BASIC BASIC KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE OF OF BEARINGS BEARINGS

(1) Types of bearing

Slide bearing

Oil film bearing Air bearing Oil-less bearing

Bearing

Rolling bearing

Magnetic bearing
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Slide bearing
Cause only sliding friction It generally supports the shaft, its surface and the shaft relatively do sliding motion.
Bearing Shaft Housing

Oil film bearing

Oil film supports the shaft to rotate smoothly.

Oil filling hole

Rotating shaft

(Oil film bearing) Journal bearing

Housing

Air bearing
Air supports the shaft to rotate smoothly.
Shaft Shaft

At stationary

At rotation
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Oil-less bearing
This is made of porous sintered metal contained oil and lubricated with self-lubricating mechanism.
Shaft Housing Oil-less bearing

Radial magnetic bearings

Axial magnetic bearings

Magnetic bearing
Magnetic power floats and supports the shaft to rotate smoothly.

Axial sensor Radial sensor

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Rolling bearing
Rolling elements are assembled between inner and outer rings with (or without) a cage. With this structure, a smooth rolling motion is realized during operation. Compare with slide bearing (1)Power-saving (2)High-interchangeability (3)Long service life (4)High-accuracy
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Rolling elements

Rolling bearing

(2)Advantage & disadvantage of rolling bearings

[Advantages] Very small starting friction Can use at high speed rotation Easy to handle and maintenance Interchangeable and easy acquirement Global normalization and standardization Can use at both high temperature and low temperature Grease lubrication is applicable. [Disadvantage] Rusting easily Affected easily by dust and foreign particles Raceway surface maybe damage by impact

(3) (3)Rolling Rollingbearing bearing structures structuresand andtypes types

Radial ball bearing

Deep groove ball bearing Angular contact ball bearing Four-point contact ball bearing Self-aligning ball bearing

Radial bearing

Cylindrical roller bearing Needle roller bearing

Radial roller bearing Tapered roller bearing Rolling bearing Spherical roller bearing Thrust ball bearing Thrust ball bearing Thrust bearing Angular contact thrust ball bearing Cylindrical roller thrust bearing Needle roller thrust bearing Tapered roller thrust bearing Spherical thrust roller bearing 8

Thrust roller bearing

Typical rolling bearings

Deep groove ball bearings Cylindrical roller bearings

Tapered roller bearings

Thrust ball bearings

Spherical roller bearings

Spherical thrust roller bearings

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(4)Basic concept for selection of bearing type

Larger size bearing can support heavier load. Roller can support heavier load than ball. Proper bearing type should be selected according to direction of load. Radial load the load which works vertically to the shaft Axial load the load which works horizontally to the shaft
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Radial load the load which works vertically to the shaft

Axial load the load which works horizontally to the shaft

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Angular contact ball bearing

/hig h sp eed

High axial load in both directions

Matched pair angular contact ball bearing

Sma ll wid th Double-row angular contact ball bearing

load

xial

Self-aligning ball bearing

gn ing

High load
al ig ni ng

Spherical roller bearing

d Double-row loa l s ia n x o tapered roller cti ha ire Hig d bearing oth b in

Hig ha

a li

Deep groove High Cylindrical ball bearing radial loa roller bearing d
H ig
ly On

xial Tapered roller a h Hig bearing load Sm dia all me out ter er

n Alig

ing

Spherical thrust roller bearing

al di ra

Thrust ball bearing

x ia ha hig ad l lo

Double-row cylindrical roller bearing

ad lo
High axial loa d

Needle roller bearing

a ll m S

th d i w

Needle roller thrust bearing 12

Cylindrical roller thrust bearing Tapered roller thrust bearing

5 Bearing number
Bearing number indicates the bearing specification such as Bearing type, Boundary dimensions, Internal clearance and Tolerances, etc. ISO, Bearing number Basic number Supplementary code Interchangeable Catalog item Note:Although basic number is almost same in each company, supplementary code often varies.
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Supplementary code

Grease code 00 00 Parts code Noise code S / P0 P6 Tolerance code C2 FG FGP0S00SR Cage material code Internal clearance /preload code Matched pair/stack code Material/special treatment code C3 FYP6/ 00 C3 2 2 Type code NU 6 3
omitted

SR

Structure of bearing number

Supplementary code

FY

//
omitted

P0 15 RH 22315RHKC3 NU318C3 K / / P0/ 00

(Bearing number additional code)

Shield/seal code Internal design code

Contact angle code 03 Basic number Bore diameter No. Diameter series code Bearing series code Diameter series Height/width series 18

ZZ 6203ZZC2

Ring shape code

(0)

(0)

00

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5-1)Basic number
Basic number Type code Width series Diameter series Bore diameter number Width series bold digit Diameter series number with a underline Bore diameter number double or single digits
Type code Types Self-aligning ball bearing Self-aligning ball bearing Spherical roller bearing Spherical thrust roller bearing Tapered roller bearing Double-row angular contact ball bearing Double-row deep groove ball bearing Thrust ball bearing Double-row angular contact ball bearing Deep groove ball bearing Angular contact ball bearing Cylindrical roller bearing Double-row cylindrical roller bearing Needle roller bearing Ball bearings for unit Examples of Basic number

N NU NJ NH NP NUP NN NNU NA RNA UC UK

NU NU NN NA UC

NU NU NNU NA UC

NU RNA UK

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5-2)Bore diameter number

Bore diameter No. Bearing bore diameter mm Examples Bore diameter mm Bearing series code Bore diameter number equals to bore diameter(mm). 10mm 12mm 15mm 17mm

Bore diameter 12mm Bearing series code

To know the bore diameter(mm) simply multiple bore diameter number by five.

Bore diameter 120mm Bearing series code / Bore diameter 710mm Bearing series code / Bore diameter 28mm Bearing series code 16

Regarding the items which is larger than 500mm P/N equals to bore diameter(mm). Regarding 3 items, as intermediate diameter, bore diameter number equals to bore diameter.

/ / /

6)Comparison of shielded and sealed bearing performance

Shielded Type Non-contact type ZZ type Non-contact type 2RU type Sealed Contact type 2RS type 2RK type Extremely light contact type 2RD type

Characteristics Friction torque High speed performance Grease sealing performance Dirt resistance Water resistance Operating temperature Small Good Good Good Not so good Small Good Better than ZZ type Better than ZZ type
Better than ZZ type
but inferior to 2RS,2RK and 2RD types

Large

Large

Small Good Excellent Excellent Better than ZZ and 2RU types -30 to +110 17

Limited because of contact

Better than 2RU type
for low-speed applications

Excellent Excellent Excellent

Better than 2RU type Good -30 to +100

-30 to +110

7)Internal clearance (original clearance)

Bearing performance depends greatly upon internal clearance Radial internal clearance during operation; inappropriate clearance results in short rolling fatigue life and generation of heat, noise or vibration.
Radial/Axial clearance Bearing internal clearance is defined as the total distance either inner or outer ring can be moved when the other ring is fixed. If movement is in the radial direction,it is called radial internal clearance; if in the axial direction, axial internal clearance.

Axial internal clearance

Clearance code

C1 C2 CN C3 C4 C5
18

CN Normal clearance not indicated

7-1)Explanation of clearance

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7-2)Bearing life and target clearance

Target range of Bearing life (%) Ball bearing

Target range of Roller bearing

Operating clearance (m)

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8)Preload
Generally, bearings are operated with a certain amount of proper internal clearance allowed. For some applications, however, bearings are mounted with axial load of such magnitude that the clearance will be negative. 1)To improve running accuracy by reducing run-out of shaft, as well as to heighten positioning accuracy in radial and axial directions. 2)To improve gear engagement accuracy by increasing bearing rigidity. 3)To reduce smearing by eliminating sliding in irregular rotation. 4)To minimize abnormal noise due to vibration or resonance.
Position preloading Constant pressure preloading

Method using matched pair bearing with standout adjusted for preloading.

Method using spacer with dimensions adjusted for preloading.

Method using nut or bolt capable of adjusting preload in axial direction. In this case, starting friction moment during adjustment should be measured so that proper preload will be applied.

Method using coil spring or diaphragm spring.

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9 Cage
Effect of cage on bearing performance
Cage function To keep ball or roller a certain interval, not to touch each other. To guide and drive ball or roller. To keep retain ball or roller, not to dropout from bearing ring.

Types Pressed cage Machined cage Molded cage Pin type cage

Code // YS FT FY FG MG FP

Material Carbon steel sheet Stainless steel sheet Phenolic resin High tensile brass casting Polyamide resin Carbon steel
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10)Tolerance and tolerance classes

P0 Standard class, not indicated P6 P5 P4 P2 High precision Examples of high precision bearing applications High running accuracy is required. Machine tool spindles, VTR, Aluminum foil mill roll necks.. High speed rotation is required. Machine tool spindles, Dental hand-piece spindles, Jet engine spindles.. Low friction or low noise is required. Servomotors, Measuring instruments..
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11)How 11)How to to search search catalog catalog

Single Row deep groove ball bearings Open type

Basic load ratings Boundary dimensions Limiting speeds Bearing i Nj i j i | P j number grease oil C C D B O lubrication lubricatio i min.j 19 5 0.3 1.70 0.84 37 000 43 000 10 6800 22 6 0.3 2.70 1.25 34 000 41 000 6900 26 8 0.3 4.55 1.95 31 000 36 000 6000 30 9 0.6 5.10 2.40 24 000 29 000 6200 35 11 0.6 8.10 3.45 22 000 27 000 6300 21 5 0.3 1.90 1.05 33 000 39 000 12 6801 24 6 0.3 2.90 1.45 31 000 36 000 6901 28 7 0.3 5.10 2.40 27 000 32 000 16001 28 8 0.3 5.10 2.40 27 000 32 000 6001 32 10 0.6 6.80 3.05 22 000 27 000 6201 37 12 1 9.70 4.20 20 000 25 000 6301 24 5 0.3 2.10 1.25 28 000 33 000 15 6802 28 7 0.3 4.30 2.25 26 000 30 000 6902 32 8 0.3 5.60 2.85 23 000 28 000 16002 32 9 0.3 5.60 2.85 23 000 27 000 6002 35 11 0.6 7.65 3.75 20 000 24 000 6202 42 13 1 11.4 5.45 17 000 20 000 6302

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(11-1)Basic dynamic load rating C

Basic dynamic load rating is a load that 90% of bearing can last 1million revolutions under a fixed operational condition. Equation for bearing rating life

C L10 = P

revolution

C basic dynamic load rating

P dynamic equivalent load

L10 106 L10h = 60n

time

Exponent p

3 ball bearing 10/3 roller bearing min-1

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n rotation speed

(11-2)Basic static load rating C0

Excessive static load even at very low rotation causes partial permanent deformation of the rolling element and raceway contacting surfaces. Therefore there should be no rotation in static load. The basic static load rating is the static load which responds to the calculated contact stress shown below. Self-aligning ball bearings : 4 600 Mpa Other ball bearings : 4 200 MPa Roller bearings : 4 000 MPa 0.02Co Practicable Dynamic Load 0.3Co

(for slipping prevention)

(for keeping oil film)

The total extent of contact stress-caused permanent deformation on surfaces of rolling elements and raceway will be approximately 0.0001 times greater than the rolling element diameter.
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(11-3)Limiting speed
The limiting speed is the highest speed at which a bearing can continuously operate without generating such critical heat. Oil lubrication can rotate higher speed than grease lubrication. High precision bearing can rotate higher speed than standard design. These allowable rubbing speeds differ depending on seal rubber materials.
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12.Handling 12.Handling of of bearings bearings

(a)Bearing fits
The purpose of fits is to securely fix the inner or outer ring to the shaft or housing, to preclude detrimental circumferential sliding on the fitting surface. Types of fit 1)Interference fit Impossible to mount by no clearance, so need to load force. 2)Transition fit Slightly loose slightly tight 3)Clearance fit Theres gap. Easy to mount. Selection of fit Generally, make rotating ring tight fit, make stationary ring loose fit. Please consult with Engineering Dept. in case of the followings. 1)High load 2)Vibration load exists 3)Do oscillating motion 4)High temperature 5)Material of shaft or housing is light alloy(aluminum,etc.) 6)Use long shaft
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(b)Bearing lubrication
Lubrication is one of the most important factors determining bearing performance. 1)Role of lubrication To lubricate each part of the bearing, and to reduce friction and wear. To cover rolling contact surface with the proper oil film in order to prolong bearing fatigue life. 2)Lubrication types Grease lubrication Generally grease is filled in advance into shielded/sealed bearing. Simple handling Proper grease selection to application is necessary. Oil lubrication Usable even at high rotating speed and somewhat high temperature, and effective in reducing bearing vibration and noise. Proper selection of oil lubrication method and oil type is necessary. The best lubricant for bearing life. Solid lubrication Use in special application (vacuum, clean environment) Use in low speed and light load
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(c)Handling of bearings
1)General instructions a)Bearings are more precisely made than other machine parts. Avoid dirty,dusty,strong impact. b)Handle using the proper tools. c)Keep bearings well protected from rust, humidity and sweat. 2)Storage If bearings are to be stored for a long time, be stored on shelves set higher than 30cm from the floor at a humidity less than 65% and at a temperature around 20 degrees. 3)Preparation prior the mounting Since the anticorrosion oil covering bearing is a highly capable lubricant, the oil should not be cleaned off if the bearings are used for normal operation.
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(d)Mounting and dismounting method

Press fit of bearings with cylindrical bore bearings Mounting methods (a)Using press fit (the most widely used method) Descriptions As shown in the Fig., a bearing should be mounted slowly with care, by using a fixture to apply force evenly to the bearing. When mounting the inner ring, apply pressure to the inner ring only. Similarly, in mounting the outer ring, press only the outer ring.

(b)Using bolts and nuts (screw hole should be provided at the shaft end)

(Inner ring press fit) (Outer ring press fit) (Inner ring press fit) If interference is required on both the inner and outer ring of non-separable bearings, use two kinds of fixtures as shown in the Fig. and apply force carefully, as rolling elements are easily damaged. (Simultaneous press fit of inner ring and outer ring) 31

Shrink fit of cylindrical bore bearings Shrink fit (a)Heating in an oil bath Descriptions This method, which expands bearings by heating them in oil, has the advantage of not applying too much force to bearings and taking only a short time. Notes Oil temperature should not be higher than 100 deg. C, because bearings heated at higher than 120 deg. C lose hardness. Heating temperature can be determined from the bore diameter of a bearing and the interference. (b)Induction heater Use nets or a lifting device to prevent the bearing from resting directly on the bottom of the oil container. Since bearings shrink in the radial direction as well as the axial direction while cooling down, fix the inner ring and shaft shoulder tightly with the shaft nut before shrinking, so that no space is left between them. Shrink fit proves to be clean and effective since, by induction heating, the ring can be provided with even heat in a short time using neither fire nor oil. (When electricity is being conducted, the bearing itself generates heat by its electrical resistance, aided by the built-in exciting coil.) 32

Dismounting of cylindrical bore bearings Inner ring dismounting methods (a) Dismounting by use of a press (b) Dismounting by use of oil pressure

(c) Dismounting by use of special tools

(d) Dismounting by use of special tools

(e) Dismounting using induction heater

Descriptions Non-separable bearings should be treated carefully during dismounting so as to minimize external force, which affects their rolling elements. The easiest way to remove bearings is by using a press as shown in Fig.(a). It is recommended that the fixture be prepared so that the inner ring can receive the removal force. 33

(13)Confirmation of operating conditions

Items to be considered Machine usage/Structure Radial (Fr) Axial (Fa) -1 Rotation speed imin A rpmj Inner ring/Outer ring Lubrication Shaft/Material Bearing fits Housing/Material Conditions of application site Air, vacuum, submerged Temperature Required service life Load (kN,kgf) Remarks Content

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