Unified Analysis of Isolated

Bidirectional Converters
for Battery Charging
Simone Buso, Giorgio Spiazzi
University of Padova - DEI
S. Buso, G. Spiazzi - University of Padova - DEI
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Outline
Introduction
Review of Considered Converter Topologies
Single-Phase Dual Active Bridge (DAB)
Single-Phase Series Resonant DAB (SR-DAB)
Three-Phase Dual Active Bridge (DAB)
Three-Phase Series Resonant DAB (SR-DAB)
Interleaved Boost with Coupled Inductor (IBCI)
Unified Analysis
Soft-switching conditions
Transferred Power Calculation
S. Buso, G. Spiazzi - University of Padova - DEI
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Introduction

+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
V
IN

Z
IN

V
1

V
2

V
OUT

V
BATT

Z
OUT

I
OUT

ISOLATED DC-DC
(STAGE #1)
CURRENT SOURCE
(STAGE #2)
DC-LINK
Focus on the isolated stage
(V
1
= high voltage port, V
2
= low voltage port)
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Isolated Bidirectional Topologies
topologies with reduced switch count
Flyback
Cuk
Sepic
.
topologies with dual bridge (or half-bridge or push-pull)
configuration
Dual Active Bridge (DAB)
Interleaved Boost with Coupled Inductors (IBCI)
.
topologies with dual bridge configuration and high
frequency resonant networks
Series Resonant DAB (SR-DAB)
.
S. Buso, G. Spiazzi - University of Padova - DEI
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u
g
+
u
o
+
-
S
2
S
1
L
1
i
1
i
2
R
o
+
u
1
C
o
L
2 C
1
u
2
C
2
+
L
m
L
d
1:n
1:n
Reduced Switch Count Topologies
High voltage and/or current stress on active components
Limited soft-switching operation
Transformer leakage inductance requires suitable snubber
circuits
Example: bidirectional Cuk converter
Switch overvoltage!
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Dual Active Bridge (DAB)
Simple phase-shift modulation
Extended soft-switching operation
Exploitation of transformer leakage inductance
Optimum design for constant port voltages V
1
and V
2
Single-phase:
V
2
V
1
i
2
n:1
S
1aL
S
1bL
L
i
1
S
1aH
S
1bH
S
2aL
S
2bL
S
2aH
S
S2bH
i
L
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Dual Active Bridge (DAB)
Simple phase-shift modulation
Extended soft-switching operation
Exploitation of transformer leakage inductance
Optimum design for constant port voltages V
1
and V
2
Reduced input and output current ripples
Three-phase:
V
2
V
1
i
2
n:1
S
1aL
S
1bL
i
1
i
La
S
1cL
i
Lb
i
Lc
v
a1
v
b1
v
c1
v
a2
v
b2
v
c2
S
1aH
S
1bH
S
1cH
S
2aL
S
2bL
S
2cL
S
2aH
S
2bH
S
2cH
o
1
o
2
L
L
L
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Series Resonant Dual Active Bridge
(SR-DAB)
Same characteristics as single-phase DAB
Higher degree of freedom (two parameters: L and C)
Inherent protection against transformer saturation (with
C split between primary and secondary)
Single-phase:
v
C V
2
V
1
i
2
n:1
S
1aL
S
1bL
L
i
1
C
S
1aH
S
1bH
i
L
S
2aL
S
2bL
S
2aH
S
2bH
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Series Resonant Dual Active Bridge
(SR-DAB)
Same characteristics as three-phase DAB
Higher degree of freedom (two parameters: L and C)
Inherent protection against transformer saturation (with
C split between primary and secondary)
Three-phase:
V
2
V
1
i
2
n:1
S
1aL
S
1bL
i
1
L i
La
S
1cL
i
Lb
i
Lc
v
a1
v
b1
v
c1
v
a2
v
b2
v
c2
S
1aH
S
1bH
S
1cH
S
2aL
S
2bL
S
2cL
S
2aH
S
2bH
S
2cH
o
1
o
2
L
L
C
C
C
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Interleaved Boost with Coupled
Inductors (IBCI)
Simple phase-shift modulation
Extended soft-switching operation
Exploitation of mutual inductor leakage inductance
Duty-cycle control of port 2 switches for variable port
voltages V
1
and V
2
Reduced port 2 current ripple (low-voltage high-current
port)
S
1aH
L
S
2aL
V
1
S
2bL
V
2
i
L
i
b
i
1
S
1aL
n
p
n
p
i
a
S
2aH
S
2bH
L
m
i
ma
L
m
i
mb
n
s
n
s
i
2
V
CL
C
CL
C
CL
V
CL
S
1bH
S
1bL
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Unified Analysis
All the aforementioned topologies control the power
transfer between the two ports by modulating the voltage
applied to a current shaping impedance
Z
i
L
v
A v
B
For DAB and IBCI topologies, Z is a simple inductor while
for SR-DAB topologies Z is a series resonant L-C tank
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Phase-Shift Modulation
L
i
L
v
A v
B


2
2f
sw
t
2f
sw
t
2f
sw
t
v
A

v
B

i
L

2
2


i
L
(0)
i
L
()
i
L
() = - i
L
(0)
V
A

-V
A

V
B

-V
B

Single-phase DAB
V
A
> V
B
Example: power transfer from v
A
to v
B
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Phase-Shift Modulation
v
A
and v
B
are square wave voltages of amplitudes V
A
and
V
B
, respectively
The power transfer between ports 1 and 2 is controlled
through the phase-shift angle
Inductor current has a piecewise linear behavior (DAB)
0 /2 v
A
v
B
P
-/2 0 v
A
v
B
P
1 A
V V =
2 B
nV V =
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Plus Phase-Shift Modulation
L
i
L
v
A v
B

(D-1/2)
(3/2-D)-
(D-1/2)
V
A
V
B
v
A
()
v
B
()

S
2aL
S
2aH
S
2bH
S
2bL
S
1aH
= S
1bL
S
1aL
= S
1bH

3
0
2(1-D)

6
2
IBCI converter
(D-1/2) < < /2
Case B:
0 < < (D-1/2)
Case A:
D > 0.5
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Plus Phase-Shift Modulation

(D-1/2)
(3/2-D)-
(D-1/2)
V
A
V
B
v
A
()
v
B
()

S
2aL
S
2aH
S
2bH
S
2bL
S
1aH
= S
1bL
S
1aL
= S
1bH

3
0
2(1-D)

6
2
IBCI converter
0
1
L
S
2aL
V
1
V
2
i
L
i
b
i
1
S
1aL
n
p
n
p
i
a
L
m
i
ma
L
m
i
mb
n
s
n
s
i
2
S
1bH
S
2bL
0 v
A
=
1 B
V v =
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Plus Phase-Shift Modulation

(D-1/2)
(3/2-D)-
(D-1/2)
V
A
V
B
v
A
()
v
B
()

S
2aL
S
2aH
S
2bH
S
2bL
S
1aH
= S
1bL
S
1aL
= S
1bH

3
0
2(1-D)

6
2
IBCI converter

1

2
L
S
2aL
V
1
V
2
i
L
i
b
i
1
S
1aL
n
p
n
p
i
a
S
2bH
L
m
i
ma
L
m
i
mb
n
s
n
s
i
2
C
CL
V
CL
S
1bH
( )
A CL
p
s
CL g g
p
s
A
V V
n
n
V V V
n
n
v
= =
+ =
1 B
V v =
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Plus Phase-Shift Modulation

(D-1/2)
(3/2-D)-
(D-1/2)
V
A
V
B
v
A
()
v
B
()

S
2aL
S
2aH
S
2bH
S
2bL
S
1aH
= S
1bL
S
1aL
= S
1bH

3
0
2(1-D)

6
2
IBCI converter

2

3
S
1aH
L
S
2aL
V
1
V
2
i
L
i
b
i
1
S
1aL
n
p
n
p
i
a
S
2bH
L
m
i
ma
L
m
i
mb
n
s
n
s
i
2
C
CL
V
CL
S
1bH
S
1bL
( )
A CL
p
s
CL g g
p
s
A
V V
n
n
V V V
n
n
v
= =
+ =
1 B
V v =
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Plus Phase-Shift Modulation

(D-1/2)
(3/2-D)-
(D-1/2)
V
A
V
B
v
A
()
v
B
()

S
2aL
S
2aH
S
2bH
S
2bL
S
1aH
= S
1bL
S
1aL
= S
1bH

3
0
2(1-D)

6
2
IBCI converter

3

S
1aH
L
S
2aL
V
1
S
2bL
V
2
i
L
i
b
i
1
S
1aL
n
p
n
p
i
a
L
m
i
ma
L
m
i
mb
n
s
n
s
i
2
S
1bH
S
1bL
0 v
A
=
1 B
V v =
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Plus Phase-Shift Modulation
v
A
is a three-level voltage of amplitude V
A
while v
B
is a
square wave voltage of amplitude V
B
The duty-cycle of port 2 switches is controlled so as to
obtain the condition V
A
=V
B
The power transfer between ports 1 and 2 is controlled
through the phase-shift angle
Inductor current has a piecewise linear behavior
0 /2 v
A
v
B
P
-/2 0 v
A
v
B
P
D 1
V
n
n
V
n
n
V
2
p
s
CL
p
s
A

= =
1 B
V V =
( )( )
D 1
V
V D 1 V V D V
g
CL g CL g

= =
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Plus Phase-Shift Modulation
L
i
L
v
A v
B

(D-1/2)-

(D-1/2)+
V
A
V
B
I
1
I
2

3
0
2(1-D)
I
4
= -I
1
I
0

2
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
2aL
S
2aH
S
2bH
S
2bL
S
1aH
= S
1bL
S
1aL
= S
1bH
0 < < (D-1/2)
(V
A
= V
B
)
IBCI converter
D > 0.5
Case A:
Power flow
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Plus Phase-Shift Modulation
(D-1/2) < < /2

3
0
2(1-D)
I
2
I
1

6
I
0
I
4
= -I
1
I
5
= -I
2

(D-1/2)
(3/2-D)-
(D-1/2)
V
A
V
B
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()

2
S
2aL
S
2aH
S
2bH
S
2bL
S
1aH
= S
1bL
S
1aL
= S
1bH
(V
A
= V
B
)
D > 0.5
Case B:
L
i
L
v
A v
B
IBCI converter
Power flow
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Phase-Shift Modulation in Three-
Phase Converters

V
1
/3

2V
1
/3
nV
2
/3
2nV
2
/3
v
ao1
= v
A
nv
ao2
= v
B

v
a1
v
b1
v
c1
v
o1 2V
1
/3
V
1
/3
/3-

0 /3 2/3
V
1
< /3 < /3 < /3 < /3
Phase a voltages
(Hp: symmetry)
V
1
S
1aL
S
1bL
i
1
i
La
S
1cL
i
Lb
i
Lc
v
a1
v
b1
v
c1
S
1aH
S
1bH
S
1cH
o
1
L
L
L
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Phase-Shift Modulation in Three-
Phase Converters
Decoupled phase behavior (perfect symmetry)
v
A
and v
B
are six-step voltage waveforms
The power transfer between ports 1 and 2 is controlled
through the phase-shift angle
Two different situations (power from port 1 to port 2):
0 /3
/3 /2
Inductor current has a piecewise linear behavior (DAB)
0 /2 v
A
v
B
P
-/2 0 v
A
v
B
P
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Systematic Steady-State Analysis
The analytical determination of the current waveforms
requires a systematic method for complex topologies (e.g.
three-phase resonant DAB).
The outcome is the mathematical expression of phase
currents as a function of phase-shift and other design
parameters.
In addition, soft switching conditions can be analyzed in
detail by extracting current values at the moment of
switch commutations.
N
B A
N
Z
V
v v
V
v
= =
A
B
V
V
k =
General case:
Z
i
L
v
A v
B
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The half switching period is divided into m subintervals. For each
subinterval (i = 1 m), the values of the current shaping
impedance state variables x
i
at the end of the interval are
calculated, in normalized form, as a function of their value x
i-1
at
the beginning, i.e.:
Systematic Steady-State Analysis
i 1
+ =
i i i i
N x M x
F x M N N M x M x
i i
+ = +
|
|

\
|
+ =

=
+ 0 1 , m m m
1 m
1 i
i 1 , m 0 1 , m m
i j
j
i k
k i , j
=

=
M M
[ ]
T
m 2 1
= L
We can iterate, obtaining
where
and is a column vector containing m
i
elements, i.e.
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Systematic Steady-State Analysis
from which the initial state variable values are found:
0 0 1 , m m
x F x M x = + =
( ) F M I x
1
1 , m 0

=
Exploiting the waveform symmetry, we can write:
that can be used to derive the current waveform expressions
and to discuss soft-switching conditions
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Example: IBCI
Base voltage: V
N
= V
A
Base impedance: Z
N
=
sw
L
Base current: I
N
= V
N
/Z
N
Base power: P
N
= V
N
2
/ Z
N
Base variables:
The half switching period is subdivided into 4
subintervals (m = 4).
Two situations has to be considered:
Case A: 0 < < (D-1/2)
Case B: (D-1/2) < < /2
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Example: IBCI
1 2 3 4

A k

-k

|

\
|

2
1
D
1-k
( ) D 1 2
-k |

\
|

2
1
D
B k |

\
|

2
1
D
1+k |

\
|

2
1
D
1-k

|

\
|
D
2
3

-k |

\
|

2
1
D

i=

(D-1/2)
(3/2-D)-
(D-1/2)
V
A
V
B
v
A
()
v
B
()

S
1aH
= S
1bL
S
1aL
= S
1bH

3
0
2(1-D)

6
2
Case B
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Example: IBCI
Defining j() = i()/I
N
as the normalized inductor
current:
m , , 1 i for J J
i i 1 i i
K = + =

i 1
+ =
i i i i
N x M x
Comparing with:
m , , 1 i for
N
1 M
i i
i
K =

=
=
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Example: IBCI
From:
the normalized initial inductor current value is:
For both cases A and B we have:

=
=
4
1 i
i i 0
2
1
J
( )
|

\
|

+ =
2
k D 1 J
0
( ) F M I x
1
1 , m 0

=
For plus phase-shift modulation k = 1:

|

\
|
=
2
1
D J
0
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Example: SR-DAB
Base voltage: V
N
= V
A
Base impedance: Z
N
= Z
r
Base current: I
N
= V
N
/Z
N
Base power: P
N
= V
N
2
/ Z
N
Base frequency:
N
=
r
Base variables:
C
L
Z
r
=
LC
1
r
=
Z
i
L
v
A v
B
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Example: SR-DAB
Current shaping impedance state variables:
( )
( )

|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
=
n
0 L
n
0 C
n
C
n
0 L
n
0 C
n
L
f
sin J
f
cos U
f
cos 1 u
f
cos J
f
sin U
f
sin j
(

=
C
L
u
j
x
Normalized state variable vector:
C
L
i
L
u
C

S. Buso, G. Spiazzi - University of Padova - DEI

1
0
2

V
A
V
B
v
A
()
v
B
()

2
The half switching period is subdivided into 2
subintervals (m = 2).
i = 1 i = 2

1+k

1-k

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Example: SR-DAB
Current shaping impedance state variables:
{
Matrix M
i
n
i
n
i
1 Ci
1 Li
n
i
n
i
n
i
n
i
Ci
Li
f
cos 1
f
sin
U
J
f
cos
f
sin
f
sin
f
cos
U
J

|
|
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
+
(

|
|
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
=
(

for i = 1,2
{
Matrix N
|
|
|
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
= =
n n
n n
1 , 2 1 , m
f
cos
f
sin
f
sin
f
cos
M M
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Example: SR-DAB
k
1
f
cos
f
cos 2
f
sin 2
f
sin
f
cos 1
f
sin
n n
n n
n
n
|
|
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
+
|
|
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
= F
F x
1
n n
n n
0
f
cos 1
f
sin
f
sin
f
cos 1

|
|
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|

=
Matrix F:
Initial conditions:
S. Buso, G. Spiazzi - University of Padova - DEI
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Example: SR-DAB
(
(
(
(

|
|
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
+
|
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|

\
|
+
= k
f
cos
f
cos
f
cos 1
f
sin
f
sin
0
f
sin
f
cos 1
1
n n n
n n
n
n
0
x
Initial conditions:
( )
|

\
|
+
(

\
|
|

\
|
+ |

\
|

=
n
n n n
0 L
f
cos 1
f
sin
f
sin k
f
sin
J
S. Buso, G. Spiazzi - University of Padova - DEI
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Example: Three-Phase DAB
V
1
/3

2V
1
/3
nV
2
/3
2nV
2
/3
v
ao1
= v
A
nv
ao2
= v
B

/3-
0 /3 2/3
The half switching period is subdivided into 6
subintervals (m = 6).
Two situations has to be considered:
Case A: 0 < < /3
S. Buso, G. Spiazzi - University of Padova - DEI
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V
1
/3

2V
1
/3
nV
2
/3
2nV
2
/3
v
ao1
= v
A
nv
ao2
= v
B
/3
0 /3 2/3

The half switching period is subdivided into 6

A
3
k 1+


3
k 1

3

3
k 2


( )
3
k 1 2

3

3
k 2 1


3
k 1

3

B
3
k 2 1+

3

3
k 1+

3
2

3
k 2+

3

3
k 2

3
2

3
k 1

3

3
k 2 1

3
2


i=
V
1
/3

2V
1
/3
nV
2
/3
2nV
2
/3
v
ao1
= v
A
nv
ao2
= v
B
/3
0 /3 2/3

Case B
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Soft-switching conditions
Single phase DAB: port 1
|

\
|

1
k
1
2
( ) 0 k 1
2
k ) 0 ( j
L

=
Power flow


2
2f
sw
t
2f
sw
t
2f
sw
t
v
A

v
B

i
L

2
2


i
L
(0)
i
L
()
i
L
() = - i
L
(0)
V
A

-V
A

V
B

-V
B

V
1
S
1aL
S
1bL
L
i
1
S
1aH
S
1bH
i
L
S. Buso, G. Spiazzi - University of Padova - DEI
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Soft-switching conditions
( ) k 1
2

( ) 0 k 1
2
) ( j
L

=
Power flow


2
2f
sw
t
2f
sw
t
2f
sw
t
v
A

v
B

i
L

2
2


i
L
(0)
i
L
()
i
L
() = - i
L
(0)
V
A

-V
A

V
B

-V
B

V
2
i
2
n:1
i
Ls
S
2aL
S
2bL
S
2aH
S
2bH
Single phase DAB: port 2
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Soft-switching conditions
Single phase DAB
For a power flow from port 1 to port 2 the phase-shift
interval is 0 /2. Thus, if k 1 the soft switching
condition is satisfied for any value and for both
bridge switches.
|

\
|

1
k
1
2
The same consideration holds for a power flow from
port 2 to port 1 where voltages v
A
and v
B
are swept
and k = 1/k. Now, if k 1 (k 1) the soft switching
condition is satisfied for any value.
Port 1:
( ) k 1
2

Port 2:
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Soft-switching conditions
Single phase DAB
V
1
S
1aL
S
1bL
L
i
1
S
1aH
S
1bH
i
L
For a bidirectional power flow, if k = 1
the soft switching condition is satisfied
for any value between /2 and /2.
|

\
|

1
k
1
2
Port 1:
( ) k 1
2

Port 2:
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Soft-switching conditions
Single phase SR-DAB converter: port 1
v
C V
2
V
1
i
2
n:1
S
1aL
S
1bL
L
i
1
C
S
1aH
S
1bH
i
L
S
2aL
S
2bL
S
2aH
S
2bH
0 0.333 0.667 1
4
3.2
2.4
1.6
0.8
0
0.8
1.6
2.4
3.2
4
NORMALIZED WAVEFORMS
)

LH

J
L0
( )
J
L1
( )
( ) 0
f
cos 1
f
sin
f
sin k
f
sin
J
n
n n n
0 L
<
|

\
|
+
(

\
|
|

\
|
+ |

\
|

=
Power flow
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Soft-switching conditions
Single phase SR-DAB converter: port 2
v
C V
2
V
1
i
2
n:1
S
1aL
S
1bL
L
i
1
C
S
1aH
S
1bH
i
L
S
2aL
S
2bL
S
2aH
S
2bH
0 0.333 0.667 1
4
3.2
2.4
1.6
0.8
0
0.8
1.6
2.4
3.2
4
NORMALIZED WAVEFORMS
)

LH

J
L0
( )
J
L1
( )
( ) 0 k
f
cos 1
f
sin
f
cos 1
f
sin
f
sin
J
n
n
n
n n
1 L
>
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
|

\
|
=
Power flow
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Soft-switching conditions
Single phase SR-DAB converter
v
C V
2
V
1
i
2
n:1
S
1aL
S
1bL
L
i
1
C
S
1aH
S
1bH
i
L
S
2aL
S
2bL
S
2aH
S
2bH
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 k
f
cos 1
f
sin
0 J 0 J
n
n
1 L 0 L

|
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

= =
0 0.333 0.667 1
4
3.2
2.4
1.6
0.8
0
0.8
1.6
2.4
3.2
4
NORMALIZED WAVEFORMS
)

LH

J
L0
( )
J
L1
( )
Worst case: = 0
K = 1
Power flow
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Soft-switching conditions
Interleaved Boost with Coupled Inductors
S
1aH
L
S
2aL
V
1
S
2bL
V
2
i
L
i
b
i
1
S
1aL
n
p
n
p
i
a
S
2aH
S
2bH
L
m
i
ma
L
m
i
mb
n
s
n
s
i
2
V
CL
C
CL
C
CL
V
CL
S
1bH
S
1bL
Power flow
Lets analyze the port 1 switch commutations first
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Soft-switching conditions
S
1aH
L
V
1
i
L
i
1
S
1aL
n
s
n
s
S
1bH
S
1bL
D > 0.5
(D-1/2)-

(D-1/2)+
V
A
V
B
I
1
I
2

3
0
2(1-D)
I
4
= -I
1
I
0

2
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
2aL
S
2aH
S
2bH
S
2bL
S
1aH
= S
1bL
S
1aL
= S
1bH
( ) D 1 2 k
( ) 0
2
k D 1
k J J
0 1

+ =
+ =
Case A: 0 < < (D-1/2)
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Soft-switching conditions
S
1aH
L
V
1
i
L
i
1
S
1aL
n
s
n
s
S
1bH
S
1bL

3
0
2(1-D)
I
2
I
1

6
I
0
I
4
= -I
1
I
5
= -I
2

(D-1/2)
(3/2-D)-
(D-1/2)
V
A
V
B
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()

2
S
2aL
S
2aH
S
2bH
S
2bL
S
1aH
= S
1bL
S
1aL
= S
1bH
D > 0.5
( )
( ) 0 k 1
2
2
1
D k 1 J J
1 2

=
(

\
|
+ + =

2
1 k
Case B: (D-1/2) < < /2
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Soft-switching conditions
S
1aH
L
V
1
i
L
i
1
S
1aL
n
s
n
s
S
1bH
S
1bL

2
1 k
Case B: (D-1/2) < < /2
( ) D 1 2 k
Case A: 0 < < (D-1/2)
Case B is included in case A!
Same condition holds for reversed power flow
k = 1 is used to minimize the inductor
current crest factor
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Soft-switching conditions
Interleaved Boost with Coupled Inductors
S
1aH
L
S
2aL
V
1
S
2bL
V
2
i
L
i
b
i
1
S
1aL
n
p
n
p
i
a
S
2aH
S
2bH
L
m
i
ma
L
m
i
mb
n
s
n
s
i
2
V
CL
C
CL
C
CL
V
CL
S
1bH
S
1bL
Power flow
For port 2 switch commutations we have to analyze the
currents i
a
and i
b
which depend also on duty-cycle:
L
p
s
ma a
i
n
n
i i + =
L
p
s
mb b
i
n
n
i i =
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Soft-switching conditions
IBCI
( ) 0 I
n
n
I i
2
p
s
mpk 2 b
=
D > 0.5
(D-1/2)-

(D-1/2)+
V
A
V
B
I
1
I
2

3
0
2(1-D)
I
4
= -I
1
I
0

2
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
2aL
S
2aH
S
2bH
S
2bL
S
1aH
= S
1bL
S
1aL
= S
1bH
Case A: 0 < < (D-1/2)
S
2aL
S
2bL
V
2
i
b
n
p
n
p
i
a
S
2bH
L
m
i
ma
L
m
i
mb
i
2
C
CL
V
CL
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Soft-switching conditions
IBCI
( ) 0 I
n
n
I i
3
p
s
mvl 3 b
=
D > 0.5
(D-1/2)-

(D-1/2)+
V
A
V
B
I
1
I
2

3
0
2(1-D)
I
4
= -I
1
I
0

2
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
2aL
S
2aH
S
2bH
S
2bL
S
1aH
= S
1bL
S
1aL
= S
1bH
Case A: 0 < < (D-1/2)
S
2aL
S
2bL
V
2
i
b
n
p
n
p
i
a
S
2bH
L
m
i
ma
L
m
i
mb
i
2
C
CL
V
CL
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Soft-switching conditions
IBCI
( ) 0 I
n
n
I i
1
p
s
mpk 1 b
=
D > 0.5

3
0
2(1-D)
I
2
I
1

6
I
0
I
4
= -I
1
I
5
= -I
2

(D-1/2)
(3/2-D)-
(D-1/2)
V
A
V
B
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()

2
S
2aL
S
2aH
S
2bH
S
2bL
S
1aH
= S
1bL
S
1aL
= S
1bH
Case B: (D-1/2) < < /2
S
2aL
S
2bL
V
2
i
b
n
p
n
p
i
a
S
2bH
L
m
i
ma
L
m
i
mb
i
2
C
CL
V
CL
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Soft-switching conditions
IBCI
( ) 0 I
n
n
I i
3
p
s
mvl 3 b
=
D > 0.5

3
0
2(1-D)
I
2
I
1

6
I
0
I
4
= -I
1
I
5
= -I
2

(D-1/2)
(3/2-D)-
(D-1/2)
V
A
V
B
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()

2
S
2aL
S
2aH
S
2bH
S
2bL
S
1aH
= S
1bL
S
1aL
= S
1bH
Case B: (D-1/2) < < /2
S
2aL
S
2bL
V
2
i
b
n
p
n
p
i
a
S
2bH
L
m
i
ma
L
m
i
mb
i
2
C
CL
V
CL
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Soft-switching conditions
The active clamp operation requires the clamp current to
have zero average value. This means that the upper
switch current must reverse polarity during their
conduction interval (help soft-switching)
A non negligible magnetizing inductor ripple helps to
satisfy the soft-switching conditions especially at low
power levels
Considerations:
S
1aH
L
S
2aL
V
1
S
2bL
V
2
i
L
i
b
i
1
S
1aL
n
p
n
p
i
a
S
2aH
S
2bH
L
m
i
ma
L
m
i
mb
n
s
n
s
i
2
V
CL
C
CL
C
CL
V
CL
S
1bH
S
1bL
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Normalized Transferred Power
( )
( )
( )

=
0
L
N
d j
1
P
P
L
i
L
v
A v
B
Single-phase DAB


2
2f
sw
t
2f
sw
t
2f
sw
t
v
A

v
B

i
L

2
2


i
L
(0)
i
L
()
i
L
() = - i
L
(0)
V
A

-V
A

V
B

-V
B

Power flow
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Normalized Transferred Power
( )
|

\
|

= 1 k

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
NORMALIZED TRANSFERRED POWER
NORMALIZED PHASE-SHIFT ANGLE
1
0
( )
1 0

A
B
V
V
k =
Single-phase DAB
L
i
L
v
A v
B
Power flow
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Normalized Transferred Power
4
k
2
max

=
|

\
|

=

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
NORMALIZED TRANSFERRED POWER
NORMALIZED PHASE-SHIFT ANGLE
1
0
( )
1 0

Single-phase DAB
L
i
L
v
A v
B

max
Power flow
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Normalized Transferred Power
Single-phase SR-DAB

L
i
L
v
A v
B
C
v
C

0 0.125 0.25 0.375 0.5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
NORMALIZED TRANSFERRED POWER
NORMALIZED PHASE-SHIFT ANGLE
( )

|
|
|
|

\
|

\
|
|

\
|

=
1
f 2
cos
f 2
2
cos
kf 2
P
) ( P
) (
n
n n
N
Power flow
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Normalized Transferred Power

0 0.125 0.25 0.375 0.5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
NORMALIZED TRANSFERRED POWER
NORMALIZED PHASE-SHIFT ANGLE
( )

|
|
|
|

\
|

\
|
=
|

\
|

=
1
f 2
cos
1 kf 2
2
n
n
max

max
Single-phase SR-DAB

L
i
L
v
A v
B
C
v
C
Power flow
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Normalized Transferred Power

3
0
2(1-D)
I
2
I
1

6
I
0
I
4
= -I
1
I
5
= -I
2

(D-1/2)
(3/2-D)-
(D-1/2)
V
A
V
B
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()

2
L
i
L
v
A v
B
IBCI
( ) ( )

=
3
1
d j
1
L
Power flow
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Normalized Transferred Power

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
NORMALIZED TRANSFERRED POWER
NORMALIZED PHASE-SHIFT ANGLE
D
test
,
( )

( )
( )

\
|

\
|

|

\
|

\
|

=
2 2
1
- D for
2
1
D k 1 k
2
1
- D 0 for D 1 k 2
2
L
i
L
v
A v
B
IBCI
Power flow
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Normalized Transferred Power
L
i
L
v
A v
B
Three-phase DAB
( )

\
|

=
2 3 18
3 2 3
2
2
0 0.125 0.25 0.375 0.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
NORMALIZED TRANSFERRED POWER
NORMALIZED PHASE-SHIFT ANGLE
( )

Power flow
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Normalized Transferred Power
Three-phase SR-DAB
0 0.083 0.167 0.25 0.333 0.417 0.5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
NORMALIZED TRANSFERRED POWER

1
( )

No closed form
expression for ()

L
i
L
v
A v
B
C
v
C
Power flow
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Conclusions
Different isolated bidirectional topologies, belonging to
the family of dual active bridge structures, have been
considered
A unified analysis has been carried out to calculate the
steady-state current waveform responsible for the power
transfer
Soft-switching conditions have been investigated for each
converter topology
The transferred power and its relation with the phase-
shift angle has been calculated