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    Battle of Bapheus

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    Battle of Bapheus occurred on 27 July 1302 between an Ottoman army under Osman I and a Byzantine army under George Mouzalon. The battle ended in a crucial Ottoman victory, cementing the Ottoman state and heralding the final capture of Byzantine Bithynia by the Turks.

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    Battle of Bapheus

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    Battle of Bapheus occurred on 27 July 1302 between an Ottoman army under Osman I and a Byzantine army under George Mouzalon. The battle ended in a crucial Ottoman victory, cementing the Ottoman state and heralding the final capture of Byzantine Bithynia by the Turks.

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    Battle of Bapheus occurred on 27 July 1302 between an Ottoman army under Osman I and a Byzantine army under George Mouzalon. The battle ended in a crucial Ottoman victory, cementing the Ottoman state and heralding the final capture of Byzantine Bithynia by the Turks.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    870 views3 pages

    Battle of Bapheus

    Uploaded by

    romavinces
    Battle of Bapheus occurred on 27 July 1302 between an Ottoman army under Osman I and a Byzantine army under George Mouzalon. The battle ended in a crucial Ottoman victory, cementing the Ottoman state and heralding the final capture of Byzantine Bithynia by the Turks.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Battle of Bapheus

    Battle of Bapheus
    Battle of Bapheus
    Part of the ByzantineOttoman Wars Date 27 July 1302

    Location Between Nicomedia and Nicaea, Bithynia Result Ottoman victory


    [1]

    Belligerents
    Byzantine Empire

    Ottoman Principality

    Commanders and leaders


    George Mouzalon Osman I

    Strength
    ~2,000
    [2][3]

    ~5,000

    The Battle of Bapheus occurred on 27 July 1302 between an Ottoman army under Osman I and a Byzantine army under George Mouzalon. The battle ended in a crucial Ottoman victory, cementing the Ottoman state and heralding the final capture of Byzantine Bithynia by the Turks. According to Halil nalck, the Ottomans achieved its characteristics and qualities of state after this battle (Bafeus Sava) near Yalova.[4]

    Strategic context
    Osman I had succeeded in the leadership of his clan in ca. 1282, and over the next two decades launched a series of ever-deeper raids into the Byzantine borderlands of Bithynia. By 1301, the Ottomans were besieging Nicaea, the former imperial capital, and harassing Prussa.[5] The Turkish raids also threatened the port city of Nicomedia with famine, as they roamed the countryside and prohibited the collection of the harvest. In the spring 1302, Emperor Michael IX (r. 12941320) launched a campaign which reached south up to Magnesia. The Turks, awed by his large army, avoided battle. Michael sought to confront them, but was dissuaded by his generals. The Turks, encouraged, resumed their raids, virtually isolating him at Magnesia. His army dissolved without battle, as the local troops left to defend their homes and the Alans too left to rejoin their families in Thrace. Michael was forced to withdraw by the sea, followed by another wave of refugees.[6][7][8]

    Battle
    To counter the threat to Nicomedia, Michael's co-emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos (r. 12821328) sent a Byzantine force of some 2,000 men (half of whom were recently hired Alan mercenaries), under the megas hetaireiarches George Mouzalon, to cross over the Bosporus and relieve the city.[9][10] At the plain of Bapheus (Greek: ; an unidentified site, perhaps to the east of Nicomedia but within sight of the city) on 27 July 1302, the Byzantines met a Turkish army of some 5,000 light cavalry under Osman himself, composed of his own troops as well as allies from the Turkish tribes of Paphlagonia and the Maeander River area. The Turkish cavalry charged the Byzantines, whose Alan contingent notably did not participate in the battle. The Turks broke the Byzantine line, forcing Mouzalon to withdraw into Nicomedia under the cover of the Alan force.[11]

    Battle of Bapheus

    Aftermath
    Bapheus was the first major victory for the nascent Ottoman Beylik, and of major significance for its future expansion: the Byzantines effectively lost control of the countryside of Bithynia, withdrawing to their forts, which, isolated, fell one by one. The Byzantine defeat also sparked a massive exodus of the Christian population from the area into the European parts of the Empire, further altering the region's demographic balance. Coupled with the disaster of Magnesia, which allowed the Turks to reach and establish themselves on the coasts of the Aegean Sea, Bapheus thus heralded the final loss of Asia Minor for Byzantium.[12] The Ottoman conquest of Bithynia was nonetheless gradual, and the last Byzantine outpost there, Nicomedia, fell only in 1337.[13]

    Notes
    [1] [2] [3] [4] Nicol, Donald M., Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 223. Kazhdan (1991), p. 251 Bartusis (1997), p. 76 "Prof. nalck: Osmanl 1302'de kuruldu: nl tarihi Prof. Dr. Halil nalck, Osmanl'nn devlet niteliini 1302 ylnda Yalova'daki Bafeus Zaferi sonras kazandn syledi." (http:/ / www. ntvmsnbc. com/ id/ 24986660/ ), NTVNSMBC, 27 July 2009. [5] Kazhdan (1991), pp. 15391540 [6] Nicol (1993), pp. 125126 [7] Bartusis (1997), pp. 7677 [8] Laiou (1972), p. 90 [9] Kazhdan (1991), pp. 251, 1421 [10] Nicol (1993), p. 126 [11] Laiou (1972), pp. 9091 [12] Laiou (1972), pp. 91, 122 [13] Kazhdan (1991), p. 1484

    Sources
    Bartusis, Mark C. (1997), The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 12041453 (http://books.google.com/ books?id=rUs-hHd89xAC), University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN978-0-8122-1620-2 Inalcik, Halil (1994), "Osman Ghazi's Siege of Nicaea and the Battle of Bapheus" (http://www.deremilitari.org/ resources/pdfs/inalcik.pdf), in Zachariadou, Elisabeth, The Ottoman Emirate (13001389). Halcyon Days in Crete I: A Symposium Held in Rethymnon, 1113 January 1991, Crete University Press, ISBN960-7309-58-8 Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-19-504652-6 Laiou, Angeliki E. (1972), Constantinople and the Latins: The Foreign Policy of Andronicus II, 12821328, Harvard University Press, ISBN978-0-674-16535-9 Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1993), The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 12611453 (http://books.google.com/ books?id=y2d6OHLqwEsC), Cambridge University Press, ISBN978-0-521-43991-6

    Article Sources and Contributors

    Article Sources and Contributors


    Battle of Bapheus Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=586184861 Contributors: Alexander VIII, Anotherclown, Attilios, Bananax112, Bob1960evens, Catalographer, CeeGee, ChrisGualtieri, Coffins, Cplakidas, Davewild, Dimadick, DragonTiger23, Gabr-el, Howcheng, Hugo999, Ian Rose, Iblardi, Jaraalbe, Jbribeiro1, Kansas Bear, Kevinsam, Klemen Kocjancic, Lysandros, Martarius, Monstrelet, Mttll, Nedim Ardoa, Nimetapoeg, Noyder, Sirtrebuchet, Swejnys, Takabeg, Vikiizer, 6 anonymous edits

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    File:Flag of Palaeologus Dynasty.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Palaeologus_Dynasty.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Dragases at en.wikipedia File:Flag of the Ottoman Sultanate (1299-1453).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Sultanate_(1299-1453).svg License: unknown Contributors: MaxSem

    License
    Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

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