty. In less than one year the price of bread
increased thirty-six times and 85 percent of the population had been
driven below the poverty line. Chossudovsky writes:
These events affected me profoundly in my work as an
economist. Through the tampering of prices, wages and
interest rates, peoples lives had been destroyed; an
entire national economy had been destabilized. I started
to understand that macro-economic reform was neither
neutralas claimed by the academic mainstream
nor separate from the broader process of social and
political transformation. In my earlier writings on the
Chilean military J unta, I looked upon the so-called free
market as a well-organized instrument of economic
repression.
35

A few years later it was dej vu all over again and Chossudovsky
was a guest professor during another coup, this time in Argentina
while he was at the National University of Cordoba. He describes it
as a carbon-copy of the CIA-led coup in Chile. Behind the
massacres and human rights violations, free market reforms had
also been prescribedthis time under the supervision of Argentinas
New York creditors.
36

At this time, in the mid-70s, the IMFs economic package, the
structural adjustment program had not yet been launched; the
experiences of Chile and Argentina having been but the early
experiments of the Chicago Boys. They were just beginning to get a
handle on how to introduce Friedmans stark and repressive


187

economic measures. But when it was finally understood, the process
was repeated almost everywhere. In the early 90s Chossudovsky
visited many countries to study the economic transformations taking
place in the name of the free market. In India, Bangladesh,
Vietnam, Kenya, Nigeria, Egypt, Morocco, Brazil and the other
Latin American countries, and the Philippines, he observed the
same pattern of economic manipulation and political interference by
the Washington-based institutions [IMF and World Bank].
Chossudovsky details the methods used by the IMF-World Bank
that brought poverty literally around the globe: Rwanda, Uganda,
Congo, Sub-Sahara Africa, Ethiopia, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam,
Korea, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Russia, Yugoslavia, and Albania. These
methods served to further enrich the already rich and destroy
whatever middle class might have existed, condemning billions to
poverty. By the end of the century the same IMF economic medicine
had been applied in more than 150 countries, resulting in what
Chossudovsky calls the globalization of poverty. He writes that
The imposition of macro-economic and trade reforms under the
supervision of the IMF, World Bank and WTO purports to
peacefully re-colonize countries through the deliberate
manipulation of market forces. While not explicitly requiring the use
of force, the ruthless enforcement of the economic reforms
nonetheless constitutes a form of warfare. More generally, the
dangers of war must be understood. War and globalization are not
separate issues. And he continues: The ideology of the free
market upholds a novel and brutal form of state intervention
predicated on the deliberate tampering of market forces. Derogating
the rights of citizens, free trade under the World Trade
Organization grants entrenched rights to the worlds largest banks
and global corporations...The New World Order is based on the
false consensus of Washington and Wall Street, which ordains the
free market system as the only possible choice on the fated road to
a global prosperity. All political parties including Greens, Social
Democrats and former Communists now share this consensus.
37

We must not think that this treatment is reserved for the
developing countries alone. It has extended its grip to all major
regions of the World, including even the developed countries in
Western Europe and North America, although povertization there is


188

being sold in a different manner. America has been hollowed out
in the past 25 years as her manufacturing industries have been
relocated to Southeast Asia, leaving former factory workers who
could once provide a decent home for their families with a declining
standard of living supported by much lower-paying job in the service
sector. There is nothing that would indicate that this trend is going to
change. Indeed, Americans are being prepared to expect further
declines. They are warned that the looming recession (2008) is going
to be the worst in 50 years, with at least one analyst expecting
dozens of banks to fail by 2010. Others warn that a rising wealth
gap will somehow, even more than usual, lead to disproportionate
pain for middle and lower-income people (whatever happened to
Reagans trickledown theory? Isnt that increased wealth on the other
side of the gap supposed to create more jobs? That apparently was
only possible in the 80s). In early 2008 Federal Reserve Chairman
Ben Bernanke told Congress that the economy is deteriorating, and
Sen. Christopher Dodd, D-Conn. warned that our economy is
clearly in trouble. The translation of this economic-speak means
we told you so. Meanwhile in Britain Mervyn King, the Governor
of the Bank of England, issued a stark warning that tough times are
ahead and the period of easy prosperity has come to an end.
Families there have been warned to expect a decline in their standard
of living. What this all means is that the average people of the
developed world are about to find themselves in increasingly
difficult straits, but the wealthy will continue to do just fine.
How Economic Globalization Works
Another insider turned critic is J oseph Stiglitz, formerly the Chief
Economist of the World Bank and winner of the 2001 Nobel Prize in
Economics. He was asked to resign his position in 1999 for
criticizing the banks policies, having the audacity to point out that
every country the IMF/World Bank got involved in ended up with an
economy in ruins, their government in shambles, and the populace
rioting. He explains how the IMF and World Bank operate:
The IMF likes to go about its business without outsiders
asking too many questions. In theory, the fund supports
democratic institutions in the nations it assists. In
practice, it undermines the democratic process by


189

imposing policies. Officially, of course, the IMF doesnt
impose anything. It negotiates the conditions for
receiving aid. But all the power in the negotiations is on
one sidethe IMFsand the fund rarely allows
sufficient time for broad consensus-building or even
widespread consultations with either parliaments or
civil society. Sometimes the IMF dispenses with the
pretense of openness altogether and negotiates secret
covenants.
38

And in his book Globalization and Its Discontents, he is
particularly critical of the IMF:
The IMF is pursuing not just the objectives set out in its
original mandate...it is also pursuing the interests of the
financial community.
39
A half century after its founding,
it is clear that the IMF has failed in its mission. It has
not accomplished what it is supposed to doprovide
funds for countries facing an economic downturn, to
enable the country to restore itself to full employment.
IMF funds and programs not only fail to stabilize
situations, in many cases they actually make matters
worseespecially for the poor.
40

The actual tactics of the IMF and the World Bank have been
verified by noted investigative journalist Greg Palast, who had
access to a sizeable stash of secret documents passed to him by
disaffected World Bank and International Monetary Fund workers.
He also interviewed Stiglitz after his departure from the bank. From
the interview and his research of the trove of insider documents, this,
he says, is how economic globalization actually works:
41

A nation applies to the IMF for a bank loan.
The loan is contingent on the nations rulers signing
secret agreements by which they will sell off the nations
key assets to whatever corporation the IMF selects (the
water systems, the railways, the telephone companies,
the nationalized oil companies, gas stations, etc.). For
example, according to a secret agreement between the
leaders of Argentina and Jim Wolfensen, the president of
the World Bank, a pipeline that runs between Argentina


190

and Chile was sold off to a company called Enron.
According to that same secret agreement the water
system of Buenos Aires was sold for a song to a
company called Enron.
The rulers must sign a secret agreement, averaging one-
hundred and eleven items, whereby they will run the
economy according to the dictates of the IMF; if they
dont follow those steps they are cut off from all
international borrowing.
The IMF/WB pays a commission (usually a sizeable
personal fortune) to the rulers Swiss bank accounts
when they sign the secret agreements stripping the nation
of its assets.
The secret agreements result in nothing short of slavery
for the entire population since the IMF conditions
include such murderous facets as laying off huge
numbers of workers and creating a general state of
financial austerity.
The IMF often requires austerity measures called
Structural Adjustments that require a borrowing country
to reduce benefits in health, education, and welfare to its
citizens. The Structural Adjustment Program in Tanzania
required that school fees be introduced. A great many
students simply stopped going to school because they
could not afford to pay them.
Increasing I and mine by Shock and Suffering
The Chicago Boys dealing out the bitter economic medicine in
Chile and Argentina mentioned above, were students of Milton
Friedman at the University of Chicago. True to the methods given by
their mentor they introduced severe and repressive economic
measures on country after country. Friedman had the notion of
developing a pure capitalism, free from all interference by
government restrictions, trade barriers, collective bargaining and
minimum wages. He held, and taught to generations of economists,
what could be described as an idealized vision of radical free-market
economics. His ideas were idealized in that he believed that the
market had its own intelligence that could automatically solve every


191

economic problem if it were left alone. These ideas were radical in
60s political context in which policy makers were enthralled by
Keynes ideas and prescriptions in which government played a major
role in managing the economy through control of credit, borrowing
and releasing money into circulation via social spending, etc. In
Friedmans view the Keynesians who encouraged direct government
involvement in the economic decision making were not the solution,
but the cause of the problems. His radical ideas were the very
antithesis of Keynes and can be summarized in three words
deregulation, privatization and cutbacks. In his Capitalism and
Freedom he put forth his concepts of laissez-faire:
1. all laws and regulations standing in the way of profit
should be rescinded.
2. governments should sell off (privatize) all assets that
could be run at a profit, such as the post office, health
care, education, etc.
3. governments should not spend money on social
programs.
4. taxes should be low; rich and poor should be taxed at the
same rate
5. corporations should be free to sell anywhere in the world
6. capital should be free to roam the globe in search of any
opportunity
7. governments should not protect local markets or
ownership
8. all prices, including labor, should be determined by the
market
9. government should not interfere in wagesno minimum
wages
Friedman doctrine was that the reforms should be massive
cutting government spending for example by 25-50 percent across
the board, and announced suddenly and implemented quickly, so the
effect deliberately created shock and disorientation. He himself
called his methods a shock treatment. The biggest challenge for
Friedman was how to push through such radical reforms.
Everywhere on the planet decades of social planning, legislation, and
policies were in place that would, as far as he was concerned,


192

interfere with the freedom of the market. And as long as the
Keynesians held sway Friedman was destined to remain a theorist.
He wanted the market to become unharnessed and free to work its
magic. But how?
Friedman believed that the only way to free the future from the
chains of the past, the tyranny of the status quo as the title of one
of his books puts it, was through crisis: only a crisisactual or
perceivedproduces real change. When that crisis occurs, the
actions that are taken depend on the ideas that are lying around. That,
I believe, is our basic function: to develop alternatives to existing
policies, to keep them alive and available until the politically
impossible becomes politically inevitable.
42

Moreover it wasnt necessary to simply sit on ones hands and
wait for a crisis, but it could be deliberately and willfully created,
and while people were in shock, dazed and trying to collect their
wits, the economic reforms could be imposed with little to no
resistance. Friedman estimated that rulers had to act within six to
nine months of crisis, otherwise the window would close and
resistance to radical change would be too high.
The first opportunity of crisis that Friedman sought was created
by the CIA in Chile on September 11
th
1973 with the coup of General
Pinochet. Amazingly coincidentally Friedmans troops were
already on hand, and as the bullets were flying outside, the Chicago
Boys feverishly printed their detailed economic doctrines so they
could be on the desks of the new junta the first day they took their
jobs as the new leaders. Within a few more days the economic
shock began with the price of bread going up 36 times while at the
same time wages were frozen. Within a year unemployment was 20
percent, and inflation was from 500 percent to as much as 1,000
percent for basic necessities, indicating that the Chicago experiment
was a bust. But rather than call it quits, they called in Friedman
himself who advised that they hadnt gone far enough and that the
shock needed to be increased! In speeches and interviews he
repeatedly called for shock treatment as the only true medicine.
Absolutely. There is no other long-term solution. Friedman assured
the dictator that if his advice were followed that subsequent
recovery would be rapid, he could end inflation in months,


193

unemployment would be brief, and he would be able to take credit
for an economic miracle.
That miracle never arrived. In 1975 public spending was cut by
27 percent in one stroke, and by 1980 federal spending was only 50
percent of what it had been before the coup, with huge losses to
health care and education. Pinochet privatized more than 500 state-
owned companies and banks, often for a song, tore down trade
barriers that protected local businesses resulting in the loss of more
than 170,000 jobs by 1983, by which time manufacturing was
reduced to levels of the early 40s. This is the excellence of the
hidden hand of the free market? Well perhaps. The question to be
asked is cui bono who benefits? The answer to that is very clear.
It wasnt the general public, 45 percent of whom within fifteen
years was below official poverty levels, spending a whopping 74
percent of their income for bread alone, eliminating any money for
luxuries such as milk. But for the elite of the country the work of
the Chicago Boys was an unmitigated success. In that same time
period their annual income was up by 83 percent. Using our standard
of judging a thing by its results, the evidence suggests that these
results were quite intentional, all the rhetoric of the magic of the free
market aside. As early as 1980 it was even possible to reveal it as
such in the open press. That year an article in The Economist
described Pinochets work as a counter-revolution that returned to
the elite the gains that had been won from them under Keynesian
policies.
43
Perhaps that was the idea all along.
The Shock Doctrine and Disaster Capitalism
Quickly following in Chiles wake, more or less similar methods
continued to be applied in country after countryUruguay,
Argentina, and less violently in Brazil, which was already under the
control of a U.S.-supported junta. Was there a procedure besides
Friedmans being followed? Was it just economic shock or was there
more to it? Was all of this human calamity necessary in order to
achieve economic stability? In her stirring and detailed book The
Shock DoctrineThe Rise of Disaster Capitalism Naomi Klein
demonstrates that intentional shock has become a doctrine that was,
and continues to be, used as a means for the elite rulers, with
government as their agents and violence as their means, to assert


194

their will over dazed and confused people, rob them of decency and a
living wage, and facilitate the private ownership of anything that
could be made to produce a profit. In keeping with the deception of
Kali these methods are employed under the rhetoric of democracy.
Klein backs up that premise with example after example. Building
on Friedmans notions of shock treatment, she demonstrates that the
stage is set with violenceas a result of natural disaster as in the
Indonesian tsunami, or the hurricane that struck New Orleans, or
through a coup such as in Chile, Argentina, and Peru, or war such as
in the former Yugoslavia, Britains Falklands War, Chinas
Tiananmen Square massacre, or Yeltsins shelling of Russias
Parliament. The second shock then comes in the form of economic
dislocations. The currency is devalued, destroying purchasing power
and creating immediate impoverishment, while at the same time
price controls are lifted allowing the now free market to send the
price of commodities, particularly food, through the roof. At the
same time wages are frozen preventing people from being able to do
anything to improve their own situation. Naturally people respond to
these shocks with resistance and gather together to express their
calamity and resentment, often taking the shape of widespread
unrest, mass protests and strikes. That is when the third shock is then
appliedmass and very public arrests, people disappearing for as
long as a decade, often being tortured, and bodies showing up in
garbage heaps, being washed up in the surf or floating down rivers,
often missing fingers and teeth. In Chile for example, some 3,000
people disappeared or were murdered, and at least 80,000 were
arrested and imprisoned. Kidnapping not only focused on the leaders
of the strikers, but anyone who opposed or threatened the economic
reforms. Everyone quickly gets the idea that this is the new world
order and anyone who dares to oppose it will suffer greatly. Those
arrested went to torture centers that used the methods of the CIAs
Kubark torture manual: early morning arrest, placing a hood over the
head, drugging, forced nudity, isolation, sensory deprivation and
electroshockmethods made famous around the world by the stories
and photos from the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq.
44

All of this shock is intentionally planned to violently impose the
will of the ruling elite on people who would otherwise strongly
resist.


195

A Fabricated Crisis Is As Good As a Real One
The personality of Kali would be proud of the deceptive
inventiveness of policy makers in the international financial
institutions. If a real crisis is not immediately handy the impression
of a crisis can be created and work just as well. An influential
Washington economist and consultant to the IMF and World Bank,
J ohn Williamson, raised the idea in 1993:
One will have to ask whether it could conceivably make
sense to think of deliberately provoking a crisis so as to
remove the political logjam to reform...Is it possible to
conceive of a pseudo-crisis that could serve the same
positive function without the cost of a real crisis?
Mr. Williamson was apparently behind the times and hadnt been
in close touch with his colleagues at the IMF. Budhoo informs us
that when he was with the IMF, fund employees engaged in
elaborate statistical malpractices to exaggerate numbers in IMF
reports to give the impression of severe problems that didnt exist.
For example, the IMF more than doubled the statistics of labor costs
in Trinadad and Tobago in 1985 to make them look highly
unproductive. He also stated that the fund invented literally out of
the blue huge unpaid government debts. These fictions triggered
very real problems when Trinidad became viewed as a bad risk and
its financing was cut off, sending it begging to the IMF for help.
The IMF agreed on the condition that the whole gamut of structural
adjustments was accepted. The process Budhoo says was the
deliberate blocking of an economic lifeline to the country through
subterfuge... Trinidad and Tobago [were] destroyed economically
first and converted thereafter.
45

Klein relates how subterfuge was used to create the appearance of
crisis to get the government of Canada to reduce taxes by reducing
social benefits in health, education, and unemployment. These social
programs, which were supported by a large majority of Canadians,
could only have been reduced if there was the impression of an
impending catastrophe. A deficit crisis was created where none
actually existed. Canadas debt was rated A++by Moodys Investor
Services, but the press constantly presented the national finances as
catastrophic, predicting that within the next year, maybe two years


196

Canadas credit will have run out. The ruse worked; government
reacted to the false alarms cutting spending on social services and the
cuts have remained despite the fact that Canada has since seen
surplus budgets. Investigative journalist Linda McQuaig later
exposed that the perception of the crisis had been accomplished by
think tanks funded by the largest banks and corporations in Canada.
46

In order to get the full impact of the devastation wrought by the
unconscionable acts perpetrated by the economics of ignorance one
must read Kleins Shock Doctrine. She spells out in minute detail the
deliberate planning and execution of destruction and death wielded
through economic machinations over the course of the past three
decades. It is a devastating work that forces open our eyes to realize
and accept that the world is not the way it is simply by chance, but
by deliberate demonic acts. The Shock Doctrine is the new method
by which todays economic hit men do their work. Under the
influence of ignorance and with a demonic mentality, the ruling elite
appear bent on destroying any general prosperity for the people
throughout the world and creating a two-tier social structure of
wealthy and slaves. This can be understood by the results:
The income gap between rich and poor in the
Third World doubled in the course of the 1980s,
according to a United Nations 1992 Human
Development Report, mainly because of inherent
inequities built into SAPs.
Today, the richest fifth of the world (including
most of Europe and North America) receives 150
times more in income than the poorest fifth.
1.2 billion people in the Third World now live in
absolute povertyalmost twice the number of
the 1980s.
1.6 billion people in the Third World are without
potable water.
Well over two billion are unemployed or
underemployed.
At least six million children under five years of
age have died each year since 1982 in Africa,
Asia and Latin America because of the anti-


197

people, even genocidal, focus of IMF and World
Bank SAPs.
Even though debtor countries paid more than
$1.3 trillion to the IMF between 1982 and 1990,
they were 61 percent more in debt by the 1990s
than they were in 1982. According to the 1988
UNICEF annual report, debt and interest
payments by Southern countries totaled more
than three times the amount of aid received from
the World Bank and IMF.
Budhoo considered the IMFs programs to be a form of mass
torture which was willingly applied while a callous and blind eye
was turned as screaming-in-pain governments and peoples [are]
forced to bend on their knees before us, broken and terrified and
disintegrating, and begging for a sliver of reasonableness and
decency on our part. But we laugh cruelly in their face, and the
torture goes on unabated.
It finally got to him. Reaching his limit Budhoo began his
catharsis with this statement in his Open Letter of Resignation to the
Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund:
Today I resigned from the staff of the International
Monetary Fund after over 12 years, and after 1000 days
of official fund work in the field, hawking your
medicine and your bag of tricks to governments and to
peoples in Latin America and the Caribbean and Africa.
To me, resignation is a priceless liberation, for with it I
have taken the first big step to that place where I may
hope to wash my hands of what in my minds eye is the
blood of millions of poor and starving peoples. Mr.
Camdessus, the blood is so much, you know, it runs in
rivers. It dries up too; it cakes all over me; sometimes I
feel that there is not enough soap in the whole world to
cleanse me from the things that I did do in your name
and in the name of your predecessors, and under your
official seal.
47



198

Communists and Capitalists-Brothers in Principle
To say that capitalism is the economic method of choice for those
under the influence of passion and ignorance is not to say that
communism is or was anything better or even different. In fact, it is
quite the same thing, economically speaking, to a large degree
because communism was created by the capitalists to further their
control. Distinguished English historian Nesta Webster in The
Surrender of An Empire, writes:
Had the Bolsheviks been, as they are frequently
represented, a mere gang of revolutionaries out to
destroy property, first in Russia, and then in every other
country, they would naturally have found themselves up
against organized resistance by the owners of property
all over the world, and the Moscow blaze would have
been rapidly extinguished. It was only owing to the
powerful influences behind them that this minority party
was able to seize the reins of power and, having seized
them, to retain their hold of them up to the present day.
While he was a scholar at the prestigious Hoover Institute, scholar
Antony Sutton investigated the connection between the owners of
property, the capitalists, and the communists. During his time at the
Institute he wrote the major study Western Technology and Soviet
Economic Development in three volumes, detailing how the West
played a major role in developing Soviet Union from its very
beginnings up until 1970. He wrote another two volumes that
penetrated the relationship of Wall Street and the Bolsheviks, two
more books detailing American aid to the Soviets, and an additional
two books examining Wall Street financiers and their influences over
government and politicians. In the Preface to Wall Street and the
Bolshevik Revolution he writes: Since the early 1920s, numerous
pamphlets and articles, even a few books, have sought to forge a link
between international bankers and Bolshevik revolutionaries.
Rarely have these attempts been supported by hard evidence, and
never have such attempts been argued within the framework of a
scientific methodology. However some fifty years after the October
Revolution the United States government declassified related
documents and Sutton found evidence he sought in the State


199

Department Decimal File, particularly the 861.00 section. When the
evidence in these official papers is merged with nonofficial evidence
from biographies, personal papers, and conventional histories, a truly
fascinating story emerges. We find there was a link between some
New York international bankers and many revolutionaries, including
Bolsheviks. These banking gentlemen...had a financial stake in, and
were rooting for, the success of the Bolshevik
Revolution.
48
(emphasis in original).
What was that stake and who were the men behind it? Russian
General Arsene De Goulevitch wrote in Czarism and the Revolution
the main purveyors of funds for the revolution, however, were
neither crackpot Russian millionaires nor armed bandits or Lenin.
The real money primarily came from certain British and American
circles which for a long time past had lent their support to the
Russian revolutionary cause. DeGoulevitch further said that the
revolution was engineered by the English, more precisely by Sir
George Buchanan and Lord (Alfred) Milner (of the Round
Table)...In private conversations I have been told that over 21 million
rubles were spent by Lord Milner in financing the Russian
Revolution.
49

William Boyce Thompson, a director of the Federal Reserve Bank
of New York, a large stockholder in the Rockefeller-controlled
Chase Bank, and a financial associate of the Guggenheims and the
Morgans, contributed $1 million to the Bolshevik Revolution for
propaganda purposes.
50
Another $5 million in gold and safe passage
through wartime Germany was obtained from sources there. And
banking magnate J acob Schiff contributed some $20,000,000 for the
final triumph of Bolshevism in Russia according to his grandson
J ohn.
51
That money was deposited in a Warburg bank, and later
transferred to the Nya Banken in Stockholm where it was picked up
by Lenin. Trotsky traveling from New York on an American
passport later joined him in Petrograd.
Schiff was not just for the Bolsheviks but was in fact intent on
subverting Imperial Russia. The J ewish Communal Register of New
York City, 191718, confirmed that Schiffs firm Kuhn-Loeb & Co.
floated the large J apanese war loans of 19045, thus making
possible the J apanese victory over Russia... The report also states
that Mr. Schiff financed the enemies of autocratic Russia and used


200

his financial influence to keep Russia from the money market of the
United States.
52

In addition the U.S. State Department published a three-volume
report on the establishment of Communism in Russia, Papers
Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1918, which
recounts from intelligence reports and intercepted correspondence
how German banks, under the influence of banking magnate Max
Warburg, originated a system for the dispersion of large payments to
Lenin, Trotsky, and others in their attempts to overthrow the Czar.
The syndicate was set up with ...very close and absolutely secret
relations established between Finnish and American banks, as well
as banking houses in Stockholm and Copenhagen, who were
intermediaries between high-finance in the West and revolutionaries
inside Russia.
53

Obviously if these men were financing it they had no fear of
international Communism, the so-called mortal foe of the capitalists.
It is only logical to assume that if they are willing and even eager to
cooperate with it, it must be because they control it. Indeed, Lenin
understood that somehow or other he wasnt in control. He wrote:
The state does not function as we desired. How does it function?
The car does not obey. A man is at the wheel and seems to lead it,
but the car does not drive in the desired direction. It moves as
another force wishes.
Who is controlling it then? Professor Sutton writes:
The gigantic Russian market was to be converted into a
captive market and a technical colony to be exploited by
a few high-powered American financiers and the
corporations under their control. What the Interstate
Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade
Commission under the thumb of American industry
could achieve for that industry at home, a planned
socialist government could achieve for it abroadgiven
suitable support and inducements from Wall Street and
Washington, D.C.
Finally, lest this explanation seem too radical,
remember that it was Trotsky who appointed tsarist
generals to consolidate the Red Army; that it was
Trotsky who appealed for American officers to control


201

revolutionary Russia and intervene in behalf of the
Soviets; that it was Trotsky who squashed first the
libertarian element in the Russian Revolution and then
the workers and peasants...In other words, we are
suggesting that the Bolshevik Revolution was an
alliance of statists: statist revolutionaries and statist
financiers aligned against the genuine revolutionary
libertarian elements in Russia.
... The question now in the readers mind must be, were
these bankers also secret Bolsheviks? No, of course not.
The financiers were without ideology. It would be a
gross misinterpretation to assume that assistance for the
Bolshevists was ideologically motivated, in any narrow
sense. The financiers were power-motivated and
therefore assisted any political vehicle that would give
them an entree to power: Trotsky, Lenin, the tsar,
Kolchak, Denikinall received aid, more or less. All,
that is, but those who wanted a truly free individualist
society.
This, therefore, is an explanation that fits the evidence.
This handful of bankers and promoters was not
Bolshevik, or Communist, or socialist, or Democrat, or
even American. Above all else these men wanted
markets, preferably captive international marketsand
a monopoly of the captive world market as the ultimate
goal. They wanted markets that could be exploited
monopolistically without fear of competition from
Russians, Germans, or anyone elseincluding
American businessmen outside the charmed circle. This
closed group was apolitical and amoral. In 1917, it had
a single-minded objectivea captive market in Russia,
all presented under, and intellectually protected by, the
shelter of a league to enforce the peace.
54
(all emphasis
in original)
The Soviet Union was the businessmans dream come true:
monopolies on an entire empire dealing through only one agentthe
government. Immediately (by 1919) business began to flow: $10


202

million for food products, $4.5 million for printing presses, $3
million for machinery, $3 for clothing and another $3 million for
boots and several other contracts worth $1.5 million.
55

The major payoff for previous political and financial support
however, came in 1923 when the Soviets formed their first
international bank, Ruskombank, to facilitate trade between Russia
and Europe and Russia the USA, i.e. to allow British and American
firms to sell their goods in the vast Russian market. J . P. Morgan
associate Olof Aschberg became the nominal head, and its main
source of capital was 3 million pounds sterling from the British
government, by far the largest initial investment in the bank. A vice
president of J . P. Morgans Guaranty Trust, Max May became a
director of Ruskombank, and the Ruskombank promptly appointed
Guaranty Trust Company its U.S. agent. Rockefellers Chase
National Bank (later Chase Manhattan Bank) helped establish the
American-Russian Chamber of Commerce in 1922, and its first
president was Reeve Schley, a Chase vice-president. In 1925 Chase
National developed the program for financing Soviet raw material
exports to the United States, and Chase National and Equitable Trust
Co. were also the major forces in Soviet credit dealings.
56

Industrialization
The Soviets chief economic priority during Lenins New
Economic Policy (NEP) was the industrialization of the country, but
after years of war the Soviets were in no condition to do that
themselves, nor was that the intention. They offered more than 350
foreign concessions under the NEP during the 1920s. These
concessions enabled foreign entrepreneurs to establish business
operations in the Soviet Union without gaining property rights. The
industrial capacity of the Soviet Union was, to a great extent, built by
American companies and the Wall Street financiers. Although many
of those concessions were withdrawn by the end of the 1920s,
somehow this was not a deterrent. By 1931 Western corporations had
immense contracts for the development and manufacturing of
Russian resources that included engineering services and plant
construction for: rubber, automobile manufacturing, smelting
furnaces, hydroelectric generation, irrigation, fertilizer, electrical
components for automobiles, paper mills, steel mills, copper and


203

other non-ferrous metals industries, tractors, petroleum, gasoline
production, oil-drilling technologies, electricity, electrical generators
and related equipment, coal production and machinery, aniline
production, gasoline engines, aviation, architecture, gas and coking
plants, coal mining, chlorine, acetic acid, construction of an
electrolytic copper plant, and an aluminum plant that consumed one-
half of the worlds bauxite.
57

Additionally Standard Oil of New J ersey bought 50 percent of the
huge Caucasus oil fields, and in 1927, built a large refinery. Standard
Oil, with their subsidiary, Vacuum Oil Co., made a deal to sell
Soviet oil to European countries. The Soviets also signed an
agreement with the Ford Motor Company in 1929 to purchase $30
million worth of automobiles and parts over four years, and Ford
agreed to give technical assistance until 1938 to construct an
integrated automobile-manufacturing plant at Nizhni-Novgorod
(Gorki). The MZMA plant in Moscow, which manufactures small
automobiles, was also built by Ford Motor Company. In 1932, Du
Pont began construction of an immense nitric acid plant with a
capacity of 1,000 tons per day (nitric acid is a component in the
manufacture of explosives).
Western firms supplied designs and specifications, process
technology, engineering capability, equipment, and startup and
training programs. These contracts were package deals that were
highly profitable. This support of Soviet technology continued
throughout the 20
th
century.
58

The international bankers continually made efforts to maintain or
increase their business with the Soviet Union. They encouraged the
American government to recognize the Soviet Union as a nation in
1933, as other nations were doing, to save them from financial
ruin. They were also busy with other plans to insure their business
dealings. J ust a year later in 1934, by executive order President
Roosevelt established the Export-Import Bank of Washington.
Known as Eximbank, it underwrites (guarantees) loans for
international business, and was created specifically to promote and
finance trade with the Soviet Union. In 1972 the U.S. government
issued $1 billion in licenses to export equipment and technical
assistance for the Kama truck plant. Planned as the largest truck
plant in the world, it covers 36 square miles and produces more


204

heavy trucks, including military trucks, than the output of all U.S.
heavy truck manufacturers combined. The Eximbank provided $153
million in loan guarantees for Kama River Plant, and $180 million
for Occidentals string of chemical plants at half the prime lending
rate.
At the Bretton Woods Conference in 1948 the World Bank,
International Monetary Fund, and the General Agreement on Trade
and Tariffs (GATT) were created. At the heart of GATT is the Most
Favored Nation status that allows a country to trade with a
minimum of tariffs and trade restrictions. The Nixon Administration
prepared to extend to the Soviets Most Favored Nation tariff status,
as part of the Nixon-Kissinger dtente, shortly after the May 1972
Summit Conference in Moscow. David Rockefeller, board chairman
of Chase Manhattan Bank, claimed the move could help slow the
arms race: The desire of the Soviets to use Western trade, credits
and technology to bolster their own economy hopefully could be
accompanied by their giving lower priority to military programs, he
reasoned.
59

The reader may ask why these apparently normal business
dealings should be called to our attention. The point is that these
business contracts helped to build the industrial might of the Soviet
Union, whom many if not most Americans, have always considered
their sworn enemies. They were told that the Communists wanted to
destroy their way of life, and were continually threatened by Soviet
nuclear missiles throughout the second half of the 20
th
century. When
they hear about the immense American help given to the Soviets
during this same period they can hardly believe it, especially since a
great deal of that assistance has military applications, and was
directly employed against American soldiers during the Vietnamese
war. The point I have labored to make clear is that it has been
Western capitalists that established the Soviet Union as a colony
from which to extract profits. Under the influence of tamo-guna,
profit is profit regardless of the cost of lives to acquire and maintain
it.
This follows Frederick Howes maxim to a Ta super
monopoly over not just a country, but an empire, and the government
itself was their agent. By the middle of the 20
th
century they had also
established the same arrangement in America. Consider the


205

following relationships between the American government and the
executives of some major companies: The head of Eximbank when
the Kama River Plant was given loan guarantees was William J .
Casey, a former associate of Armand Hammer (a major Western
industrialist in Russia) who later became Director of the Central
Intelligence Agency. Financing was arranged by Chase Manhattan
Bank, whos then Chairman was David Rockefeller. Chase is also
the former employer of Paul Volcker, who became Chairman of the
Federal Reserve Bank. The U.S.-Soviet trade accords including
Kama and other projects were signed by George Shultz, a long-
known as a proponent of more aid and trade to the Soviets, who later
to become Secretary of State in the Reagan Administration. Shultz is
also the former President of Bechtel Corporation, a major
international engineering firm. All a nice, cozy, incestuous family
taking care of business, and fully guaranteed by United States
taxpayers. These same close and inter-changing relationships
continues today between government and the financial industry.
Collectivization
In addition to being one of the Soviet Unions most vital
economic resources, grain also served as a nexus between cities and
villages where more than 80 percent of the population lived. The
NEP intended to create such a level of peasant prosperity that it
would create an internal market for manufactured goods from the
industrial sector, but simultaneously the Soviets wanted to ensure a
net profit for industry and further industrial expansion by charging
higher prices for industrial goods than for grain.
This plan was fraught with ideological problems however,
because the very idea of a developed peasantry was oxymoronic to
the Soviets who expected the peasantry to disappear with the
advance of a modern industrial society. Making matters worse the
communists viewed the peasantry with a cultural contempt, assigning
them an inferior class status.
As plans for industrialization increased, so did the need for grain
exports. Distribution and supply networks faltered in 1927 due to
drought and the fact that peasants preferred to store grain waiting for
higher prices in the winter and next spring. Stalin was not content to
wait and demanded a tribute in the shape of forced extractions of


206

grain as well as surplus money resources. The countryside then
became the new front and grain procurements represented a
fortress to be captured at any cost. The communists prepared for a
new type of war, but one with domestic objectives and domestic
enemies. The solution, according to Stalin, was to strike at
speculators and kulak resellers as well as at all those in the lower-
level apparatus who connive at, or abet, speculation.
60
According
to Russian scholars:
The dilemma confronting the Soviet regime was not
new to Russian economic development. The alternatives
appeared completely dichotomous: either the regime
could allow the peasantry to prosper, and through
balanced growth and social stability the needed
revenues for industrialization would gradually accrue,
or, risking social discontent, it could squeeze the
peasantry through heavy taxation, maintain low
agricultural prices, expand grain exports, and with the
rapid accumulation of capital thus obtained push
forward with a forced program of industrialization. In
either case, the peasantry was perceived mainly as an
economic resource, in effect little more than an internal
colony. And the factors that determined the approach
were more often political than economic.
The first option was less attractive to a regime with
revolutionary designs for restructuring Russian society.
The issue of the pace or tempo of industrialization
became a major and contentious problem for the regime.
During the first years of NEP, L. D. Trotsky and the
Left Opposition pushed aggressively for higher
industrial growth rates. In the mid-1920s, E. A.
Preobrazhensky, a theoretician for the Left Opposition,
urged that the terms of trade be turned more steeply
against the peasantry, that a tribute be exacted in
order to speed up capital accumulation and
industrialization. With neither irony nor shame, he
dubbed this process primitive socialist accumulation,
echoing and subverting Marxs detested primitive


207

capitalist accumulation in the interests of Soviet
power.
61

In November 1927, J oseph Stalin launched his revolution from
above, idealistically setting two impossible goals for Soviet
domestic policy: rapid industrialization (a 330 percent expansion in
heavy industry) and collectivization of agriculture. His aims were to
erase all traces of the capitalism that had entered under Lenins New
Economic Policy and to transform the Soviet Union as quickly as
possible, without regard to cost, into an industrialized and
completely socialist state. The First Five-Year Plan also called for
transforming Soviet agriculture from small-hold individual farms
into a system of large state collective farms believing that
collectivization would improve agricultural output and would
produce sufficient grain to feed the growing urban labor force.
Collectivization was also expected to liberate (force) many peasants
from their land to make them employees of the state, either on the
collective farms or for industrial work in the cities.
The reaction to this drastic cultural change was almost identical to
that of the peasants of Europe during the 15-17
th
centuries. The
peasants opposed collectivization and responded with acts of
sabotage, burning of crops and slaughtering of draught animals. They
also destroyed property and attacked officials and members of the
collectives. Isaac Mazepa, former prime minister (1919-20) of the
Ukrainian National Republic (UNR), boasted that the political right
had succeeded in 1930-32 in widely sabotaging the agricultural
works:
At first there were disturbances in the kolkhosi
[collective farms] or else the Communist officials and
their agents were killed, but later a system of passive
resistance was favored which aimed at the systematic
frustration of the Bolsheviks plans for the sowing and
gathering of the harvest...The catastrophe of 1932 was
the hardest blow that Soviet Ukraine had to face since
the famine of 1921-22. The autumn and spring sowing
campaigns both failed. Whole tracts were left unsown,
in addition when the crop was being gathered...in many
areas, especially in the south, 20, 40 and even 50 per


208

cent was left in the fields, and was either not collected
at all or was ruined in the threshing.
The Soviet government responded dramatically and harshly by
cutting off food rations and other necessities such as salt to areas
where there was opposition to collectivization, especially in the
Ukrainian region. Hundreds of thousands of those who opposed
collectivization were executed or sent to forced-labor camps. Peasant
families were forcibly resettled in Siberia and Kazakhstan in exile
settlements and tens of thousands died along the way.
In 1932 Stalin further raised Ukraines grain quotas by 44 percent,
which was a de facto death sentence. Under Soviet law all grain first
went to meet the governments quota before any could be given to
the members of the farm. With the aid of regular troops and secret
police the Soviets waged a merciless war against those who refused
to give up their grain. Even seed grain was forcibly confiscated. Any
man, woman, or child caught taking even a handful of grain from a
collective farm could be, and often was, executed or deported. So
difficult were the times that those who did not appear to be starving
were suspected of hoarding grain. Six to seven million perished in
what Ukrainians call Holodomorthe Famine-Genocide.
Estimates of the dead across the Soviet empire from starvation or
disease directly caused by collectivization number in the high
millions. According to official Soviet figures some 24 million
peasants disappeared from rural areas with only an extra 12.6 million
moving to State jobs. The implication is that the total death toll for
Stalins collectivization program was on the order of twelve million
people. The heaviest losses occurred in Ukraine, which had been the
most productive agricultural area of the Soviet Union. Determined to
crush any remaining nationalism, the famine was accompanied by a
purge of the Ukrainian intelligentsia and even the Ukrainian
Communist party. The famine broke the peasants will to resist
collectivization and left the entire population politically, socially,
and psychologically traumatized.
Ukrainian historian Valentyn Moroz in detailing how the famine
was significantly related to changing the traditional culture wrote:
The Ukrainian village had long been recognized as the bastion of
national traditions. The Bolsheviks sought to strike a fatal blow at
the village structure because it was the life spring of the vital


209

national spirit.
62
One of Stalins lieutenants demonstrated the
Communists attitude that the famine in Ukraine was a great success.
It showed the peasants who is the master here. It cost millions of
lives, but the collective farm system is here to stay.
63
(He sounds
eerily similar to Michael Ledeen doesnt he?)
In a speech to the House of Commons on November 5, 1919,
Winston Churchill said: Lenin was sent into Russia...in the same
way that you might send a vial containing a culture of typhoid or of
cholera to be poured into the water supply of a great city, and it
worked with amazing accuracy. No sooner did Lenin arrive than he
began beckoning a finger here and a finger there to obscure persons
in sheltered retreats in New York, Glasgow, in Berne, and other
countries, and he gathered together the leading spirits of a formidable
sect, the most formidable sect in the world...With these spirits around
him he set to work with demoniacal ability to tear to pieces every
institution on which the Russian State depended.
The economics of ignorance extracts power and profits at any
cost, and the cost of consolidating business in Russia and forcing
people to use their productive energy in the service of a master is
measured in millions of lives. Between 1930 and 1950 more than 20
million Russians died in forced labor camps, and Khrushchev
personally supervised the massacre of more than 10,000 Ukrainians
at Vinnitsa. There is no certainty of the exact number of deaths but
the number is at least 20 million, including victims of the forced
collectivization, the hunger, large purges, expulsions, banishments,
executions, and mass death at Gulags. Alexander Solzhenitsyn puts
the number at 66 million.
There is little difference whether one is forced to work for a
capitalist master or a communist one. Both the capitalists and the
communists have created an economics of ignorance through cruelty,
force, violence, and death. In both cases the labor of millions is
usurped by a small minority who accrue wealth to their own
advantage, and there is no significant difference between the two.
We may ask how the International Communist experiment, an
exercise in exploitation (tamo-guna), ended without a violent
revolution that should be expected by the influence of tamo-guna.
The answer in my humble opinion is that the 70-year experiment
between the capitalist model and the communist one demonstrated


210

that far more can be squeezed out of people if they think they are
free, and are given unrestricted sense gratification. They will work
like asses to be able to purchase insignificant, unnecessary trinkets to
increase their own petty sense of I and mine, and in the process
enrich the masters of capital. Why bother then to engage in a
destructive war if you already control a place and people? History
shows that most of the wars in the past two thousand years have been
fought to decide who gets to exploit a place and people.
64
If you
already control them why is a war necessary? Nonetheless much ado
had to be made to explain the ideological shift to millions of
Soviet citizens who had bought into the communist ideology and
who were now feeling abandoned by their leaders. And, if all the
Communist rhetoric was actually true then why wasnt the capital of
the Soviet state, ostensibly the property of the people, delivered to
them when the empire was privatized? Because all along it had been
accruing benefit to only a small segment of the people and with
slight adjustments those in control were given the privilege to
continue their ownership when communism fell. There is in fact no
state to labor for, all states are a fiction. In the case of the Soviets
the state was the rulers of Communist Party who were acting in the
name of the State. External appearances to the contrary, very little
actually changed.
The people in the former Soviet Union are now playing a game of
catch-up attempting to acquire all of the many tantalizing goodies
imported from around the world. There are thousands of shops that
were nowhere to be seen in communist times, along with easy credit,
with nothing down and a 0 percent rate of interest, tempting shoppers
to buy now. And it works. People fill the shops and, like the rest of
the world, are quickly becoming more American-like. But there is
a price to pay. As I travel there I ask people if they are working
harder now under capitalism than they were under communism;
invariably they say they are.
Many, in dismay, recognize the game for what it is. They
understood that earlier they were being exploited under communism
and that they are now being exploited under capitalism. There
actually isnt a dimes worth of difference between the twoboth
clearly show themselves to be the same economics of ignorance.


211



Chapter Six
The Economics of Atheism
...without God and immortal life? All things are lawful then, they
can do what they like? Dostoevsky The Brothers Karamazov
Do what thou wilt Motto of the Illuminati


Promise Me a Paradise
Materialists of all stripes, including the gamut of the worldly
philosophers (economists) have been speculating for centuries to
realize the moment of Eureka Ive found it!the discovery of
the formula for a blissful life of material existence. Well, wait no
more. Nobel prize-winning economist Herbert Simon has found the
source of our future bliss in the classical theory of economics, of all
places, based on the assumption that the pursuit of our individual
self-interest will bring us all to a condition of omniscient
rationality! Omniscience is of course a quality formerly attributed
only to God, but it appears that it will somehow now become
widespread through the workings of blind economic forces and self-
interest alone, leaving one to wonder why the tens of millions of self-
interested opportunists that have gone before us have not yet found
the said promised land and bequeathed it to us. That rational
economic model is, he concludes, a world that is strikingly simple
beautiful.
1
Such vaunted and idyllic dreams are so naturally
appealing that they mislead many down the yellow brick road to
more illusions. Following the same misguided wishful-thinking
another economist, Robert Nelson, concluded that self-interest thus
is not a crass and selfish motive but, paradoxically, a necessary
quality of human behavior if men and women are to enter onto a path
toward a greater future rationality and, in its perfection, a future


212

heavenly peace and harmony on earth...To put mankind on the path
of economic growth is...to follow a route that leads eventually to the
spiritual fulfillment of mankind.
2

A paradox indeed! Were it true, the almost endless, and certainly
ubiquitous, self-interest rampant in the world today after Reagans
decade of greed, Clintons roaring 90s, and the simultaneous
grabbing of the Soviet Unions assets by the greediest, should have
had us all in nirvana a decade or two agoor even a millennia or
more ago. Self-interest is nothing new. The idea, or even the hope,
that economic growth can lead to the spiritual fulfillment of mankind
leads to serious questions as to what Nelsons concept of spiritual
actually is. But he leaves no doubt that it is a so-called heaven on
earth. His ideas are certainly not the same as that explained in the
Vedas, by whose definition mundane economic activity alone leads
us further down the abyss of ignorance. The spiritual qualities
explained in the Bhagavad-gita and Srimad Bhagavatam can never
be achieved by any material means, and to think that genuine
spiritual happiness can be achieved by some material means is only
to demonstrate ones ignorance of spirit. It is but another of the great
illusions of modern materialistic society. Every sober person would
do well to not be led astray by such false promises. Simon, Nelson
and people of their ilk want the kingdom of God, but without God.
Nelson continues this vain search for heaven on earth in a
subsequent book titled Economics As Religion.
3
No kidding. What
does this priest of economic salvation preach? That through
economic progress sin can be eliminated from the world. And what
is that sin? Economic irrationality. He says that to be irrational is to
be possessed by the modern equivalent of evil. Irrational means not
acting economically, which means not to act in such a way as to
preserve or increase ones wealth, which also means that money
must be valued above all other things. Money and wealth are thus
Nelsons Gods. He argues that if what is rational is what yields
economic progress, and if economic progress will eventually abolish
human sinfulness, then it follows directly that to behave rationally
must be to obey the highest moral commandment of mankind.
4
In
other words, morality lies not in what authority you follow, nor how
you deal with others. It lies in creating money and wealthGods
whose positions are paramount above all other considerations.


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Furthermore, the self-righteous Nelson tells us that there is only one
understanding of rationalityhisand that organizations such as the
Peace Corps and the various international development agencies are
the new missionaries whose job it is to take this message of salvation
around the world.
He goes on to argue that:
...the elimination of economic scarcity will bring the
arrival of heaven on earth, all people in every nation
will be saved in the same way and will someday share
the same heaven. If religion is concerned above all with
the path of salvation and the ultimate prospects of
mankind, all human beings will be followers in the
same worldwide theology whose message is contained
in the economic preachings [sic] of the twentieth-
century welfare state.
5

The fact is that Mr. Nelsons religion is atheism, his heaven is a
world of unrestricted sense enjoyment and the vehicle with which he
promises to deliver us to that heavenly kingdoms pearly gates is
none other than the economics of atheism. These are pathetically
poor substitutes for the actual realization of true transcendence and
the unlimited bliss of realizing our genuine eternal spiritual nature
concepts and realizations that will remain forever out of the reach of
people with such a mentality. Moreover, Nelsons propositions can
never bring lasting happiness to anybody, regardless of how he might
imagine it to be so. There is no amount of material pleasure that can
permanently fulfill us, the spiritual being. Unending amounts of
material sense pleasure cannot make a person happy. If it could then
why are the already egregiously wealthy not satisfied and happy?
Why do they continue to prey on the poor and destitute? What is that
amount that is required to finally satisfy someone? As we have
already discussed, there isnt one. Indeed, unrestricted and increasing
amounts of sense enjoyment do nothing but fuel the flames of more
desires which burn like fire and give no peace. Lost in the inferno of
lust these lost souls continue to create scheme after scheme to get it
all.


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The Illusions and False Assumptions of Modern Economics
How we understand and relate to each other is always influenced
by our understanding of who we are, what this world is, and our
purpose here. These existential questions are answered by every
bona fide religion because God has not simply wound this world up
like a clock and cast it adrift to function on its own as the deists
claim. He has given us instructions for how to live in this world and
promulgates them in religious teachings, specifically the Vedic
literatures. He regularly sends His representativesthe acharyas,
gurus and saintsto guide us back to the proper path. He even
comes here Himself to show us how to live by His own example.
The priests and intelligentsia of every society are the agents whose
responsibility it is to bring those instructions to us, and thereby steer
the social flagship. But this understanding of the arrangement of the
Supreme has become lost in this Age of Kali, and the many serious
problems that the world now faces result from thinking that these
existential questions are relative and may be interpreted according to
any individuals whim. This false assumption has led to a host of
other false assumptions about this world, many of which are found in
the concepts of modern economics which are so influential in the
way the world works today. Examining these assumptions in light of
Vedic wisdom provides us with a way of clearly understanding the
obstacles that are standing in the way of an economics that is
beneficial for everyone.
We identified some of the false assumptions above. Here we will
consider in detail those that form the foundation of the economics of
atheism (modern economics), which has had such catastrophic
consequences for the vast majority of the people of the world. These
foundational assumptions include: 1) the idea that there is no God, 2)
that we can personally own any amount of private property, 3) that
we create the results of our actions which are thus ours to have and
enjoy, 4) the idea that the pursuit of ones own selfish-interest
magically results in the best interests of allthe so-called Invisible
Hand of the market, 5) that corporations and other notional
institutions are real, necessary and beneficial, and 6) that paper
money has value, along with the entire host of assumptions and
problems associated with it.


215

The Foundation of Atheistic Civilization
The English word atheism comes from Greek atheos, meaning
godless. In Greek the prefix a- indicates without, and the word theos
means God. This is identical to the meaning of atheism found in the
Vedas. According to Vedic literature anything that has no connection
with God is considered atheistic. Furthermore the concept of atheism
is connected with the concept of Maya. Early in the story of the
creation, Brahma, desiring to search out the cause of his lone
existence, performed great austerity and meditation. Pleased by his
efforts the Supreme Lord revealed Himself to Brahma and explained
that He only is the basis of all existence, and He also explained the
distinction between reality and illusion (2.9.3334):
Brahma, it is I, the Personality of Godhead, who existed
before the creation, when there was nothing but Myself.
Nor was there the material nature, the cause of this
creation. That which you see now is also I, the
Personality of Godhead, and after annihilation what
remains will also be I, the Personality of Godhead. O
Brahma, whatever appears to be of any value, if it is
without relation to Me, has no realityknow it as My
illusory energy, that reflection which appears to be in
darkness.
Srila Prabhupada explains the connection between atheism and
Maya in his comments on these verses: We should note very
carefully that the Personality of Godhead is addressing Lord Brahma
and specifying with great emphasis Himself, pointing out that it is
He, the Personality of Godhead, who existed before the creation, it is
He only who maintains the creation, and it is He only who remains
after the annihilation of the creation. Brahma is also a creation of the
Supreme Lord...any stage of the cosmic manifestationits
appearance, its sustenance, its growth, its interactions of different
energies, its deterioration and its disappearancehas its basic
relation with the existence of the Personality of Godhead. As such,
whenever there is forgetfulness of this prime relation with the Lord,
and whenever things are accepted as real without being related to the
Lord, that conception is called a product of the illusory energy of the
Lord. Because nothing can exist without the Lord, it should be


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known that the illusory energy is also an energy of the Lord. This
illusory energy we have identified earlier as Maya. Under the spell of
this illusory energy we see everything in relationship to ourselves,
accepting it for our own use, pleasure or enjoyment, forgetting its
relationship with God altogether. Thus without having a connection
to God all conceptions and activities are atheistic and influenced by
Maya, or illusion. The Srimad-Bhagavatam aims at destroying this
illusion by establishing the connection of everything in this world
with God. The eradication of this illusion is undertaken in the very
beginning of this great work. The second of the 18,000 verses states
(1.1.2):
Completely rejecting all religious activities which are
materially motivated, this Bhagavata Purana propounds
the highest truth, which is understandable by those who
are fully pure in heart. The highest truth is reality
distinguished from illusion for the welfare of all. Such
truth uproots the threefold miseries.

If Maya, or illusion, is that which is thought to be separate from

God, then all of the underlying assumptions of modern economic
thought are illusory. What allows these illusions to exist is that we
have accepted them together as a society and attempted to make
them function as if they were reality. But they are not and can never
be reality. The result of this widespread psychosis of make-believe
is that billions of people are suffering in want and need, living
miserable lives, and too often going to an early grave. As long as we
cling to these illusory concepts and attempt to exploit them for our
material enjoyment the widespread social and economic problems
we now face must remain. In other words, it is the false assumptions
of modern society that generate the problems. That remains true
regardless of how the details of economic formulae are tweaked. The
problems cannot fully and ultimately be solved for everyones
benefit until these false assumptions are given up and we choose to
live according to reality. With no apologies to Margaret Thatcher,
there is no alternative to this if the people of the world are to live
happily.

The threefold miseries are those caused by the body and mind, by
other living beings, and by the forces of nature.


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Unlimited Personal Private Ownership
We examined the illusion of ownership briefly above, but here we
want to look at it as one of the foundational assumptions of modern
economic thought. In modern culture the unlimited personal
acquisition of wealth is both lawful and morally acceptable. Almost
everyone thinks of it as natural, normal, and even beyond question.
As such our economic system is built around this idea. Everyone has
their own possessions that are separate from those of others. We
also think that everyone has the God-given right to increase these
possessions more and more. The workings of the money economy
dictate that this increase must come from others. In some cases there
is an equitable exchange, but not always. Many times people are
made to pay dearly for the necessities of life resulting in great
disparities of wealth. On one hand billions of people live in great
need, while on the other billionaires cannot even comprehend how
much money they have, what to speak of use it for any personally
productive purpose. Not only is unlimited ownership an anathema to
civilized culture, but the very conception that the living being can
own anything in this world is one of the main illusions of Maya. A
spiritually progressive culture educates its citizens as to the danger of
this impulse and provides ways and means for them to minimize the
tendency.
The word owner implies a controller. If you own a house or an
automobile for example, you control it. You possess the keys and it
is for your exclusive use. But how did you obtain ownership of it?
You either created it, or you traded something of value (generally
money) with the creator or previous owner. The first owner was the
manufacturer who assembled its thousands of parts into a functional
whole. But where did he get the raw materials for those parts?
Naturally they could only have come from the earth. Who owns the
earth and its resources? This question is one of the most, perhaps the
most, significant question of economic theory, because the answer
forms the basis of how we conduct the remainder of our economic
affairs.
We may claim that nobody owns the earth because nobody
created the earth and her resources are therefore ours for the taking.
This is the position of atheists who exploit the earth for their own
personal advantage. Others may claim that God created the world,


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but He created it for our use, and therefore her resources are ours for
the taking. Even though belief in God may be expressed, the end
result of these two positions is the samepeople attempt to
unlimitedly exploit the resources of nature, taking more than their
fair share, without further consideration. There is a third position
understanding that God created the world for the benefit of all of his
childrenall the living beings who are here by His arrangement who
are thus entitled to their due. This is the position we find in the Vedic
literature which is explained with the following example.
Suppose a person is walking down the street and finds a wallet
with $500 in it. There are different ways in which he can respond. He
might say, its not mine, and walk on leaving the wallet on the street.
Or he might pick it up and say hey, this is my lucky day! taking
the money for himself. Or he might understand that somebody lost
this wallet and money, look for any identifying information in the
wallet and attempt to return the wallet and money to the rightful
owner.
The first persons detachment displays an artificial sense of
renunciation. Although he does not steal the money, neither does he
properly acknowledge its value, nor its owner. The second person,
who takes the money, is obviously a thief. But the third person
recognizing the value of what he has found, by attempting to return it
to the proper owner, acts properly.
We can see the entire world in this way. Understanding that the
person who creates something is its natural owner, we can
understand that the person who created this world is its owner. That
person is universally accepted as God. He is the owner and controller
of everything as stated in Text 1 of the Isopanisad Everything
animate or inanimate that is within the universe is controlled and
owned by the Lord. One should therefore accept only those things
necessary for himself, which are set aside as his quota, and one
should not accept other things, knowing well to whom they belong.
This instruction, when followed, assures that everyone has what they
need to live a decent life, because as the Isopanisad also tells us, God
has arranged for the maintenance of all living beings. However, if
someone takes more than their rightful allotment, others will be
deprived of their necessities.


219

We may claim ownership for some time, but our ownership is
extremely limited. One hundred years ago everything that was in this
world was owned by somebody else. Where is their claim to
ownership now? Null and void. As they died ownership passed to
some other person, and when they die ownership again passes to
another. In another hundred years everything we now own will be
owned by somebody else, and what will become of our claim of
ownership? Null and void. Therefore as admonished by the
Isopanisad and Bhagavad-gita nothing of this world can truly be
ours. First of all everything is already owned by God, and secondly
anything we have is ours only for a short period of time. Our claim
to ownership is therefore illusory. And since nothing actually
belongs to us, then all of our attempts at exchange under this illusion,
including the dealings of the vast global marketplace of which we
hear so much about, amounts to nothing more than a den of thieves
who are working cooperatively to exchange the booty to their own
satisfaction.
Personal individual ownership seems natural because our
ahankara, our false ego, is hinged on the concepts of I and mine,
and the mine part of the false ego is naturally attracted to the idea
of possession. Thinking that we own any amount, whether the
paupers penny or the capitalists billion dollars, betrays the same
mentality. Many writers have commented on the vast inequalities
resulting from unlimited personal private ownership and have argued
for limitations as to what a man may claim as his. But by the Vedic
standard any consciousness of ownership is to be avoided as one
would avoid a disease. From the spiritual perspective it is not the
amount that is significant, but the false consciousness of ownership
that keeps the atma trapped in this material world of repeated birth
and death.
The materialistic economic philosophies in the world are in direct
opposition to the instructions of Isopanisad, regardless of the banner
they fly: capitalist, communist, or socialist. The capitalist claims
extensive resources as his own, or that of his corporation, which
means they are under the control of the person who owns the
majority of the corporations shares. The communists claim that the
resources belong to the state, which actually means they are under
the control of the person who is the representative of the state. Both


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of these systems aim at usurping the property of the Lord to place it
in the control of a few. Although they are typically thought of as
being in philosophical opposition they are identical in their effort to
usurp the property of the Lord and place it into the hands of a
favored minority. The socialists claim that everyone is the owner.
This is closer to the truth but it also misses the point, because they
also fail to recognize that the resources belong to God. Likewise,
most people today assert their claim over whatever resources, land,
buildings, consumer goods, and animals they can acquire. Since all
of us are acculturated with this understanding, it seems to be the
most natural thing in the world. But if we stop to ponder the question
for just a minute or two, we can understand that nothing in this world
can belong to any of us in the true sense of the word. We come into
this world with nothing and leave with nothing. In between any
claim we might make to anything as ours is simply our illusion
the influence of maya.
We are entitled that that which is necessary to maintain our lives
in a decent manner, as the Isopanisad (text 2) encourages, adding
that this way of living is fully sustainable: One may aspire to live
for hundreds of years if he continuously goes on working in that
way, for that sort of work will not bind him to the law of karma.
There is no alternative to this way for man. To say that there is no
alternative means that there is no sustainable alternative. No
successful, happy and lasting alternative. If we follow the Vedas,
seeing everything in relationship to the Lord and acknowledge that
He has given us what we require to live, we can adjust to what, from
the materialists perspective, appear to be limitations. This is
accomplished by rising above a limited material vision and living on
the plane of transcendence. Srila Prabhupada explains this plan of the
Lord:
To be poor in this world is a curse for ordinary people,
those under the concept of material life, whereas the
spiritually enriched have nothing to do with the poverty
or wealth of this world. The living entities are not meant
to be poverty-stricken, because they are part and parcel
of the Supreme Lord, the supreme proprietor. Every
living entity has the birthright to enjoy Gods property,
just as the son inherits the property of the father. That is


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the law. But under the spell of illusion we have
forgotten our relationship with the supreme father;
therefore we are suffering.
6

The spiritually enriched know their proper relationship with this
world as well as the science of achieving spiritual satisfaction and
liberation from the material conceptions of life. Thus they do not
crave unnecessary amounts of material goods. They are happy to use
what they need, to possess it as long as they can make productive use
of it, and afterward pass it along to someone else.
Individual ownership is the cornerstone of the economics of
atheism. Accepting the concept of personal private ownership leads
to a world divided with everyones interest separated from that of all
others. It then becomes every man for himself, which is a lonely,
lonely place. Attempts to live this illusion as reality entangle us in an
enigmatic web of insolvable problems.
We Do Not Create the Results of Our Activities
We briefly considered another one of the illusory foundational
concepts of modern economicsownership of the results of our
activitiesin the discussion of I and mine above. Lets explore the
idea further here and expose it as a false assumption that supports
atheistic economics.
Everyone works for some result, and because they have worked
for that result they lay claim to it as theirs. But Sri Krishna informs
us that we are not the cause of the result of our activities, and as such
we cannot consider ourselves as the rightful owners of what we
produce (2.47):
You are entitled to perform your prescribed duty but
you are not entitled to the fruits of action. Never
consider yourself to be the cause of the results of your
activities, and never be attached to not doing your duty.
Krishna also explains why we have no claim over what we
produce (3.27):
The spirit soul bewildered by the influence of false ego
thinks himself the doer of activities that are in actuality
carried out by the three modes of material nature.


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Contrary to what we think, the results of our actions are made
manifest by the actions of the modes of nature, or daivi maya, and
not by our actions alone. An example will help to make this clear.
Many people with good talent, ability, and work ethic engage in
business, however most are not successful and a great majority fail
within the first several years despite their earnest desire and hard
work. Why? There must be something besides our actions alone that
explains the success of one person and the failure of another. That
something is our karma which gives or restricts the results according
to our activities in previous lifetimes. Karma may be thought of as a
kind of personal bank balance that accounts for both good and bad
actions and from which we withdraw enjoyment or suffering. The
dispensation of these results is managed by the devatas, or demigods,
the controllers of the universal affairs. Although we may desire some
result and work hard to attain it, if it is not within our karma it will
not be attained. If it is within our karma and is attained, then we
should understand that the result is given by the material energy, or
gunas, and is not a product of our efforts alone.
Since it is the material energy that gives us the result of our
actions we have no claim to them as ours. If out of ignorance we lay
claim to them we create further karma. Krishna refers to such
persons as misers. A miser is a person who does not know the proper
value of something and therefore misuses it, the most common
example being money. Money has utility when it is circulated and
put to use, but misers store up money instead, and are very reluctant
to use it even if they are in need. Another kind of miser does not
know the value of action, which when performed in the proper
consciousness will bring the wonderful result of spiritual
emancipation. But the miserly person performing actions in the
consciousness of I and mine, with attachment to the results, instead
generates further bondage to this material world under the law of
karma.
Claiming the results of action as our own is another illusory yet
foundational principle of modern economics. How the results of
action are created will be explained in more detail in the chapter on
Karma (Volume 2).


223

The Fallacy of Selfish Serving
In An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
Adam Smiths arguments are for selfish concerns, that is, how one
side may increase their wealth, often at the expense of others, or at
least without regard for the welfare of others. In Book IV he deals
with international trade. There he writes about what has become
known as comparative advantagethat each location due to
natural endowments will have an advantage in producing a particular
item more efficiently and at less cost. These goods, Smith contends,
should be allowed to find their market, and should not be restricted
from a domestic market despite the fact that they may be foreign
produced. His arguments form the basis of what has been relentlessly
pushed in the last two decades as free trade.
Smith attempts to convince the reader that the allowance of such
unrestricted trade enables all of the desirables and needs of society to
be provided much more completely than could be accomplished by
any planning commission. His argument is meant to disparage a
command economy wherein men of limited capability attempt to
control vast markets and the innumerable variety of goods therein by
restricting or encouraging certain aspects of trade. Smith eschews
protectionism of taxes and tariffs that are typically imposed in order
to nurture domestic developing industries.
How and where should capital be employed to bring the most
effective good? He answers this question saying: every individual,
it is evident, can, in his local situation, judge much better than any
statesman or lawgiver can do for him. The statesman, who should
attempt to direct private people in what manner they ought to employ
their capitals, would not only load himself with a most unnecessary
attention, but assume an authority which could safely be trusted, not
only to no single person, but to no council or senate whatever, and
which would no-where be so dangerous as in the hands of a man who
had folly and presumption enough to fancy himself fit to exercise
it.
7

As each of these individuals work for their own self-interest and
seize the opportunities before them which they alone may recognize,
the overall interests of society are served. It is as if they are led by
an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his
intention. Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no


224

part of it. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that
of the society. This sole reference to the phrase invisible hand in
Wealth of Nations marked its entrance into the economic lexicon.
What Smith actually intended by this concept is explained more
simply by another capitalist maxim: find a need and fill it.
8

Millions of men capturing the opportunities they find before them
provide the best and most efficient way to serve the myriad needs of
society.
Smiths argument in regard to the fulfillment of the needs of the
marketplace is valid. The dismal results of the command economies
of the former Soviet Union have amply demonstrated the inability of
the planned economy to do what millions of independent eyes, ears,
and desires did much better in free market economies; the empty
shelves of the few stores in the Soviet Union compared with the
almost unlimited variety and number of goods in numerous Western
stores tallying the score.
Perhaps predictably due to the influence of rajo-guna and tamo-
guna, Smiths arguments have been misinterpreted and misapplied to
justify the selfish behavior and neglect of vast numbers of society.
People too often hear what they want to hear. Commonly Smiths
maxim is translated as the belief that an invisible hand automatically
turns selfish greed into public benefit, as if to justify selfishness and
greed.
Perhaps the language he chooses betrays an instinctual lust for
profit, and many are thus encouraged to read him in that way, but the
concept of the invisible hand as he presents it can as easily be
understood in a way that does not imply that greed is good. The idea
of the invisible hand is that men acting independently and without
interference can fulfill their wants and needs. Men everywhere
experience needs which they understand as common. If they have a
need others also have the same need, because human beings after all
are similar in every culture. Fulfilling that need provides them with
their livelihood and simultaneously serves the needs of others. This
is what is meant when Smith says by pursuing his own interest he
frequently promotes that of the society.
This is not the manner in which Smiths doctrine is typically
promoted. Instead current economic theory holds that pure self-
interest leads to the greater good for all through the invisible hand


225

of the market. This interpretation implicitly justifies all of the many
ills of modern business practices: illegal and ruthless competition,
economic policies that externalize costs to workers, the public, the
environment, or future generations, huge gaps between haves and
have-nots, poverty, hunger, and violenceall of the qualities of the
economics of ignorance. It is not Adam Smiths argument that I take
issue with, but this type of interpretation.
The argument that pure self-interest leads to the greater good for
all through the invisible hand of the market is too often thought of as
some sort of Zen maxim that must be correct but exactly how that
happens is beyond our understanding. That interpretation may be
useful for those who want to justify their wanton behavior, but to say
that an action results in the greater good of all, is not to make a
nebulous argument. Goodness has very specific qualities as we have
already explained: mercy, generosity, charity, being embarrassed at
improper action, seeing the equality of all living beings, and so on. If
the greater good is actually being served then we must see that result
in practice. Since we do not, but instead see the opposite, then
judging by the result tells us that this interpretation of Smith is
wrong. Moreover this interpretation is narcissistic, and by the
calculation of the Bhagavad-gita, demonic.
The proper interpretation of an invisible hand is the hand of God
who regulates the functions of the universe and sees to the
maintenance of all living beings. Nityo nityanam chetanas
chetananamthere is one eternal being who is the maintainer of all
others.
9
Although we cannot perceive directly how God is taking care
of everyone, by His wonderful arrangement this is taking place.
Acknowledging God and His invisible hand can bring us closer to a
state of harmony and help solve the economic problems, but the
illusory invisible hand of the market can only create and further
contribute to the extreme economic problems that face the world
today.
Corporations Are Real, Necessary and Beneficial
The corporation has been a tool for the profit of some by the
efforts of others since its inception and remains so to this day.
Special privileges were granted by the King of England to form the
East India Company and the Hudson Bay Company so that the


226

shareholders, primarily the King, could enjoy the profits generated
by these ventures. Corporations continue to enjoy privileges not
available to an individual person for the same reasons. Chief among
these privileges are favorable tax structures, or no taxes at all; the
anonymity provided to both the owners, and managers who act not in
their own name, but in the name of the corporation; and separation of
the owners and workers by means of a management structure,
preventing the workers from taking action directly and personally
against the owners in cases of disagreements over working
conditions, pay scales, and so on. Corporations are an extension of
the social engineering that began in the 15
th
century in the transition
toward the economics of ignorance.
Corporations are an illusion of modern society because they have
no existence in fact. They are a fiction agreed to by those who hold
power; the rest of us merrily go along with the established order as
we do with the other fictions, accepting them as a given fact of life.
But they are not a fact of life. We think of them as reality because we
have been acculturated to do this from the time we were children,
and they simply become a part of things that are. Some out-of-
the-box thinkers such as futurist Buckminster Fuller have
understood the game for what it is. In his essay The Grunch of
Giants, he explains: Corporations are neither physical nor
metaphysical phenomena. They are socioeconomic ployslegally
enacted game-playingagreed upon only between overwhelmingly
powerful socioeconomic individuals and by them imposed upon
human society and all of its unwitting members.
Given the nature and purpose of the corporation it is one of the
pillars of the economics of atheism. If the idea of atheism is to forget
God, to allow us to think of ourselves as God, that is, to be a law
unto ourselves, then the creation of corporations can be seen as an
effort of people to act as if they were God. They think: God creates
and destroys. So can we. God grants life and brings death. So can
we. God creates eternal beings with qualities that transcend normal
reality, and so can we? In the creation of corporations we do. The
creation of a corporation can even be seen as a material attempt to
create a spiritual being. Compare them: the spirit soul is a non-
material, eternal entity, and the corporation is a non-material, eternal
entity (they have no expiration). The soul should live in a state of


227

bliss with no effort expended to achieve that state, while the
corporation delivers unearned profits with no effort expended by the
owner so that he can have material bliss (as in Robert Nelsons idea
of heaven). If the atma is eternal and transcendental to all material
considerations, the corporation is also a supernal entity beyond many
laws that apply to most ordinary people. Corporations can also be
seen as an effort to become the Supersoul by being in many places at
once and having many people act in their interest simultaneously.
J ust as God creates and gives us a body, the word corporation
implies a body, since it is derived from the Latin corpus, which
means body, or corportus, to make into a body.
Artificial Persons Rise Above Real Persons
Early in the history of corporations in the United States
(nineteenth century and earlier) corporations were highly regulated
and it was not uncommon for corporate charters to be revoked when
they adversely impacted the common welfare. It was illegal for
corporations to participate in the political processcorporations
couldnt vote, and neither were they allowed to try to influence
votes. It was illegal for corporations to lie about their products, and
their books and processes were required to be open to government
inspectors. Both the States and the Federal Government were able to
investigate if workers were harmed or hazardous conditions created.
The tycoons of business found these conditions too confining.
They wanted to be free to act as they pleased, and sought the ways
and means of doing so. The answer came with the victory of the
north over the south at the end of the civil war. Then in 1868 the
Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution was enacted to provide
full constitutional protection of law to the now-emancipated former
slaves. By this and the Thirteenth Amendment all human beings
were to be recognized as real persons, independent citizens, and not
the property or chattel of another person.
At that time the railroads were the greatest corporations and they
sought to take advantage of these amendments and repeatedly sued
various states, counties, and towns in which they argued that
corporations were artificially created persons and entitled to the same
privileges and protection of law that natural persons enjoyed. For
example, they claimed that they were being treated as different


228

classes of persons because different railroad properties were being
taxed in different ways in different places, and that this constituted
illegal discrimination under the Fourteenth Amendment. Need we
point out that this argument has no basis in fact? What exactly is an
artificial person? Has anybody ever seen one? There is no such
thing in reality and the effort to impose this idea on us is nothing
more than an effort to hoodwink us into accepting illusion as reality.
To their credit they have been very successful.
They continued their legal assault for some twenty years reaching
a zenith in 1877 when four cases were brought to the Supreme Court
attempting to achieve corporate personhood. In each of these cases,
the Court ruled that the railroads arguments pertained to interstate
commerce which was not applicable to the Fourteenth Amendment;
therefore the courts would not rule that corporations were persons.
But in 1886, with a sleight of hand so characteristic of Kali, that
victory was achieved in another tax issue: the Santa Clara County
versus The Union Pacific Railroad. The victory came not by the
decision of the judges, but simply by the notation of a court clerk J.
C. Bancroft Davis, who happened to be the former president of a
small railroad. Davis wrote into his headnote, which is a commentary
that clerks write about each case, that the Chief J ustice had said that
all the J ustices agreed that corporations are persons. He wrote this
although he knew that the justices had not ruled on that specific issue
in the case.
10
This headnote had no legal standing but was accepted
as such by later judges under the color of law.
But corporations are not ordinary persons. They dont die, they
possess the non-human ability to be in many places at the same time,
they increasingly have the ability to avoid liability, given their
economic clout they can define the laws under which they live, they
dont pay taxes as ordinary people do, and they have shown
themselves to have little sense of moral responsibility, with many
being recidivist criminals.
Let me back that up with several examples. As far as influencing
the laws that pertain to them, over the past 30 years the automobile
industry has endeavored to block legislation that would impose
criminal penalties on pre-meditated and willful violations of the
federal auto safety laws. The result is that only civil fines are
imposed and few, if any, executives, making decisions that affect the


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lives of people are indicted and convicted for their morally
irresponsible actions.
As far as not paying taxes, consider that incorporating in
Delaware, which is the legal home of more than 50% of all U.S.
publicly-traded companies and 58% of the Fortune 500, has the
following advantages:
There is no state corporate income tax in Delaware on
goods or services provided by Delaware corporations
operating outside of Delaware. There is no state
corporate tax on interest or other investment income in
Delaware, when earned by a Delaware holding
company. Delaware has no ad-value or value-added tax
(VAT). There is no State of Delaware inheritance tax on
stock of Delaware corporations operating outside of
Delaware held by non-residents of Delaware. Delaware
also has a separate court system for corporate law that
doesnt involve juries. The advantage of this is that
companies dont have to worry about juries [ordinary
people] deciding corporate cases. Instead, a judge who
is familiar with corporate law oversees the case. And
Delaware corporations also have a special Director
Shield that permits corporations to shelter their
directors from personal liability in connection with their
actions as board members.
Corporations are Recidivist Criminals.
Because of this personal legal shield, the anonymity of the
corporate structure, their immense financial and political power, and
the resources to defend themselves in courts of law and in the court
of public opinion, the executives of big corporations thumb their
noses at the law with impunity. And as we demonstrated in the last
chapter they often have the government paving the way for their
activities around the world. If the company is found guilty of
wrongdoing, fines may be imposed, but rarely will the decision
maker be faced with jail. When shielded from penal consequences,
people with a criminal consciousness are far more likely to
repeatedly engage in criminal behavior in order to derive some gain.
After all, there is nothing to stop them!


230

On the average some 60 percent of the leading corporations are
habitual criminals, as shown by an in-depth investigation of sixty-
eight of the largest American companies in mid-20
th
century. Having
an average life of 45 years, there were a total of 980 decisions
against them with a maximum of fifty for one, and an average of
fourteen convictions per corporation. In all there were 307 adverse
decisions on restraining trade, 97 on misrepresentation, 222 on
infringement of law, 158 on unfair labor practices, 66 on rebate fraud
and 130 on other cases.
11

The situation has not improved in time. In the 1990s, of the one
hundred largest corporate criminals in terms of convictions and fines
paid ($150,000 or more) in the United States alone: thirty-eight
engaged in environmental crimes, twenty in antitrust activity (price-
fixing, stifling competition), thirteen in fraud (excessive charges,
generally on government contracts), seven in campaign finance
violations, six in food and drug violations, and four in financial
crimes. During the decade many pled guilty to more than one
crime.
12

In the wake of the sub-prime mortgage-lending fiasco that is said
to be the cause of the current economic woes of America, although
the FBI has arrested more than 1500 mortgage brokers, developers
and real estate agents on charges of fraud, only two on Wall Street
were charged
13

Taking Off the Corporate Mask
With a good deal of justification the corporation has become the
favorite whipping boy for those calling for economic justice over the
past two decades. Following David Kortens compelling critique of
unrestrained corporate cultural dominance in When Corporations
Rule the World, dozens of other books have brought similar charges,
and there is now a movement to rescind the legal status of corporate
personhood. This is a step in the right direction. The next step is to
understand that there is no corporation, but only real people acting
semi-anonymously in the name of a corporation. We hear about how
Monsanto creates and pushes genetically modified foods on an
unwilling populace, or how the IMF impoverishes people with
their SAPs, how Company B (military jargon) commits atrocities
on a conquered people, or how Shell Oil Company pollutes the


231

environment in Africa. But none of these companies do these
things. It is only people who make the decisions, it is people who
carry out those decisions, and its only individual people who carry
out the atrocities. There is no IMF, there are only people who act in
the name of IMF. There is no Monsanto, but only people who act in
the name of Monsanto. There is no Shell Oil, United States Army,
IBM, Microsoft, General Electric, etc., etc., etc., but only individual
people who act in the name of those fictions. There is also no
corporate crime. Any crime done by corporations can only be done
by individual people acting in the name of the corporation.
There once was a time when there were no corporations, and life
was in many ways much better for that fact. In that time people lived
more simply generally serving their own purposes directly. Can we
return to such a world? Of course we canif enough people are
willing to let go of the illusion and live in reality. People can act in
their own name and for their own purposes if they are given the
opportunity to do so. And if we want to heal the world, that is what
people everywhere must dostop playing make believe and live
in reality.
Economics Black Box
In science there is a concept called the black box. This name is
given to any function or process that is mysteriously unknown or
unknowable, and every field of science has many such black boxes.
A good example of a black box that most of us can understand is a
computer. We may know how to use it, but what goes on inside
when we push the keys is a complete mystery.
The field of economics also has a black box that almost nobody
seems to understand, but to which everyone pays very close
attention. That black box is also another of modern economics
illusions. Of course this black box is considered a reality, and
because people treat it as such it has very real effects on their
behavior. The black box of economics is paper money.
All persons now living were born into a world that uses paper
money. So common is the experience that we normalize it as a de
facto part of our existence. It is common and constant and seems as
real as the air and sun. But very few people ever trouble themselves
to learn where money comes from and how it works. German


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economist Silvio Gessel wrote in his 1911 book, The Natural
Economic Order: the indifference of the general public, of science,
of the press, of business men, to monetary theory is so great that it
would be difficult to collect among the millions of the German
population a dozen persons for a serious discussion of the subject.
The same applies everywhere even today. Most people simply do
their best to get what they can within the limits of their moral
understanding of life.
However familiar money may be to us, and however legitimized it
may be in our minds, the fact is that it works against the interests of
almost everyone on the planet to the advantage of the already very
wealthy few. For the average person it is a scourge that enslaves him
more completely than iron shackles ever could and without his even
being aware of the fact.
Paper money is perhaps the main tool of the purveyors of evil and
is fit for Kali-yugaposing as something benign when it is actually
quite insidious. It has many destructive effects which we will give
some detail to below. A complete explanation of the origin,
manipulation and machinations of paper money is beyond the scope
of this book however. That discussion has filled many volumes some
of which are referenced in Appendix D for the interested reader. In
this discussion we will confine ourselves to the illusory nature of this
wealth and its destructive effects on people individually and
collectively.
The Value of Paper Money is an Illusion
You may protest this heading since the money that is in your
wallet is indeed real and since it can purchase goods that have value,
the money itself must have value. What you have in your possession
are some pieces of paper with ink on them in various artful and
official looking designs. What you call money has no intrinsic worth,
and any value it has is only what you and others place in it. Paper
money works, and will remain only as long as everyone agrees to its
value. The fact is that people are interested in paper money because
it promises them the possibility of obtaining what they actually want
some time in the future. Notice in that sentence the words
promises and possibility. These two words also indicate that
what you want may not be obtained by money because the value of


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paper money may change at any time or become worthless
altogether. Paper money offers no absolute guarantee that you will
later be able to get what you want at the price you expected. The
fluctuation of the value of currencies is a daily discussion in
economic pages of newspapers, and for some countries the change of
its relative value it is more extreme than for others.
When I was a child a loaf of bread cost 25 cents. Today the same
loaf of bread costs $4.00. A loaf of bread always has constant
valuefeeding hungry stomachsso the value of the bread has not
changed in all of those fifty years; instead it is the value of the dollar
that has changed. In more recent times compare the value of the
dollar to the euro. When the euro was created in 1999 the euro was
worth $0.86 U.S., and a few months later it fell to $0.77. By 2008 the
situation had reversed and one dollar can only purchase 0.6 euros.
But this more than 50% drop in the value of the dollar pales in
comparison to Zimbabwe for example, where the official inflation
rate in J anuary 2008 stood at 100,580%! (one hundred thousand, five
hundred eighty percent) and the value of that currency changes by
the minute. Under such circumstances a ten kilometer taxi ride costs
90 billion dollars, and additional school fees for children in 2008 are
one hundred billion Zimbabwean dollars!
14

There have been many, many episodes in history when the value
of money has been entirely lost to the great dismay of its holders,
and there are lessons from all over the world. This story from
American, Douglas Hermans experiences in Brazil during the 1980s
is representative:
At the time I arrived, you received three Cruzados Novo
for each American dollar. This new novo cruzado was
stamped with a triangle designating its new valueor
devaluationover the old 1,000 cruzado note. In 1989,
the Brazilian government decided to drop three zeros
and change the name of the currency henceforth to
Cruzado Novo. Since then the currency has been
changed yet again to the Real. Frequently, on my walks,
I would see large paper bills, 50,000 or 100,000 old
Cruzeiros, in the gutter, but after awhile I never picked
up any more money. I found it wasnt even worth a
fraction of a cent.
15



234

The change in the value of a currency is dependent on
government policy, because it is the governments printing more and
more money, or debasing the currency, that is the cause of inflation.
Since the value of paper money is so ephemeral, it cannot be
considered a proper store of wealth. Other things, such as wheat
never change in value because their value is the same everywhere in
the world at all times.
The Aura of Mystique
It may well be that the confusion Gessel wrote about exists
because it has been deliberately created. Friedrich List, a
contemporary of Adam Smith, accused Smith of deliberate
obfuscation. He said of Smiths Wealth of Nations: Americans have
to understand that his system, considered as a whole, is so confused
and distracted, as if the principal aim of his books were not to
enlighten nations, but to confuse them for the benefit of his own
country.
16
The charge has been made by Dr. J . W. Smith that this is
indeed the case, and that Smiths philosophy is being promoted in
the name of free trade while the protectionist philosophy of Friedrich
List is practiced by the first-world countries. Some establishment
economists are forthright enough to spell it out clearly. The
venerated economist J ohn Kenneth Galbraith informs us that the
study of money, above all other fields in economics, is the one in
which complexity is used to disguise truth or to evade truth, not to
reveal it.
17

Recently retired Chairman of Americas Federal Reserve Bank,
Alan Greenspan, confessed that it was his deliberate intention to
obscure the truth. In an interview on the television show 60
Minutes regarding his statements about the economy and his actions
as the Chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank, Greenspan admitted
with a chuckle: I would engage in some form of syntax destruction,
which sounded as though I were answering the question, but, in fact,
had not. Listening to a quote of himself saying Modest pre-
emptive actions can obviate the need of more drastic actions at a
later date, and that could destabilize the economy, he commented,
Very profound. Indeed. As well as unintelligible, and as he admits,
meaningless.
There have been a few attempts to go behind the shroud of
mystery surrounding money. One timid effort in this regard was


235

William Grieders 1987 book Secrets of the Temple: How the
Federal Reserve Runs the Country. There Greider uses Nelsons
ideas of economics as religion as a literary device for explaining the
mystique:
To modern minds it seemed bizarre to think of the
Federal Reserve as a religious institution. Yet the
conspiracy theorists, in their own demented way, were
on to something real and significant. The Fed did also
function in the realm of religion. Its mysterious powers
of money creation, inherited from priestly forebears,
shielded a complex bundle of social and psychological
meanings. With its own form of secret incantation, the
Federal Reserve presided over awesome social ritual,
transactions so powerful and frightening they seemed to
lie beyond common understanding...Above all, money
was a function of faith. It required implicit and
universal social consent that was indeed mysterious. To
create money and use it, each one must believe, and
everyone must believe. Only then did worthless pieces
of paper take on value.
Why the obfuscation? Because most people would be livid with
rage to know how the debt-money system operates. As Mr. Henry
Ford put it: It is well enough that the people of the nation do not
understand our banking and monetary system, for if they did, I
believe there would be a revolution before tomorrow morning.
18

Why? Because it is nothing less than a very sophisticated cheating
system designed to enslave everyone, and as people find out how the
money system actually works it does make them angry. It has the
stamp of Kali all over it.
How the Money System Works
A very brief (and very incomplete) summary of the creation of
money will help. The following is taken from a lecture given by
Edward Griffin author of The Creature from Jekyll Island, a book
that documents in detail the creation of the Federal Reserve Bank
(the central bank) of the United States and explains our money
system. This illustration pertains to the United States in particular


236

but the money and banking system operates the same way in every
country in the world, with the exception of Iran, North Korea, Sudan,
Cuba and Libya, which, interestingly, just happen to be a part of
George W. Bushs Axis of Evil.
19
Griffin tells us:
I want to assure you that in spite of the simple language
everything Im going to tell you is absolutely 100%
technically accurate. The other thing I want to warn you
about is dont try and make sense out of this because it
cant be done; this does not make sense and youll blow
a fuse trying to make it make sense. J ust remember that
it is a scam and if you keep that fact in mind then youll
have no trouble comprehending whats going on.
Heres how it works. It starts with the government side
of the partnership; it starts in Congress which is
spending money like crazy. It spends far more money
than it takes in. How can it do that? Basically this is
what happens. Lets say Congress needs an extra billion
dollars today so it goes to the treasury and says we
want a billion dollars and the treasury official says you
guys have got to be kidding, we dont have any money
here, everything that weve taken in taxes you fellows
have spent by March. Then they get the idea that
theyll borrow the money. So they stop at the printing
office but they dont print money at the printing office,
they print certificates of different sorts. Theyre very
fancy things with borders on the edge with an eagle
across the top and a seal at the bottom and it says US
Government Bond or Note or Bill depending on the
length of the maturity of it. It should really say IOU
because thats what it is.
They go further down the street to the Federal Reserve
Bank. The Fed has been waiting for themthats one
of the reasons it was created. By the time they get inside
the Federal Reserve building the officer is pulling out
his checkbook and he writes a check to the US Treasury
for one billion dollars, or whatever the amount they


237

need. He signs the check and gives it to the treasury
official.
We need to stop here for a minute and ask a question.
Where did they get a billion dollars to give to the
treasury? Who put that money into the account at the
Federal Reserve System? The amazing answer is there
is no money in the account at the Federal Reserve
System. In fact, technically, there isnt even an account,
there is only a checkbook. Thats all. That billion
dollars springs into being at precisely the instant the
officer signs that check and that is called monetizing
the debt, thats the phrase they throw at you. That
means they simply wrote a check for which they had no
funds. If you and I were to do that we would go to jail,
but they can do it because Congress wants them to do it.
They are in this thing together. In fact, this is the payoff,
this is the benefit to the governmentit gets instant
access to any amount of money at any time without
having to go to the taxpayer directly and justify it or ask
for it. Otherwise, they would have to come to the
taxpayer and say were going to raise your taxes another
$3,000 this year and of course if they did that, they
would be voted out of office. There in a nutshell is the
reason the government likes this methodeasy instant
access to any amount of money of any kind without the
taxpayer being directly involved.
But what about the banking side? This is where it really
gets interesting. Lets go back to that billion dollar
check. The treasury official deposits the check into the
governments checking account and all of a sudden the
computers start to click and it shows that the
government has a billion dollar deposit meaning that it
can now write a billion dollars in checks against that
deposit which it starts to do real fast. For the sake of our
analysis, lets just follow $100 out of that billion in a
check that for some reason they write to the fellow that
delivers the mail to our door. The postal worker gets a
check for $100 and he looks at this thing and he cant


238

imagine in his wildest dreams that that money didnt
exist two days ago anywhere in the universe. As long as
he can spend it, he wouldnt even care if you told him.
He deposits it now into his personal checking account.
Now were finally out of the Federal Reserve and out of
the governments check and into the private banking
system.
Were finally now able to show that part of the
partnership which is the banking cartel. A $100 deposit
has now been made in the local bank and the banker
sees that and runs over to the loan window and opens it
up and says attention, everybody, we have money to
loan, someone just deposited $100. Everyone is
overjoyed at that because thats one of the reasons they
come to the bank, they come to borrow money. Its a
sign of national health if youre in debt, so theyre
happy to know that the bank has money to loan. They
heard the banker and they say $100 thats not very
much and he says not to worry we can loan up to $900
based on that $100 deposit. How can that be done? It
gets complicated the way they do it so Ill tell you in
very simple terms. The Federal Reserve System requires
that the banks hold no less than 10% of their deposits in
reserve. The bank loans out $900 and holds 10% in
reserve, thats $100.
Its only a $100 deposit but it creates $900 more in
loans. Where did the $900 come from? The answer is
the samethere was no money before the loan, but this
$900 springs into existence precisely at the point at
which the loan is made. When the money is created out
of nothing for the government it is spent by the
government, and the government pays interest on it. On
the banking side its created out of nothing, loaned by
the banks to you and to me, and we have to pay them
interest on it. Think about this for a minute. This money
was created out of nothing and yet they collect interest
on it which means that they collect interest on nothing.
Not too shabby! What a concept! I wish I had a magic


239

checkbook like that where I could just write checks all
day long even though I didnt have to have any money,
loan it to you folks and you would be silly enough to
pay me interest on it. Thats how it works...
Another interesting thing about this is that the bank
loans you money which it created out of nothingit
cost nothing to make itbut they want something from
you. They want you to sign on the dotted line and
pledge your house, your car, your inventory, your
assets, so that in case for any reason you cannot
continue to make your payments they get all of your
assets. Theyre not going to lose anything on this.
Whether its expansion or contraction, inflation or
deflation the banks are covered and we go right along
with it because we havent figured it out, we dont know
that this is a scam. Of course we have no choice either
right now because its all enforced by law. We have no
choice so its probably better that we dont understand it
because then we wont complain about it either.
20

The fact that money is created from nothing by banks has been
confirmed many times by people in a position to know. Graham
Towers, Governor of the Bank of Canada from 1935 to 1955,
acknowledged: Banks create money. The manufacturing process to
make money consists of making an entry in a book. That is all...Each
and every time a Bank makes a loan...new Bank credit is created
brand new money.
21

Robert B. Anderson, Secretary of the Treasury under Eisenhower,
said in an interview reported in the August 31, 1959 issue of U.S.
News and World Report: [W]hen a bank makes a loan, it simply
adds to the borrowers deposit account in the bank by the amount of
the loan. The money is not taken from anyone elses deposit; it was
not previously paid into the bank by anyone. Its new money, created
by the bank for the use of the borrower.
And Sir J osiah Stamp, president of the Bank of England and the
second richest man in Britain in the 1920s declared in an address at
the University of Texas in 1927: The modern banking system
manufactures money out of nothing. The process is perhaps the most
astounding piece of sleight of hand that was ever invented. Banking


240

was conceived in inequity and born in sin...Bankers own the earth.
Take it away from them but leave them the power to create money,
and, with a flick of a pen, they will create enough money to buy it
back again.... Take this great power away from them and all great
fortunes like mine will disappear, and then this would be a better and
happier world to live in...But, if you want to continue to be the slaves
of bankers and pay the cost of your own slavery, then let bankers
continue to create money and control credit.
The Federal Reserve Bank was created by an act of Congress in
1913. Woodrow Wilson who was president at that time later
regretted his role in bringing the bank about. Regarding this, he later
said: I am a most unhappy man. I have unwittingly ruined my
country. A great industrial Nation is controlled by its system of
credit. Our system of credit is concentrated. The growth of the
Nation and all our activities are in the hands of a few men. We have
come to be one of the worst ruled, one of the most completely
controlled and dominated Governments in the world no longer a
Government of free opinion, no longer a Government by conviction
and vote of the majority, but a Government by the opinion and
duress of small groups of dominant men.
22

It is important to point out that the Federal Reserve Bank is not a
government organization but is a private corporation owned by
member banks which are in turn owned by private individuals.
23

Thus there is a small coterie of people who have the privilege of
creating money which they loan at interest to the governments of the
world. Among them are the Rothschild family, whose patriarch
Mayer Amschel Rothschild (17441812) is quoted as having said
Give me control of a nations money and I care not who makes her
laws. No less a figure than Presidential Candidate and Congressman
Ron Paul made it a pledge of his campaign to abolish the Federal
Reserve Bank. He stated: We must have sound money, and not a
giant counterfeiting machine called the Federal Reserve that causes
recessions and inflation.
Paper money is a game in which the money masters win and the
people of the world lose, yet we continually go on playing it despite
its disadvantages. Why? Because of our own envy and greed. We are
controlled by our own bad qualities that permit the elite to
manipulate us. This is explained by none other than that master


241

manipulator Adolph Hitler: The great masses of the people in the
very bottom of their hearts tend to be corrupted, rather than
purposely or consciously evil...therefore...they more easily fall a
victim to a big lie than to a little one, since they themselves lie in
little things, but would be ashamed of lies that were too big.
If we can rise above our lower nature it would be possible to
throw off the yoke of monetary slavery and become established in
freedom. The Bhagavad-gita advocates becoming free from the base
qualities of lust, envy, and greed. As hopeless as the situation may
seem it is not at all impossible.
Is Paper Money a Necessary Feature of an Economy?
The above discussion should call into question the practices, if not
the necessity of, paper money. Can a better system not be developed?
Of course it can, and there are many people who think long and hard
about how to do just that. Alternatives proposed include government
sponsored methods such as: government issued fiat paper currency
not based on debt, government issued paper currency that is backed
by a commodity such as gold or grain, and government issued
precious metal currency. But private currencies issued by individuals
to serve their own communities have become increasingly popular in
more recent years. There are a variety of these virtual and local
currencies that are created by the people and for the people such as
LETS (Local Employment and Trading System) developed by
Canadian Michael Linton in use in more than a thousand
communities around the world, Ithaca HOURS used in that New
York community, and Time Dollars in which everyone earns the
same rate for their work no matter whether they are a lawyer or a
dishwasher, and many more.
24
We offer a spiritual alternative in
volume two of this book. Many of these are very good ideas, are well
thought out, and would work much better and more equitably than
the current system. The local currency works as well as the
government currency and for the exact same reasoneverybody that
participates agrees to accept it as a medium of exchange.
However all of these alternatives, with the exception of our
concept of Spiritual Economics, continue to use and depend on at
least some of the illusions of modern life. Additionally, all of those
that would create a more equitable economy also require a modicum


242

of sattva-guna in order to function effectively. And to make it a
widespread economy many thousands of people would have to come
to the standard of sattva-guna. We can solve that problem. More on
that later.
The Problems with Money
The very effective tool of the economics of atheism is the debt-
money system; a completely artificial system providing little
advantage to the common man, yet having many disadvantages for
both individuals and society. The insidious and pernicious nature of
money was recognized by the Greek philosopher Sophocles in 450
BCE, not long after money as a medium of exchange first made its
advent. He said: money lays waste to cities. It sets men roaming
from home. It seduces and corrupts honest men and turns virtue into
baseness; It teaches villany and impiety. This opinion has been
shared throughout the ages by many others, among them American
Horace Greely who offered the same grim assessment: While
boasting of our noble deeds, we are careful to conceal the ugly fact
that by an iniquitous money system we have nationalized a system of
oppression in which, though more refined, is not less cruel than the
old system to chattel slavery.
Now that we understand a bit about how paper money is created
lets take a look at the problems that it introduces into our lives,
personally and collectively.
Money imposes a debt burden on all people of the world
Modern money is called debt money because it is borrowed into
existence. There is a very important feature of this money system
that is often overlooked, and that is that although the money that is
loaned is created by the loan, the interest that will be paid on that
loan is not. This has significant implications for the economy, and
important consequences for society. The first point is that there is not
now, nor will there ever be, enough money in existence to fully pay
off the debt created. A simple example helps to explain this. Lets
say that the first $100 is the total amount of money created by a loan
and that no other money is created. The terms of the loan are that the
loan is to be repaid at 7 percent interest after one year. At the end of
the year the loan is due and $107 must be returned. Where will that


243

extra $7 come from? If it is not created by a loan it does not exist and
cannot be repaid! This system is thus a Ponzi scheme that
absolutely requires more and more loans in order to continue.
25
Such
activity is illegal for ordinary people, but because the government
has entered into collusion with the bankers, this one is protected by
law. Since more borrowing is always required to continue this money
system it is also rightfully called debt slavery. People must work
longer hours or take two or three jobs in order to simply survive.
Books are being written about the working poor and how the middle
class is being robbed of their hard-earned money in innumerable
ways.
Another important aspect of this system is that banks continually
siphon money out of the economy through interest payments. If for
any reason banks stop making new loans but continue to receive
payment on old loans as agreed, the money supply increasingly dries
up. Without sufficient money the economy begins to falter, and as
the problem gets worse it is technically called a recession or
depression. In such times some people lose their jobs, they cant
make their payments on time, and the banks will claim the collateral
that they pledged for their loans, their car or house, for example. This
so-called business cycle does not happen by the vagaries of the
market but is controlled by the expansion and contraction of the
money supply.
A very telling aspect of our cultural conditioning is that we do not
buy or sell without the official currency, despite the fact that people
still have wants and needs and are willing to work. During the Great
Depression of the 1930s for example, the Federal Reserve and
member banks contracted credit (the money supply) which was the
actual cause of the depression.
26
Without money men loitered in the
street for want of work and goods wanted for buyers. But there are
many ways to run an economy that do not depend on money
whatsoever, and we looked at some of them in earlier chapters. . Can
people get out of this box of cultural conditioning and act without the
government leading them by the hand? For at least 20 years people
have.


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Money Distorts the Natural Social Order
The varnashrama social system is a natural social order based on
inherent qualities of leadership. The higher social orders
brahmana, ksatriya, and vaisyamust all be endowed by guna and
karma, natural qualities and ability, in addition they must also have a
voluntary dedication to spiritual principles and goals, and a sincere
interest in the welfare of others, both materially and spiritually.
Proper training is also required. This social order functions
successfully without ongoing political bickering to enact an ever-
increasing number of laws, because all members voluntarily follow
religious principles established by the Lord, found in the dharma-
shastras such as Manu-samhita, Kautiliya Arthashastra, etc.
This proper social order, ordained by the Supreme Lord, has been
perverted under the influence of the money culture in which mere
possession of money commands the actions of others, to the great
detriment of the entire world. Too often it is the greediest, lowest-
class people who are interested only in money who rise to positions
of authority, as though money itself were a qualification for
leadership. It is not. Money allows the unrighteous to command the
righteous, to bring others into consented slavery whereby people
work for slave wages that cannot possibly provide for their needs.
The result is a society in which money buys people for any reason
or any purpose. Money buys political influence subverting all
political principles; money buys scientists and scientific
conclusions; money buys entry into and graduation from schools;
and money buys hundreds or even thousands of people working to
discover selectively-beneficial technologies of dubious value,
technologies that benefit a few at the expense of the many, such as
terminator seeds and genetically modified foods.
Money Divides Us and Isolates Us from Each Other
As an artificial form of wealth, money has a tendency to divide
people. It causes us to think in terms of I and mine. Compare
money to natural wealth such as food. Food tends to perish quickly
and there is a natural tendency to share with others what might
otherwise spoil. Money is typically thought to be a better store of
wealth specifically because it does not (generally) perish. But at the
same time it divides us. I have my money and you have yours, and


245

our interests are thus divided. Recall please the earlier anecdote from
Vibhavasu and his younger brother Supratika, and the earlier story of
the Eskimos who lost their land due to a gift of almost a billion
dollars from the United States government.
Money Gives the Impression That I can be Independent of
Others
If I have money I may think that I am independent of others, but
thats another illusion, because materially all of us are dependent on
many thousands of other people. If the clerk doesnt go to work and
the store is not open what can you buy? If the electrical engineer
does not maintain the power house and fuel the boilers what will
happen when you flip the wall switch? If the many thousands of
people do not do their job to bring gasoline to your local fill-up
station what good is your car? Practically everything we do in life is
dependent on others, but if I have money I can easily think that I can
do as I please and that I do not need anybody else. Money removes
our ability to see our dependence on each other by separating
producer and consumer by hundreds or thousands of miles.
The spiritual reality is that all of us are always dependent upon
God. He controls this world, everything in it, and how long we are
here. It is He who sees that everyone gets their due. Financial
prosperity has a tendency to make us forget this fact, but in times of
adversity we quickly learn to appeal to a higher order to rectify the
situation.
Money Often Creates a Consciousness of Lack
Being required for survival yet being separate from the atma,
money creates a consciousness of incompleteness and feelings of
lack and need. In order to get what I need to live in the modern world
I require money, something separate from myself. As such people
are constantly thinking about how to get money thinking that it will
make them feel more complete. Thinking like this a person develops
a consciousness of getting, which turns into selfishness, stinginess,
and a hard-hearted, callous disregard for others. But the spiritual
reality is that we are all maintained by the Supreme Lord.


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Srila Prabhupada explains how the completeness we all yearn for
can be realized in his commentary to the invocation of the
Isopanisad:
The Complete Whole, the Personality of Godhead, has
immense potencies, all of which are as complete as He
is. Thus this phenomenal world is also complete in
itself. The twenty-four elements of which this material
universe is a temporary manifestation are arranged to
produce everything necessary for the maintenance and
subsistence of this universe. No other unit in the
universe need make an extraneous effort to try to
maintain the universe...All facilities are given to the
small complete units (namely the living beings) to
enable them to realize the Complete Whole. All forms
of incompleteness are experienced due to incomplete
knowledge of the Complete Whole...Because we do not
know that there is a complete arrangement in nature for
our maintenance, we make efforts to utilize the
resources of nature to create a so-called complete life of
sense enjoyment.
Because the living entity cannot enjoy the life of the
senses without being dovetailed with the Complete
Whole, the misleading life of sense enjoyment is
illusion. The hand of a body is a complete unit only as
long as it is attached to the complete body. When the
hand is severed from the body, it may appear like a
hand, but it actually has none of the potencies of a hand.
Similarly, living beings are part and parcel of the
Complete Whole, and if they are severed from the
Complete Whole, the illusory representation of
completeness cannot fully satisfy them.
The completeness of human life can be realized only
when one engages in the service of the Complete
Whole. All services in this worldwhether social,
political, communal, international or even
interplanetarywill remain incomplete until they are
dovetailed with the Complete Whole. When everything


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is dovetailed with the Complete Whole, the attached
parts and parcels also become complete in themselves.
Money Encourages the Cheating Propensity
As an artificial store of wealth money encourages gambling and
speculationone of the four pillars of sinful life which leads to the
bondage of the soul. Gambling is characteristic of tamo-guna, the
mode of ignorance, because it is an effort to get something for
nothing. It can also become an addiction that leads to other forms of
crime or destructive behavior, and further leading into the depths of
maya.
Since we can obtain everything we want and need with money,
people everywhere endeavor to get all that they can in the shortest
possible time. One of the easiest ways to obtain money is by
gambling. On a personal level gambling is carried out in casinos,
racetracks, and at the corner store. Since its an easy business to
conduct, and since the house always makes money, this type of
enterprise is increasingly run at different levels of government. Most
common in the United States are the tate lotteries where very small
wagers can be made and at times huge fortunes can be won. But
gambling is not at all limited to casinos, racetracks and lotteriesit
has become legitimized and even made glamorous in the form of
stock market investing. The great majority of stock market
investing is actually sophisticated gambling. Let me give a brief
analysis and some examples.
Investing implies the idea of ownership. For most people their
major investment is their house. They invest their money there
mainly because they need a place to live, but also because the nature
of a house is that it always has value. Some people however also
speculate in home ownership, and in the real estate bubble of 2002
2007 thousands or perhaps millions of people were investing in
homes because the prices were appreciating so rapidly. Many would
buy houses and flip them a few years later reaping enormous sums
of money. The real estate bubble in America and England burst in
2007 however, and prices went into freefall, depreciating as much as
25 percent in a year. At the same time the adjustable rate mortgages
with which many of those houses were purchased ratcheted up and
millions found themselves unable to make their payments. Being


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foreclosed, thousands suddenly found themselves homeless and
living in their cars, even in upscale communities such as Santa
Barbara, California. That speculative fever and its aftermath is cited
as cause of the financial calamites befalling America in 2008.
Stocks are very different from houses. Very few people invest
money in stocks as a safe place to store their excess money. Instead
they buy stock with the hope and expectation that its value will
increase and provide them with unearned wealth. All manners of
investments have been devised to allow speculators to make
money on a moving market regardless of whether it rises or falls. By
selling short for example, a speculator can make money when the
value of a stock decreases. Short selling involves borrowing the
stock from another stockholder and selling it at the present,
presumably higher price. When the stock later falls in value it is
purchased on the market and repaid to the original owner. All
manners of such transactions have been created that allow
speculators to greatly leverage their positions for the possibility of
making great profits, but at the risk of great loss as well.
Future contracts are another such speculative venture. Originally
they were designed as a risk management technique to protect
against future price fluctuations. A farmer for example could buy a
futures contract for corn at a fixed price for a delivery say three
months in the future when his crop would be harvested. Should the
current price of corn be lower he will earn the price agreed to,
protecting the investment he made in agriculture.
Future contracts have become transmogrified from risk
management to the hottest thing for the smart money speculators,
and these markets are now threatening the world economy. Futures
contracts form part of what is now called derivatives trading.
Derivatives are financial instruments that have no intrinsic value
themselves, but derive their value from something else. They hedge
the risk of owning things that are subject to unexpected price
fluctuations, e.g. foreign currencies, food commodities such as rice
and wheat, stocks and bonds. There are two main types: futures, or
contracts for future delivery at a specified price, and options that
give one party the opportunity to buy from or sell to the other side at
a prearranged price.


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The speculation has become frenzied. Before 1973 the ratio of
investment to speculative capital was 9:1, but since 1973, these
proportions have reversed, and we have entered the era of casino
capitalism. The point everyone misses, wrote economist Robert
Chapman a decade ago, is that buying derivatives is not investing.
It is gambling, insurance and high stakes bookmaking. Derivatives
create nothing.
27
So huge have the leverage and derivative
instruments become that their value now far exceeds the total
economic value of the planet. In 2003 the value of all derivative
trading was $85 trillion, while the size of the world economy was
only $49 trillion. Early in 2008, while the total GDP of the planet
reached only $60 trillion, the Bank for International Settlements
reported that derivatives trading, including those based on debt,
currencies, commodities, stocks and interest rates expanded to an
amazing $596 trillion. This amount does not include Credit Default
Swaps, which when included brings the total amount to well over $1
quadrillion. Economic writer Ellen Brown explains credit default
swaps:
Credit default swaps (CDS) are the most widely traded
form of credit derivative. CDS started as a sort of
insurance policy between two parties on whether or not
a company will default on its bonds. In a typical default
swap, the protection buyer gets a large payoff from
the protection seller if the company defaults within a
certain period of time, while the protection seller
collects periodic payments from the protection buyer
for assuming the risk of default. CDS thus resemble
insurance policies, but there is no requirement to
actually hold any asset or suffer any loss, so CDS are
widely used just to increase profits by gambling on
market changes. In one bloggers example, a hedge
fund could sit back and collect $320,000 a year in
premiums just for selling protection on a risky BBB
junk bond. The premiums are free moneyfree until
the bond actually goes into default, when the hedge
fund could be on the hook for $100 million in claims.
28

And theres the catch: what if the hedge fund doesnt have the
$100 million? The funds corporate shell or limited partnership is


250

put into bankruptcy; but both parties are claiming the derivative as an
asset on their books, which they now have to write down. Players
who have hedged their bets by betting both ways cannot collect on
their winning bets; and that means they cannot afford to pay their
losing bets, causing other players to also default on their bets. The
dominos go down in a cascade of cross-defaults that infects the
whole banking industry and jeopardizes the global pyramid scheme.
Warren Buffet, sometimes called the worlds greatest investor,
said in the 2002 report to his shareholders at Berkshire Hathaway:
We view them as time bombs both for the parties that deal in them
and the economic system...In our view...derivatives are financial
weapons of mass destruction, carrying dangers that, while now
latent, are potentially lethal. Indeed, destruction is one of the
characteristics of tamo-guna.
Buffet is not alone. In a page one story in the Financial Times, the
President of Germany, Horst Kohler, a former head of the
International Monetary Fund lashed out at bankers, calling them
monsters. Kohler said global financial markets have become a
monster that must be put back in place because of their massive
destruction of assets. He called for tougher and more efficient
regulation of the securities markets. In 2005 one of his colleagues,
German Vice-Chancellor Franz Muntefering, attacked hedge funds
as a swarms of locusts whose profit maximization strategies
posed a danger to democracy.
The risks are tremendous. For example, in 1995 the century old
Barings Bank was bankrupted by its 28 year-old trader Nick Leeson
who lost $1.4 billion by gambling that the Nikkei 225 index of
leading J apanese company shares would not move substantially from
its normal trading range. That false assumption was shattered by the
Kobe earthquake on the 17th J anuary 1995. In 1994
Metallgesellshaft lost $1.5 billion on oil futures, and ten years later
China Aviation admitted to losing $550 million in speculative
trading. In September 2006 the US-based Amaranth Advisors hedge
fund suffered $6 billion in losses trading natural gas futures.
Derivatives trader Stan J onas tells us that banks no longer make
money the old fashioned way; gambling is now their stock-in-trade:
I once had to explain to my father that a bank didnt really make its
money taking deposits and lending out money to poor folk so they


251

could build houses. I explained that the bank actually traded for a
living.
29

The potential profits and losses are so huge that efforts are made
to manipulate markets to control prices as was done in the California
energy crisis. Now we see this speculation driving up prices in food
causing the average world price for rice to rise by 217 percent, wheat
by 136 percent, corn by 125 percent and soybeans by 107 percent
between early 2006 and J une 2008, and the quadrupling of staple
food prices in the stores, despite the fact that the supply of food has
not substantially changed. We have enough food on this planet
today to feed everyone, the head of the U.N. Environment Program,
Achim Steiner, told The Associated Press in a telephone interview,
as he blamed market speculation on the growing global catastrophe.
Despite the fact that the food is there, many cannot afford the
dramatically escalating food prices which have resulted in riots in
more than a dozen places around the globe early in 2008.
An April 2008 article in the British New Statesman magazine
titled The Trading Frenzy That Sent Prices Soaring attributes the
calamity to speculation: The reason for food shortages is
speculation in commodity futures following the collapse of the
financial derivatives markets. Desperate for quick returns, dealers are
taking trillions of dollars out of equities and mortgage bonds and
plowing them into food and raw materials. It goes on to add Under
conditions of growing debt defaults arising from the US sub-prime
[housing] crisis, speculators and hedge fund groups have
increasingly switched their investments from high-risk bundled
securities into so-called stores of value, which include gold and oil
at one end of the spectrum and soft commodities [foodstuffs] at the
other...J ust like the boom in house prices, commodity price inflation
feeds on itself. The more prices rise, and big profits are made, the
more others invest, hoping for big returns. Look at the financial web
sites: everyone and their mother is piling into commodities.
The Mnchner Investment Club of Germany certainly is. Their
investment in wheat alone brought profits of 93 percent for the 2,500
members of the club in the first six months of 2008. Asked if its
members give any thought to the catastrophic consequences for
undeveloped countries of their speculative investment policy,
manager Andreas Grnewald stated Most of our members are rather


252

passive and orientated to profit. He goes on to say Raw materials
are the mega-trend of the decade, and his company intends to
intensify its involvement in both water and agricultural stocks.
The chickens are coming home to roost, and the news is now
breaking faster than I can write about it to include it in this book. In
September of 2008 it appears as though those financial weapons of
mass destruction are primed to go off. To prevent that, the United
States government is in effect socializing the largest investment
banks and underwriting the losses to the tune of $1 trillion or even
more, and the head of the IMF tells us that more is yet to come.
Derivatives and CDS are widely discussed as the cause underlying
the problems with the investment banks. Will they bring down the
entire Ponzi-scheme financial system? We will have to wait and see.
Gambling is a moral curse for the soul. It often leads to
calamitous difficulties in life and material bondage afterward.
Money Enables the Manipulation of Markets
Those who have enough money (and there are many) can easily
manipulate markets and shear the unsuspecting. This is exactly what
we discussed above. Here is an example of how markets can be
manipulated in derivatives trading:
The speculator takes out huge forward contracts to sell
pounds for French francs at 9.50 to the pound in one
months time: say forward contracts totaling 10-billion
pounds. For these he must pay a fee to a bank. Then he
waits until the month is nearly up. Then suddenly he
starts buying pounds again in very large volumes and
throws them against the exchange rate through selling
them. So big is his first sale of pounds that the currency
falls, say 3 percent against the franc. At this point other,
smaller players see the pound going down and join the
trend he has started, driving it down another 3 percent.
Overnight he borrows another vast chunk of pounds and
sells into francs again, and meanwhile the word is going
around the market that none other than the master
speculator is in action, so everyone joins the trend and
the pound drops another ten percent. And on the day
when the forward contract falls due for him to sell


253

pounds for francs at 9.50 the pound in the spot market is
down at 5 francs. He takes up his huge forward contract
and makes a huge profit. Meanwhile there is a sterling
crisis, etc.
30

Money Enables Thought Control and Indoctrination
Those who control the money of the world control what the world
thinks. Harry Rositzke, a retired chief at the Central Intelligence
Agency, described how the CIA influenced what people think:
Covert propaganda operations in the third world were, in effect, a
fight for the media...Foreign editors and columnists were recruited,
newspapers and magazines subsidized, press services supported.
Propagandists ranged from paid agents to friendly collaborators,
from liberal and socialist anti-Communists to simple right-wingers.
Facts, themes, editorial outlines, model essays were sent out to third
world stations to be reworked for local consumption.
31
We would be
quite naive to think that this is not going on everywhere, especially
in our own country. Of course, this is all accomplished with money.
The wealthy can control what people think by controlling the
content of the media; they do this by buying the media, and not just
one. In the mid-1980s, broadcasting networks were not allowed to
control local media that reached over a fourth of the households, nor
could it own more than 12 stations in total. The Telecommunications
Act of 1996 raised the limit to 35 percent which paved the way for
almost 200 television station mergers and acquisitions that followed.
Since that time the number of corporations owning most newspapers,
magazines, book publishers, recorded music, movie studios,
television and radio stations have shrunk from 50 to five global
firms, operating with many of the characteristics of a cartelTime-
Warner, Disney, News Corp., Viacom and Bertelsmann AG based in
Germany.
A mere eight advertising and public relations agencies have an
overwhelming influence on what is seen in the media in America
because they control 80 percent of all media spending. Using their
clout, advertising is increasingly mixed into program content, with
the intention of subliminally influencing viewers. Robert
McChesney, a leading media scholar, critic, and a prominent
researcher and writer on US media history, warns that were rapidly
moving to a whole new paradigm for media and commercialism,


254

where traditional borders are disintegrating and conventional
standards are being replaced with something significantly different.
It marries content with commercialism so pervasively theyre
indistinguishable, and it shows up everywhere all the time
television, radio, movies, publications, music, popular culture,
schools, universities, public vehicles, commercial ones, public
broadcasting and radio, art, subways, restrooms, and any and all
other ways advertisers can reach people whether or not we approve.
McChesney calls it the greatest concerted attempt at psychological
manipulation in all of human history.
32

Money is also used to control what people think by controlling the
limits of debate. What gets funded and what doesnt in academia,
often determines the current wisdom, however much it might be at
odds with both common sense and the facts themselves. Professor of
Linguistics and social critic Noam Chomsky explains why this
method of control is not widely understood:
The smart way to keep people passive and obedient is to
strictly limit the spectrum of acceptable opinion, but
allow very lively debate within that spectrumeven
encourage the more critical and dissident views. That
gives people the sense that theres free thinking going
on, while all the time the presuppositions of the system
are being reinforced by the limits put on the range of the
debate.
33

In their seminal work Manufacturing Consent, Chomsky and co-
author Edward Herman explained the propaganda model that
consists of five filters used to control the message the public gets
media ownership, advertising, sourcing, flak and anticommunist
ideology. These are used to filter the news to print, marginalize
dissent (and assure) government and dominant private interests. The
filters remove whats to be censored and leaves in only the
cleansed (acceptable) residue fit to print or broadcast.
34

What people believe is not just influenced by the media. Science
is busy influencing people too. E. O. Wilson, the father of a theory
called sociobiology which says that sexual and other human
behaviors are determined only by our genes, tells us that human
beings are absurdly easy to indoctrinate. They seek it. Further he
says that they are characterized by blind faith: Man would rather


255

believe than know.
35
He and other biologists are busy helping
people believe many things that are just plain false, but are able to do
so because they receive financial support for their efforts.
Biologist Richard Lewontin describes how science is successfully
being used to legitimate an entirely fictitious storythat of human
sexual preference. He writes in Biology as Ideology:
The entire discussion of the evolutionary basis of
human sexual preference is a made-up story, from
beginning to end. Yet it is a story that appears in
textbooks, in courses in high schools and universities,
and in popular books and journals. It bears the
legitimacy given to it by famous professors and by
national and international media. It has the authority of
science. In an important sense, it is science because
science consists not simply of a collection of true facts
about the world, but is the body of assertions and
theories about the world made by people who are called
scientists. It consists, in large part, of what scientists say
about the world whatever the true state of the world
might be.
Science is more than an institution devoted to the
manipulation of the physical world. It also has a
function in the formation of consciousness about the
political and social world. Science in that sense is part
of the general process of education, and the assertions
of scientists are the basis for a great deal of the
enterprise of forming consciousness. Education in
general and scientific education in particular, is meant
not only to make us competent to manipulate the world
but also to form our social attitudes.
36

I am willing to bet that you didnt know that one of the functions
of a scientific education was to convince your children that sexual
preference, a disingenuous way of saying homosexual inclination, is
written in their genes, and therefore such inclination must be
accepted as normal. This goes on because these scientists are
being paid to indoctrinate young people into such misguided
thinking.


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The Rights of Money Trump the Rights of Living Persons
David Korten has also critiqued the overwhelming political
influence of money: Political democracy vests rights in the living
person, one person, one vote. By contrast, the market recognizes
only money, not people one dollar, one vote. It gives no voice to
the penniless, and when not balanced by constraining political forces,
can become an instrument of oppression by which the wealthy
monopolize societys resources, leaving the less fortunate without
land, jobs, technology or other means of livelihood. Only when
wealth is equally distributed can the market be considered
democratic in any meaningful sense...Many mega-corporations
command more economic power than do the majority of states
[countries] and dominate the political processes of nearly all states
[countries].
37

Money is Foremost in the Consciousness in a Money Culture
In a money economy getting money becomes the focus of
everyones efforts, almost always at the expense of proper
engagement and duty. The duty referred to here is prescribed
according to ones psycho-physical nature, or varna, in Vedic
literatures such as the Manu Samhita. The concept of acting
according to ones duty is entirely lost in a money economy since the
only way people can survive is to get money. Despite the fact that
following anothers duty is described as dangerous, people often do
whatever they can that makes the most money without regard for
working according to their nature. Is it any wonder that 80 percent of
people do not like their work?
Money Can Solve All the Problems of Life
Money promotes the idea, especially to the poor, that all problems
of life can be solved simply with money. Many perceive that their
problems arise because they havent enough money, and they think
that if they had a significant sum of money all of their problems
would be solved. The problems we all experience in life have, in
fact, nothing to do with money. They arise from our own karma and
are given to us to learn to apply the spiritual lessons we have learned.
Problems can be used for our transformation in spiritual growth. The


257

idea money can solve all problems is another illusion stemming from
a money economy.
Everything has a Price but Nothing Has Value
When money becomes the measure of all things everything has a
price, everything can be sold, and there no longer remains any way
to understand the proper value of things. When everything is thought
of in terms of money, all other values disappear. Values are
priceless. They cannot be measured. They are those guidelines of
human behavior that cannot be violated for any reason. They are the
basis of culture, yet they must also have a basis. That basis is the
spiritual principle of a culture. What are the values in a materialistic
culture? There are none, and this fact is becoming increasingly
obvious to anyone who cares to look.
Money Wastes Time and Effort
Today there are millions of cashiers, clerks, bookkeepers and
accountants, lawyers, bank tellers and managers, loan agents,
insurance agents, securities brokers and traders, fraud detectives,
armed couriers, police agencies and many others involved in
counting, accounting, protecting, printing, trading, manipulating, and
gambling with the vast sums of the worlds money. If they didnt
have to make, count and protect money these people would be free to
engage in positive, productive work that would result in tangible
physical wealth that people want and need. Such economic systems
exist in sattvic cultures.
It Fosters a Consciousness of Scarcity and Neediness
Because money is difficult for the working man to obtain and
because people often live beyond their means they are constantly in
need of more money. Without money a person develops the feeling
of lack, and the need to get, which can become the foremost thought
in a persons consciousness. They can then become so conditioned
and remain in this consciousness for a very long time (lifetimes).
Many people recognizing their poverty consciousness attempt to
reform themselves with positive affirmations that life is filled with
abundance. Gods economy is certainly one of abundance but not the
artificial man-made economy that is controlled by a small segment of
the population for their own purposes. Those seeking a world of


258

abundance would do better to create it within the natural economy
arranged by God.
Atyahara
A significant practice for a spiritually progressive culture is
giving up atyahara, or gathering more wealth or goods than required,
because such gathering can become a stumbling block in spiritual
life. J esus encouraged his followers not to store up wealth, and gave
the birds and animals as examples that God is looking after all of His
creation. The Vedas enjoin nityo nityanam cetanas cetananamthe
one Supreme eternal being is providing for all of the others.
Understanding that principal we are encouraged to act on it in
practice, and so doing learn to take shelter of the Lord.
However, in a money economy and materialistic culture, the
accumulation of wealth in the form of money is not only seen as a
method of security, but as a means to social position and prestige. In
modern society the collection of money is encouraged, and runs
directly counter to the principles of the Vedas. Thus people learn to
take shelter of money, instead of learning how to take shelter of God.
The result is that in times of crisis people think that money can save
them.
The following is a true anecdote. A very wealthy mans son was
critically injured in an automobile accident. The man went to the
bank and filled a suitcase with money. Marching into the operating
room where his son was being attended to by a team of physicians
the man displayed the money for the surgeons. Here is $6 million
for you. Save him.
The doctors were not successful however and the boy died. His
father was shocked and aghast. How could they fail? he wondered.
They had all the money they needed! But money cannot check
death. It is one of the fallible soldiers that we take shelter of in life
only to find that at the moment of death it can do nothing. At the
time of death there is only one person who can do anything to help
usthe person who controls life and death. If we practice taking
shelter of Him during life we will be able to take shelter of Him at
death as well. The natural economic system arranged by the Lord
reminds us of our dependence on Him, which is why we are
encouraged to use it.


259

Unexamined Assumptions Tell Us Where the Fault Lies
It is telling that in the ten college textbooks of 600 or more pages
that I examined, the concept of ownership was not once mentioned.
Nor are any of the other assumptions that we are examining here.
These concepts are obviously so accepted as givens by modern
economists that they do not merit even the slightest discussion in the
pages of economic textbooks. Where do these ideas then enter our
culture? They are codified in law. Ownership has a legal definition.
The transfer of ownership and the result of productive energy are
contractual agreements between individual parties and are also
codified in law. The creation, production and use of money are also
established legally. International trade is made possible because all
parties have subscribed to the same understanding, legal definitions
and agreements. It is these legal agreements that have opened the
entire world to the economics of atheism.
The fact that the modern world has made these concepts legal
does not stop them from being illusory. The Bhagavad-gita and
Srimad-Bhagavatam address illusions in the very beginning because
their purpose is to help us become fixed in reality. The highest truth
is reality distinguished from illusion for the welfare of all. Such truth
uproots the threefold miseries.
These six illusions form the foundation of the economics of
atheism, modern economic theory, and our attempts to make these
illusions reality are the root cause of the majority of the economic
problems of the world. No amount of tinkering with the dials of
economic theory is going to adjust things so that such delusional
economics finally works for everyone. It cant and it wont. It is all
created to benefit only a few at the expense of the many, and to allow
people to think that they are the rightful owners and enjoyers of this
world usurping the position of the rightful owner and enjoyer, God.


260


Chapter Seven
Divine and Demonic
Consciousness
With the increase of sattva-guna the strength of the
godly increases. When rajo-guna increases, the
demoniac become strong. And with the rise of tamo-
guna the strength of the most wicked increases. Srimad-
Bhagavatam 11.25.19


So disturbing are the actions described in the many books
regarding the global economy that I found it troubling to read them
for very longa reaction not untypical of many other people. Most
who hear the anecdotes of the economics of ignorance naturally feel
revulsion and disgust. The despicable behaviors are so far from the
thinking and actions of human beings with a sense of morality that
they find such accusations incredulous, even unbelievable. The sad
fact is however that these things are going on, and have been going
on for centuries. We wonder how is it that some people can be so
extremely greedy when they already have more than they can
conceivably use. Is it really possible that they can be so envious of
others to actually like to see them suffer? Why is it that some like
Stiglitz can see and criticize the obvious results of their actions, but
others, like his boss who asked for his resignation, are not to be
disturbed by the same thing? How is it that Perkins or Budhoo are so
bothered by their conscience that they can no longer participate in
creating the suffering, slavery, and deaths of others, while the many
others who take their place or work alongside of them have no
problem? How is it that people like Keynes tell us that we must
pretend that fair is foul and foul is fair, and how is it that people


261

like Ledeen are not only enthusiastic to violently impose their will
onto others, condemning them to suffering, but are enthusiastic to do
more? Are these people not evil, even demonic?
Some people consider the idea of evil personalities as
superstitious, the ignorant thinking of the past, long since abandoned
by the modern thinking man. Rather than abandoning our
discrimination in favor of a neat solution that evil is something of
a foolish past we would do better to understand the truth, not by the
rhetoric used to support or defend the actions, but by phalena
paricyatejudging by the results. The results of too many actions,
from the personal to the global level, are horrible. To relegate the
idea of evil to the dark days of the past, is to risk not understanding
our problems completely, and thus not grasping their solution. That
is, to not understand evil is to risk a great deal. Carl J ung, among
others who have studied the human personality, warns us that The
wolf in sheeps clothing now goes about whispering in our ear that
evil is nothing but a misunderstanding of good and an effective
instrument of progress. We think that the world of darkness has thus
been abolished for good and all, but nobody realizes what a
poisoning this is of mans soul.
1
Throwing out that poison, lets see
what possible light that world of darkness can shed on understanding
such murderous behavior.
The Love of All That is Dead
Whereas good is defined as being life-supporting and enhancing,
evil is defined as that energy that is directed against life, or to put it
another way, the predilection for death. The German Psychologist
Erich Fromm was one of the first to make a thorough study of the
evil personality, induced to do so by the actions of Adolph Hitler and
his Third Reich. He describes three orientations directed against life
which in their malignant and gravest forms converge to create the
syndrome of decay. This represents the quintessence of evil, and
is, at the same time, the most severe pathology and the root of the
most vicious destructiveness and inhumanity. In our investigation
of evil and the demonic we will consider two of these orientations:
necrophilia and narcissism.
2

Necrophilia is often thought of as being a desire to have sex with
the dead, or a morbid desire to be in the presence of the dead body.


262

While these may be specific manifestations of this psychosis, the
word itself is of a more general nature which means a love of all
things dead. In pure psychological terms the person with such an
orientation is attracted to, and fascinated by, that which is not alive.
It can be observed in individuals to various degrees. Hitler and his
aide Eichmann are used as examples of extreme necrophiliacs by
Fromm, but this consciousnessfar from being reserved to that
infamous pasthas actually infested the entire world to one degree
or another. Necrophilia has become the orientation of our entire
society due to the fact that the vast majority of people share this
same attraction for dead things. So much is this the case that to a
large degree a death-dealing culture seems normal to useverything
being just as it should be. To say that we are conditioned souls
explains how we have become accustomed to a culture of death.
Some may find these statements shocking or just plain wrongI
do NOT love all things dead they might object. But let us take a
deeper look at our world before we jump to hasty conclusions based
on our biased self-perception, and instead look at the result of our
actions, both individual and collective. If evil is love of death and not
life, evil is thus an attraction to dead matter. To say that we love all
things dead is simply another way of saying that we live in a
materialistic society. Matter in fact is dead. And it is widely
acknowledged that modern society is very, even extremely,
materialistic. It is spirit that has life. Lets look at our culture from
this perspective.
Our attraction to and fascination with matter has resulted in the
modern industrial economy which produces in factories all the things
we love to consume such as our mp3 players and audio disks, DVD
movies, flat-screen televisions, computers, boats, cars, skis, golf
clubs, washing machines and appliances, furniture, clothing, and all
of the other myriad consumer items. Dont get me wrongI am not
saying that we dont need such things, or that they dont make our
lives more comfortable. Living in a material world requires us to
have and use material items. The point is not that we shouldnt have
them; rather, it is the emphasis that we give to them as well as how
we produce them. In all those many factories raw materials go in and
come out improved, but the living human workers come out depleted
after working 12, 15, and 18 hour days. They turn into almost death-


263

like zombies often doing repetitive tasks that cannot be made to be
done by a machine, and are able to function in such circumstances
only with liberal applications of consciousness-altering substances
such as caffeine, alcohol, and drugs. Why do we torture ourselves
like this? Because we participate in a world that requires us to have
an artificial creation simply to livemoneyeven though money in
and of itself is useless. And to save money we look for bargains
forgetful of the fact that they are likely produced by slave labor
around the world and carry a very high, but hidden, human cost. By
making such purchases we become an essential and supportive
element in the necrophilia of the global economy.
Tellingly this dead matter, money, becomes the so-called life-
blood of the worlds economy, without which the economy dies,
and with it likely many people as well. This life-blood artificially
created by one section of society gives them control over all others.
The workings of the economy are an obscure and arcane area
understood by few but the professionals leaving the vast majority
of people quite helpless in having any direct control over their own
lives and fortunes, as demonstrated in earlier chapters. Such
overdependence on the mercy of others is unnatural and is opposed
to the natural way of life by depending on the living soil directly.
Davison Budhoo, Michel Chossudovsky, Naomi Klein and others
have demonstrated clearly that the present economy feeds on
suffering and death to create jobs and profits, although it could just
as well function in a healthy way that supports life, if those who
control the budgets were so inclined.
Death is prominent in all aspects of todays society. Take the food
industry for example. That which should be the very embodiment of
life is managed by death from beginning to end. First with the
application of pesticides and herbicides, which deplete the soil,
killing it. The food produced from these killing fields is also depleted
and lacks the necessary vitamins, nutrients and enzymes necessary to
maintain a healthy life. Widespread spraying of pesticides over
civilian areas is carried out to control (kill) pests. In the fall of
2007, 100,000 residents of Monterey County, California were
sprayed with chemicals with known health risks, to control the
mating habits of less than 750 light brown apple moths, possibly
threatening the health and life of the human residents in the process.


264

Likewise in Santa Cruz County, over 100,000 residents were sprayed
to control less than 9,000 moths. The motive for this was to protect
against $100 million in possible agricultural losses, even though
there were no recorded losses from this pest prior to this time.
3
A
great portion of our food is irradiated in order to kill any lurking
pathogens. Another major section of food is produced in castles of
deathslaughterhousesand before these animals are slaughtered
and butchered they are raised in factory farms a very unnatural and
unwholesome environment in which they typically wallow in their
own feces, their own dead wastes, another aspect of necrophilia.
If the medium is the message, as Marshall McCluen thought, then
what is the message produced by dead electronics? Dead
entertainment? Vicarious living as a dismal substitute for the real
thing. However much the moving pictures appear to be alive, they
are not. They are in fact dead and have no life. They simply project
an illusion that we buy into to escape life for a while. And too many
of the experiences delivered to us by this medium are also
preoccupied with death. If it bleeds it leads is the newsmans
motto. The entertainment that we watch is fascinated with death,
and we train our children from very young ages to share in the
fascination. The average American child spends 900 hours in school
but 1,023 hours in front of a TV every year, and by the age of 18
they have witnessed more than 200,000 acts of violence and 16,000
murders. Childrens cartoons that were formerly singing and dancing
characters are now dramas filled with anxiety, fear and violence.
Our medical industry is focused not on health and life, but on
disease and death. Recovering from disease through the use of
complex diagnostic tests, high-tech hospitals and surgery is a highly
profitable business dependent upon highly-trained professionals who
are seen, literally, as the gate-keepers of death. Maintaining health
through exercise, healthy foods and vitamin supplements, is hardly a
worthwhile business in comparison. Even still, repeated attempts are
being made to pass legislation that will destroy the health-supporting
food supplement industry.
4
Patent medicines used to restrict health to
only those who can pay the price are another important component of
our disease-care systems. Millions of pills are swallowed every day
for both physical and mental health to save people from a death-
dealing culture that they must somehow survive. Inoculations, an


265

ostensible method for protection from disease, are sometimes
contaminated with toxic mercury compounds, and the 20+
vaccinations given to children before they go to school result, not in
health, but increasingly neurologic disorders, hyperactivity, learning
disabilities, asthma, chronic fatigue syndrome, lupus, rheumatoid
arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and seizure disorders, and Autism for
more than 1 in 150 children. There is also sudden infant death
syndrome and other terrible complications for thousands of others.
5

Every year we pave over thousands of square miles of living
nature for dead roads along which tens of thousands of animals and
innumerable insects are smashed on car windshields each year. We
cut down the living rainforests at an alarming rate to raise cattle for
the death menu. Our homes and offices are sprayed with poisonous
chemicals to kill insects. Huge flocks of birds once a common sight,
have vanished except for relatively small flocks, being brought to
deaths door by so many poisons, pesticides, man-made diseases, and
now from cell phone radiation.
We could go on, but here is the point: our modern society values
matter far beyond life. All of the killing mentioned above is done to
support our materialistic values. Many will object that we need
pesticides and so on, and that may be true in the context of current
practices. But there are other ways to live in this world that do not
require so much death. The problem is not local, it is systemic. The
entire system feeds on and even requires death.
Life comes from spiritual energy and has its characteristics of
personality, desire, emotions, love and joy, in an eternal condition of
bliss and knowledge. Material energy on the other hand, is
temporary, dead, without personality and thus without knowledge,
happiness, or emotions. Love of death is called necrophilous, love
life is called biophilous. Both of these conditions coexist within
each individual and within society. What is most important however
is which trend is stronger. Those whose necrophilous side is stronger
will unconsciously kill the biophilous side. In doing so they harden
their hearts and convince themselves that their behavior seems to be
the natural response to their circumstances. They are prevented by
their consciousness of even seeing another way of behaving. Persons
who can become aware of their necrophilous tendencies may change,
but those who remain unaware, continually justifying their thinking


266

and actions run the grave risk of becoming totally necrophilous,
becoming lost to life with little to no chance of returning.
Regarding the necrophile Fromm writes:
The necrophilous person loves all that does not grow,
all that is mechanical. The necrophilous person is driven
by the desire to transform the organic into the inorganic,
to approach life mechanically, as if all living persons
were things. All living processes, feelings, and thoughts
are transformed into things. Memory, rather than
experience; having, rather than being, is what counts.
The necrophilous person can relate to an objecta
flower or a persononly if he possesses it; hence a
threat to his possession is a threat to himself; if he loses
possession he loses contact with the world. That is why
we find the paradoxical reaction that he would rather
lose life than possession, even though by losing life he
who possesses has ceased to exist. He loves control, and
in the act of controlling he kills life. He is deeply afraid
of life, because it is disorderly and uncontrollable by its
very nature.
6

A extremely significant characteristic of the necrophile is his
attitude toward force, which means the capacity to create a corpse.
He is truly enamored by it:
All force is, in the last analysis, based on the power to
kill. I may not kill a person but only deprive him of his
freedom; I may want only to humiliate him or to take
away his possessionsbut whatever I do, behind all
these actions stands my capacity to kill and my
willingness to kill. The lover of death necessarily loves
force. For him the greatest achievement of man is not to
give life, but to destroy it; the use of force is not a
transitory action forced upon him by circumstances it
is a way of life.
7

These characteristics of the necrophile do much to explain the
behaviors we observe in the world today at the global level and as
dealt with in the past two chapters. J udging from the results, the
leaders of the world are indeed necrophiles and have arranged the


267

world in such a way to please themselves not considering the
implications for you or me or the other 6 billion human beings on the
planet, what to speak of the non-human sentient beings. People
everywhere are given a way to live, most having little control over
the processthey simply do the best they can in the situation in
which they find themselves. But because they live in a society
oriented toward death they also develop into necrophilous
individuals. In Fromms view this necrophilous orientation is one of
evil. It is also the reason that Srila Prabhupada called this a soul-
killing civilization.
A Psychology of Evil
American psychologist and well-known author Scott Peck
straightforwardly addresses the existence of evil in his book People
of the LieThe Hope for Healing Human Evil. Of course many in
the psychological profession consider the topic of evil unprofessional
because it necessarily mixes the ideas of religion and science, areas
generally taken (within scientific circles at least) to be mutually
exclusive. Strangely, although all manners of human vice can be
studied in scientific ways, to suggest that they are the product of evil,
or that there may be a science of evil, is somehow not scientific.
Nonetheless Peck takes the multifaceted approach and
unapologetically adds a Christian-spiritual perspective to the clinical
one which already considers the patient from the biological, the
psychological, the psychobiological, the sociological, the socio-
biological, the Freudian, the rational-emotive, the behavioral, and the
existential points-of-view. Why not also the spiritual? Nonetheless it
was a bold undertaking in 1983, considering the limitations to the
open mind in science at the time, to state that a psychology of evil
must be a religious psychology. But he felt compelled to do so
because although evil had been a central topic of religion for ages it
was virtually absent in psychology. He was further compelled
because in his clinical experience evil human beings are not only not
rare, but are instead quite common, and are responsible for creating
many social problems desperately needing to be addressed and
understood. The word evil as we investigate it here does not
specifically relate to some mystical devil who has the power to


268

challenge God as in the Christian traditions, but rather as a term that
refers to the behavior of those who turn away from God.
What are evil people like? Perhaps not surprisingly, in his
analysis Peck identifies many qualities that accurately match the
mentality, attitudes and actions of the suffering-and-death-dealing
economic decision makers depicted in our discussion of the
economics of ignorance. The evil people he says are: narcissistic,
lack empathy, extremely greedy, bald-faced liars; they respect only
raw power and do not respond to kindness or gentle persuasion; they
create confusion, frustration, angst and futility in their dealings with
others, and while often subtle, their destructiveness is remarkably
consistent; they seek to avoid incrimination, steadfastly refusing to
acknowledge their wrong doing, and instead engage in scape-goating
and project their misdeeds onto others; and, he writes the words
image, appearance, and outwardly are crucial to understanding
the morality of the evil. While they seem to lack any motivation to
be good, they intense1y desire to appear good. Their goodness is all
on a level of pretense. It is, in effect, a lie. This is why they are the
people of the Lie.
8
Does that sound like the IMF and World Bank?
Malignant Narcissism and I and mine
The quality of narcissism is especially important to understand in
connection with the consciousness of I and mine. Narcissism is
defined as: a pattern of traits and behaviors which signify
infatuation and obsession with ones self to the exclusion of all
others, and the egotistic and ruthless pursuit of ones gratification,
dominance and ambition.
9
Fromm defines two categories of
narcissism, one benign and the other malignant. Benign narcissism is
self-infatuation based on exceptional talents or abilities that a person
may have that are far beyond the norm. Knowing his superior talents
this person becomes obsessed with himself. The malignant form
however is based only on what a person has. It may actually be the
underlying basis for the obsessive need of unlimitedly increasing
wealth beyond any practical use or measure. It also helps to explain
how the sense of I increases unlimitedly with the sense of mine.
Hence the more I have the more I am, and the reason that
billions or even trillions of dollars are never enough if I dont have it
all. Fromm:


269

In the case of malignant narcissism, the object of
narcissism is not anything the person does or produces,
but something he has; for instance, his body, his looks,
his health, his wealth, etc. The malignant nature of this
type of narcissism lies in the fact that it lacks the
corrective element which we find in the benign form. If
I am great because of some quality I have, and not
because of something I achieve, I do not need to be
related to anybody or anything; I need not make any
effort. In maintaining the picture of my greatness I
remove myself more and more from reality and I have
to increase the narcissistic charge in order to be better
protected from the danger that my narcissistically
inflated ego might be revealed as the product of my
empty imagination.
10

This statement explains perhaps the atheistic nature of the evil
person. If I do not need to be related to anybody or anything; I need
not make any effortI am independent and self-sufficient by
myself alone, or, I am supreme. I am the enjoyer of all. I am God.
Beyond this, malignant narcissism also accounts for cruel behavior
and the enjoyment derived from making others suffer. Psychologist
Otto Kernberg explains how malignant narcissism can account for
the lack of empathy in the IMF, etc. More than just lacking in
empathy however, the malignant narcissist takes pleasure in the
suffering of others:
This pathological idealization of the self as an
aggressive self, clinically is called malignant
narcissism. This is very much connected with evil and
with a number of clinical forms that evil takes, such as
the pleasure and enjoyment in controlling others, in
making them suffer, in destroying them, or the casual
pleasure in using others trust, confidence and love to
exploit them and to destroy them.
11

While the traits of evil people closely match those of the
psychopath, Peck specifically does not include them in that category.
The difference seems to be that while his evil ones can see and
understand their own evil behaviors and vigorously avoid placing


270

fault in themselves, psychopaths have apparently lost the capacity to
distinguish between good and evil:
I have said that evil people feel themselves to be
perfect. At the same time, however, I think they have an
unacknowledged sense of their own evil nature. Indeed,
it is this very sense from which they are frantically
trying to flee. The essential component of evil is not the
absence of a sense of sin or imperfection but the
unwillingness to tolerate that sense. At one and the
same time, the evil are aware of their evil and are
desperately trying to avoid the awareness. Rather than
blissfully lacking a sense of morality, like the
psychopath, they are continually engaged in sweeping
the evidence of their evil under the rug of their own
consciousness. The problem is not a defect of
conscience but the effort to deny the conscience its due.
We become evil by attempting to hide from ourselves.
The wickedness of the evil is not committed directly,
but indirectly as a part of this cover-up process. Evil
originates not in the absence of guilt but in the effort to
escape it.


It often happens, then, that the evil may be recognized
by its very disguise. The lie can be perceived before the
misdeed it is designed to hidethe cover-up before the
fact...The disguise is usually impenetrable. But what we
can catch are glimpses of the uncanny game of hide-
and-seek in the obscurity of the soul, in which it, the
single human soul, evades itself, avoids itself, hides
from itself.
12

Pecks evil ones appear to be the first of two types of evil persons
distinguished by theologian Martin Buberthose who are in the
process of sliding into evil. The others are those who have already
fallen victim to and have been taken over by radical evil.
13
If it is
the ordinary evil ones who are desperately trying to avoid seeing
evil in themselves and are in the process of sliding into evil, then it is
the psychopaths who have crossed the line and have been taken over
by radical evil.


271



Definition and Use of the word Psychopath
A word must be said to avoid confusion about the meaning of the
word psychopath since even in the official literature the actual use of
the word is unclear. There are also differences in understanding
between the American and European schools. In this discussion I
follow the convention and explanation of the term psychopath as
given by Dr. Hervey Cleckley in his book Mask of Sanity. He
explains the term and changes in nomenclature as follows:
14

Every physician is familiar with the term psychopath,
by which these people are most commonly designated.
Despite the plain etymologic inference of a sick mind or
of mental sickness, this term is ordinarily used to
indicate those who are considered free from psychosis
and even from psychoneurosis. The definitions of
psychopath found in medical dictionaries are not
consistent nor do they regularly accord with the
ordinary psychiatric use of this word.
In a 1952 revision of the psychiatric nomenclature the
term psychopathic personality was officially replaced
by sociopathic personality. Subsequently the informal
term, sociopath, was often used along with the older and
more familiar psychopath to designate a large group of
seriously disabled people, listed with other dissimilar
groups under the heading personality disorder. Still
another change in the official terminology was made in
1968 when the designation sociopathic personality was
replaced by personality disorder, antisocial type.
The diagnostic category, personality disorder, officially
includes a wide variety of maladjusted people who
cannot by the criteria of psychiatry be classed with the
psychotic, the psychoneurotic, or the mentally defective.
Until fairly recent years, it was by no means uncommon
for the report of a detailed psychiatric examination


272

made on a patient in a state or federal institution to end
with this diagnostic conclusion:
1. No nervous or mental disease
2. Psychopathic personality


Political PonerologyLeadership of the Evil Ones
Political psychologists have widely identified the syndrome of
malignant narcissism in corporate and political leaders who threaten
political stability and civil society.
15
Perhaps due to the unlimited
graft and greed, cronyism, malicious war mongering, disregard for
the public welfare, unwarranted usurpation of political liberties, and
flagrant disregard for constitutional limitations, some are directly
describing our leaders as psychopaths.
Susan Rosenthal, M.D. makes that connection in her book Power
and Powerlessness in which she discusses the grasp on power and
control, and the irrational preoccupation of profit at the expense of
suffering and death of others that consumes the leaders of
corporations and nations. She says that a person perfectly suited to
the capitalist system would be a psychopathsomeone who is
disconnected from emotions, having no empathy and no compassion.
Indeed, a study by a team of U.S. scientists, published in the journal
Psychological Science contends that psychopaths would make the
best financial traders.
32

Andrzej Lobaczewski, a clinical psychologist in Poland during the
Communist era puts it more strongly. He says that many leaders of
corporations and government are psychopaths. Because psychopaths
are absolutely without remorse, and have no compunction about
lying or doing any unethical practice in order to get what they want,
they can easily climb to the top. Psychopaths, Lobaczewski says, can
attach themselves to any ideology and, like a virus, change it from
within to something that may eventually be completely alien to its
original purpose. At the same time the original workers/followers,
continuing to pursue what they believe is the original idea or cause,
gradually become mere pawns of a power-hungry, self-serving elite.


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Although those who have the wherewithal to realize what is taking
place often leave such organizations (and countries), the presence of
the psychopaths in leadership roles creates disaster in the lives of
many people. Compounding the disaster, the psychopaths behind this
violence do not understand that their striving for total domination
can only lead to the destruction of everyones interests. They cannot
understand the implications of their actions, nor do they care, and
neither will they ever stop.
16

Lobaczewski and his colleagues observed that an ever-
strengthening network of psychopathic and related individuals
gradually starts to dominate, overshadowing the others, eventually
resulting in a pathocracya system wherein a small pathological
minority achieves control over various institutions and even over all
society. Studying this pathocracy in government, business and other
social settings, their conclusions are offered in Political
PonerologyA Science on the Nature of Evil Adjusted for Political
Purposes. The books editor does not hesitate to identify America as
a pathocracy based on the character and activities of key members of
the Bush administration.
Dr. Kevin Barrett, professor at the University of Wisconsin in
Madison, challenges that the only conflict that really matters is that
of the psychopathic leadership v. the rest of humanity. Civilization,
as we know it, is largely the creation of psychopaths. Behind the
apparent insanity of contemporary history is the actual insanity of
psychopaths fighting to preserve their disproportionate
power...Psychopaths have played a disproportionate role in the
development of civilization, because they are hard-wired to lie, kill,
injure, and generally inflict great suffering on other humans without
feeling any remorse. It is urgent, he says, for society to take
constructive action to rein-in these out-of-control power mongers
before they destroy the world and all of us with it.
We are witnessing the apotheosis of the over-world
the criminal syndicate or overlapping set of syndicates
that lurks above ordinary society and law just as the
underworld lurks below it. In 9/11 and the 9/11 wars,
we are seeing the power-grab or endgame of brutal,
cunning gangs of CIA drug-runners and President-
killers; money-laundering international bankers and


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their hit-men, economic and otherwise; corrupt military
contractors and gung-ho generals; corporate predators
and their political enablers; brainwashers and mind-
rapists euphemistically known as psy-ops experts and
PR specialistsin short, the whole sick crew of
certifiable psychopaths running our so-called
civilization.
17

Twenty years ago when the world scene still seemed somewhat
normal, or even improving considering the developments in the
USSR and Eastern Europe, Dr. Robert Hare warned about the nature
and behavior of psychopaths in what he calls our camouflage
society which allows these predatory people to blend in and seem as
normal as the person next door. In fact they may even be the people
next door. He exposed their characteristics and patterns as one of the
most frightening, often-hidden social problems affecting people
today in his book Without Conscience. In 2006, just after we began
to hear terms such as predatory capitalism, he updated the warning
about psychopaths in the workplace with his newest book Snakes in
Suits: When Psychopaths Go To Work.
The Nature of the Psychopath
Knowing the symptoms and nature of the psychopath may help us
to guard against them in our personal and professional lives, but they
are not easy to identify. They often make a very good impression,
charming others with the intent of victimizing them. Dr. Robert Hare
spent ten years creating a highly reliable and scientifically sound
Psychopathy Checklist not only for evaluating whether a person is
likely to be a psychopath, but also to guard against the danger of
improper diagnosis. In Without Conscience he explains:
Given their glibness and the facility with which they lie,
it is not surprising that psychopaths successfully cheat,
bilk, defraud, con, and manipulate people and have not
the slightest compunction about doing so. They are
often forthright in describing themselves as con men,
hustlers, or fraud artists. Their statements often reveal
their belief that the world is made up of givers and
takers, predators and prey, and that it would be very


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foolish not to exploit the weaknesses of others...The
hallmark of these often charmingbut always deadly
individuals...is a stunning lack of conscience; their
game is self-gratification at the other persons expense.
Many spend time in prison, but many do not. All take
far more than they give.
18

The stunning lack of conscience exhibited among psychopaths
gives us a clue to their spiritual condition. All normal human beings
know that conscience is their moral rudder. It is the very element of
the human being helping them to do right and avoid doing wrong. If
in spite of their conscience they make the wrong choice anyway, as
humans so often do, then hounded by feelings of guilt and remorse
they seek to make amends and compensate for their errors. This is
something that psychopaths cannot understand. For them,
conscience is little more than an intellectual awareness of rules
others make upempty words. The feelings needed to give clout to
these rules are missing. The question for them is, why?
This insight into the psychopathic personality becomes even more
significant when we consider that the origin and voice of the
conscience is none other than the Supersoulthe Lord in the Heart:
Yet in this body there is another, a transcendental enjoyer, who is
the Lord, the supreme proprietor, who exists as the overseer and
permitter, and who is known as the Supersoul. (13.23) In other
words, those who are not demonic have a connection with the Lord
which is called conscience by which He guides us. Those who avoid
being conscious of their wrongdoing, as Peck says, are choosing to
ignore and deny the guidance of the Supersoul, until finally they can
no longer hear the inner voice. Having no conscience they have no
moral compass, no discernment between right from wrong, good or
bad, what to do and what not to do. Their standard of behavior is to
simply please themselves, to do what they want to do without any
thought of anything else. Influenced by tamo-guna they continually
make the wrong choices and gradually sink further and further down:
Those who are envious and mischievous, who are the lowest among
men, I perpetually cast into the ocean of material existence, into
various demoniac species of life. (16.19)
Givers and takers is the way they see the worldthey of course
are the takers and the rest of the world is their legitimate prey. Hare


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repeats the assessment by saying psychopaths view people as little
more than objects to be used for their own gratification. The weak
and the vulnerablewhom they mock, rather than pityare favorite
targets. Psychologist Robert Rieber echoes that notion writing:
There is no such thing, in the psychopathic universe, as the merely
weak. Whoever is weak is also a sucker; that is, someone who
demands to be exploited. Given that understanding, can we look
back at the actions of the IMF, World Bank, large corporations and
the governments of the world, and make more sense of their actions?
With such knowledge we must no longer be surprised that those who
are there to help us are very often wolves in sheeps clothing.
19

Psychopaths show no remorse, shame or guilt, and lack any
insight into the deficiencies of their own behavior. Not even
recognizing that they have done wrong they never seek help or
counsel for their behavior. Indeed, if their wrongdoing is pointed out
to them they become almost violently angry, denying their fault
casting the blame on the victim or the accuser. They misplace the
locus of evil in others and then seek to destroy them in name of
righteousness.
20

Their strong will and desire to control others is another striking
feature of psychopaths. Kernberg mentions this above and Peck
writes the reader will be struck by the extraordinary willfulness of
evil people. They are men and women of obviously strong will,
determined to have their own way. There is a remarkable power in
the manner in which they attempt to control others.
21
Psychopaths
love to have power and control over others and seem unable to
believe that other people have valid opinions different from theirs.
Hare writes they have a narcissistic and grossly inflated view of
their self-worth and importance, a truly astounding egocentricity and
sense of entitlement, and see themselves as the center of the
universe, as superior beings who are justified in living according to
their own rules. Its not that I dont follow the law, said one of our
subjects. I follow my own laws. Since the narcissistic cannot be
wrong and makes his own laws, he therefore attempts to make others
be like him, to think like him and act like him, to do things his way.
There is little room for individual expression in the world of the
narcissist, because the expressions of others that differ from his
challenge him or offend him. Acutely sensitive to this fact Fromm


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broadened the definition of necrophilia to include the desire of
certain people to control othersto make them controllable, to foster
their dependency, to discourage their capacity to think for
themselves, to diminish their unpredictability and originality, to keep
them in line.
22

They have an inflated value of self, are arrogant, cocky, and
dominating, loyal only to themselves. Their sexuality is often other
than heterosexual and many, especially in white collar situations, are
subject to unlimited greed. They are completely cut off from all
emotions, they feel nothing, and display emotions only as a show
learned by observing others. As Hare tells it there is a frightful and
perplexing theme that runs through the case histories of all
psychopaths: a deeply disturbing inability to care about the pain and
suffering experienced by othersin short, a complete lack of
empathy, the prerequisite for love.
Psychopaths are not mad, according to accepted legal and
psychiatric standards. Their acts result not from a deranged mind,
but from a cold, calculating rationality combined with a chilling
inability to treat others as thinking, feeling human beings.
23

Although psychopaths are legally competent and responsible, and not
insane by clinical standards; they are considered to be a psychiatric
disorder for lack of a better explanation of their deviant behavior.
Making up some 46 percent of the population psychopaths are one
of the most serious social problems to face modern society. In The
Mask of Sanity Dr. Cleckley repeatedly states with obvious
frustration, that inexplicably this area of pressing need is deliberately
ignored by authorities in all fields, including psychiatry, the courts
and government. He identifies obfuscation in professional
disciplinary understanding of the psychopath and brands it a
conspiracy of evasion. Based on Lobaczewskis writing one may
question whether this is because the psychopaths already in charge
want to avoid being identified.
Shockingly, Cleckley, Hare and Peck all agree that psychopaths
are incurable. As Hare puts it the behavior of psychopaths is
notoriously resistant to change, to a large degree because they dont
see anything wrong with themselves and thus feel no need to change,
and no need for any treatment. Treatment for what? they may
ask. The many well thought out programs designed to help


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psychopaths in prison or under court-ordered therapy are found to be
ineffective. And that only regards treatment for those in custody,
completely overlooking the millions of others who are not. Although
society has a problem with them they have no problem with
themselves and thus no incentive or desire to change. Psychopaths
are those who have completely fallen by Bubers definition.
24

It is sometimes difficult for people to accept that psychopaths run
many of our corporations, and are highly placed in banking and
government. The reason is that good people are rarely suspicious and
cannot imagine others doing things they themselves would not do.
But the facts are there for everyone to plainly see. The structural
adjustment programs that have resulted in starvation, ill-health,
ignorance, untold suffering, and death by the hundreds of thousands;
the efforts to develop terminator seeds and genetically modified
plants that can be patented are efforts to enslave all farmers of the
future and hold people captive for their very sustenance. These are
not the activities of normal people. The efforts to conceal the cures
for and restrict the treatment of terminal illnesses (AIDS, cancer),
prohibit safe foods and food supplements; the unlimited capacity to
perpetrate and ignore environmental pollution, to perpetuate and
encourage gas-guzzling, smog belching cars; the wanton destruction
of rain forests; the testing of drugs and diseases on unsuspecting
civilian populations, outright lies to garner public support for war;
millions of homeless people; commercialized slaughter of billions of
animals for food; genocide; unending wars for peace; gross
disparities in wealththe list is endlessthese acts, a veritable
description of the features of modern society, is also a description of
the actions of psychopaths.
People are apt to think that the psychopath is as monstrous in
appearance as he is in mind, but that is also as far from the truth as
one could well get. Psychopaths usually look and behave in a more
normal manner than actually normal people. They present a more
convincing picture of virtue than virtue presents of itself. J ust as the
wax rosebud or the plastic peach seemed more perfect to the eye,
more what the mind thought a rosebud or a peach should be, than the
imperfect original from which it had been modeled.
25

Usually people accept the less-dramatic understanding of life as
the correct (and safest) one, and let matters rest there. Too often


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though, the actual manner in which this world functions is so vastly
different from what we would like to believe that the truth is
unacceptable. It threatens our own false ego, our idea of what this
world is and our ability to find shelter in it. Accepting all of this as
truethat the demonic run our planet and our livesleaves us in
great fear. Realizing our helplessness the possibilities of future
calamities immediately become too terrible to contemplate. Better to
shut it all out of the mind. Unfortunately, but perhaps not, those days
are over because reality has come to a neighborhood near you, and
may in fact be on your own doorstep. At this time when we can see
the world poised on the brink of either destruction or slavery or both
we must accept the reality before us: some people are not as human
as others, and they are too often downright evil. Solving a problem
requires that one first accepts that there is one.
The Path to Evil
Accepting this reality immediately begs the question how do
they get to be so? and What can we do? The latter question will
be taken up in the next chapter. The first question is extremely
important not only to identify the cause for others, but so that we
may guard against sliding toward evil ourselves. Peck identifies the
unsubmitted will as the essential characteristic of evil people.
Everyone who is mentally healthy subordinates themselves to some
form of higher authority, be it family elders, employers, God, or their
understanding of the truth. Often there is a moral choice to be made
in which we must choose right over wrong, that right choice being
expressed by our conscience or defined by our religious beliefs. We
can distinguish between what is true and what we would like to be
true, recognizing that our own choices may in fact be faulty or
wrong. Not so the evil, however. In the conflict between their guilt
and their will, it is the guilt that must go and the will that must
win.
26

Fromm makes a detailed analysis beginning from the flawed
reasoning ability of the narcissist: The most dangerous result of
narcissistic attachment is the distortion of rational judgment. The
object of narcissistic attachment is thought to be valuable (good,
beautiful, wise, etc.) not on the basis of an objective value-judgment,
but because it is me or mine. Narcissistic value-judgment is


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prejudiced and biased.
27
We note significantly that the narcissist
attachment is based on the conception of I and mine. Fromm saw
the genesis of human evil as a developmental process: we are not
created evil or forced to be evil, but we become evil slowly over time
through a long series of wrong choices willfully ignoring our
conscience that tells us the better or proper thing to do, and instead
doing what one wills regardless of the consequences. The narcissist
thus attempts to preserve his flawed concept of self at the expense of
the truth. The result is that after a long succession of such wrong
choices one can no longer even recognize the truth, and the ability to
free oneself by right action is then lost.
28

At the last point of the chain of decisions he is no longer
free; at an earlier point he might have been free had he
been aware that the real decision was to be made right
there and then. The argument for the view that man has
no freedom to choose the better as against the worse is
to some considerable extent based on the fact that one
looks usually at the last decision in a chain of events,
and not at the first or second ones. Indeed, at the point
of final decision the freedom to choose has usually
vanished. But it may still have been there at an earlier
point when the person was not yet so deeply caught in
his own passions. One might generalize by saying that
one of the reasons why most people fail in their lives is
precisely because they are not aware of the point when
they are still free to act according to reason, and because
they are aware of the choice only at the point when it is
too late for them to make a decision.
29

When the ego desire is so strong that it recognizes only itself and
refuses to acknowledge any other authority, especially the authority
of God, the Vedas refer to this as maya, or being covered by illusion.
Srila Prabhupada writes that the jiva may even think himself to be
God, and as God, can do whatever he likes with impunity. Thus he
falls into a trap from which he cannot escape. This is the actual fall
of the human being, and we are admonished regarding this condition
by Sri Krishna in the Gita when He states: I am the only enjoyer
and the only object of sacrifice. Those who do not recognize My true
transcendental nature fall down. (9.24) We have to recognize our


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position relative to God and subordinate our will to His just as a
child submits to its parents and feels the shelter of their love. Those
who refuse to submit to God fall from the transcendental reality to
this illusory material world, and as long as we maintain such an
attitude of independence we condemn ourselves to stay here,
perpetually if need be, rotating in an endless cycle of birth and death.
Thus there is only one choice that we continue to be faced withto
acknowledge our position in relationship to God and turn to Him, or
to deny Him and turn away from Him. As Peck puts it: There are
only two states of being: submission to God and goodness, or the
refusal to submit to anything beyond ones own willwhich refusal
automatically enslaves one to the forces of evil.
30

Mans Inherent Nature Divine or Demonic?
It has long been argued that human nature is one of two basic
types. Some say man is inherently evil and requires the devices of
religion and social mores to help govern his behavior. Others say that
man is basically good, but has weaknesses and sometimes slips from
proper behavior. The Vedas say that both positions are correct: there
are two kinds of beings in this worldthe divine and the demonic.
What is it that determines the difference? Are some people
permanently evil and others permanently good, or can they change?
Or perhaps everyone both divine and demonic at the same time?
As explained above all the living beings in world are parts and
parcels of God, qualitatively the same as Him, but vastly different in
quantitative potency. Being an aspect of the absolute truth the jiva is
inherently free from the duality of good and evil. However, when the
jiva enters this material world he creates the duality that he
experiences by his subjective enjoyment of the material energies, and
in the process becomes subjected to that same duality. Hence he can
turn away from God and become evil or demonic, or turn toward
God and become good or godly. The jiva at one end of the
spectrum is demonic, but giving up the demonic mentality may move
closer to God. Along the path the jiva becomes influenced by both
good and bad. This is the state of most people in the worldsome
going in the direction of evil and others going in the direction of
good. Finally, when the jiva moves close enough to God he can give
up his demonic tendencies entirely, and eventually free himself from


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the material influences and go to the spiritual world becoming free
from all duality, misery, birth, death, etc.
The godly are by nature equally disposed to all living beings, but
the demonic care only for their own pleasures, usually at the expense
of anything and everything else. The struggle between good versus
evil is therefore played out continually in this world of duality. It is
ever-present and in every culture at every time. It was George Lucas
Star Wars that delivered the eternal conflict to the Western worlds
mind-map a generation ago as a wide-screen saga. Long before that
the two great epics of IndiaMahabharata and Ramayanahave
thrilled readers with intrigue, drama and suspense between the forces
of good and evil for millennia. Because through successive
incarnations we have personally participated in this drama we
inherently know that this conflict is real. Young boys influenced by
such samskaras, or soul-memories of previous lives of conflict, are
naturally drawn to battle play. By our many lives experience we
know that some actions are good and some are bad, that some people
are nice or even godly while others are mean, cruel or the very
personification of evil. We know that this is true because we see it
going on in this world before our very eyes.
The personal qualities of the divine are uplifting to themselves
and others include (16.13):
Fearlessness, purification of ones existence, cultivation
of spiritual knowledge, charity, self-control,
performance of sacrifice, study of the Vedas, austerity
and simplicity; nonviolence, truthfulness, freedom from
anger; renunciation, tranquility, aversion to faultfinding,
compassion and freedom from covetousness;
gentleness, modesty and steady determination; vigor,
forgiveness, fortitude, cleanliness, freedom from envy
and the passion for honorthese transcendental
qualities belong to godly men endowed with divine
nature.
The demonic however not only lack those qualities but are
imbued with their opposites including arrogance, pride, anger,
conceit, harshness, ignorance, and more. This description of the
demonic personality agrees closely with Pecks evil people, with the
malignant narcissist, and with the psychopathic personality. An


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entire chapter of the Bhagavad-gita is devoted to explanation of the
divine and demonic natures. There the demonic nature is explained
by Sri Krishna as follows (16.724):
Those who are demoniac do not know what is to be
done and what is not to be done. Neither cleanliness nor
proper behavior nor truth is found in them. They say
that this world is unreal, with no foundation, no God in
control. They say it is produced of sex desire and has no
cause other than lust. Following such conclusions, the
demoniac, who are lost to themselves and who have no
intelligence, engage in unbeneficial, horrible works
meant to destroy the world. Taking shelter of insatiable
lust and absorbed in the conceit of pride and false
prestige, the demoniac, thus illusioned, are always
sworn to unclean work, attracted by the impermanent.
They believe that to gratify the senses is the prime
necessity of human civilization. Thus until the end of
life their anxiety is immeasurable. Bound by a network
of hundreds of thousands of desires and absorbed in lust
and anger, they secure money by illegal means for sense
gratification.
The demoniac person thinks: So much wealth do I have
today, and I will gain more according to my schemes.
So much is mine now, and it will increase in the future,
more and more. He is my enemy, and I have killed him,
and my other enemies will also be killed. I am the lord
of everything. I am the enjoyer. I am perfect, powerful
and happy. I am the richest man, surrounded by
aristocratic relatives. There is none so powerful and
happy as I am. I shall perform sacrifices, I shall give
some charity, and thus I shall rejoice. In this way, such
persons are deluded by ignorance. Thus perplexed by
various anxieties and bound by a network of illusions,
they become too strongly attached to sense enjoyment
and fall down into hell.
Self-complacent and always impudent, deluded by
wealth and false prestige, they sometimes proudly


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perform sacrifices in name only, without following any
rules or regulations. Bewildered by false ego, strength,
pride, lust and anger, the demons become envious of the
Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is situated in
their own bodies and in the bodies of others, and
blaspheme against the real religion.
Those who are envious and mischievous, who are the
lowest among men, I perpetually cast into the ocean of
material existence, into various demoniac species of
life. Attaining repeated birth amongst the species of
demoniac life, such persons can never approach Me.
Gradually they sink down to the most abominable type
of existence.
There are three gates leading to helllust, anger and
greed. Every sane man should give these up, for they
lead to the degradation of the soul. The man who has
escaped these three gates of hell performs acts
conducive to self-realization and thus gradually attains
the supreme destination. But he who discards scriptural
injunctions and acts according to his own whims attains
neither perfection, nor happiness, nor the supreme
destination. One should therefore understand what is
duty and what is not duty by the regulations of the
scriptures. Knowing such rules and regulations, one
should act so that he may gradually be elevated.
The Vedas enumerate 8,400,000 species of life, and among these
400,000 are counted as human beings. These divisions are not based
simply on a particular bodily form as biologists distinguish species,
but are also distinctions of consciousness. These human species are
characterized by superior consciousness to animals and specifically
by the fact that human beings have free will. They are free to make
choices based on understanding and intelligence and are not
controlled by instinct as are the animals. A living being is assigned a
particular type of body according to his consciousness, and within
the human species these can range from divine to demonic.
According to the consciousness at the time of death the living being
is awarded his next body. Those who have cultivated divine qualities


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and are situated in the quality of goodness attain the heavenly
planets, while those who have developed a demonic mentality take
birth in various human species such as yaksas and raksasas, or even
in subhuman species.
Our explanation of the cosmic ages, or yugas, indicated that this
earth is akin to a multi-purpose room that serves the purposes of the
different living beings of this material realm. During Kali-yuga the
earth is given to the demonic for their purposes, and they have
controlled the earth, or portions of it, since before the beginning of
the age. At first they did so by the use of the swordSmiths
plunder by raidbut thats a risky business. Therefore methods were
later modified to control by belief (religion) with life-threatening
methods of conversionthe torture rack and sword for the obstinate.
For convincing the undecided nothing was better than publicly
burning the recalcitrant alive at the stake. Still that control, although
it was more thorough than the sword alone, was yet incomplete.
There were many that would not abandon their beliefs even at the
peril of life itself. A better system was then devised, and today their
control is nearly complete. It is a system from which no person is
allowed to escapethe money systemably backed up by the
militarys men and guns.
In a strictly spiritual sense the history of the struggle between the
divine and the demonic is significant because it offers insightful
lessons of the struggle of the individual soul to gain freedom from
material consciousness. The demonic are fully invested into the
materialistic conception of life, so much so that they deride even the
conception of God. They think themselves to be God, that only they
are fit to enjoy, and as such are extremely envious of any good
fortune of others. Indeed, they become even happier by seeing others
suffer. This description of the nature of the psychopaths and their
quest for absolute control, does much to explain why todays
economy and world functions the way it does, and why, despite
centuries of progress, there are increasing numbers of destitute
people.
The Early History of Demonic Control
The demonic desiring to be the Lord of all have always sought to
subjugate others. This has been the history since the demonic became


286

manifest. The Bhagavatam relates the ancient history of the rise of
the demonic. Diti and Aditi, the co-wives of Kasyapa Muni, spawned
the godly and demonic races of human beings respectively. Aditi
gave birth first, conceiving her child according to the laws of
dharma, at the proper time, in an elevated consciousness. Her
descendants became the devas or demigods who manage the
universal affairs. Diti, being envious of her co-wife approached her
husband with strong desire for conception, but at an inauspicious
time. Although Kasyapa explained that the auspicious time would be
the next muhurta, a mere half-hour later, she insisted that she could
not wait. Her consciousness was filled with envy, impatience, a
competitive spirit determined to do better than Aditi, and with great
determination to overcome her husbands reluctance. Diti thus
produced twins of the same consciousness, Hiranyaksa and
Hiranyakasipu. These two powerful and insolent sons became the
scourge of the entire universe, exploiting and enslaving many, and
exploiting the resources of the earth to the point when that the earth
became imbalanced and fell from its orbit.
To rectify the situation Vishnu assumed the incarnation of
Varahadeva who rescued the earth and placed it in its proper orbit.
Afterwards Hiranyaksa challenged Varahadeva desiring to kill Him,
but in the ensuing match Hiranyaksa was killed.
Eager for revenge of his brothers death at the hands of Vishnu,
Hiranyakasipu exhorted his demonic followers to disturb Vishnu as
well as His followers (7.2.68, 10-15):
My insignificant enemies the demigods have combined
to kill my very dear brother Hiranyaksa. Although the
Supreme Lord Vishnu is always equal to both the
demigods and the demons, this time being devoutly
worshiped by the demigods He has taken their side and
killed Hiranyaksa.
The Supreme Lord Vishnu has given up His natural
tendency of equality toward the demons and demigods.
Although He is the Supreme Person, He has assumed
the form of Varaha to please His devotees, the
demigods. I shall therefore sever Lord Vishnus head
from His trunk, and with the profuse blood from His


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body I shall please my brother Hiranyaksa, who was so
fond of sucking blood. Thus shall I too be peaceful.
While I am engaged in the business of killing Lord
Vishnu, go down to the planet earth, which is
flourishing due to brahminical culture and a ksatriya
government. These people engage in austerity, sacrifice,
Vedic study, regulative vows, and charity. Destroy all
the people thus engaged! Immediately go wherever
there is good protection for the cows and brahmana and
wherever the Vedas are studied in terms of the
varnashrama principles. Set fire to those places and cut
from the roots the trees there, which are the source of
life.
The demons being fond of disastrous activities followed
Hiranyakasipus instructions, and engaged in envious
activities directed against all living beings. They set fire
to the cities, to the homes of the citizens, the villages,
pasturing grounds, cowpens, gardens, agricultural fields
and natural forests. They burned the hermitages of the
saintly persons, the important mines that produced
valuable metals, the residential quarters of the
agriculturalists, the mountain villages, and the villages
of the cow protectors, the cowherd men. They also
burned the government capitals. With digging
instruments they broke down bridges, the protective
walls and the gates of the cities. Some took axes and cut
important trees that produced food.
Although nobody can be equal to or greater than God, under the
influence of illusion, maya, Hiranyakasipu thought that he could
become immortal and defeat Vishnu. With great determination He
set out to perform severe austerities with that express intention:
The demoniac king Hiranyakasipu wanted to be
unconquerable and free from old age and dwindling of
the body. He wanted to gain all the mystic yogic
perfections, to be deathless, and to be the ruler of the
entire universe. He thought: By dint of my severe
austerities, I shall reverse the results of pious and


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impious activities. I shall overturn all the established
practices within this world. I alone shall assume the
supreme position of Brahma.
His austerities, carried out for long, long period of time created
disturbances in the universal order. The demigods petitioned Lord
Brahma for relief who then went to propitiate Hiranyakasipu.
Hiranyakasipu wanted to become immortal, and thinking that he
could cheat death he asked for unusual benedictions from Brahma
(7.3.3538):
O best of the givers of benediction, Brahma, if you will
kindly grant me the benediction I desire, please let me
not meet death from any of the living entities created by
you. Grant me that I not die within any residence or
outside any residence, during the daytime or at night,
nor on the ground or in the sky. Grant me that my death
not be brought by any being other than those created by
you, nor by any weapon, nor by any human being or
animal.
Grant me that I not meet death from any entity, living or
nonliving. Grant me, further, that I not be killed by any
demigod or demon or by any great snake from the lower
planets. Grant me the benediction that I may have no
rival. Give me sole lordship over all the living entities
and presiding deities, and give me all the glories
obtained by that position. Furthermore, give me all the
mystic powers attained by long austerities and the
practice of yoga, for these cannot be lost at any time.
Although such benedictions are rarely attained, Brahma granted
them all to Hiranyakasipu.
The demon Hiranyakasipu, having thus been blessed by
Lord Brahma and having acquired a lustrous golden
body, continued to remember the death of his brother
and remained envious of Lord Vishnu. Hiranyakasipu
then conquered the entire universe. Indeed, that great
demon conquered all the planets in the three worlds,
including the planets of the human beings. He defeated


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the rulers of all the other planets where there are living
entities and brought them all under his control.
Conquering the abodes of all, he seized their power and
influence. Hiranyakasipu, who possessed all opulence,
began residing in heaven, which is enjoyed by the
demigods. In fact, he resided in the most opulent palace
of Indra, the King of heaven. The palace was as
beautifully made as if the goddess of fortune of the
entire universe lived there. (7.4.48)
By dint of his personal power, Hiranyakasipu, situated on the
throne of King Indra, controlled the inhabitants of all the other
planets. In spite of achieving the power to control in all directions
and in spite of enjoying every type of sense gratification imaginable,
Hiranyakasipu was dissatisfied because instead of controlling his
senses he was their servant. He passed a long time being very proud
of his opulence and transgressing the laws of the authoritative
scriptures. Everyone, including the rulers of the various planets, was
extremely distressed because of the severe punishment
Hiranyakasipu inflicted on them.
Lounging in their quarters, Hiranyakasipu made the demigods his
personal servants who, trembling with fear, endeavored to please him
in every way. Attaining such an exalted position, Hiranyakasipu
thought himself the supreme enjoyer of the world. He thought that he
had become immortal; that he had become God. This consciousness
is carried in the blood, and Hiranyakasipus great-grandson Bali,
possessing the same demonic mentality, also attacked the demigods
in tumultuous battles, and again defeated them conquering the entire
universe.
Hiranyakasipus and Balis desires are the same as all demonic
peopleto take the place of God as the controller and enjoyer,
without any rival, and with complete freedom, controlling others
with the demonic bent of forcing everyone to their will. However,
the demonic can only be temporarily successful the in their bid for
total conquest and domination. When the disturbance is too great the
Lord Himself steps in to deal with the situation. Hiranyakasipu and
Bali were both defeated by the Lord: Hiranyakasipus foolproof
plan to cheat death was defeated by the amazing incarnation of
Nrisimhadeva who, honoring all of Brahmas benedictions,


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disemboweled the demon using his sharp fingernails while holding
him on His lap in the doorway of a building at dusk. The avatar
Vamanadeva begging a small portion of land outwitted Bali
regaining the universe without a fight.
These lessons from history are important to understanding the full
extent of the demonic nature, which has not changed over all of the
eons of time. To this very day the demonic continue to strive for total
conquest; the evidence of the previous chapters demonstrating that
both their intention as well as their methods are the same as
Hiranyakasipus. While the influences of Kali yuga has reduced their
lifespan and power, modern day demons compensate by employing
the methods of secrecy, stealth, deception, covert and convoluted
ways, cheating, and corruption.
The Demonic Invade the Earth
Since their first days the sons of the goddesses Aditi and Diti, the
adityas and daityas respectively, have had strife between them. The
strife continues to the present chapter that began some 6,000 years
ago, just prior to the advent of the age of Kali. In the heavenly
realms the daityas were defeated in battle by the adityas, and being
thrown out of the heavenly planets came to the earth in vast
numbers.
31
This battle between the divine and demonic constitutes
the epic story of the Mahabharata, from which I continue here
immediately after the segment quoted in chapter three:
In this flourishing world of men the asuras were born in
the land of the kings. For the daityas had been defeated
in battle by the demigods, and having fallen from their
supernal estate, they took birth here on Earth. Wanting
to be Gods on Earth, the prideful demons were born,
from men and from all manner of creatures that live on
earth: from cows, horses, asses, camels, and buffalo,
from beasts of prey, elephants and deer. And when they
were born and went on being born, the wide Earth could
no longer support herself.
Now some of them were born kings, filled with great
strength, sons of Diti and Danu who had now fallen
from their world to earth. Powerful, insolent, bearing


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many shapes, they swarmed over this sea-girt Earth,
crushing their enemies. They oppressed the brahmanas,
the barons, the farmers, even the serfs, and other
creatures they oppressed with their power. Sowing fear
and slaughtering all the races of creation, they roamed
all over earth by the hundreds of thousands, impious,
emboldened with power, and insensate with drink they
menaced everywhere the great seers in their hermitages.
The calamities created by the daityas were so severe that the earth
personified petitioned the supreme authority of the cosmos, Brahma,
for relief which was promised, culminating in the battle of
Kurukshetra, at which place and time Sri Krishna spoke the
Bhagavad-gita to the valiant warrior Arjuna. In that battle the vast
majority of the demonic were eliminated, but the remainder have
since reconstituted their numbers and for millennia have ruled the
earth. The history of Western civilization is the history of their rule.
Naturally then, all history prior to their advent about 5,000 years ago
is officially referred to as pre-history.
Their lust knows no bounds, and they are willing to sacrifice
anything to fulfill their desires. On the whole they are extremely
intelligent, much more than most people, and for this they have
nothing but contempt and disdain for ordinary humans whom they
see as non-different from cattlesomething useful only for fulfilling
their desires. They think themselves as naturally superior to others
and as such seek positions of leadership and influence in society.
Being charming they win support and acquire such posts. The
problem is that they are demonic and hence they make this world a
hellish place for everyone. They think that they can not only control
the world but improve upon it, conquer it and make it serve their
interests. It is this mentality that leads to unbeneficial horrible
works meant to destroy the world.
According to the Vedas the conclusions drawn by Lobaczewski,
Barrett, and others are correct. The demonic are real, and judging by
the dismal results experienced in almost every quarter they currently
rule this world for their selfish purposes alone. It is becoming
increasingly easy to do draw such conclusions as their actions
become more bold and transparent. By long and wide experience of
endless wars for peace, predatory economics, vulture capitalism, a


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health-care industry that thrives on continued sickness and death,
billions of throw-away people who cannot give profit to the
overlords, we can recognize that this world is run by the demonic,
for them and their pleasure, and not for the happiness, well-being, or
even survival of the normal human beings, to say nothing of the
animal world, or nature herself.
Now, just to make things perfectly clear, by saying this am I
putting forward the notion that all people in government are demonic
or psychopaths? Absolutely not. The vast majority of people in the
world are decent and moral. But the powers-that-be have their
methods of gaining cooperation. Economic Hitman J ohn Perkins
relates how offers are made that cant be refused: In this pocket I
have a hundred million dollars for you and your family, Mr.
President, if you cooperate with us; and in the other pocket I have a
bullet with your name on it in case you dont. What would you
do? he asks. There are many good people in this world who become
powerless being compromised by bribery, coercion and/or threat, and
in this way the demonic rule the world.
32

So what is to be done? Is it our simply our destiny to be the
victims of the demonic? Is there nothing we can do to change the
situation? Some people upon learning the truths of how this world
works want violent revolutiona reaction expected from those also
influenced by tamo-guna. But revolution cannot be succeed simply
because the powers-that-be are far too strong. They control the
governments, they control the military, the banks and money, the
media, they control academiathey control just about everything.
They are a most formidable adversary, and fighting them on the
material plane is a hopeless cause. The only way to save the situation
is to conquer the demonic consciousness (which we are all infected
by to one degree or another), with the most powerful force in the
worldlove. We will explain this in more detail in the next chapter.


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Chapter Eight
Understanding and Solving
the Economic Problem
Completely rejecting all religious activities which are
materially motivated, this Bhagavata Purana propounds
the highest truth, which is understandable by those who
are fully pure in heart. The highest truth is reality
distinguished from illusion for the welfare of all. Such
truth uproots the threefold miseries. Srimad-
Bhagavatam 1.1.2

Which Way to the Future?
Social commentators and economists have written scores of books
during the past several decades analyzing the economic problems
and decrying their severity, typically directing the blame at the
powerful and wealthy, or at multinational corporations who
manipulate national policies to serve their own narrow interests,
exclusive of the interests of the rest of world. In their anthology, The
Case Against the Global Economy, editors J erry Mander and Edward
Goldsmith reveal in an unmistakable way what is going on in the
name of so-called free-enterprise:
It should be clear that the expansion of the global
economy directly leads to a corresponding contraction
of the local economies that it largely replaces. This
inevitably marginalizes and renders obsolete a large
segment of the populations of both the industrial and the
so-called developing countries. At the same time, it


294

devastates the natural world, homogenizes cultures, and
destroys communities, depriving their members of any
semblance of control over their own lives. This process
must be brought to a haltmoreover, it must be
reversedeven if, from todays grim perspective, this
may seem difficult to achieve.
1

Exactly how is the current juggernaut of greed to be stopped? And
reversed!? The solution they suggest is:
We must break through this veil of illusion and
misrepresentation that is holding us in a self-destructive
cultural trance and get on with the work of re-creating
our economic systems in service to people and the living
earth...To effectively rein in these out-of-control
economic engines, we must also strive for fundamental
philosophical and structural change...we have but two
choices. We can either stand by and watch an out-of-
control economy devour the future, or we can replace it
with a system that makes more sense for the long term.
The many contributors to The Case Against the Global Economy
offer a variety of suggestions for adapting our efforts toward a
sustainable future. Significantly many of them, and they are not
alone, recognize that changes of our spiritual, moral and cultural
ideologies offer the most solid foundation on which to build genuine
and lasting change.
Professor of Peace and Global Studies, Dr. Howard Richards also
thinks that simply making adjustments to economic policy is
insufficient to correct the problems the world now faces:
My thesis is that the solutions to global economic
problems are, in the end, cultural rather than
economic...Hence, social changes intended to alter the
present disastrous course of events must, if they are
going to solve humanitys fundamental problems,
change culture.
2

In 1992 the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS), an ad hoc
group of scientists dedicated to using their voice to protect the world
against abuses from their craft, issued this Warning to Humanity:


295


Human beings and the natural world are on a
collision course. Human activities inflict harsh
and often irreversible damage on the
environment and on critical resources. If not
checked, many of our current practices put at
serious risk the future that we wish for human
society and the plant and animal kingdoms,
and may so alter the living world that it will be
unable to sustain life in the manner that we
know. Fundamental changes are urgent if we
are to avoid the collision our present course
will bring about.
WARNING
We the undersigned, senior members of the
worlds scientific community, hereby warn all
humanity of what lies ahead. A great change in
our stewardship of the earth and the life on it is
required, if vast human misery is to be avoided
and our global home on this planet is not to be
irretrievably mutilated.
A new ethic is requireda new attitude
towards discharging our responsibility for
caring for ourselves and for the earth. We must
recognize the earths limited capacity to
provide for us. We must recognize its fragility.
We must no longer allow it to be ravaged. This
ethic must motivate a great movement,
convincing reluctant leaders and reluctant
governments and reluctant peoples themselves
to effect the needed changes.
The scientists issuing this warning hope that
our message will reach and affect people
everywhere. We need the help of many.


296


Prompting this alarming statement, signed by some 1500 of the
worlds leading scientists, are the severe global environmental
problems with oceans, air, forests, waterways, soil and resulting
extinction of species. Certain environmentalists under the flag of
Deep Ecology cite the scale of human enterprise as the source of
the problem. Why is it that the scale of human enterprise is so
gargantuan as to overwhelm nature? It all comes down to economics,
as in economies of scale. Doing things on a very large scale makes
more money. But, large scale often means using brute and insensitive
forces that ravage nature, passing the costs of increased profits onto
her.
Its not that scientists arent looking for answers to the problems
they create; they are. The solutions can often be foundat a price.
Too often that price amounts to billions of dollars. $33 billion is the
estimated cost of repairing the damage to the Amazon Rain Forest
and River Basin. Tens of billions of other dollars would be at stake
in removing the threat of endocrine disruptors that threaten the
reproductive health of all species on the earth. But when we talk
about billions of dollars, politics quickly enters the discussion,
because in todays world billions of dollars are only being given to
the financial establishment, regardless of the problems of nature or
society. While the United States government will find more than a
trillion dollars to save the banking system a fraction of this money is
not available to save the environment.
The venerable Einstein has given us a hint about finding the
solution in his maxim that a problem cannot be solved at the same
level of thinking in which it was created. Thomas Kuhn puts it
another way. In his seminal book, The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions, he demonstrates that an old worn-out and failing
paradigm will not be replaced by evidence, facts or even the truth, no
matter how despairing the truth may be. Rather a new paradigm must
be introduced that provides a better understanding of the problems,
as well as offering insights into solutions through other ways of
thinking. Therefore even the blatant truth in the UCS warning is
insufficient to bring the solution, and they know it! They themselves
are calling for a new ethic, a great change in the stewardship of the
earth. Where then can such a new ethic be found?


297

Sut J hally, a Professor of Communications at the University of
Massachusetts at Amherst, asks the same question, and he cites
advertising as the cause of the problem. Advertising, he says, has
been embraced by the people as a religion because it shows them
how to solve the many problems of their lives. But, he says, it is
advertising that is creating the consumer culture that is responsible
for the environmental calamities. When asked how we can deal with
that and catalyze a reformation, he says:
Its an important question, because I actually believe the
survival of the human race is at stake. Were now
coming to a stage in human history when that notion of
unlimited growth can no longer go unquestioned. The
physical limits of the planet are literally bursting at the
seams and if we keep producing at this rate, the planet
will destroy itself. What we need now is a vision of
society that is not based upon ever increasing numbers
of goods.
The reformation will be a questioning of the very
nature of economic growth, the health of our society,
what we want it to do and how to organize it. The
growth ethic is about consumption. It says happiness is
connected to the number of things a society produces
and the number of things individuals have. But having
said that, I dont know how to do it. We can talk and
analyze the situation, but when it comes to constructing
a new vision, I dont know how to do that...Its not just
manipulation and its not just a question of showing
people that theyre being fooled. Unfortunately, what
we dont have yet is an alternative vision, an alternative
way of thinking about ourselves. I think that for the
future of the planet, we need to develop that alternative
vision and mobilize people around it. Thats the
challenge.
3

Spiritual Solutions Are Being Called For
While multi-national corporations are easily blamed for the
problem, many writers suggest that the actual solutions go beyond


298

the corporate world; they require changes in our cultural, moral and
religious, values and understanding.
Lynn White (cited earlier) opines that since the roots of the
ecological crises are so largely religious, the remedy must be
essentially religious whether we call it that or not.
4

British economist E. F. Schumacher, more than thirty years ago,
wrote:
The economics of giantism and automation is a left-over
of nineteenth century conditions and thinking and it is
totally incapable of solving any of the real problems of
today. The conventional wisdom of what is now taught
as economics by-passes the poor, the very people for
whom development is really needed. An entirely new
system of thought is needed, a system based upon
attentiveness to people, and not primarily attention to
goods...what is needed most today is a revision of the
ends which these means are meant to serve. And this
implies, above all else, the development of a life-style
which accords to material things their proper,
legitimate place, which is secondary and not primary.
5

Schumacher insists that economics as it is practiced today is
derived from dubious, meta-economic preconceptions about
mankind that disregard his spiritual nature and needs, and that this is
what we need to deal with: What is to take the place of the soul-and
life-destroying metaphysics inherited from the nineteenth century?
The task of our generation, I have no doubt, is one of metaphysical
reconstruction.
6

The alternative religious renewal that surfaced during the sixties
and seventies among disaffected young people (when Hare Krishna
devotees were a familiar sight on American streets) were observed
by historian and social critic Theodore Roszak as a profoundly
serious sign of the times, a necessary phase of our cultural evolution,
andpotentiallya life-enhancing influence of incalculable
value...bringing us to a...historical vantage point from which we
can at last see where the wasteland ends and where a culture of
human wholeness and fulfillment begins.
7
In the closing of the book
Where the Wasteland Ends he writes that politics must reopen the
metaphysical issues that science and logic have regarded as closed,


299

and that the next politics must be a religious politicsnot the
religion of the churches(God help us!) but religion born of
transcendent knowledge.
Deep ecologist Paul Erlich, is concerned with the scale of human
enterprise and its vast destructive power and total dominance over
other species to the point of their total annihilation. In a radio
interview about the nature of the solution he said:
Ive written in many places, and Ive often been beat up
for it, that the ultimate solution to this problem is going
to be a quasi-religious transformation, in the direction
of deep ecology, understanding that we are just one of
the passengers on this space ship, and I believe we have
a substantial responsibility as the dominant passenger to
protect the others and see to it that the ship keeps
functioning well...Youve got to have long range goals
that are idealistic.
8

Multinational corporations concerned only with profits were also
identified by David Korten as the primary causative agents for both
environmental degradation and the increasing human misery around
the globe. He writes that although as an MBA student he believed
that global corporations could provide answers to the problems of
poverty and human conflict, he concluded that systemic forces
nurturing the growth and dominance of global corporations are at the
heart of the current human dilemma.
9
Kortens conclusion is that
although mankind has been misdirected by those seeking only to
benefit from them financially, the promises that their products offer
do little or nothing to fulfill fundamental human needs. He urges
therefore that we must break free of the illusions of the world of
money, rediscover spiritual meaning in our lives, and root our
economic institutions in place and community so that they are
integrally connected to people and life.
10

Roger Terry argues similarly in Economic Insanity:
There is a moral aspect to this question of economics
that we must deal with on an individual, rather than a
structural level. Implementing a new economic structure
with new rules and restrictions would of course reward
individuals for behaving in new ways, but some


300

behavioral patterns are quite hard to breakand you
cant legislate everything, morality in particular.
Consequently, we must develop a new economic
rationale, a moral argument, if you will, to support the
types of behavior that must accompany the necessary
structural changes. This moral argument must address
two related issues: self-interest and competition.
11

Ecological economics, a relatively new field of study, has arisen
from the growing recognition that there are increasingly destructive
anomalies occurring in the world. One of the original concepts was
recognizing that Mother Nature has intrinsic values as a whole being
(the Gaia hypothesis); as such her gifts should not be seen as
piecemeal resources to be gobbled up without concern for the
collateral damage wrought during economic development.
Ecological economics identifies the major problems of the world:
overpopulation, poverty, inequity, resource depletion, biodiversity
loss, ethnic conflicts, environmental degradation, crime and social
decay, as interconnected and interdependent. In an introductory
paper about ecological economics, Professor Thomas Maxwell
pointed out the need for a greater spiritual awareness in order to
effectively deal with these problems:
This widening of our circle of understanding and
compassion requires a new mode of perception that
transcends the illusion of separateness to discern the
unity, the unbroken wholeness from which emerges
the diverse forms of existence...Although this vision can
be elaborated through science, its principal grounding is
in spiritual experience...The solution will require an
integrated epistemology that embraces both the rational
knowledge of scientific empiricism and the inner
knowledge of spiritual experience. Ultimately, deep
ecological awareness is spiritual or religious
awareness...This deep ecological awareness fosters a
vision of the cosmos as fundamentally sacred. This
paper will describe the contributions of both modern
science and contemplative spirituality to this ecological
vision, leading to the conclusion that spiritual
awakening promotes a profound sense of earth


301

stewardship that can form the foundation of a new
ecological ethic.
12

Vaclav Havel, former president of the Czech Republic, is a rather
unusual politician, speaking as he does about transcendence as a
practical solution to the tough problems of real life. In a speech
given on J uly 4, 1994 at the Independence Hall in Philadelphia he
said that in this postmodern world where cultural conflicts are
becoming more dangerous than any time in history, a new model of
coexistence is needed, based on mans transcending himself. He
concludes with these words:
In todays multicultural world, the truly reliable path to
coexistence, to peaceful coexistence and creative
cooperation, must start from what is at the root of all
cultures and what lies infinitely deeper in human hearts
and minds than political opinion, convictions,
antipathies, or sympathiesit must be rooted in self-
transcendence:
Transcendence as a hand reached out to those
close to us, to foreigners, to the human
community, to all living creatures, to nature, to
the universe.
Transcendence as a deeply and joyously
experienced need to be in harmony even with
what we ourselves are not, what we do not
understand, what seems distant from us in time
and space, but with which we are nevertheless
mysteriously linked because, together with us,
all this constitutes a single world.
Transcendence as the only real alternative to
extinction.
13

Fundamental Changes Are Urgent
Since we all live on the same planet the fact is that we all share in
these problems whether the hole is in our end of the boat or not. It
does no good to ignore the poverty-stricken plight of others as long
as your income is (presently) secure. Anybody with two eyes who


302

bothers to look beyond the scope of their own affairs can understand
that these problems are very serious. They are not local but systemic.
During the social revolution of the 70s in America this challenge
was offered to everyone: if you are not a part of the solution you are
a part of the problem. Will we wait another three decades until all of
the birds, and all of the fish, and the greater part of humanity are
dead before we will do our bit as a part of the solution? How bad
must it get before we will make the necessary changes in our own
lives?
Recall the Union of Concerned Scientists warning: Fundamental
changes are urgent if we are to avoid the collision our present
course will bring about. As of this writing that plea is sixteen years
old. Have we since made any necessary fundamental changes? Did
this warning make any difference in the manner in which the world
has pursued its economic activity? Not by 1997 it didnt. J ust prior to
the Kyoto conference on global warming, the UCS reiterated their
plea:
...over four years have passed, and progress has been
woefully inaequate. Some of the most serious problems
have worsened. Invaluable time has been squandered
because so few leaders have risen to the
challenge...Leaders must take this first step to protect
future generations from dire prospects that would result
from failure to meet our responsibilities toward them.
Of course at the Kyoto conference the United States refused to
sign the treaty on limiting greenhouse gases, and U.S. president
George W. Bush again refused to sign the treaty in 2001. Not to be
spurned by a recalcitrant leadership, 100 Nobel Laureates issued
another admonishment about the perilous future that we are creating.
This time it was not about the environment, but about the great
disparity between the haves and have-nots and the possible
repercussions. This statement was issued at the Nobel Peace Prize
Centennial Symposium in 2001:
The most profound danger to world peace in the coming
years will stem not from the irrational acts of states or
individuals but from the legitimate demands of the
worlds dispossessed. Of these poor and


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disenfranchised, the majority live a marginal existence
in equatorial climates. Global warming, not of their
making but originating with the wealthy few, will affect
their fragile ecologies most. Their situation will be
desperate and manifestly unjust. If then we permit the
devastating power of modern weaponry to spread
through this combustible human landscape, we invite a
conflagration that can engulf both rich and poor. It
cannot be expected that in all cases they will be content
to await the beneficence of the rich . . . It is time to turn
our backs on the unilateral search for security, in which
we seek shelter behind walls...To survive in the world
we have transformed, we must learn to think in a new
way. As never before, the future of each depends on the
good of all.
Eric Fromm challenges in The Sane Society that our entire
modern culture is pathological because it is based on a faulty
foundation. He states It is our first task then, to ascertain the nature
of man, and what are the needs which stem from this nature. We then
must proceed to examine the role of society in the evolution of man
and to study its furthering role for the development of men as well as
the recurrent conflicts between human nature and societyand the
consequences of these conflicts, particularly as far as modern society
is concerned.
Fromm further challenges that in our efforts to truly heal society,
change in only one area is destructive of all change. The solution
must therefore simultaneously include changes in the social,
religious, economic, and political spheres. In other words, if we want
a healthy society that functions properly on all levels it is not
sufficient to deal with the economy alone, or the politics. The entire
culture must change.
And to the list of criteria given above I will add one condition of
my own: the solution of the economic crisis must effectively
deconstruct the pathos of living according to the illusions of modern
culture, and establish in their place the reality of the absolute truth as
the foundation for a healthy culture. All other solutions will simply
create more problems.


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Finding that Spiritual Vision
Where are we to look for the new vision, the spiritual awakening,
the different way of viewing our world, as asked for by these
thinkers? Some suggest that worldviews are nothing more than a
good story, and that it would be sufficient just to make up something
really good; not just any old thing, but a really, really good story
with lots of spiritual content. Can people rally around such a
fictional story like Trekkies at a Star Trek convention, each
assuming different roles and acting them out? Indeed, we hear about
people assuming different identities during online role-playing to the
point that it impacts their ability to function in their other role in
this 3-dimensional world. But no fiction is sufficient to replace a
persons heartfelt conviction about why they are in this world, and
what the purpose of their life is. Nor is it going to remove the fear of
not knowing what lies beyond deaths door.
Earlier we saw that the indigenous cultures of the world were
guided in their ways of life by their belief structurestheir religious
truths. Every culture, with the stark exception of our modern, global,
materialistic culture, has a complex story about creation: how
humans came to be on the earth, who their gods were and how they
were to understand their relationships with others in terms of both
expectations and responsibilities. Their religious beliefs also
provided guidance for how they were to live in this world, how
property was to be used, exchanged and shared amongst them. In this
way their economic and social systems were defined. Knowing this
history we should not be surprised that the above thinkers are calling
for us to establish a spiritual foundation on which to base our actions
and relationships.
All of these many good people are in earnest in their recognition
of the problems and their attempts to find workable and manageable
solutions. But while the Nobel laureates suggest that we must think
in a new way, where do we find that new system of thought? Where
will we find Terrys new economic rationale, or moral argument?
Where will we find J hallys new vision of society, or Thomas
Maxwells spiritual awakening [that] promotes a profound sense of
earth stewardship, Havels new model of coexistence,
Schumachers metaphysical reconstruction, or Manders
fundamental philosophical and structural change? How do we


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achieve the UCS request for a great change in our stewardship of
the earth, Havels transcendence, or Erlichs quasi-religious
transformation? Let me point out the obvious. With all due respect
to our would-be saviors who have called for these new ways of
thinking, a new morality, a spiritual awakening, none of themas
Sut J hally frankly admitsknow how to do that. While they
recognize what we need, they do not tell us how to achieve it. I
suggest that they fail to do so because they do not adequately
understand the nature of the economic problem.
Lets now return to the questions posed at the beginning of the
book: what exactly is the economic problem? Where does it
originate? And how can it be solved?
What is the Economic Problem?
In answering the question of the economic problem I depart
widely from the standard understanding by stating that the
foundation of all economic problems is not money, or credit or
balance of payments. It is not about derivatives, deficit spending, or
capital gain. It is not about any of the things that economists
everywhere busy themselves with. All of our behavior, including our
economic behavior, is first and foremost determined by our
consciousness. The perception of economic problems and their
proposed solutions will thus vary according to the consciousness of
the individual. According to the consciousness a person has
developed through their conditioning by the gunas they will see the
economic challenge and its solution differently.
For those heavily influenced by the mode of ignorance the
economic problem is how to take complete control of, and best
plunder the planet and as many people as possible for unlimited gain,
without regard to the possible consequences to anybody or anything,
either in the present or the future. Overly influenced by tamo-guna
such persons are unsatisfied with the world the way it is, and
thinking that they can improve it, attempt to remake it to suit their
own desires. To that end they unnecessarily neglect the actual
economic problem and its simple solutions, and create an artificial
economy that can be manipulated according to their whim and
advantage. What is useful to them is the fact that an artificial
economy has many built-in flaws and problems which can be


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manipulated to influence and control others. Being overly influenced
by tamo-guna they use destructive methods to achieve their ends.
Thus they impose their ways and means on others all the while
engaging in unbeneficial horrible works meant to destroy the
world. It is the economics of ignorance that is responsible for the
seemingly limitless exploitation of people, animals and the
environment.
For those influenced predominantly by rajo-guna, the mode of
passion, the economic problem in one word ismoremore
products, more production, and more sales. Rajo-guna is the source
of increasing desires and greed, while stress and distress are its
results, however pacified we are by increasing varieties of sense
enjoyment. Hence there are never enough resources, time, rest or
lasting satisfaction. As greed increases focus shifts to profit at the
expense of everything else. It is the economics of rajo-guna that is
condemned by environmentalists as being insane, since production
and consumption cannot expand unlimitedly due to the planets
limited carrying capacity. It is economics under the influence of
rajo-guna that is responsible for increasing demands on the
environment, with attendant destruction of habitat and species loss. It
is economics under the influence of rajo-guna combined with tamo-
guna that overwhelms the rejuvenating capacity of the earth resulting
in the destruction of the environment. And it is rajo-guna and tamo-
guna together that generates and exacerbates impersonalism and
alienation (anomie) as the needs and interests of living, sentient
human beings are subordinated to the value, production and
accumulation of dead material things.
If we ask what is the economic problem? from the perspective
of the environmentthe seas, the rivers and streams, and the
foreststhe answer is human consciousness conditioned by extreme
passion and ignorance. If we ask the question from the perspective of
the unemployed, under-employed, and impoverished billions of
people, the problem is also human consciousness conditioned by
extreme passion and ignorance. If we ask what is the economic
problem? from the perspective of the other billions of lost souls
who are mislead and misusing their valuable human life in
unnecessary, wasteful consumption, and senseless, vicarious
entertainment, the answer is again human consciousness conditioned


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by extreme passion and ignorance. If we ask what the economic
problem is from the perspective of just about anybody or anything on
the planet the answer is the same: crippled human consciousness
conditioned by extreme passion and ignorance that cannot go beyond
personal sense gratification and limitless possession in an attempt to
increase the sense of I and mine, all the while leaving the person,
the soul, unsatisfied and unfulfilled.
The point that must be made explicitly clear is that there is no
solution to the economic problem for people too heavily influenced
by rajo-guna and tamo-guna. In other words, the economic problems
of modern society can never be solved once and for all to everyones
satisfaction by the methods of modern society. We cannot find just
an economic solution, nor just a socio-political one (deconstructing
the corporation), nor a political one. The solution cannot be had by
manipulation of various economic, social and political factors or
formulae. We cannot have the kingdom of God without God. Neither
can we improve on Gods already perfect and complete creation. All
attempts to do so will only result in the creation of more problems,
ending in frustration and failure. If we want to live happily in this
world we must live according to the plan and methods already given
to us by God.
The Only Solution
There is just one solution to all economic problems, and it can
only to be found in the consciousness of goodness. For persons
situated in sattva-guna there is no economic problem. The
fundamental economic question of food, clothing, and shelter is
easily dealt with on a small amount of land and with resources
available within 10 kilometers of ones home. This is born out by
experience all over the world and has been the case for millennia.
There are many people who recoil at the thought of such a simple
life, conditioned as they are by the modes of passion and ignorance.
They prefer instead to attempt to rectify and restore the economic
system through various proposed methods such as returning to a
more humane and equitable type of capitalism, or through the use of
commodity or gold-backed currencies, or the creation of money by
governments directly, or even private currencies created by local
groups instead of through privately-owned central banks, and so on.


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But understanding the influence of the gunas on the consciousness of
human beings we must recognize that a just and equitable economic
system cannot be established or maintained without the sufficient
influence of sattva-guna. If there is not sufficient sattva-guna among
the populace they will encroach upon the system and subvert it, as
has been done throughout the history of Western civilization. If there
is not sufficient sattva-guna among government officials the system
and laws will not be enforced. Those good people, already having
some measure of sattva who want to make the world a better place
for all, must recognize that without sufficient sattva amongst the
population there can never be a happy and egalitarian society where
everyones needs are properly met. The only way to do this is
through the cultivation of the quality of goodness throughout society.
In sattvic societies where living is done on a personal scale there
are no gargantuan impacts that overwhelm the environment.
Societies that live according to sattva-guna do not create
environmental problems. There was no environmental problem when
the entire world lived predominantly in goodness. They developed
only after the industrial revolution, when the modes of passion and
ignorance became prominent. Hence, if the better part of the world
were to return again to the standard of sattva-guna, nature could
recuperate and all environmental problems would eventually heal.
The forests wouldnt need to be clear cut, there would be no habitat
loss to pave over yet another parking lot for the gazillionth Walmart,
species wouldnt be lost to extinction, the seas wouldnt be depleted
of every living thing, nor the waterways fouled with noxious
effluents that externalize the costs of manufacturing to nature.
Being naturally happy in sattva-guna people do not require
increasingly newer, unnecessary, and even useless varieties of sense
gratification at low, low prices that justify slave factories and a
global economy. If sufficient numbers of people could be elevated to
the level of sattva-guna all of the problems wrought by the global
economy could be eliminated without the need for meetings of the
G20, other international conferences, UN decisions, endless
politicking over who benefits and who loses, and so on. Thus the
only economic solution for those who value the world and all of its
life is an economy and social arrangement functioning
predominantly under the influence of sattva-guna. If we are not to


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progress further down the abyss of predatory economics, at a
minimum, the influence of sattva must be greatly increased.
There is a fundamental lesson taught by these facts that must not
be overlooked: as we artificially increase our needs and wants
beyond the minimum established by sattva-guna, we must increase
the dimensions of the economic problem.
Who is Responsible for the Economic Problems?
The global economic crisis that began developing in 2007 has got
people rioting around the world. Blaming their leaders for the crisis,
some heads of state have been sacked. After all, who else is there to
blame? They are running the show, are they not? Factually, only to a
degree. There is much more to the story that can be understood
through the philosophy of the Bhagavad-gita.
Although the government leaders may be the immediate cause,
they are not absolute in their ability to control this world. It is always
easy blame somebody else for our problems, and it is far more
difficult to see how we are also responsible. The fact is that the
universe is in perfect order and not a blade of grass blows in the
wind without the sanction of the Supreme Lord. As bad as it might
sound, everything is as it should be.
The fact is that all the people of the world, including ourselves,
share in the responsibility for the economic calamity that is
unfolding. How is that? Due to the karmic reactions of our activities.
Consider that around the world over 55 billion animals are
unnecessarily slaughtered every year for food. Thats more than
100,000 sentient beings killed every minute of every day. However
much we may think that this is necessary, it is not. Humans can live
quite nicely on fruits, grains, vegetables and dairyfoods that are
non-violent and do not involve killing sentient beings. Life-long
vegetarians have been shown to be healthier and longer-lived than
their meat-eating counterparts. We share in the responsibility
whether we wield the knife or notpaying the butcher does not
absolve us from being participants in the process. It is foolishness to
expect peace in our own lives when we are directly or indirectly
responsible for so much violence.
Consider further the tens of millions of children that are murdered
by abortion each year. All of these children and animals have a right


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to life just as much as we do. God loves all of His children equally
and has arranged this earth as their field of activities, providing all of
them with a body. If, in our ignorance, we interfere with their
progressive development by killing them, a karmic debt is created.
This karmic debt must be paidit is the law of God that as you sow
you shall reap. This negative karma therefore comes back to us in
many ways: as interpersonal conflicts, as health and psychological
problems, as weather extremes such as drought or flood, sometimes
as mass violent conflicts such as wars, or as economic problems and
calamities, and as other aspects of the three-fold miseries of nature.
According to the law of karma, the difficulties and suffering wrought
by the economic calamities are visited upon us as compensation for
our debts.
Being influenced by tamo-guna we confuse right and wrong and
blindly bring about our own destruction. Without proper spiritual
guidance we behave as if life were compartmentalized, and that our
behavior in one area has nothing to do with events in another. We
think that if we lie, cheat, kill, steal in one area of life that that will
not impact other aspects of life. Nothing could be further from the
truth. As integrated beings, whatever actions we perform in any area
of life affect all others.
Who is responsible for our problems, economic and otherwise?
We are. Understanding and accepting that fact allows us to change
the future by changing our behavior in the present. By giving up our
ill-motivated activities and habits we can avoid the stringent
reactions of nature. Acting in the mode of goodness will change the
entire landscape of life. If the world returned to the standard of
sattva-guna, everything, including our economic dealings, will
automatically be adjusted to be more pleasant, just as it was before
the modes of ignorance became so prominent.
In order to solve the economic question once and for all we must
increase the measure of sattva-guna. But how do we do that in a
world addicted to, and conditioned by, the modes of passion and
ignorance? We have the answer to that.
Raising Consciousness Through Prayer
The idea of raising consciousness is generally applied to raising a
persons awareness of a specific issue, such as womens issues,


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environmental issues, etc. This is not the manner in which we use the
term here. In our use of the term we are concerned with raising a
persons consciousness from the lower modes of passion and
ignorance to the mode of goodness.
We may first note that throughout history, prayer has been the
main activity of religiously-minded people to help them through
times of adversity. In recent times scientific studies have shown that
prayer produces better results when performed according to specific
methods. The most effective methods of prayer have come from
ancient cultures according to researcher and author Greg Braden,
who teaches that effective prayer acknowledges in the present what
we ask for in the future. This is, according to Vedic teachings, but
another application of the law of karma in action. Greg Braden:
Much of our conditioning in western traditions for the
last one and one half millennia has invited us to ask
that specific circumstances in our world change through
divine intervention; that our prayers be answered. In our
well-intentioned asking, however, we may unknowingly
empower the very conditions that we are praying to
change. For example, when we ask, Dear God, please
let there be peace in the world, in effect we are stating
that peace does not exist in the present. Ancient
traditions remind us that prayers of asking are one form
of prayer, among other forms, that empower us to find
peace in our world through the quality of thought,
feeling and emotion that we create in our body. Once
we allow the qualities of peace in our mind and fuel our
prayer through feelings of peace in our body, the fifth
mode of prayer states that the outcome has already
happened.
Quantum science now takes this idea one step further,
stating that it is precisely such conditions of feeling that
creation responds to, by matching the feeling (prayer) of
our inner world with like conditions in our outer world.
Though the outcome of our prayer may not yet be
apparent in our outer world, we are invited to
acknowledge our communion with creation and live as
if our prayer has already been answered.


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Through the words of another time, the ancients invited
us to embrace our lost mode of prayer as a
consciousness that we become, rather than a prescribed
form of action that we perform upon occasion. In words
that are as simple as they are elegant, we are reminded
to be surrounded by the answer to our prayers and
enveloped by the conditions that we choose to
experience. In the modern idiom, this description
suggests to us that to effect change in our world, we are
invited to first have the feelings of the change having
happened.
14

As we pray to improve the condition of the world we should
therefore create in our minds eye a peaceful and happy world where
activities of passion and ignorance are absent and everyone
cooperates together, living happily in sattva-guna. Acknowledging
this as a reality while giving thanks to the Lord for its
accomplishment will help to create those conditions as another type
of karmic reaction. You may find it helpful while praying to view a
picture that reflects the wholesome goodness that you want to bring
about.
We can also take some lessons about prayer from the pages of the
Srimad-Bhagavatam where the devas, or demigods finding
themselves in an impossible situation in battling against the demonic
forces resorted to prayer. In the eighth canto, fifth chapter we read
(8.5.1531, 48, 49):
When the raksasas severely attacked the demigods in a
fight, many of the demigods fell and lost their lives, and
could not be revived. Lord Indra, Varuna and the other
demigods consulted among themselves, but could find
no solution. They then went together to the assembly of
Lord Brahma, and informed him of all that had taken
place. Brahma saw that the demigods were in an
awkward position being bereft of all influence and
strength and that the three worlds were consequently
devoid of auspiciousness. He could further understand
that the demons were flourishing. Lord Brahma, who is
above all the demigods and who is most powerful,
concentrated his mind on the Supreme Personality of


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Godhead. Thus being encouraged, he became bright-
faced and suggested that they go to the Supreme Lord
and take shelter of Him.
Brahma then said: For the Supreme Personality of
Godhead there is no one to be killed, no one to be
protected, no one to be neglected and no one to be
worshiped. Nonetheless, for the sake of creation,
maintenance and annihilation according to time, He
accepts different forms as incarnations either in the
mode of goodness, the mode of passion or the mode of
ignorance (Brahma, Visnu, and Shiva).
Now is the time to invoke the mode of goodness of the
living entities who have accepted material bodies. The
mode of goodness is meant to establish the Supreme
Lords rule, which will maintain the existence of the
creation. Therefore, this is the opportune moment to
take shelter of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.
Because He is naturally very kind and dear to those who
surrender to Him, He will certainly bestow good fortune
upon us. No one can overcome the Supreme Lords
illusory energy [maya], which is so strong that it
bewilders everyone, making one lose the sense to
understand the aim of life. That same maya, however, is
subdued by the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who
rules everyone and who is equally disposed toward all
living entities. Let us offer our obeisances unto Him.
Since our bodies are made of sattva-guna, we, the
demigods, are internally and externally situated in
goodness. All the great saints are also situated in that
way. Therefore, if even we cannot understand the
Supreme Personality of Godhead, what is to be said of
those who are most insignificant in their bodily
constitutions, being situated in the modes of passion and
ignorance? How can they understand the Lord? Let us
offer our respectful obeisances unto Him.
Activities dedicated to the Supreme Personality of
Godhead, even if performed in small measure, never go


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in vain. The Supreme Personality of Godhead, being the
supreme father, is naturally very dear and always ready
to act for the good of the living entities. When one
pours water on the root of a tree, the trunk and branches
of the tree are automatically pleased. Similarly, when
one endeavors to please Lord Krishna everyone is
served, for the Lord is the Supersoul of everyone.
We note several items of significance in these quotes. First, the
demigods decided to invoke the mode of goodness because it is
meant to establish the Supreme Lords rule, which will maintain the
existence of the creation. They therefore decide to take shelter of the
Supreme Personality of Godhead. This means to not only appeal to
the Lord in prayer, but to follow His instructions given as religious
principles. The second item of significance is that by pleasing the
Lord everyone automatically becomes pleased. One of the best ways
to accomplish both tasks is to execute the yuga-dharma, or the
religion for the age of Kali.
Raising Consciousness to Sattva-guna
Raising consciousness to sattva-guna can be accomplished
through several methods. The most obvious is to replace activities of
the lower modes with those that are sattvicchanging from a meat-
centered diet to a vegetarian diet, for example. Another would be to
abandon consumption of alcohol and other drugs which are tamasic
in nature. A third would be to give up all forms of illicit sex,
including pornography, prostitution, sexual deviancies, and so on.
And a fourth would be to give up gamblingincluding gambling in
the stock market. These activities are considered the pillars of sinful
life according to the Vedic texts, and all of them increase tamo-guna.
As desirable as it might be to make such changes, the reality is
that each of these are behaviors that people are conditioned to think
of as pleasurable, and dont want to change. Change may be possible
given the right circumstances, but very few people have such ideal
circumstances in their everyday lives. What to do? There are
alternatives that deal with the consciousness directly, causing
behavior to change as a result of a changed consciousness.
Beginning as early as 1963 a number of researchers have sought
to establish a method for determining consciousness levels as related


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to the three modes of material nature.
15
In 1971 several researchers
created the Guna Inventory to assess the relative component of the
three gunas within personality. This inventory was based on the
descriptions of the characteristics of the three gunas outlined in the
Bhagavad-gita and Samkhya Karika. Later R. C. Das developed the
Gita Inventory of Personality or GIN,
16
and in 1998 David Wolf
developed the Vedic Personality Inventory or VPI, in an attempt to
establish the connection between the concepts of Vedic personality
and the gunas.
17
Each of these methods had some degree of success
in terms of being able to relatively categorize a person at some
combination of the gunas, which can be used as a quantitative
measure of consciousness.
Beyond just measuring the relative content of gunas, there have
also been tests carried out to determine whether a persons GIN or
VPI could be raised. In 2008 researchers of the Vivekananda Swami
Yoga Ashrama carried out a study to determine the influence of the
practice of hatha yoga on a persons gunas and self esteem, using the
GIN and other established psychological tests. Their study
demonstrated increased sattva and decreased rajas as a result of
hatha yoga practice, along with increased health and self esteem.
In a randomized, controlled study, Wolf examined the changes in
a persons VPI as a result of mantra meditation. In his test he created
a meaningless mantra to be chanted by one group, as well as a
control group who did no chanting, while other test subjects chanted
the Hare Krishna maha-mantra. Results showed that only the maha-
mantra group increased sattva and decreased tamas, with no
significant change in rajas scores. Other test subjects showed no
significant changes in their VPI. The study also showed a significant
reduction in stress, anxiety, and depression after a month of chanting
maha-mantra, 20 minutes daily for four weeks.
18

Both tests demonstrate that significant changes can be obtained in
relatively short periods of time by adopting either sattvic or spiritual
practices. The practice of chanting the maha-mantra however, is not
only sattvic, but it pleases the Lord and lifts the consciousness of
others simultaneously.


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Chanting of the Lords Holy Names is the Doubtless and Fearless
Way of Success
The great avatar Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu appeared in West
Bengal during the 15
th
century. As the yuga-avatar, or incarnation
for the age, He introduced the yuga-dharmathe chanting of the
names of God, specifically the chanting of the Hare Krishna maha-
mantra, the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Krishna, Hare
Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare, Hare Rama, Hare Rama,
Rama Rama, Hare Hare. Due to the degraded conditions during Kali
the process of worship and self-realization is made extremely simple
and easy. It requires no qualification, no cooperation with others, no
amount of wealth, not even a long life. Anyone can do it at any time
or place. All that is required is a simple willingness to do so. The
Brihan-naradiya Purana confirms that the chanting of the Lords
names is the yuga-dharma:
In this age of quarrel and hypocrisy the only means of
deliverance is chanting of the holy name of the Lord.
There is no other way. There is no other way. There is
no other way.
Referring to this verse Chaitanya Mahaprabhu explains it further
in the Sri Chaitanya-charitamrita (Adi 17.2225):
In this age of Kali there is no other religion but the
glorification of the Lord by utterance of His holy name,
and that is the injunction of all the revealed scriptures.
The holy name of the Lord, the Hare Krishna maha-
mantra, is the incarnation of Lord Krishna. Simply by
chanting the holy name, one associates with the Lord
directly. Anyone who does this is certainly delivered.
This verse repeats the word eva [certainly] three times
for emphasis, and it also three times repeats harer nama
[the holy name of the Lord], just to make people
understand. The use of the word kevala [only] prohibits
all other processes, such as the cultivation of
knowledge, practice of mystic yoga, or performance of
austerities and fruitive activities. This verse clearly
states that anyone who accepts any other path cannot be
delivered. This is the reason for the triple repetition


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nothing else, nothing else, nothing else, which
emphasizes the real process of self-realization.
As Sri Chaitanya states, the Lord is non-different from His name.
In this material world we have no experience of an absolute truth.
Truth here is relative. But the Vedas give us information that there is
another world, a spiritual world that has none of the defects of this
world. That spiritual world is known as Vaikuntha, the place that is
free from anxiety. It is the abode of the almighty Personality of
Godhead. That world and the Lord Himself are absolute. That is to
say that the Lord is non-different from His place, His pastimes or
activities, His form, and His holy name. Because He is absolute all of
His transcendental potencies are present in His names, which
therefore have all of the potencies of His person. Whatever can be
affected by Himself personally can be affected by calling on His
name.
The Srimad-Bhagavatam explains that the means of deliverance
offered in Kali not only frees us from the qualities of passion and
ignorance, but can lift us up to the very highest state of
transcendental consciousness (11.5.3132, 36, 12.3.5152):
In Kali-yuga the people worship the Supreme
Personality of Godhead by the regulations of the
revealed scriptures. In the Age of Kali, intelligent
persons perform congregational chanting to worship the
incarnation of Godhead who constantly sings the name
of Krishna (Chaitanya Mahaprabhu). He is Krishna
Himself accompanied by His associates, servants,
weapons and confidential companions. The sinful life of
the living beings results from ignorance. To destroy that
ignorance, He has brought various weapons, such as His
plenary associates, His devotees and the holy names.
Those who are advanced and highly qualified and are
interested in the essence of life know the good qualities
of Kali-yuga. Such people worship the Age of Kali
because in this age one can advance in spiritual
knowledge and attain lifes goal simply by chanting the
maha-mantra...My dear King, although Kali-yuga is full
of faults, there is still one good quality about this age. It


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is that simply by the chanting of harinama sankirtana,
the transcendental names of God, one can become free
from material bondage and be promoted to the
transcendental kingdom. Whatever result was obtained
in Satya yuga by meditating on Visnu, in Treta yuga by
performing sacrifices and in Dvapara yuga by serving
the Lord can also be obtained in Kali-yuga simply by
chanting the Hare Krsna maha-mantra.
One should not think that this chanting or mantra is a sectarian
affair, thatVisnu or Krishna is the name of a Hindu God, and is not
the name of our God. By definition there can only be one God,
however He may be known differently through different religions.
The name Krishna means all attractive. The name Rama means
all powerful. Certainly these are attributes of the Supreme Lord.
God is the source of everything, including all beauty, strength,
knowledge, and wealth. These all spring directly from Him.
Whatever knowledge we experience in this world comes from Him.
All power comes only from Him. As does all beauty, and pleasure.
Sri Krishna is the reservoir of all pleasure, the reservoir of all beauty,
of all knowledge, etc.
In the Padma Purana (4.25.813) the purificatory effect of the
maha-mantra is explained:
The way to attain freedom from this world, even for the
most wayward sinners, even all those mean men who
are destitute of all good ways of behavior, who are of a
wicked mind, who are outcaste, who deceive the world,
who are intent upon religious hypocrisy, pride, drinking
liquor, and wickedness, who are sinful and cruel, who
are interested in another mans wealth, wife and sons,
become pure if they resort to the lotus-like feet of
Vishnu [Krishna]. The name of Vishnu, sure to succeed
here, protects those sinful men who transgress even Him
who causes divinity, who give salvation to the immobile
beings and the mobile beings. A man who has done all
kinds of sins is freed if he resorts to Krishna. If a
contemptible, wicked biped would commit sin against
Krishna, and by chance resorts to His name, he is
emancipated due to the power of the name.


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One of the Gaudiya Vaishnava saints and predecessor acharyas,
Rupa Gosvami, writes about the potency of the holy name in his
Padyavali (Text 29):
The holy name of Lord Krishna is an attractive feature
for many saintly, liberal people. It is the annihilator of
all sinful reactions and is so powerful it is readily
available to everyone, including the man of the meanest
character. The holy name of Krishna is the controller of
the opulence of liberation, and it is identical with
Krishna. Simply by touching the holy name with ones
tongue, immediate effects are produced. The results of
chanting the holy name do not depend on anything.
Neither is it necessary to qualify oneself in any way for
chanting, by initiation, pious activities or strictly
following religious principles. The holy name does not
wait for all these activities. It is self-sufficient.
When instructing the grandson of Arjuna, King Pariksit, the
speaker of the Srimad-Bhagavatam, Sri Shukadeva Gosvami
glorifies the holy names of the Lord (2.1.1113): O King, constant
chanting of the holy name of the Lord after the ways of the great
authorities is the doubtless and fearless way of success for all,
including those who are free from all material desires, those who are
desirous of all material enjoyment, and also those who are self-
satisfied by dint of transcendental knowledge. What is the value of a
prolonged life which is wasted, inexperienced by years in this world?
Better a moment of full consciousness, because that gives one a start
in searching after his supreme interest.
This chanting of the Hare Krishna maha-mantra is the panacea
for the ills and problems that we now face. Not only does the chanter
receive benefit from this chanting but every living being on earth
benefits. Everyone, including all degraded and sinful persons, and all
of the demonic, can be elevated in consciousness, even by the
chanting of others. Therefore it is considered the highest welfare
activity. Thus the chanting of the Hare Krishna maha-mantra can
raise everyone from the depths of passion and ignorance to the
quality of goodness and beyond. It is a song of love, and this love
song is what will save the world. If only a small fraction of the
people of the world will take up the chanting, even as little as 3-5


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percent, that would be sufficient to affect the needed changes. I have
practiced this chanting for more than 35 years as my personal
meditation and can offer my own testimony to its effectiveness for
giving peace of mind and satisfaction. Beyond that I chant the Hare
Krishna maha-mantra simply because it makes me happy. I therefore
advocate the practice for everyone.
19

Kirtan and Japa
There are two basic styles of chanting according to mood and
purpose. Japa is done as a meditation with the objective of focusing
the mind on the sound vibration of the mantra. Typically a
practitioners chant a specific number of mantras as a part of their
yoga practice. They find that as they continue their meditation that
the mind becomes peaceful and attracted to hearing the holy names.
The meditation becomes increasingly blissful and brings with it a
inner joy and peacefulness.
Devotional chanting in small groups in a temple or ones home,
with music accompaniment is called kirtan, and congregational
chanting in larger gatherings in more public environments is also
called kirtan, or sankirtan. Traditional accompaniment for both is the
harmonium, a small hand-pumped organ along with drums and brass
cymbals. The Hare Krishna Movement has earned their moniker
because of their kirtan on the public streets all around the world.
Kirtan is beginning to achieve more universal appeal in other
religious spheres. In late 2008 The New York Times featured in the
Fashion and Style Section an article acknowledging the increasing
popularity of kirtan, beyond the followers of eastern religions. Rabbi
David Ingber commenting online about the article wrote [kirtan is]
creating a new form of American spiritual experience where
authentic lineages and practices are refracted through the prism of
contemporary America experience. This approach appeals to many
of us who seek direct experience, unmediated by theology and
dogma and are inclined to believe that beneath the important
surface/cultural expressions, religions share a deeper, more
fundamental structure that is perennial, universal and immediately
transformative...A feature of our synagogue is that we regularly
chant om shanti in addition to shal-om or let there be peace.


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The increasing popularity of kirtan is also reinforced in Steven
Rosens book The Yoga of Kirtan which features interviews with
twenty-one singers who are leading the kirtan revolution in the West,
most of them Westerners who have adopted the practice of chanting
as their path of spirituality. Kirtan has universal appeal, and directly
touches the heart. As Srila Prabhupada has stated, there is no need
for understanding the language of the mantra, nor any need for
mental speculation, or intellectual adjustment. It springs
automatically from the spiritual platform and thus everyone can take
part in it, and dance in ecstasy.
The Highest Truth is Reality Distinguished from Illusion
The fact is that the solutions asked for can be achieved very
quickly and almost effortlessly. While that may appear to be a very
bold and rash statement, the fact of the matter is that most of these
problems will simply go away if we stop creating and compounding
them. The first and most fundamental problem is that our modern
society is based on a foundation of illusions, the illusion of I and
mine being the most prominent. We create problems by attempting
to live according to the illusions of modern culture. These illusions
are the same false assumptions of traditional economic theory: I am
the body, a producing/consuming machine, and I will become
fulfilled and happy by enjoying and consuming more. These
assumptions are patently false. Moreover they lead people to a life of
frustration. Apart from the suffering people experience in this life,
future karmic consequences lead to an ever-increasing downward
spiral of ignorance, ultimately to be born into lower species of life,
where eating, sleeping, mating and defending do indeed constitute
the complete description of lifes purposes.
The masters of Vedic wisdom, speaking to us from the pages of
the Srimad-Bhagavatam, demonstrate that they had deliberated,
solved and disposed of these questions long ago, and have already
given us the solution. All we have to do is pick it up. Can we do that?
Or will we remain anchored in the material conceptions of I and
mine and be the victims of our own devices? The practical solution
is to give up our illusions and live according to the reality of the
genuine, non-sectarian spiritual principles of Vedic wisdom.


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The Vedic paradigm offers us a scientific method of reframing
our perception, giving us the vantage point we need to understand
the problems of the world as well as their solution. It is the new level
of thinking that Einstein tells us that we need to solve these difficult
problems. One may ask, if the Vedic knowledge is ancient, how it
can be seen as a new way of thinking? The fact is, unencumbered
by the three base modes of material nature, Vedic knowledge allows
us to see outside of the box of modern thought, which we have
demonstrated in our analysis of economics according to the gunas.
Vedic thought offers an entire culture organized around the concept
that human life is meant for spiritual emancipation. That culture
includes the ways and means of living in this world that is in
harmony with the design of the creation, and demonstrates how to
easily solve the economic problem as well as all other problems. The
Vedic paradigm, as explained and promulgated by Srila Prabhupada
is therefore not simply a religious solution but a complete cultural
solution. It reaches far beyond what traditional religions can begin to
explain or achieve. It is Terrys new economic rationale, or moral
argument, it is J hallys new vision of society, it is Thomas
Maxwells spiritual awakening that promotes a profound sense of
earth stewardship, it is Havels new model of coexistence and
transcendence, Schumachers metaphysical reconstruction, and
Manders fundamental philosophical and structural change. It is all
of these and more. It offers not only the solution to all of the
problems, but the means by which everyone can achieve the personal
happiness and satisfaction that they so desire.
While none of us has individually created this civilization, or the
problems that the world faces today, it is up to each one of us to
work toward the solution. It must be obvious by now that such
solutions are not going to come from our political or even religious
leaders whose thinking is mired in the materialistic paradigm. This
can only be a grass-roots effort with each of us making the necessary
changes in our own consciousness, and then living our lives
accordingly. The leaders of the world continue to sit on their hands
doing nothing, or worse, act as the agents of the wealthy and
powerful to clear the way for their global predatory economic
practices. Will we then just merrily follow them to perdition? We as
individuals have a free will and we can make our own choices. What


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each of us chooses to do can be the only thing that will make a
difference. On which side of the economic ledger do you want to
stand? Will we remain a part of the problem, or become a part of the
solution?
The way out of the problemall of the problemsis to
understand and act according to the transcendental realities of our
existence. We no longer live in a time of ignorance. We have, or can
have, understanding, because the truth has been revealed to us in a
manner that leaves no room for doubt. We are not the temporary
body, but eternal spiritual beings and it is therefore incumbent upon
us to act as such. Our happiness and satisfaction are to be found in
developing our relationship of eternal love with the One who will
give us unconditional, unending love in return. In this way, and only
in this way, can we can simultaneously love His entire creation. If
we stubbornly desist and cling to outmoded concepts of self we will
only be used for the pleasures of those who have manipulated our
world to serve their own narrow and selfish interests. If we similarly
continue to focus on our own narrow and selfish material interests,
falsely identifying with the temporary material things of this world,
we will be (or continue to be) the victims of our very own devices.
Rise up mortal man! Realize your transcendence and choose the
destiny that will free not only yourself, but all of your brothers and
sisters who languish in this prison house called the material world.
Throw off the chains that bind you. There is nothing, nothing,
holding you back except yourself. There is nothing material that can
keep you in the darkness of ignorance if you choose enlightenment.
Dont be afraid. Live as you were meant to live and act for the
highest achievement that human life has to offeryour spiritual
emancipationand at the same time be genuinely happy in this
world.
Please join in the ultimate solution for all the problems of material
life, by always chanting the maha-mantra:
Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare
Hare,
Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare
Om Shri Haraye Namah


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Please see Appendix A for detailed instructions of mantra
meditation
Part 1 completed
15 March 2009 (Month of Vishnu, 522 Gaurabda era)
Mumbai, India


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Appendix A
How to chant the Hare Krishna mantra on
beads
Chanting on beads is called japa. Meditation on the sound of the
mantra is called japa meditation. It is the yuga-dharma, or method of
self-realization in this age.
Follow these simple instructions:
1. Hold the beads in your right
hand.
2. Theres one head bead, a bead
thats
bigger than all the rest where the
two ends are tied together. Grasp
the first bead to one side of the
head bead with your right thumb
and the middle finger of your right
hand, as in the illustration. Your index finger doesnt touch
the bead.
3. Now chantHare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna
Krishna, Hare Hare/ Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama
Rama, Hare Hare. The word Hare is pronounced huh-ray.
Krishna is pronounced Krish-na. And Rama rhymes with
the English word drama. Say each syllable of each word as
clearly as you can. Concentrate your attention on the sound
of each word of the mantra.
4. After youve chanted the complete mantra one time,
move your thumb and finger to the next bead and chant the
entire mantra again. You may want to roll the bead
between your thumb and fingers, or just hold it.


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5. Chant on the next bead and then the next, until you have
chanted on all 108 beads. You have now reached the other
side of the head bead and have completed one full round.
6. Do not chant on the head bead, and dont cross over it to
continue. Instead, turn the whole set of beads around in
your hand and chant in the other direction. The last bead of
your first round is the first bead for your next round. Chant
on this bead, then the next, and then the next. Stop when
you reach the side of the head bead again. Then youll have
completed your second round.
7. While chanting try to focus your mind on the sound of
the holy names. This is a meditation. When the mind
wanders away patiently bring the focus of attention back to
the sound vibration and try to fix it there. After practice it
becomes easier. After attaining success in chanting the
mind will be spontaneously attracted to the name and will
not wander. This is the success that you want to achieve.
8. Continue to reverse directions at the end of each round,
and in this way chant your third and fourth rounds, etc.
Chant as many rounds as you like, but progress will be
quicker if you fix a minimum number of rounds as your
daily meditation. You can start with two rounds or even
onebut chant regularly, without fail, preferably in the
early morning. This regularity of chanting, coupled with a
regular program of study of the Bhagavad-gita, will enable
you to quickly advance along the path to complete spiritual
perfection.
9. You can make chanting beads yourself by stringing 108
beads together. Or you may purchase them from a Hare
Krishna Temple. Treat your beads respectfully. Dont let
them touch the floor, your feet, or any unclean place. Dont
take them into the bathroom.
10. You can keep your beads in a bead bag. This holds
your beads while you chant, and keeps them clean. When
you put your beads away, store them in the bag in a clean
place. Dont take your sacred beads into the bathroom, or


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other unclean places. (If you dont have a bead bag, you
can wrap your beads in a clean cloth and keep them in a
drawer or on a shelf.)
For further information on chanting the Hare Krishna
Mahamantra, please visit my websites: www.spiritual-
econ.com/chant and www.dhanesvaradas.com/chant.



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Appendix B
The Gitagrad Eco-spiritual
Communities

The Gitagrad family of communities are established on the
principles that support the development of transcendental
consciousness. Modern society is organized for increasing the sense
of I and mine, exactly opposite of pure devotional service. There is
a need therefore, to establish refuge from this atheistic materialism
where people can live a happy life of Krishna consciousness. This is
Gitagrad. At Gitagrad communities the focus of all activity is the
satisfaction of the Supreme Lord. Everything is done for His
satisfaction without consideration of mundane profit or increasing
the consciousness of mine. Gitagrad communities practice the
spiritual economics gift economy, and employ the spiritual
relationships of varnashrama dharma.
Genuine satisfaction and happiness can be found only by
engaging in pure devotional service to the Lord. Following this
principal all activity at Gitagrad is performed with the consciousness
of giving a specially prepared giftsomething that most people only
experience at Christmas or birthday celebrations. That gift is first
offered to the Lord for His satisfaction, and then, as His prasadam, it
is distributed to the members of the community and the communitys
partners (see next appendix). The idea of doing things for the sake of
earning money is abandoned, and the residents live as they are meant
to live in harmony with God, the earth, and the animals.
Because the focus is removed from producing profit, loving,
nurturing, and healing relationships can be established. The earth can
be healed from the exploitation of man-made chemicals; the cow can
be treated as a family member with love and with affection, and the
relationships between the members can be stress free, natural, and


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mutually supportive. Gitagrad communities thus demonstrate how to
heal the world.
Gitagrad communities are organized to be self-sufficient as far as
possible, employing the motto simple living and high thinking.
Unnecessary things are eschewed and time thus saved is devoted to
spiritual life.
Gitagrad communities are presently forming in E. Europe, but the
concepts may be applied anywhere in the world. We invite parties
interested in creating a positive future based on spiritual principles to
share the developments on our websites at www.gitagrad.org.ua/en,
and gitagrad.blogspot.com (English) or www.gitagrad.org.ua
(Russian). You may also want to browse www.spiritual-econ.com for
additional updates and applications of Spiritual Economics principles
to current events. Consider visiting our Gitagrad communities during
the summer months on weekends, or stay with us as an intern for a
first-hand experience. To do so please contact us through the
website.


Appendix C
Partners-for-Life
People Partnering Talents & Resources to
Insure a
Healthy and Sustainable Future

The world and the people who live on it are in trouble. Every day
more than one billion people wake up not knowing where their next
meal is going to come from. Every day the industrialized nations of
the earth dump more than 2 million tons of pollutants into the air,
water and land. Every day both of these statistics are getting worse,
and nobody except Srila Prabhupada has offered a genuine and


330

permanent solution to these problems. And Srila Prabhupadas
solution is wonderful, because it is not just the solution to these
environmental disasters and human despair, but simultaneously it is
the answer to many more of the worlds problems. The solution lies
in raising consciousness and working together to establish a
significant alternative to todays consume and dispose culture. That
alternative is established in the Gitagrad communities.
The Gitagrad communities seek to demonstrate the solution to
modern mans ills based on a new vision for living. This vision is
found in the ancient Vedic scriptures that prescribe a way of life that
is in harmony with the other aspects of creation. It provides a place
for every living entity based on the premise that the material creation
of the Lord is perfect and complete, as enjoined in the Sri
Isopanisad. It directs people to a God-centered life that allows all of
humankind to find their proper place in the creation without conflict
or enmity between God and man, man and animal, or man and
nature.
PartnersforLife is a collection of people who feel the need of
establishing Gitagrad communities. The Partners are from all over
the world, from all walks of life, from all social and cultural strata of
society. They are people who can see the severe problems in modern
society and want to help change the way the world works. They feel
the need for replacing the atheistic, nihilistic and materialistic
culture, with a theistic, hope-filled, and spiritual one. Partnersfor
Life offers opportunities for everyone to participate according to
their own desires and abilities.
The Gift Economy of Spiritual Economics
One of the most significant factors in living according to the
precepts of Bhagavad-gita is the way in which we practice our
economic activity. Lord Krishna very specifically instructs us to do
our work in the spirit of devotion and give the results to others. Not
to sell; not to exchange by barter, but to freely give. Giving of
oneself to others creates a joy that is unobtainable in any other way.
Giving is the natural function of the soul. Gift economies were
formerly found all over the world in sattvic cultures. It was done
before and it can be done again. Gifting creates a Spiritual Economy
that functions for the benefit of all people, and can serve the needs of
all people. It is an economy of joy and love. It is an economy which


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encourages responsibility to the earth, one which eliminates the need
or even the desirability of exploitation of others, one which removes
the motive for competition, crime, greed, avarice and corruption, one
which promotes self-respect and freedom, one which encourages
responsibility rather than irresponsible acts, and which demonstrates
that we do in fact live in a world of plenty rather than a world of
scarcity. The full explanation of Spiritual Economics as a spiritual
process and positive alternative to modern predatory economics of
tamo-guna is presented in volume two of this work.
In practice Spiritual Economics uses no cash or credit, and no
conception of mine. Spiritual Economics recognizes the Lords
instructions in the Vedic Scriptures that everything in this world is
created and therefore owned by the Lord, and that nothing is ours to
claim as our own. We come into this world with nothing and we
leave with nothingeverything belongs to the creatorthe Lord
Himself. As the sons and daughters of the Lord we are all entitled to
our quota, a sufficient amount to maintain a simple and healthy life.
If we follow this simple guideline there will be enough for every
persons need. As Gandhi put it: the Lord provides enough for
everyones need but not for everyones greed. The results of our
work are meant for others, and should be given freely to others. In
turn they reciprocate and we accept what we need as their gifts. Thus
there is a network of inter-dependence created where we sustain each
other through our energies and the gifts of God.
The participants in daiva-varnashrama communities are working
to establish this Spiritual Economics gift economy to demonstrate
how, by living in accordance with the directions of the Lord all
mankind can live peacefully and happily. To establish such an
economy it is essential that its members produce their lifes
necessities directly as possible from the land and cow, giving up
their consumer status. The consumer culture is finally being
recognized in mainstream organizations as the key element
destroying the environment. The only way to stop being a consumer
is to start being a producer, which is the object of our Gitagrad
communities. The participants there do not work for cash income to
buy what they need, but produce their needs directly as far as
possible.


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This method of living generates a number of challenges, the first
and foremost being: if one is engaged in a subsistence economy, how
can they earn the necessary funds found for those things that they
cannot produce? Especially given the limited infrastructure at the
beginning? How will the participants get many of the things they
need in a world where literally everything can only obtained with
money? One cannot work for subsistence and for money at the same
time.
The problem is solved by people working together to partner their
energies and resources to fill the gap. Not everyone who understands
the desirability and necessity of Spiritual Economics and the gifting
culture will opt out of the cash economy and move to a village. But,
understanding the need for establishing the alternative gifting
economy they can contribute as they are motivatedwith their time
and energy, their words, and/or their money. They may make gifts of
money, or they may send practical gifts of building materials or other
items needed to establish the infrastructure of the community. All of
these are needed to achieve the happy, eternally sustainable way of
life.
There are three categories of PartnersforLife: Supporting
Partners, Participating Partners, and Practicing Partners.
Supporting Partners
The Supporting Partners participate with their energy in the form
of money or their words promoting the establishment of Gitagrad
communities. They may offer services in promotion, public relations,
and spread the concept of the gift economy as the most practical
solution to todays seemingly insoluble economic problems.
Supporting partners play a crucial role by providing cash donations
greatly needed to establish the self-sufficient infrastructure of the
Gitagrad communities. We encourage small contributions of only 1%
so as not to create a burden for the Supporting Partners. 1% of a
years income, or of a months income, or even of a weeks income,
will be welcomed and appreciated.
All contributions of resources from Supporting Partners will be
reciprocated by the Practicing Partners in kind. The Working
Partners will gift to the Supporting Partners items which they
producefoodstuffs, woodwork, textiles, and so on. Though they


333

are not producing for the market, they are producing, and will
reciprocate as they can with those who have generously assisted
them.
Participating Partners
Participating Partners are those who offer their time and energy in
lieu of money. This can be done from cities around the world by
promoting Spiritual Economics, the gift economy and the Gitagrad
communities, and increasing the number of Partners. Or those who
live near a Gitagrad community can visit on weekends to lend a hand
in planting and harvesting, or in building needed infrastructure.
They may also visit for weekend spiritual retreats that are held
several times a year. They can get a taste of simple living while
gifting their time and energy, working to establish the community
that offers hope for the future.
Practicing Partners
There are many in the world who strongly desire to help establish
this vision of a spiritual culture to guide society, and you may be one
of them. These people may be seniors who have already given many
years of their lives to creating solutions, but still want to do more.
And there are many young people who see though the illusions of
modern society and its allurements, and are looking for a genuinely
alternative way to live.
Wherever they come from, those who are willing to give their
lifes energy to establishing Gitagrad communities are the Practicing
Partners. These people are making a commitment to live a life in
which they demonstrate that by living simply and depending on the
land and cow, lifes demands are minimized making time available
for spiritual practices and pursuits. Thus by their practical example
they show others how to live a happy life of devotional service.
Whatever your situation, we invite you to join us. Distribute this
book in electronic form (www.mediafire.com/spiritualeconomics) or
in print (all proceeds from book sales are used to support our
Gitagrad communities). Visit our website and download our many
lectures, and listen to them to deepen your understanding of the
philosophical concepts. Share them with others. Encourage others to
become one of our Partners-for-Life.


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Creating a cultural alternative is an immense task and it requires
the skills, talents and help of many, many people. We invite you to
be one of them, and we hope that you will soon visit our Gitagrad
community to see firsthand the practice of spiritual economics and
daiva-varnashrama in action.
You can become one of our Partners by visiting
www.gitagrad.org.ua/en and click on the Partners-for-Life link.
There you can make your donation in one of two ways:
1. To our Paypal account: [email protected]. To create a
Paypal account please go to www.paypal.com. It takes only
a few minutes to open an account and it is very convenient
for all online transactions.
2. By bank transfer. Please contact us at the above email
address for account information.


Appendix D
Further Information About the
True Nature of Money & Its
Masters
The information presented in these books and videos has nothing to
do with conspiracy theories. This information has been well-
documented and the serious student can find the primary source
material if they so desire. Be warned: because of the nature of money
this search can lead to information that will forever change the way
that you see the world.
Simple Explanation Videos are posted on my websites:
www.spiritual-econ.com. Click Your economic tutorial
www.dhanesvaradas.com/econedu


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In-Depth Video:
The Money Masters by Bill Still, detailed history of how money
has controlled history; can be found on YouTube or
ww.themoneymasters.com.
Recommended Economics writers:
J . W. Smith, Institute for Economic Democracy: www.ied.info
Ellen Smith, www.webofdebt.com
Catherine Austin Fitts: http://solari.com
The recently late J oan Veon: www.womensgroup.org. Google
her.
Books:
Ellen Smith, The Web of Debt
Edward Griffin, The Creature from Jekyll Island.
J .W. Smith, Ph.D., has written very good books explaining an
honest money system, free online; more information also, at
www.ied.info
Billions for the Bankers, Debts for the People by Sheldon Emry
A short, simple, good explanation of how money works, widely
available online. i.e., http://www.rense.com/general61/bbil.shtm
The Federal Reserve Conspiracy by Antony C. Sutton
Secrets of the Federal Reserve by Eustace Mullins. This entire
book is available free online.



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Glossary of Sanskrit Words

Aham mametithe false conception of It is Mine
Ahankarathe false identification of ones self with anything
material; false ego
ArjunaOne of the Pandavas, the friend of Lord Krishna and
protagonist of the Bhagavad-gita; a central figure in the epic
history of the Mahabharata
Arthaeconomic development and/or its results
Asurasthe demonic class of people who do not follow Vedic
principles; atheist; one who opposed to the supremacy of the
Supreme Personality of Godhead
Atmathe living being, or spirit soul
Atyaharaover collecting of anything, including overeating
Bhagavad-gitathe basic treatise of the spiritual science, or
elementary text of Vedic literature explaining God, the living
being, time, karma and material nature
Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswatithe spiritual master of A. C.
Bhaktivedanta Swami [1874-1937]; a powerful and
uncompromising preacher who established the Gaudiya Math,
a large spiritual institution to preach the message of Sri
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. He established the principle of yukta-
vairagya, the innovative use of material facilities to promote
the mission, despite the disapproval of traditionalists who
considered them unbefitting of a spiritual renunciate.
Bhaktivinoda Thakurafather of Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati [1838
1915]. He brought the mission of Lord Chaitanya into the
modern age. He was a prolific poet, songwriter and writer who
penned dozens of books that are revered by Gaudiya
Vaishnavas.
Bhakti-yogathe yoga of loving devotion to Lord Krishna as
taught by the Gaudiya Vaishnavas; the methods of learning
and developing love for the Lord.


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Bharatvarsalong ago this was the name of the earth planet.
Before the advent of western cultures it referred to India and
its surrounding areas. Now refers to India only.
Bhumithe Earth personified. The personality who is the Earth
Brahma, Lordone of the three predominating Deities of the
material world, in charge of the quality of passion; Brahma is
the secondary creator of the material world; he creates after
the sum total of ingredients are provided by the Supreme Lord
.
Brahmana(s)the leaders of society; human society is divided into
four sections one of which are the brahmanas who are situated
in the mode of goodness, and above the modes of passion and
ignorance. The natural qualities of the brahmanas are
peacefulness, self-control, austerity, purity, tolerance, honesty,
knowledge, wisdom and religiousness. Due to these qualities
they are able to properly lead and guide the other sections of
society.
Chaitanya Charitamritathe title of the authorized biography of
Lord Caitanya Mahaprabhu written in the late sixteenth
century and compiled by Srila Krishnadasa Kaviraja Gosvami,
presenting the Lords pastimes and teachings.
Chaitanya MahaprabhuThe incarnation of Krishna who appeared
in Bengal in the fifteenth century to teach yuga-dharma, or the
religion of the age, the congregational chanting of Hare
Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare, Hare
Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare. He is the most
munificent incarnation because he is bestowing freely what no
one else has ever given pure love of God.
Daiva-varnashramatranscendental varnashrama in which all
members act in pure devotional service doing everything for
the satisfaction of the Supreme Lord Sri Krishna. daiva-
varnashrama is above the gunas and above the principles of
varnashrama dharma, but the participants continue to follow
the principles of varnashrama dharma for the sake of leading
others on the correct path (Bg. 3.25-26)
Dharmathe essential characteristic or nature of anything, but
particularly the living being, also called sva-dharma. The


338

Sanskrit term dharma is variously translated as duty, virtue,
morality, righteousness, or religion
Gaudiya Vaishnavaany Vaisnava who follows the pure teachings
of Lord Caitanya; The name Gaudiya refers to the region of
Bengal and Bangladesh. A Vaisnava is a devotee of Visnu or
Krishna. Hence, a Gaudiya Vaisnava is a practitioner of the
form of Vaisnavism associated with Bengal, as started by
Caitanya Mahaprabhu some 500 years ago. See Caitanya
Mahaprabhu, Krishna, Vaishnava, Visnu.
Guna(s)the qualities of material nature, goodness, passion and
ignorance, or sattva-guna, rajo-guna and tamo-guna.
Harinam sankirtanthe congregational chanting of the holy names
of the Lord, as in the Mahamantra Hare Krishna, Hare
Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare, Hare Rama, Hare Rama,
Rama Rama, Hare Hare.
J ivathe atma, or spirit soul
Kali-yuga, [the age of Kali]the age of quarrel and hypocrisy
the last and most degraded age in the progression of ages:
Satya, Treta, Dvapara and Kali. It is the present age in which
we now live. Through the progression of ages the good
qualities of human society are reduced by the tendency of
people to engage in sinful activity. Short lives, weak
memories, ill-luck, and pervasive disturbances are the qualities
of Kali.
Kamalust
Karmaas used herein: material reaction that accrues specifically
because we want the fruits of our action, and consider
ourselves to be the doer of activities. The word itself can be
understood in four ways: 1. material action performed
according to scriptural regulations; 2. action pertaining to the
development of the material body; 3. any material action
which will incur a subsequent reaction; 4. the material reaction
one incurs due to fruitive activities; The law of karma compels
a reaction to our activities. For example, if we do good for
others we will be blessed with beauty, wealth, education and
so on. On the other hand, if we cause pain and suffering to
other living beings, we must endure pain and suffering in
return; One of the five tattvas, or Vedic ontological truths.


339

Karma-yogaactivity, or karma, becomes karma yoga when we
dovetail our desires and actions to please the Lord, or to serve
the purpose of the Lord. The same work when done selflessly
for the pleasure of the Lord only is bhakti-yoga, or pure
devotional service.
Krishnathe Supreme personality of Godhead; The personality
who is God as understood by the Western religious traditions.
Ksatriya(s)the executive class of the varnashrama social system
which divides human society into four social sections
Ksatriyas make use of military strength for the purpose of
protecting the principles of Vedic culture, the brahmanas,
cows, elderly and weak. Their role is to maintain the social
order in society by seeing that everyone is properly engaged.
These men are influenced predominantly by the mode of
passion.
MahabharataThe epic tale of the history of ancient India. It
narrates the struggle between the forces of good and evil,
personified by the Pandavas and Kurus respectively.
Maha-mantrathe great chanting for deliverance, the chanting of
which is the universal religion for this age of Kali: Hare
Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare, Hare
Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare
Mahaprasadamthe remnants of food offered directly to the Lord
according to Vaishnava tradition.
Mayathe illusory energy of the Lord that covers the atma causing
him to forget his spiritual identity and identify with his body
and possessions.
Modes of (material) nature see guna(s)
Mokshaliberation into Brahman or Vaikuntha. Traditionally
Vedic culture directed human society to find perfection
through four stages of development: dharma (religiosity),
artha (economic development), kama (sense gratification) and
moksha (liberation of the soul from birth and death). This
process allowed materially attached people to satisfy their
senses in a restricted and religious manner, and finally at the
last stage of life to renounce all material things to achieve final
liberation. This process has been rendered obsolete by the
mercy of Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, who freely bestows love


340

of God directly through sankirtan yajna, the congregational
chanting of the holy names of the Lord.
Paramatmathe manifestation of the Lord within the heart of
every living being. As the Supersoul he guides the living being
to fulfill his previous desires, or to find a bona fide spiritual
master when his desire for such arises. As the Supersoul He is
the witness to all the activities of the living being.
ParamesvaraKrishna in His feature as the Supreme Controller.
Paratha Sarathianother name for Sri Krishna, the speaker of
Bhagavad-gita. This name is given to Him because he is the
chariot driver of Paratha (Arjuna).
Prabhupadathe founder-acharya of the International Society of
Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON, aka the Hare Krishna
Movement). Following the instructions of his guru to preach
the philosophy of Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in the English
language, he began ISKCON and developed it into a
worldwide organization dedicated to delivering the message of
Krishna Consciousness.
Prajadependents
Prasadamliterally: mercy; generally refers to that which is
offered to the Lord in sacrifice and afterward accepted by us
for our use.
Raja-guna (rajas)the material quality of passion, the influence of
which compels the living beings to fruitive activity.
Raksasaone of the many human species, they possess superior
intelligence and free will, but deny and decry the existence of
God. They are considered demonic.
Saktyavesh avataran incarnation of the Lord who is empowered
for a specific function. Vyasadeva, for example, was
empowered to put the Vedic knowledge in writing.
Samsarathe chain of repeated birth and death, sometimes
referred to as the wheel of karma, since as a wheel turns any
point repeatedly comes again to the same position. Similarly,
by the influences of activities in this world a person in a
fortunate condition may find themselves degraded to a less
pleasant or undesirable position in later births, but again may
later find themselves in a favorable or desirable position; or
vice versa.


341

Samskaraspurificatory rites. There are eight samskaras that can
be performed for an individual throughout the course of his
life. This word also refers to soul memory where an
individual may faintly remember, or be influenced by, the
condition of their previous birth.
Sattva-guna (sattva)the material quality of goodness which is
purifying and elevating.
Satya-yugathe first of the four ages, aka the Golden Age. During
this age there is no influence of ignorance or tamas, all
humans are religious, and there is an unbroken reign of peace
on the earth.
Shastrascripture or scriptures. Referring specifically to the Vedic
scriptures.
Shiva, Lordone of the predominating deities of the material
world. Shiva is the controller of the mode of ignorance, or
tamo-guna.
Shrimatisthose spiritually advanced personalities whom the Lord
has blessed to be holders of His wealth.
Shrutisthe spiritually advanced personalities who are fully
conversant with the Vedic scriptures and are competent to
guide society thereby.
Srimad Bhagavatamliterally, the beautiful story of the
personality of Godhead. It is Vyasadevas commentary on his
earlier work, the Vedas, and is considered the essence of all
Vedic literature.
Suddha-sattvapure goodness without any tinge of the qualities of
passion or ignorance. The suddha-sattva state is found only in
transcendence.
Sudra(s)one of the four varnas. The sudras are the members of
society that do things and get the work done.
Supersoulsee Paramatma
Supreme Personality of GodheadKrishna as the Supreme
personality of all of the manifestation of God in His various
incarnations. The Supreme Personality of Godhead is the
original manifestation of the Lord and the source of all other
manifestations and incarnations.


342

Tamo-guna (tamas), or the mode of ignorance)the third quality
of the material energy, ignorance. Destruction, ignorance,
sloth, madness and illusion are the qualities of tamo-guna.
Vaikunthathe spiritual realm where there is no influence of time,
nor of birth, death, disease or old age. In this transcendental
realm the perfected spiritual beings reside in eternal loving
union with the Lord.
Vaishnavaa worshiper of Visnu, or Krishna
Vaisya(s)one of the four varnas, or social orders, of Vedic
culture and varnashrama dharma. Vaisyas are those people
who are capable of generating valuable and useful artifacts
from the natural resources of the earth.
Varnashrama dharmathe social arrangement created by the Lord
for the progressive spiritual development of society, organized
into four social orders (varnas) and four spiritual orders
(ashramas). According to the Vedas, society is not considered
human unless the cultural and spiritual principles of
varnashrama dharma are followed.
Vedasthe teachings of the Eternal Religion. the Vedas are
eternally manifest.
Vishnu, Lordthe Supreme Personality of Godhead. God as
understand in the J udeo-Christian traditions.
Vyasadevathe literary incarnation of the Lord. A Saktyavesh
avatar living at the beginning of the age of Kali. He was
especially empowered to record Vedic knowledge in writing.
He divided the original Veda into four sectionsRig, Yajur,
Atarva, and Sama; he later wrote his own commentary on the
vast work as the Srimad Bhagavatam. He also wrote the
Mahabharata.
Yaksa one of the many human species, they possess superior
intelligence and free will, but deny and decry the existence of
God. They are considered demonic.
Yogaa process by which to connect with and relate to God;
literally, union.
Yugaa great epoch or cycle of time. The material universe passes
through four yugas or great ages: Satya, Treta, Dvarpara and
Kali. The current age of Kali lasts for 432,000 years of which
5,000 have already passed.


343

Notes

Preface
1
E. F. Schumacher, Small is Beautiful,Harper Perennial, NY, 1989, p. 79-
80.
Introduction
1
Times Online August 19, 2008, Credit crunch may take out large US bank
warns former IMF chief. Reference to Prof. Kenneth Rogoffs statement
Were not just going to see mid-sized banks go under in the next few
months, were going to see a whopper, were going to see a big one
one of the big investment banks or big banks,
2
Sept 17, 2008 Reuters News Agency
3
Mike Shedlock, Credit Crisis Out of Control- US Government Admission
No One Knows What to Do, MarketOracle.co.uk, Sep 18, 2008
4
Kevin DeMeritt, $1.14 Quadrillion in Derivatives What Goes Up . . . ,
Gold-Eagle.com, J une 16, 2008. The total GDP of all countries in the
world is just $60 trillion. Derivatives are bets, and by leveraging their bets
the players have escalated the outstanding liability.
Chapter 1 Understanding Economic Man
1
Francis Edgeworth, Mathematical Psychics
2
Exactly. Edgeworths unfounded effort to simplify and mathematically
quantify human economic behavior later led to difficult problems after
economics gained stature and became the central organizing principle of
industrial societies.
3
Henry George, Progress and Poverty, Chapter 26.
4
Americans like to display their philosophies of life on the bumper of their
cars, with an almost endless stream of wit and wisdom (and alas, also
vulgarity) for all to see. Some of my other favorites are Kill Your
Television, Beam me up Scotty, Im on the wrong planet and
Eschew Obfuscation.
5
Amartya Sen, On Ethics and Economics, p. 11, Basil Blackwell, New
York 1987
6
Ibid., p. 12
7
Robert H. Nelson, Reaching for Heaven on EarthThe Theological
Meaning of Economics, Rowman & Littlefield, Maryland, 1991, p. 6


344

8
Bhagavad-gita As It Is, 18.22 purport
9
Understanding according to the gunas is described in the Bhagavad-gita
texts18.30-32
10
www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080041386
11
Fritjof Capra, The Web of Life: A New Synthesis of Mind and Matter,
HarperCollins, 1996
Chapter 2 Lust, Envy & Greed
1
From Essays in Persuasion, pgs. 37172, Norton Pub., New York, 1963.
Keynes however realized he had misplaced his energies; he later
admitted: I work for a government I despise for ends I think criminal.
He did not it seems, have the strength of character to give up his role in
that criminal activity.
2
Conversation J une 22, 1976, New Vrindavana
3
Purport Srimad Bhagavatam 2.9.1
4
A fourth possible voice is the Lord in the heart, or the Supersoul. The
subject of the Supersoul is not thoroughly treated in this work and the
reader is referred to the Bhagavad-gita and Srimad Bhagavatam.
5
By learning that we are the atma, or soul, and by intelligence becoming
determined to act in the interests of the soul, one commits himself to
following the instructions of a spiritual master. It is the intelligence that
directs one to follow the gurus instructions for sense control, while the
dictates of the mind encourage sense gratification. If one chooses to
follow the instructions of the spiritual master over the mind, then one can
learn to bring the mind under the control of the intelligence. The
instructions of the spiritual master are the very basis for learning to
distinguish between the mind and intelligence. In the case of the sadhana
(spiritual practices) of bhakti, japa meditation gives one regular practice
in controlling the restless mind. By this practice the mind can be brought
under control, and in that condition, the mind can be the best friend in
helping to achieve success in spiritual practice.
6
The story of the Avanti brahmana from Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 11,
chapter 23.
7
Mount Stuart Elphinstone, History of India, 1916 ed.
8
Anand Parthasarathy, as reported in The Hindu, 6-14-2002, and J uly 2002
in the scientific journal Sahara.
9
Rev. J abez T. Sunderland, India in Bondage: Her Right to Freedom, p. 61
10
Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of Great Powers
11
Alan Durning, How Much is Enough?, World Watch Institute, J uly 1992,
p. 21-22
12
Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of
Institutions, Macmillan, New York, 1902, pp. 73, 91.


345

13
Londons Financial Times, February 2001.
14
Daniel John Zizzo, Oxford University and Andrew Oswald, Warwick
University, Are People Willing to Pay to Reduce Others Incomes?
J anuary 2000.
15
Boesky, indicted for insider trading, plea-bargained his way to a rather
light sentence of 3.5 years at Club Fed, a minimal security prison. He
was released after only serving two years, and was fined US$100 million,
much less than half of the money he made by his illegal activity. Good
wages for a two-year stint of relaxation after all that hard work. Milliken,
the Junk Bond King was indicted on 98 counts of racketeering and
fraud in 1989 and given a ten-year sentence, for which only twenty-two
months were required. Upon his release, he still had net worth of over $1
billion, despite having paid a total of $900 million in fines and
settlements. The message of all this to the public: if you are going to
cheat, do it in a BIG way. Crime and greed pay handsomely.
16
Angus Campbell, The Sense of Well-being in America: Recent Patterns
and Trends (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981), cited in Alan Durnings,
How Much Is Enough?, p. 39; see also Paul Wachtel, The Poverty of
Affluence, Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1989.
17
Inside Job, by Steven Pizzo, Mary Fricker, and Paul Muolo.
18
A study by petroleum industry analyst Tim Hamilton showed, for
example, that from J anuary 17th to April 18th 2005 gasoline prices
jumped 65 cents per gallon while refiner profits rose by 61 cents per
gallon. From a study released by the Foundation for Taxpayer and
Consumer Rights California September 1, 2005
19
The original statement was made in a phone conversation between David
Freeman (Chairman of the California Power Authority) and Kenneth Lay
(CEO of Enron) in 2000, according to the statements made by Freeman to
the Senate Subcommittee on Consumer Affairs, Foreign Commerce and
Tourism in April and May 2002.
20
Congestion Manipulation DeathStar, McCullough Research. See
www.mresearch.com/pdfs/19.pdf (J une 5, 2002).
21
Letter from David Fabian to Senator Boxer, February 13, 2002, p.1,
quoted in Congestion Manipulation DeathStar, McCullough Research
(J une 5, 2002) at p.4.
22
In an interview with The Los Angeles Times published 18 May 01.
23
Houston Firm Indicted For Role In Energy Crisis: Reliant Energy
Accused of Forcing Up Electricity Prices, by Bob Egelko and Mark
Martin; The San Francisco Chronicle, 9 April 2004.
24
www.frec.gov/industries/electric/indus-act/wec/enron/summary-
findings.pdf/


346

Chapter 3 The Economics of Goodness
1
Mahabharata, Adi Parva, Chapter 25, translation by Hridayananda
Goswami, from
http://www.philosophy.ru/library/asiatica/indica/itihasa/mahabharata/eng/
01_adi.html
2
Coblentz, Stanton, Avarice, Public Affairs Press, Washington D.C. 1965,
p. 5-9
3
Margaret Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa, New York, 1928.
4
Evan-Prichard, Edward, The Nuer, A Description of the Modes of
Livlihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People, Oxford, 1940.
Quoted in Avarice
5
Sahlins, Marshall, Stone Age Economics, Aldine-Atherton, Inc., Chicago
1972
6
W. H. R. Rivers, Social Organization, New York, 1924
7
Ruth Benedict, Patterns of Culture, Boston, 1934. Quoted in Avarice
8
Robert H. Lowie, Primitive Society, New York, 1947. Quoted in Avarice
9
Coblentz, Stanton, ibid., pgs. 10-11
10
Bengal is now politically divided into West Bengal, a state of India; and
Bangladesh, East Bengal, an independent nation. The culture of the
Gaudiya Vaishnavas in Bangladesh and West Bengal is practically
identical. But while Gaudiya Vaishnavism is the predominating culture of
Bangladeshi Hindus, in West Bengal the same culture is prominent but
not predominating.
11
Bhakti Vikasa Swami, Glimpses of Traditional Indian Life, Bhakti Vikasa
Books, J ahangirpura, Gujarat, India, 2004, pgs. 23-25.
12
While the market in and of itself may function in a sattvic manner, in
todays world it is infused with rajo and tamo-guna, because its chief
purpose is to increase wealth. I should add that there are many levels on
which the market functions, from the individual shopkeeper to
international business now including such organizations as the WTO and
IMF. When I say that the market is increasingly influenced by tamo-guna,
I principally mean that in relationship to global business. The distinctions
should become more apparent as the reader progresses through the
following chapters.
13
Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation, Beacon Press, 2001, Chapter 4
14
Helena Norberg-Hodge, The Pressure to Modernize and Globalize, from
Case Against the Global Economy, p. 41
15
Ibid.
Chapter 4 The Economics of Passion
1
Max Weber, Essays in Sociology, XII The Protestant Sects and the Spirit
of Capitalism, 1906


347

2
Weber, ibid., p. 211
3
R.H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism,Peter Smith Publisher,
J anuary 1950
4
R. H. Tawney, ibid. p. 195
5
Max Weber, Essays In Sociology, XII, The Protestant Sects and the Spirit
of Capitalism, p. 206.
6
Max Weber, ibid., p. 206
7
Max Weber, ibid., p. 206
8
Max Weber, ibid., p. 211
9
The rights of commoners in England were established in Halsburys
Laws
10
Peter (Pyotr) Alexeyevich Kropotkin, Chapter 7, Mutual AidA Factor of
Evolution, 1902. From The Project Gutenberg, online.
11
Neeson, Commoners: Common Right, Enclosure and Social Change in
England, 1700-1820 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996. This
book challenges the view that England had no peasantry or that it had
disappeared before industrialization. It documents 18
th
century debate on
the enclosure laws from original sources, and shows that parliamentary
enclosure changed social relations, created antagonisms and a pervasive
sense of loss on the popular culture. All 18th century commentators saw a
relationship between the survival and decline of common right and the
nature of social relations in England. Both sides of the published debate
agreed that enclosures would end independence, the only argument was
whether to welcome or disapprove of the change.
12
Dr. R.E. Search, Lincoln: Money Martyred, Omni Publications, Palmdale,
CA
13
Gustavus Myers, History of the Great American Fortunes
14
Eric Fromm, The Sane Society, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York,
1955, p. 92
15
Lev Tolstoy, What Shall We Do? 1891
16
In modern society the concepts of possession and ownership are
established in legal terms. Interestingly they are not even mentioned in
any of the dozen or more college level economics textbooks that I
examined, even though they form the very bedrock of all economic
practice. And that is why they are not discussed, for to consider any
alternatives would be to undo the very fabric of society in the manner in
which the rulers have decided. This omission indicates that the matter is
considered to be decisively settled with no further need, or even room, for
discussion. It cannot be discussed.
17
Kropotkin, Mutual Aid, Chapter 7
18
Thomas R. Berger, Village Journey The Report of the Alaska Native
Review Commission, Hill and Wang Publishers, NY 1985. Berger, a


348

Canadian, was hired by The Inuit Circumpolar Conference, an
international organization of Eskimos from Alaska, Canada, and
Greenland, to investigate the results of the United States Congress
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. The World Council of Indigenous
Peoples, an international organization of Native peoples co-sponsored his
work. Both of the sponsors are affiliated with the United Nations and
represent indigenous peoples at meetings of international bodies. His
working group was called The Alaska Native Review Commission
(ANRC), hence the title of the book.
19
Unlawful in the sense that it is not provided for in the Manu Samhita, the
law book for mankind. Manu (from whose name the word man is
derived) is the demigod who gives the laws for human society.
20
See J .W. Smiths Economic Democracy, especially chapters 2, 4 and 5.
Online at www.ied.com.
21
Karl Polanyi, Henri Pirenne, Eli F. Heckscher, Immanuel Wallerstein,
cited by J .W. Smith, Economic Democracy, The Institute for Economic
Democracy, www.ied.com; from the chapter From Plunder by Raids to
Plunder By Trade
22
Smith, ibid.
23
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, Book I, VIII The Wages of Labour.
There are so many editions of this classic work that it is almost fruitless to
cite page numbers. I have used The Harvard Classics online edition at
www.bartleby.com.
24
Peter Alexeyevich Kropotkin, ibid., Chapter 7
25
Adam Smith, ibid.
26
from Nehrus Discovery of India; quoted in Noam Chomsky, The
Prosperous Few and the Restless Many, Odonian Press, Berkeley 1993, p.
56;
27
Lewis Mumford, Technics and Civilization, Harcourt Brace J ovanovich,
New York 1963, p. 184-85
28
Hartman and Boyce, Needless Hunger, pp. 10, 12
29
Lynn Townsend White, J r, The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis,
Science, Vol 155 (Number 3767), March 10, 1967, pp 1203-1207. This
essay is widely available on the internet.
30 Keith Helmuth, Earth Process and the Wish for Human Exemption, p
14-15 Earth Light Magazine Issue #25, Spring 1997
31
J eremy Seabrook, Preface, What Went Wrong? Why Hasnt Having More
Made People Happier? Pantheon Books, NY, 1978
32
Tawney, R. H., ibid.


349

Chapter 5 The Economics of Ignorance
1
A Simple Example Of Communal Decline - A Letter From South Africa by
J im Peron, September 1998 http://www.ourcivilisation.com/die.htm
2
Central Intelligence Agency, Russia, from World Factbook 2007,
www.cia.gov
3
Sabrina Tavernise, Farms as Business in Russia, New York Times, 6
November 2001
4
Russia has More Than 715,000 Homeless Children, RIA Novosti -
Russian News Agency, 23 February 2006, http://rian.ru; also Carel De
Rooy, Children in the Russian Federation, UNICEF, 16 November 2004,
www.unicef.org. For the interested reader there are dozens of books that
explain the looting of Russia. See for example,
The Godfather of the Kremlin by Paul Klebnikov.
5
J oseph Kay, Enron Executives Looted Company Prior To Its Bankruptcy,
wsws.org 22 J une 2002
6
David Brinkerhoff reporting for Reuters News Service, 17 J une 2002
7
Worlds richest 1% own 40% of all wealth, UN report discovers, The
Guardian, 6 December 2006.
8
Ferdinand Lundberg, The Rich and the Superrich: A Study of Money and
Power and Who Really Owns America, Lyle Stuart Inc., Secaucus, NJ ,
1988 p. 15; citing Professor Robert J . Lampman, The Share of Top
Wealth-Holders in National Wealth, 1922-1956. A study for the National
Bureau of Economic Research, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ ,
1962.
9
The World Institute for Development Economics Research of the United
Nations, global study, as of the year 2000. From The Guardian 6
September 2006.
10
Lundberg, ibid., p. 206
11
Report by Northern Illinois University and the Center for Tax and Budget
Accountability in Chicago. Online at
http://ctba.inspidered.com/home/home.html.
12
from The Nation, 1 May 2006; citing economist J ared Bernstein of the
Economic Policy Institute
13
www.anitaroddick.com, article posted June 7, 2002
14
Quoted in Power & Powerlessness, Susan Rosenthal, Trafford Publishing,
Victoria, BC Canada, p. 9
15
Phyllis Kilbourn and Marjorie McDermid, Sexually Exploited Children:
Working to Protect and Heal, MARC, Monrovia, CA 1998, p. 9
16
Barbara Starr, Former Soviet Union a Playground for Organized Crime:
A Gangsters Paradise, ABC News, 14 September 1998.
17
Bill Wallace & Benjamin Pimental, San J ose Women Held After Raid in
Sex Slave Cases, San Francisco Chronicle, 13 September 1997


350

18
Associated Press article November 14, 2006

19
Michel Chossudovsky, Americas War on Terrorism, 2nd edition,
Global Research, Quebec, 2005
20
Stephen Lendman, Reviewing Michel Chossudovskys Americas War
On Terrorism, online at
http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=6014
21
Ibid.
22
quoted from J eff Wells, Yellow Cake and Black Shirts, in Rigorous
Intuition, 18 August 2004;
http://rigorousintuition.blogspot.com/2004/08/yellow-cake-and-black-
shirts.html
23
Michael Ledeen, Disinfopedia,
http://www.sourcewatch.org/wiki.phtml?title=Michael_Ledeen
24
J ohn Perkins, Confessions of an Economic Hit Man, Penguin Books, NY,
2004. Quotation from interview with Amy Goodmans television show
Democracy Now, 9 November 2004, available online.
25
House of Graft: Tracing the Bhutto Millions, New York Times, J an
9,1998
26
Dr. J . W. Smith explains this process thoroughly in his books available
online: www.ied.com.
27
Davison L. Budhoo, Enough Is Enough: Dear Mr. Camdessus.. Open
Letter of Resignation to the Managing Director of the International
Monetary Fund, New Horizons Press, New York 1990
28
Davison Budhoo, IMF/World Bank Wreak Havoc on Third World, from
50 Years Is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund, South End Press, Boston, MA 1994, pgs.
20-24
29
New York Times, March 28, 1999
30
Susan Meeker-Lowry, Mr. Budhoos Bombshell: A peoples alternative to
Structural Adjustment, from Earth Island J ournal, September 1995
31
Michel Chossudovsky, The Globalization of Poverty and the New World
Order, 2
nd
ed., Global Research Center for Research on Globalization,
Quebec, Canada, 2003, p. 20
32
ibid., p. 20
33
ibid., p. 21
34
ibid., p. 59
35
ibid., p. xxi
36
Michel Chossudovsky, ibid., p. xxii
37
Michel Chossudovsky, The Globalization of Poverty, p. 10, 11
38
Joseph Stiglitz, What I learned at the world economic crisis. The Insider,
The New Republic April 17, 2000


351

39
J oseph Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents, W. W. Norton, N.Y.,
2003, p. 206
40
J oseph Stiglitz, ibid., p. 15
41
Greg Palast, The Globalizer Who Came In From the Cold, The London
Observer; 10 October 2001
42
Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, 2
nd
edition, Univ. of Chicago
Press, Chicago, IL, 1982, p. ix
43
Robert Harvey, Chiles Counter-Revolution: The Fight Goes On, The
Economist, 2 February 1980.
44
A Senate investigation in 1975 into U.S. intervention in Chile disclosed
that the CIA had provided training to Pinochets military for controlling
subversion; from Covert Action in Chile 1963-1973, U.S. Government
Printing Office, December 18, 1975; cited by Klein, p. 92. Kubark
Counterintelligence Interrogation, Central Intelligence Agency, J uly
1963. Excerpts from this manual are available from the National Security
Archives at http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB27/01-
01.htm
45
Davison Budhoo, Enough is Enough, p. 17-19
46
Linda McQuaig, Shooting from the Hippo; cited by Klein pgs. 257-8.
47
Davison Budhoo, Enough Is Enough: Dear Mr. Camdessus . . . Open
Letter of Resignation to the Managing Director of the International
Monetary Fund, New Horizons Press, New York, 1990.
48
Antony Sutton, Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution, Preface.
Published by Buccaneer Books, 1993. The entire book is available online.
I have used the online edition which indicates a publishing date of March
1974. The electronic version has no page numbers to refer to, but a simple
word search will retrieve the quotes.
49
Arsene De Goulevitch, Czarism and the Revolution, Omni Publications,
Hawthorne, California, 1962
50
Hermann Hagedorns biography The Magnate: William Boyce Thompson
and His Time (1869-1930) reproduces a photograph of a cablegram from
J .P. Morgan in New York to W. B. Thompson, Care American Red
Cross, Hotel Europe, Petrograd. The cable is date-stamped, showing it
was received at Petrograd 8-Dek 1917 (8 December 1917), and reads:
New York Y757/5 24W5 Nil
Your cable second received. We have paid National City Bank one
million dollars as instructed Morgan. Cited in Wall Street and the
Bolshevik Revolution, Chapter 4.
51
Knickerbocker Column of the New York Journal American, February 3,
1949
52
Pgs. 1018-19.


352

53
Published in 1931, Vol. 1, (p. 371-376). This State Department Report
was compiled years later under the Hoover administration after the
Bolshevik Revolution had become an accomplished fact. It later
disappeared from active circulation, but reproductions of salient passages
are presented in Elizabeth Dillings The Jewish Religion: Its Influence
Today.
54
Antony Sutton, Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution, Chapter XI.
Cited in this passage by Sutton: Voline (V.M. Eichenbaum), Nineteen-
Seventeen: The Russian Revolution Betrayed (New York: Libertarian
Book Club, n.d.).
55
U.S., Senate, Russian Propaganda, hearings before a subcommittee of the
Committee on Foreign Relations, 66th Congress, 2d session, 1920, p. 71.
Cited in Suttons Capitalists and Bolsheviks, Chapter 9.
56
Antony Sutton, Wall Sreet and the Bolshevik Revolution, Chapter 4.
57
Economic Review of the Soviet Union, April-December 1930, cited in
Frank Allan Southard, American Industry in Europe, Ayer Publishing,
1976, p. 204
58
U.5. State Dept. Decimal File, 861.659 Du Pont de Nemours & Co/5, Du
Pont to Secretary of State Stimson, Feb. 19, 1932.
59
UPI release dated J uly 17, 1973
60
The War Against the Peasantry, 19271930 The Tragedy of the Soviet
Countryside, edited by Lynne Viola, et. al., Yale University Press, New
Haven, CT, 2005, p. 58
61
Ibid., p. 13-14
62
The Journal of Historical Review, Summer 1986 (Vol. 6, No. 2), pages
207 - 220.
63
from the Original Electronic Text at the web site of Revelations from the
Russian Archives (Library of Congress).
64
See J .W. Smith, Why?, available online at www.ied.com, and The Money
Masters
video by Bill Still (Appendix D).
Chapter 6 The Economics of Atheism
1
Herbert A. Simon, Models of Bounded Rationality, vol. 2, p. 477, MIT
Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1982
2
Robert Nelson, Reaching for heaven on earththe theological meaning of
economics, Rowman & LittlefieId Publishers, Lanhans, Maryland, p. 6-7
3
Robert Nelson, Economics as religion: from Samuelson to Chicago and
Beyond, Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA 2001
4
Robert Nelson, Reaching for heaven on earththe theological meaning of
economics, p. 7.


353

His definitions and logic are fatally flawed according to the Vedic
worldview. As we have seen in Chap. 1 there are many varieties of
rationality according to ones conditioning by the gunas. Nelson assumes
that his is the only valid understanding, and only his definition of what is
rational is actually rational. I quote him here with pertinent sections
italicized:
Despite the fact that economists often disagree in practice on what is
rational, almost all are convinced that the same rationality must apply
to all people in all places.Since rationality is the basic term of ethical
approval, the whole world therefore is subject to a common moral
standard. As economic truth is spread to all nations, the world can
become a single harmonious community bound together by this
common rationality and morality.
The belief that there is one rationality, and that all human beings are
ultimately guided by the same rational laws, has yet another
consequence of fundamental significance: All humanity throughout the
world must be created equal. There are none who are so enveloped in
darkness that rational behavior is beyond their capacity. In practice,
pervasive irrationality may be found in the world, but to behave
rationally is potentially within the reach of all mankind.
5
Ibid., p. 8
6
Quest for Enlightenment, Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, Los Angeles, CA
7
Wealth of Nations, Book IV Chapter II. Of Restraints Upon the
Importation from Foreign Countries of Such Goods as Can Be Produced
at Home, Adam Smith, 1776.
8
Wealth of Nations, Book IV Chapter II
9
Svetasvatara Upanisad
10
Thom Hartmann, To Restore Democracy First Abolish Corporate
Personhood, www.thomhartmann.com, excerpted from his book Unequal
Protection: The Rise of Corporate Dominance and the Theft of Human
Rights, Rodale Books, 2002. He notes in the article that he had found a
handwritten note in the J .C. Bancroft Davis collection in the Library of
Congress, from Chief J ustice Waite to reporter Davis, explicitly stating,
we did not meet the constitutional issues in the case.
11
Ferdinand Lundberg, op. cit., p.113-114
12
Russell Mokhiber, Top 100 Corporate Criminals of the Decade, 25 J une
2007, www.commoncouragepress.com/corporate.html
13
Anthony Cherniawski, Global Stock Market Crash Warning and Loss of
American Financial Privacy, 20 J une 2008, www. MarketOracle.co.uk
14
www.cathybuckle.com, 29 J une 2008
15
MoneyFunny, Scary, Paper Money, Douglas Herman,
http://www.strike-the-root.com


354

16
in a speech on November 3, 1827, in Philadelphia, PA
17
J ohn Kenneth Galbraith from Money: Whence It Came, Where It Went,
Houghton Mifflin, 1975, p.5
18
Henry Ford, Sr. quoted in The Federal Reserve Hoax, Wickliffe B.
Vennard, Sr., privately published, 1962.
19
J oan Veon, Who Runs The World And Controls The Value Of Assets?
From her website, www.womensgroup.org, 29Jan07.
20
The Creature from J ekyll Island: A Lecture on the Federal Reserve,
http://www.flash.net/~jaybanks/real/g_edward_griffin_-
_the_creature_from_jekyll_island.rm
21
Quoted in Someone Has to Print the Nations Money . . . So Why Not Our
Government?, Monetary Reform Online, reprinted from Victoria Times
Colonist October 16, 1996.
22
Casimir Frank Gierut, Repeal the Federal Reserve Banks, p.31
23
Eustice Mullins, Secrets of the Federal Reserve, entire book available
online. See especially the Addendum, p. 178.
http://www.apfn.org/apfn/Doc/RESERVE.doc.
24
See for example: private enterprise money: http://www.mind-
trek.com/treatise/ecr-pem/index.htm; The Global Village Bank:
http://www.gvb.org/; LETS: http://www.u-net.com/gmlets; DigiCash:
http://www.digicash.com; grail dollars:
http://www.northlink.com/~derekb/; and the book New Money for
Healthy Communities, full text online:
http://www.well.com/user/cmty/market/money/;
25
A Ponzi scheme is a n investment swindle in which early investors are
paid off with funds raised from later ones.
26
Milton Friedman, A Monetary History of the United States, 1963
27
Quoted in J ames Wesley, Derivatives The Mystery Man Wholl Break
the Global Bank at Monte Carlo, SurvivalBlog.com; September 2006
28
Ellen Brown, September 18, 2008,
www.webofdebt.com/articles/its_the_derivatives.php
29
Stan Jonas, Derivatives Strategy, April, 1998, p.19
30
Peter Gowan, The Global Gamble: Washingtons Faustian Bid for World
Dominance, Verso, New York 1999, pg. 96, see also 95-138.
31
Harry Rositzke, The CIAs Secret Operations: Espionage,
Counterespionage, and Covert Action, Westview Press, Boulder,
Colorado, 1988, p.162.
32
Robert McChesney, Communication Revolution - Critical Junctures and
the Future of Media, New Press, 2008
33
Noam Chomsky, The Common Good, Odonian Press, 1998
34
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The
Political Economy of the Mass Media, Pantheon Books, New York, 1988


355

35
E.O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, Harvard University Press
1975; as quoted by Lewontin p. 91
36
Richard Lewontin, Biology as Ideology, Harper Perennial, NY, 1993, p.
103
37
David Korten, Rights of Money versus Rights of Living Persons, People-
Centered Development Forum, May 1997
Chapter 7 Divine & Demonic Consciousness
1
C.G. J ung, The Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious
2
Erich Fromm, The Heart of Man Its Genius for Good and Evil, Harper
& Rowe, NY, 1964, p. 37
3
Thousands Exposed to Poison by Governments Aerial Spraying;
www.NewsTarget.com/022434.html
4
See www.lef.org for information regarding CODEX which would
harmonize regulations between countries banning dietary supplements
and unapproved alternative health care regimens. In the United States
this effort failed due to vigorous objection from concerned consumers.
The Food and Drug Administration whose ostensible purpose is to
promote health, has become the agent of the pharmaceutical business and
has taken another approach. Their current (2007) plan is to interfere with
business and intentionally eliminate dietary supplement companies and
increase the price of supplements. Under the guise of a final rule for
dietary supplement good manufacturing practices 140 very small [less
than 20 employees] and 32 small dietary supplement manufacturers [less
than 500 employees] will be at risk of going out of business.... costs per
establishment are proportionally higher for very small than for large
establishments....The regulatory costs of this final rule will also
discourage new small businesses from entering the industry. This FDA
rule will directly raise the price of dietary supplements for all consumers.
The FDA acknowledges this and says We expect that the majority of
these costs will be borne by consumers of dietary supplements, who will
likely respond to the increase in prices by reducing consumption.
5
See for example http://www.gulfwarvets.com/vexing.htm, and
http://www.whale.to/c/cantwell_alan.html

6
Eric Fromm, The Heart of Man, p. 41
7
Fromm, ibid., p. 40
8
Scott Peck, ibid., pgs. 68-79, 165
9
Sam Vaknin, Malignant Self Love: Narcissism Revisited, Narcissus
Publications, Prague, 2001, p. 10
10
Fromm, Ibid, pgs. 73-77; quote p. 77


356

11
Susan Bridle, The Seeds of the Self: An Interview with Otto Kernberg, in
the magazine What Is Enlightenment?, issue 17;
http://www.wie.org/j17/kern.asp.
12
Scott Peck, ibid., p. 76
13
Martin Buber, Good and Evil Two Interpretations, Chas. Scribners
Sons, NY, 1953, pgs. 139-140
14
Hervey Cleckley, The Mask of Sanity An Attempt to Clarify Some Issues
About the So-called Psychopathic Personality, Published by Emily
Cleckley, Augusta, GA 1988, pgs. 10-11
15
Aubrey Immelman, Malignant Leadership, Unit for the Study of
Personality in Politics September 17, 2001;
http://www.cshsjn.edu/uspp/Research/Malignantleadership.html.

16
Andrzej Lobaczewski, Political Ponerology A Science on the Nature of
Evil Adjusted for Political Purposes, 2nd ed. Red Pill Press, 2007. Quotes
are from pgs. 192-193.
17
Kevin Barrett, Twilight of the Psychopaths, The Canadian, online edition:
http://www.agoracosmopolitan.com/home/Frontpage/2008/01/02/02073.h
tml
18
Robert Hare, Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of the
Psychopaths Among Us, Pocket Books (Simon & Schuster), NY 1988, p.
49, 1.
19
Robert Hare, ibid., p. 44; quote from Robert Rieber, The Psychopathy of
Everyday Life and the Institutionalization of Distress. New York: Basic
Books. See also Aubrey Immelman, Inside the Mind of Milosovic, Unit
for the Study of Personality in Politics, 1999; online at
www.csbsju.eduluspp/Milosevic/Milosevic.html
20
Scott Peck, ibid., pgs. 74, 260
21
Scott Peck, ibid., p. 78
22
This definition necrophilia from Fromm, ibid., p. 39. For control of others
pgs. Fromm 37-60; quote from Hare, ibid., p. 38.
23
Robert Hare, this and preceding paragraph, pgs. 41, 6, 5; For the
characteristics of psychopaths also see Cleckley, especially pgs. 337-364,
387-390.
24
See Hare pgs. 201-203
25
William March, The Bad Seed, quoted in Hare, ibid.
26
Scott Peck, ibid., p. 78
27
Erich Fromm, ibid., p. 73
28
Erich Fromm, ibid., pgs. 78, 135-139
29
Erich Fromm, ibid., p.135
30
Scott Peck, ibid., p. 83
31
Some will find here striking parallels to the Biblical story of Lucifer and
the fallen angels.


357

32
Confessions of an Economic Hitman, Part 2;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GAqG51uwzMI


Chapter 8 Understanding and Solving the Economic Problem
1
J erry Mander, and Edward Goldsmith, The Case Against the Global
Economy, p 391.
2
From his website at: http://howardrichards.org
3
This interview appeared in Vol. 2 No. 3 of Adbusters Quarterly magazine
4
American PBS Show New Dimensions radio for the Deep Ecology
5
E. F. Schumacher, Small is Beautiful, p. 79, p. 315
6
Ibid., p. 106
7
Theodore Roszak, Where the Wasteland Ends, p. xxii
8
American PBS Radio Show New Dimensions radio for the Deep
Ecology
9
David Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, p. 9
10
Ibid., p. 7
11
Roger Terry, Economic Insanity, p. 142
12
Integral Spirituality, Deep Science and Ecological Awareness, University
of Maryland Ecological Economics website,
http://iee.umces.edu/tom/maxwell.html/
13
His speech was entitled: The Need for Transcendence in the Postmodern
World
15
Lakhwinder Raj, Personality Inventories Based on Trigunas,
http://multani-lakhwinder.blogspot.com/2009/03/personality-inventories-
based-on.html
16
Das, R.C. Standardization of the Gita Inventory of Personality; J ournal
of Indian Psychology, 9 (1&2), 47-54, 1991.
17
Wolf, D.B., The Vedic Personality Inventory: A Study of Gunas; J ournal
of Indian Psychology, 16 (1), 26-43; 1998.
18
Dhira Govinda Dasa, Effects of the Hare Krsna Maha Mantra on Stress,
Depression, and the Three Gunas;
http://www.vnn.org/usa/US9907/US10-4267.html, 1999. For the
complete study see: www.yedaveda.com.

19
Even still it is not necessary to chant the name Krishna, but whatever
name of God as understood by the worshipper will be fully efficacious and
give relief from the miseries resulting from life in the modes of passion and
ignorance. If you feel that the names of Krishna and Rama are sectarian
then you may chant any other bona fide name of God: Allah, or J esus for
example.


358

About the Author

Dhanesvara Das is a devotee of Sri Krishna, an American yogi,
spiritual teacher/guru, social healer, social economist and theologian.
He teaches the gift economy of Spiritual Economics as a way life, to
solve the economic and spiritual problem for everyone. He holds a
MS degree and formerly worked as a securities broker and licensed
securities principal, at which time the concepts of Spiritual
Economics were born. As a vaishnava renunciate in the vanaprastha
order, Dhanesvara lives at-large as a global citizen. He spends his
time writing, teaching, and building communities in N. America,
Europe, Russia and India. The primary focus of his activity is the
creation of a New Spiritual World Order (dhaiva varnashrama
dharma) based on the transcendental Vedic culture. He is the founder
and spiritual guide of the Gitagrad family of eco-spiritual
communities, that function on the basis of Bhagavad-gita and
Spiritual Economics, and is the founder of Partners-for-Life, an
association of people working together to create a New Spiritual
World Order.





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