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LW1 Test Example

This document is a 3-page test on structural dynamics and active structural control for civil engineering students. It includes equations of motion for multi-degree of freedom systems, the modal superposition approach for solving equations of motion, and an overview of active control methods such as LQG control and H-infinity control. Examples are given of comparing results for different structures and earthquakes using centralized and overlapping control criteria. Active structural control aims to allow structures to adapt to external loads and changes over time similar to living beings.

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Balta Andrei
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71 views

LW1 Test Example

This document is a 3-page test on structural dynamics and active structural control for civil engineering students. It includes equations of motion for multi-degree of freedom systems, the modal superposition approach for solving equations of motion, and an overview of active control methods such as LQG control and H-infinity control. Examples are given of comparing results for different structures and earthquakes using centralized and overlapping control criteria. Active structural control aims to allow structures to adapt to external loads and changes over time similar to living beings.

Uploaded by

Balta Andrei
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GHEORGHE ASACHI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF IAI

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Building Services


Civil Engineering Bachelor Program, English teaching, first year

LABORATORY WORK 1 Word/Text Processors (Word 2007) Practice test

by Prof. Fideliu Pule-Criniceanu

Iai, December 2010

Use of Computers for Civil Engineering Students, an Example Given during Laboratory Classes

TEST at Use of Computers for Civil Engineering Students


student Ctlin Rzvan Ionescu
Group 3328, Faculty of Civil Engineering Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai

3.1 EQUATIONS OF MOTION In Figure 3.1, a n-degree of freedom lumped masses model is shown. This stick model is a very simplified one, corresponding to a plane structure. However, from academic point of view, using this model is a good approach for understanding the complexity of phenomena that take place. The dynamic second degree differential matrix equation of motion for a MDOFS, like that in Figure 3.1, submitted to the seismic load can be similarly deduced as in the case of SDOFS
&& abs (t ) + cu & (t ) + ku(t ) = 0 mu

mn

M
k mk

M
2 m2 m1

(3.1)

ug(t) u

uk(t) (t)

k,abs where m (usually a diagonal matrix) is the mass matrix, c is the damping matrix, and k is the stiffness matrix. Figure 3.1 Multi-degree of freedom system u(t) is the vector of displacements relative to the base of the structure and uabs(t) is the vector of absolute displacements. At the right of the Equation (3.1), 0, means a column vector with all n elements zero.

3.2 MODAL SUPERPOSITION APPROACH


2 in (3.13), the next equation is obtained Replacing m r = miU ir i =1 n n

&&r (t ) + 2 r r & r (t ) + r2 r (t ) =

mU
i

ir

mU
i i =1

i =1 n

&&g (t ) u
2 ir

(3.14)

which is similar with a one degree of freedom dynamic equation of motion. The solution for (3.14) is 1

r (t ) =

mU
i

ir

mU
i i =1

i =1 n

2 ir

&& ( )e u
0
g

r r ( t )

sin D , r (t )d

(3.15)

Now, recalling the Equation (3.9), the response on the k-th degree of freedom may be rewritten as follows
- this test is 3 pages long -

Use of Computers for Civil Engineering Students

uk (t ) = ukr (t ) = U kr r (t )
r =1 r =1

(3.16)

where ukr (t ) = U kr r (t ) can be seen as the contribution of the r-th mode of vibration to the response on the k-th degree of freedom. Using the Equation (3.15), each element of the sum in (3.16) becomes 1

ukr (t ) =

i =1 kr n

mU
i

ir

mU
i i =1

2 ir

&& ( )e u
0
g

r r ( t )

sin D ,r (t )d

(3.17)

or, introducing the corresponding distribution coefficient, kr, where

kr = U kr

mU
i

ir

mU
i i =1

i =1 n

(3.18)
2 ir

the Equation (3.17) is transformed into the next one


ukr (t ) = 1

&&g ( )e kr u
r

( t )

sin D , r (t )d

(3.19)

5.4 ACTIVE CONTROL. THEORETICAL ASPECTS Every construction suffers changes during its life. At the same time, the environment where the structure is placed is changing, too. Therefore one could compare existing constructions to living beings. However, the most common way a civil engineering structure overcomes external loads is to resist to them. The living beings not only resist but also adapt to the environmental aggressiveness, responding in a different manner to different actions or intensities. Table 1. Comparisons of results for some criteria Adapting to external loads and to El Centro Earthquake Mexico Earthquake structural changes is a basic idea Criteria No Cntrl. Centralized Overlapping Centralized Overlapping in active structural control. Criteria and some results are J1 1.0000 0.3868 0.4134 0.4582 0.5343 shown in the Table 1. J2 1.0000 1.0681 1.2626 1.3693 1.5838 In 1972, Prof. James T.P. J3 1.0000 0.2944 0.3147 0.5836 0.6878 Yao, through his paper Concept J4 1.0000 0.6252 0.6480 0.6140 0.6718 of Structural Control, is defining 0.8029 0.1861 0.2090 J5 0.1481 0.0775 0.0904 the start for this new branch in 0.3832 structural synthesis. Figure 5.5 J6 1.0000 1.2006 1.2498 2.3317 2.0998 shows a feedback system as J7 1.0000 0.2257 0.2601 0.3983 0.4715 J.P.Yao viewed it. The author describes a structural controlled structure as an error-activated structural system the behavior which varies automatically in accordance with unpredictable variations in the loading as well as environmental conditions and thereby produces desirable responses under all possible loading conditions. From the point of view of theoretical studies and application methodologies, there are two main approaches in structural control: i. LQG (Linear Quadratic Gain) control, based on time domain
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Sample of a Test for Text Editors (MS Word)

ii. H and -Synthesis control, based on frequency domain. These two ways are very developed in many sub-methods and versions. Meanwhile, additional tools are added to the main methods: fuzzy sets analysis and neuronal networks. From the first category of control, LQG, very popular are: pole assignment, optimal control, instantaneous optimal control, modal control, critical modal control, and sliding modes control method. Majority of these methods is based on rewriting the structural dynamics classical and familiar system of equations
m1
1

E D
2.0

m2
2

C y A
1.5 2.0

EI=const.
1.5 7.0 4.0

4.0

Figure 5.5 Dynamic System (5.2)

& + Ksz = f M s && z + Cs z

in the form of state equation


& = Ax + Bf x y = Cx + Df

(5.3)

In the Equation (5.2), Ms, Cs, and Ks are the mass, damping, and stiffness matrices of the structure; z is the vector of the generalized displacement vector, and f is the vector of the external forces.

+ +

& x

+ +

D
Figure 5.6 System described by Equation (5.3) BIBLIOGRAPHY
(in alphabetical order)

In the Equation (5.3), A is the system matrix, B is the load location matrix, C is the measurement matrix, and D is a matrix showing the influence of the input, f, to the output, y. Equation (5.3) is described by Figure 5.6.

[1] Akiyama, H.: Earthquake-Resistant Limit-State Design for Buildings, University of Tokyo Press, 1985 [2] Atanasiu, G.M.: Structural Dynamics and Stability, Editura "Gh. Asachi" Iai ("Gh. Asachi" Technical
University of Iai Publishing House), 1995

[3] Blan, St., Cristescu, V., Cornea, I., coord.: Cutremurul de pamnt din Romnia de la 4 martie 1977 (The
Earthquake from Romania, March 4, 1977), Editura Academiei (Romanian Academy Publishing House), Bucureti, 1982 (in Romanian) [4] Bathe, K.-J.: Finite Element Procedures in Engineering Analysis, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1982 [5] Brbat, A.H., Rodellar, J., Ryan, E.P., Molinares, N.: Active Control of Nonlinear Base-Isolated Buildings, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, Vol. 121, 1995

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