OSPF Inter-area route summarization

Introduction: Background: Configuration overview: Discard route: Benefits of OSPF Summarization: Related Information:

Introduction:
OSPF is link state routing protocol that works on the concept of areas. All areas must have same LSDB (link state database); hence OSPF summarization can only done on the border routers i.e. on ABR (Area border router) and ASBR (Autonomous system boundary router).In this document we discussed about route summarization between the areas.

Background:
Summarization between areas can be done on ABR by using single command under OSPF process:

area [area-id] range [ ip-address ] [mask ] [advertise | not-advertise |cost {cost}]

A) area-id= Identifier of the area about which routes are to be summarizedB) [ ip-address ] [mask]= Summary route to be advertise in areas

Summary route calculation: Only 3 steps are required to calculate summary route 1) Convert the addresses to binary format 2) Locate the bit where the common pattern of digits ends 3) The number of common bits is subnet mask and the summary route number is represented by the first IP address in the block. Lets assume the following networks in routing table:192.168.0.0/24192.168.1.0/24192.168.2.0/24

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OSPF Inter-area route summarization

Prefixs

Binary Splitting 8 16 24 32

192.168.0.0 192.168.1.0 192.168.2.0

11000000 10101000 0000 0000 000000000 11000000 10101000 0000 0001 000000000 11000000 10101000 0000 0010 000000000

From the above table it shows first 22 bits are common, so summary route subnet mask is /22 i.e. 255.255.252.0 and summarized route is 192.168.0.0/22 C) advertise = By default type 3 LSA is advertise D) not-advertise =Its optional and used to filter type 3 LSA component of the networks specify in range command. E) Cost =Its optional When we have multiple ABRs we can Advertise summary route with cost for route manipulation.

Configuration overview:
In following example router ABR1 is directly connected to R1 in area 1 and to R2 in backbone area0.

Topology Diagram:

On R1 loopbacks are created loopbacks for generating network prefixes and advertise them into OSPF as follow:

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OSPF Inter-area route summarization

R1#sh ip interface brief | include Lo Loopback0 Loopback1 Loopback2 192.168.0.1 192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1 YES manual up YES manual up YES manual up up up up

R2 in area 0 learns Type3 LSA for loopbacks created on R1 via ABR1 and installed into routing table as shown in below output:

R2#sh ip ospf database | Beg Summary Summary Net Link States (Area 0)

Link ID 10.1.1.0 192.168.0.0 192.168.1.0 192.168.2.0

ADV Router 10.1.1.6 10.1.1.6 10.1.1.6 10.1.1.6

Age 260 102 102 102

Seq#

Checksum

0x80000001 0x00B463 0x80000001 0x00B8FD 0x80000001 0x00AD08 0x80000001 0x00A212

R2#sh ip ospf database summary 192.168.0.0

OSPF Router with ID (10.1.1.5) (Process ID 100)

Summary Net Link States (Area 0)

Routing Bit Set on this LSA

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OSPF Inter-area route summarization

LS age: 7 Options: (No TOS-capability, DC, Upward) LS Type: Summary Links(Network) Link State ID: 192.168.0.0 (summary Network Number) Advertising Router: 10.1.1.6 LS Seq Number: 80000002 Checksum: 0x5C62 Length: 28 Network Mask: /24 TOS: 0 Metric: 2

R2#sh ip route | Begin Gateway Gateway of last resort is not set

10.0.0.0/30 is subnetted, 2 subnets O IA C 10.1.1.0 [110/2] via 10.1.1.6, 00:00:36, FastEthernet0/0 10.1.1.4 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

O IA 192.168.0.0/24 [110/3] via 10.1.1.6, 00:00:36, FastEthernet0/0 O IA 192.168.1.0/24 [110/3] via 10.1.1.6, 00:00:36, FastEthernet0/0 O IA 192.168.2.0/24 [110/3] via 10.1.1.6, 00:00:36, FastEthernet0/0 Configuring ABR1 to summarized loopback subnets available on R1 i.e. 192.168.0.0/24 192.168.1.0/24

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OSPF Inter-area route summarization

192.168.2.0/24

ABR1(config)#router ospf 100 ABR1(config-router)#area 1 range 192.168.0.0 255.255.252.0 ABR1(config-router)#end

After configuring summarization on ABR1, R2 receives Type 3 i.e.192.168.0.0/22 not individual type 3 LSA for each loopback address from ABR1 shown below:

R2#sh ip route | Begin Gateway Gateway of last resort is not set

10.0.0.0/30 is subnetted, 2 subnets O IA C 10.1.1.0 [110/2] via 10.1.1.6, 00:16:36, FastEthernet0/0 10.1.1.4 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

O IA 192.168.0.0/22 [110/3] via 10.1.1.6, 00:06:00, FastEthernet0/0

Discard route:
It's interesting to look at these summary routes on the ABR, which is responsible for doing all of the summarization. The ABR also includes the summary routes, but they aren't real routes, so it simply points them to its Null0 interface called discard routes. They help to prevent routing loops during summarization:

ABR1#sh ip route ospf O 192.168.0.0/24 [110/2] via 10.1.1.1, 00:15:01, FastEthernet0/0

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OSPF Inter-area route summarization

O O

192.168.1.0/24 [110/2] via 10.1.1.1, 00:15:01, FastEthernet0/0 192.168.2.0/24 [110/2] via 10.1.1.1, 00:15:01, FastEthernet0/0

192.168.0.0/22 is a summary, 00:15:01, Null0

Discard route is generated by default, and you don't need to create it. If you want to disable creation of the discard route, you can use the no discard-route command as follows:

ABR1(config)#router ospf 100 ABR1(config-router)#discard-route internal ABR1(config-router)#end

Benefits of OSPF Summarization:

Related Information:
OSPF Design Guide OSPF Vesion 2

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