• The chart and graph below give information about sales and share

prices for Coca-Cola.

Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information
shown below
• You should write at least 150 words.
• You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

model answer:

The pie chart shows the worldwide distribution of sales of Coca-Cola in the year 2000
and the graph shows the change in share prices between 1996 and 2001.

In the year 2000, Coca-Cola sold a total of 17.1 billion cases of their fizzy drink
product worldwide. The largest consumer was North America, where 30.4 per cent of
the total volume was purchased. The second largest consumer was Latin America.
Europe and Asia purchased 20.5 and 16.4 per cent of the total volume respectively,
while Africa and the Middle East remained fairly small consumers at 7 per cent of the
total volume of sales.

Since 1996, share prices for Coca-Cola have fluctuated. In that year, shares were
valued at approximately $35. Between 1996 and 1997, however, prices rose
significantly to $70 per share. They dipped a little in mid-1997 and then peaked at
$80 per share in mid-98. From then until 2000 their value fell consistently but there
was a slight rise in mid-2000.

The chart below gives information about global sales of games software,
CDs and DVD or video.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information.

• You should write at least 150 words.

• You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
model answer:

The chart shows the changes in the sales of video material / DVDs, games software
and CDs around the world in billions of dollars over a three-year period. It can be
seen that the sales of videos / DVDs and games software have increased, while the
sales of CDs have gone down slightly.

Between 2000 and 2003, the sale of videos and DVDs rose by approximately 13
billion dollars. In 2000, just under 20 billion dollars worth of these items were sold,
but in 2003, this figure had risen to a little over 30 billion dollars.

The sales of games software also rose during this period, but less sharply. Sales
increased from about 13 billion dollars in 2000 to just under 20 billion dollars three
years later. By contrast, during the same time period, the sale of CDs fell from 35
billion dollars in 2000 to about 32.5 billion dollars in 2003.

The graphs below show the types of music albums purchased by people in
Britain according to s3x and age.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown
below.

• You should write at least 150 words.

• You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
model answer:

The three graphs provide an overview of the types of music people purchase in the
UK. At first glance we see that classical music is far less popular than pop or rock
music.

While slightly more women than men buy pop music, the rock market is dominated
by men with 30% buying rock, compared to 17% of women. From the first graph we
see that interest in pop music is steady from age 16 to 44 with 20% of the
population continuing to buy pop CDs after the age of 45.

The interest in rock music reaches its peak among the 25 to 34 year olds, though it
never sells as well as pop. Interest also drops off after the age of 35 with an even
sharper fall from age 45 onwards, a pattern which is the opposite to the classical
music graph.

The graphs below show the numbers of male and female workers in 1975 and 1995 in
several employment sectors of the republic of Freedonia.

Write a report for a university teacher describing the information shown.

model answer:

The two decades between 1975 and 1995 brought significant changes in the representation of
women in Freedonia's work force, according to the graphs.

In 1975, for example, some 300 000 men and 250 000 women worked in the communications
sector. Twenty years later, though the number of men remained unchanged, the number of
women rose to 550 000.

A similar situation was seen in the wholesale and retail trade sector, where the number of women
rose from about 550 000 in 1975 to almost 800 000 two decades later. The number of men in this
sector remained stable over the period, at around 700 000.

Women also made gains in both the finance/banking industries and in the defence-related public
sector. Whereas some 125 000 women worked in finance and banking institutions in 1975, the
number increased to 450 000 by 1995. The number of men grew only marginally from 425 000 to
480 000 over the same period. In defence, the number of men declined from 225 000 to 200 000,
while the number of women rose from 25 000 to over 100 000.

Two sectors that retained stable employment numbers for both men and women were
manufacturing, which had about 300 000 women and 650 000 men in both surveyed years, and
the public sector (non-defence), which employed 650 000 women and 850 000 men.

Thus, women appear to have made gains in the Freedonian work force but not at the expense of
men.

(243 words)

Eating sweet foods produces acid in the mouth, which can cause tooth decay. (High acid
levels are measured by low pH values)

Describe the information below and discuss the implications for dental health.
You should write at least 150 words.

model answer:

Anyone who has visited a dentist has been told that eating excessive amounts of sweets risks
harming the teeth. This is because sweets lower pH levels in the mouth to dangerous levels.

When the pH level in the mouth is kept above 5.5, acidity is such that teeth are unlikely to be in
danger of decay. Sweet foods, however, cause pH in the mouth to drop for a time, and the longer
pH levels remain below 5.5, the greater the opportunity for decay to occur.

By comparing fruit sugar, cane sugar and honey, which are all common ingredients of sweet
foods, we find that cane sugar lowers pH levels for the longest period, thus producing the
greatest risk of the three. Approximately five minutes aftfter consuming cane sugar, pH levels
drop to as little as pH 3.5. They then begin to rise slowly, but do not rise above pH 5.5 until at
least 30 minutes have elapsed. By contrast, fruit sugar, which causes the mouth's acidity to fall to
just above pH 4, poses a danger for a shorter period: tooth decay is unlikely 20 minutes after
consumption. Honey appears an even less risky substance. Though acidity falls to about pH 4.75
within five minutes of consumption, it returns to above pH 5.5 in under fifteen minutes.

The implications, then, are that people who insist on eating sweet foods should be aware of the
ingredients, and that fruit sugar or honey appear preferable to cane sugar. (242 words)
The diagram below shows the typical stages of consumer goods
manufacturing, including the process by which information is fed back to
earlier stages to enable adjustment.You should write at least 150 words.You
should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

model answer:

Most consumer goods go through a series of stages before they emerge as finished
products ready for sale.

Raw materials and manufactured components comprise the initial physical input in
the manufacturing process. Once obtained, these are stored for later assembly. But
assembly first depends upon the production planning stage, where it is decided how
and in what quantities the stored materials will be processed to create sufficient
quantities of finished goods. The production planning stage itself follows the
requirements of the goods' design stage that proceeds from extensive research. After
assembly, the products are inspected and tested to maintain quality control l Those
units that pass the inspection and testing stages are then packaged, despatched and
offered for sale in retail outlets. The level of sales, which is the end point of the
manufacturing process, helps determine production planning.

A product's design is not only the result of product research, but is also influenced by
testing and market research. If the testing stage (after assembly and inspection)
reveals unacceptable problems in the finished product, then adjustments will have to
be made to the product's design. Similarly, market research, which examines the
extent and nature of the demand for products, has the role of guiding product design
to suit consumer demands which may change with time. Market research, while
influenced by product sales, also serves to foster future sales by devising suitable
advertising for the goods.

Thus the reality of consumer goods manufacturing goes well beyond a simple linear
production process.

The table below shows social and economic indicators for four countries in
1994, according to United Nations statistics.

Describe the information shown below in your own words. What

implications do the indicators have for the countries?

• You should write at least 150 words.

• Allow yourself 20 minutes for this task.

Indicators Canada Japan Peru Zaire

Annual income per person (in $US) 11100 15760 160 130

Life expectancy at birth 76 78 51 47

Daily calorie supply per person 3326 2846 1927 1749

Adult literacy rate (%) 99 99 68 34

model answer:

A glance at four indicators of economic and social conditions in four countries,

Canada, Japan, Peru and Zaire, in 1994 reflects the great differences that exist
between wealthier and poorer nations.

The table shows that Japan and Canada had annual incomes of $15 760 and $11 100
per person, respectively. These figures were overwhelmingly greater than the
corresponding figures of $160 in Peru and $130 in Zaire.

Health indicators, too, reflected overall levels of affluence in the four nations. Life
expectancy at birth, for example, was higher among the more economically
developed countries. Japan reported the highest life expectancy, 78. This was
followed by Canada, 76; Peru, 51; and Zaire, 47; This suggests that richer societies
are able to put more money into health care than poorer ones.

The amount of calories consumed daily per person roughly followed the same
ranking. Canadians each consumed some 3 326 calories per day while the Japanese
took 2846 calories. The corresponding figures for Peru and Zaire were 1927 and
1749, respectively.

Literacy rates among adults, too, were higher in wealthier countries, no doubt a
reflection of ability to invest in education. Canada and Japan both reported literacy
rates of 99%, while Peru claimed 68%. Zaire, the least economically developed of
the four countries, had a literacy rate of 34%.

The data appear to confirm the often cited link between national wealth and health
and education standards.

The diagram below shows the average hours of unpaid work per week done
by people in different categories. (Unpaid work refers to such activities as
childcare in the home, housework and gardening.)

Describe the information presented below, comparing results for men and
women in the categories shown. Suggest reasons for what you see.

model answer:

The diagram reveals that the number of hours per week spent in unpaid work is
unequally distributed between men and women.

In households where there are no children, women are reported to work some 30
hours per week in such tasks as housework and gardening. Men's contribution to
these unpaid jobs averages a considerably lower 18 hours.

When children enter the household, however, the inequality becomes even more
pronounced. In families of 1 - 2 children, men maintain approximately the same
number of hours of unpaid work as in childless households, but the number of hours
women work in the home rises to 52 per week, much of it, on doubt, due to childcare
responsibilities.

Interestingly, when there are three or more children in the household, men are found
to work even fewer hours around the house than before the appearance of the third
child. Whereas women's unpaid hours rise to approximately 56 per week, the
corresponding figure for men, 16, actually represents a decrease.

The data suggest that the increased presence of women in the paid work force has
yet to lead to an increased role for men in the home.

The chart below shows the sleep patterns of people in five different
occupations according to a Canadian study.

Write a report for a university lecturer, describing the information below.

Give possible reasons for the differences.

• You should write at least 150 words.

• Allow yourself 20 minutes for this task.

asleep: awake:
Full-time Business
Occupation Student Truck Driver Doctor
mother Executive
6-7 pm
7-8 pm
8-9 pm
9-10 pm
10-11 pm
11-12 pm
12-1 am
1-2 am
2-3 am
3-4 am
4-5 am
5-6 am
6-7 am
7-8 am
8-9 am
9-10 am
10-11 am
11-12 am
12-1 pm
1-2 pm
2-3 pm
3-4 pm
4-5 pm
 5-6 pm

model answer:

Differences in sleep patterns appear to reflect differences in individuals' occupations.

A Canadian study has pointed out, for example, that students typically sleep for a
consecutive 8-hour period each night, from 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. This may be because
the central activity in their lives, study, takes place in normal daylight hours.
Similarly, business executives sleep consecutive hours, but perhaps because their
jobs are especially busy and stressful they sleep for 6 hours on average, getting up
around 5 a.m..

By contrast, truck drivers, probably because of their need to keep their trucks on the
road over long periods, tend to sleep in two 3-hour blocks: one between 7 and 10
a.m. and another from 4 to 7 p.m. Another occupation associated with broken sleep
schedules is that of doctors. They tend to retire to bed around 1 a.m. and start their
day at 7 a.m.., but may be woken up to deal with emergencies in the middle of the
night. Finally, full-time mothers, especially those with young children, tend to sleep
when their babies do. Typically, they will sleep from 10 p.m. and be awoken at 1
a.m. to comfort their babies for a couple of hours. They then go back to bed to wake
at 6 a.m., but nap for two hours or so in the early afternoon.

Thus the influence on one's sleep pattern is worthy of consideration when choosing
an occupation.

The chart below shows the amount of leisure time enjoyed by men and
women of different employment status.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown
below.

• You should write at least 150 words.

• Allow yourself 20 minutes for this task.
model answer:

The chart shows the number of hours of leisure enjoyed by men and women in a typical
week in 1998-9, according to gender and employment status.

Among those employed full-time, men on average had fifty hours of leisure, whereas
women had approximately thirty-seven hours. There were no figures given for male part-
time workers, but female part-timers had forty hours of leisure time, only slightly more
than women in full-time employment, perhaps reflecting their work in the home.

In the unemployed and retired categories, leisure time showed an increase for both sexes,
as might have been expected. Here too, men enjoyed more leisure time over eighty hours,
compared with seventy hours for women, perhaps once again reflecting the fact that
women spend more time working in the home than men.

Lastly, housewives enjoyed approximately fifty-four hours of leisure, on average. There

were no figures given for househusbands! Overall, the chart demonstrates that in the
categories for which statistics on male leisure time were available, men enjoyed at least
ten hours of extra leisure time.