Partitions & Format: Dividing the hdd space into group of drives is called as partition.

. The 1st created partition is called as Primary Partition & It is assigned with drive letter C master boot record will be stored here. Drive letters a & b are reserved for floppy drives.

Partitions : Dos Partition All window flavors. Non Dos Partition All non window flavors.

Example OF DOS Partions: win95,98,win me,nt,xp2,2003,vista,2008

Non Dos Paritions: Unix,linux,Macintosh, netware etc., Disk Management: It is a tool or utility used to manage the hdd easily and efficiently. Types------Basic Disk Dynamic Disk. Run: diskmgmt.msc (Disk Management) Run : mmsys.cpl Run: sndrec32 (To Sound record) Run: powercfg.cpl (Display the power management) Run: c:\\boot.ini Run: dxdiag (Shows configuration of system) MSCONFIG SYSEDIT

Shrunk volume in win 7 only. (To merge extra partition) Converting the files Fat32 to NTFS C:\>convert c:/fs:ntfs

Disk Defragment: Used to re organize the data on your hard drive so that your computer runs more efficiently. RAID: (Redundent Array of Independent Disk) It is a technology that simultaneous use of 2 or more partitions on the same or different hard drives to achieve greater levels of performance and reliability. It is a fault tolerance mechanism in which the data is not lost even if one of disk fails. Raid s/w raid Hw raids

Virus: It is a special kind of computer program which spreads across disks and networks by making copies of itself, usually surreptitiously. Produce undesired side-effects in computers in which it is active.

DOS (Disk Operating System) The Dos as got three types of commands packages they are the:1. Internal Command:-This are the commands which are default loaded along with the Operating System. 2. External Command:- This are the commands which are not default loaded along with the Operating System it will works only with the help of External device. 3. Batch Command:- It is the extension for the file here the commands can be stored bulk and it can be executed

directly all at a time. Ex:- I/Os, command.com, AUTOEXEC.BAT MsDos.sys, Config.sys,

How to open the Dos Command Prompt? Go to Start button-----Run-----type cmd or command---ok C :\> (This will be display) 1) TIME:- This command is used to see the system time. Syntax:- C:\> time (press enter)

2) DATE:- This command is used to see the system date. Syntax:- C:\> date (press enter) 3) CD.. (Change Directory):- This command is used to come out of the one directory. Syntax;- C:\> cd.. (press enter) CD\ :- This command is used to come out of the group of directories. Syntax:- C:\> cd\ (press enter) DIR:- Disc Information Report This command is used to see the directories and files. Syntax:- C:\> dir (press enter) DIR/P:- This command is used to see the directories and files page wise. Syntax:- C:\> dir/p (press enter)

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DIR/O:-This command is used to see the directories and files order wise. Syntax:- C:\> dir/o (press enter)

8) DIR/O/P:- This command is used to see the directories and files order and page wise.. Syntax:- C:\> dir/o/p (press enter) 9) DIR/W:-This command is used to see the directories and files width wise. Syntax:- C:\> dir/w (press enter)

10) DIR/AD:-This command is used to see only the directories Syntax:- C:\> dir/ad (press enter) 11) DIR/AA:- This command is used to see only the files Syntax:- C:\> dir/aa (press enter) 12) DIR/O/AD:-This command is used to see the directories order wise Syntax:- C:\> dir/o/ad (press enter) 13) DIR/O/AA:-This command is used to see the files order wise. Syntax:- C:\> dir/o/aa (press enter) 14) MD or MKDIR(Make Directory):- This command is used to create a directory.

Syntax:- md space directory name C:\> md fruits (press enter) 15) CD:- This command is used to enter into a directory. Syntax:- cd space directory name C:\> cd fruits (press enter) 16) COPY CON:- This command is used to create a files in a directory. Syntax:- copy space con space file name C:\> copy con apple(filename) enter Ramu is a good boy To save the file press (ctrl+z) or (f6) (press enter) 17) TYPE:- This command is used to open a file in a directory. Syntax:- type space file name C:\> type apple (filename) (press enter) 18) EDIT:- This command is used to change the matter and add the matter in file. Syntax:- edit space filename C:\> edit apple (filename) (press enter) 19) COPY:- This command is used to copy the file in a directory. Syntax:- copy space existing filename space new filename C:\> copy apple (existing filename) orange(new filename) (press enter)

20) DIR/L:- it display all the directories and files in lower case Syntax:- :-C:\>dir/l (press enter)

21) DIR/ON:-it display all directories and files ascending order Syntax:- :-C:\>dir/on (press enter) 22) DIR/O-N:- it display all directories descending order Syntax:- :-C:\>dir/o-n (press enter) and files

23) ATTRIB +H:- This command is used to hide the file in a directory. Syntax:- attrib space +h space filename C:\> attrib +h apple (filename) (press enter) 24) ATTRIB -H:- This command is used to unhide the file in a directory. Syntax:- attrib space -h space filename C:\> attrib -h apple (filename) (press enter) 25) ATTRIB +R:- This command is used to change the read only the matter in a file. Syntax:- attrib space +r space filename C:\> attrib +r apple (filename) (press enter) 26) ATTRIB -R :- This command is used to read the matter and add the matter in a file. Syntax:- attrib space -r space filename

C:\> attrib -r apple (filename)

(press enter)

27) DIR/AH:-it display all hidden files Syntax:- :-C:\>dir/ah (press enter) 28) REN (OR) RENAME :- This command is used to change the name of the file. Syntax:- ren space existing filename space new filename C:\> ren apple (old filename) pineapple(new filename) (press enter) 29) TREE:- This command is used to tree structure of directory and sub directory. C:\> tree (press enter) 30) MOVE:- This command is used to move the file from main directory to sub directory. Syntax:- move space filename space c:\> main directory name\sub directory name C:\> move orange(filename) c:\ fruits\ sweets 31) DEL:- This command is used to delete a file in a directory Syntax:- del space filename C:\> del orange(filename) (press enter) 32) RD:- This command is used to delete an empty directory. Syntax:- rd space directory name

C:\> rd fruits (press enter) 33) COLOR:-It Is used to change the font color In Dos(In Characters from A to F and In Digits from 0 to 9) Syntax:-color <characters a to f or digits 0 to 9> ex:-C:\orbit>color 6 C:\orbit>color a

34) CLS:- It Is used to clear the screen Syntax:- cls (press enter) C:\orbit>cls 35) EXIT:- This command is used to come out of the dos prompt. Syntax:- C:\> exit (press enter)
BASIC ELECTRONICS: Current: Flow of Electrons, Measured Amps (A) High Voltage: Max. Flow of electrons. Low Voltage: Min flow of electrons. Power(watts(w)) = voltage x current Electrons are present and quite moveable in Every conductor. Electricity is the ordered flow of electrons in a Conductor. Ac(Alternate Current)-Electricity Dc(Direct Current) Battery.

Conductor: Matter that conducts Electricity easily. Line zinc (zn), coppers) conduct electricity very easily. They used to make conductor. Non Conductor: Matter that does not conduct Electricity at all. Non-metals like wood and rubber do not conduct electricity so easily they are used to make Non-Conductors. Semi-Conductor: Matter that conducts electricity in a manner between that of Conductors and NonConductors. Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge) conducts electricity better than non-conductors but worse than conductors. They are used to make semi conductors.

Capacitors Coil (inductor) Resistor Transformer Transistor Switch Fuse Diode FET

C L R T Q

F, k D

Capacitor: Which stores DC current. It filters ac. Farad Anolog capacitors Polorised One side High value other side low value. Non Polarised Digital capacitors Coil(Inductor): It drops the voltage. It also generate EMF(Electro Magnetic Force). It used to filtration. It has 2 legs.
Fuse : Used for Safety purpose. Controls high voltage. Both sides beep.

Transformer: Which transfers the voltage from one coil to other coil with the help of EMF