Solutiontochosenproblems Chapter2

59. ORGANIZE AND PLAN We know our initial velocity v x 0 = 50.km h and the distance to the stoplight, x = 40.m.

We see that we need to convert the initial velocity to m s to agree with the units of x. We need to find both
2 acceleration and how long it takes to stop. We can use v 2 x v x 0 = 2 a x x to find the acceleration. Then, knowing

vx vx 0 to find the stopping time, t. t Known: x = 40.m; v x 0 = 50 km h. SOLVE First, convert the initial velocity to m s

a x , we use a x =

1000 m 1 h 50.km/h = 13.9 m/s 1 km 3600 s (a) Then rearranging

We get

ax =

2 v2 vx 0 m s 13.9 m s x0 = = 2.4 m s 2 2 x 2 ( 40.m )

(b) To find the time it takes to stop, we rearrange the definition of acceleration

ax =
t =

vx vx 0 t

v x v x 0 0 13.9 m s = = 5.8 s ax 2.4 m s 2

The acceleration is about the same as that of a car accelerating from 0 to 60mi h in 11 seconds. This seems to be a reasonable acceleration. REFLECT According to the sign of our initially velocity, we are traveling in the positive x-direction. We are slowing down, so the sign of acceleration must be negative, as we calculated.

64.ORGANIZE AND PLAN To calculate stopping time from an initial speed and acceleration, we can use the definition of v v0 . To find stopping distance, we use distance traveled = 1 v + v ) t . acceleration a x = 2( 0 t Known: a x1 = a x 2 = 3.50 m s 2 ; v10 = 50.km h; v20 = 1.0 102 km h; v1 = v2 = 0 km h. SOLVE First, convert the initial velocities to m s.

1ms v10 = ( 50.km h ) = 13.9 m s 3.6 km h

(a) The stopping time for the first car is t1 = For the second car, t 2 = v2 v20 0 m s 27.8 m s = = 7.94 s 7.9 s ax 2 3.50 m s 2 13.9 m s + 0 m s )( 3.97 s ) = 27.6 m 28 m ( v10 + v1 ) t = 1 2( v1 v10 0 m s 13.9 m s = = 3.97 s 4.0 s a x1 3.50 m s 2

(b) For the first car, the stopping distance is distance traveled1 = distance traveled 2 = (c) The ratio of stopping times is
1 2 1 2

27.8 m s + 0 m s )( 7.94 s ) = 110.4 m 110 m ( v20 + v2 ) t = 1 2(

t 2 7.94 s = =2 t1 3.97 s The ratio of stopping distances is distance traveled 2 110.4 m = =4 distance traveled1 27.6 m REFLECT The answers make sense since stopping time has only one factor of t in the equation, but stopping distance uses two factors of t. Therefore, for a doubling of t , we would expect stopping distance to increase by a factor of 4, which we see here.

70.

ORGANIZE AND PLAN In this problem we have to find out if we can stop in a given distance, and also if we can travel a certain distance in a calculated amount of time. These are both comparison problems in which we compare a calculated quantity with a given quantity. Part (a) involves both constant velocity and constant speed 2 using x = vx t and v 2 x v x 0 = 2 a x x. From this, we have to calculate stopping distance. Part (b) is a constant velocity problem for which we have to calculate time. Known: t light = 3.4 s; t1 = 0.60 s; x1 = 35 m; xroad = 9.5 m; v x 0 = 50.km h = 13.9 m s; a x = 3.0 m s2 . SOLVE (a) First we calculate the displacement before we touch the brake pedal: x1 = v x t1 = (13.9 m s )( 0.60 s ) = 8.34 m Then we calculate the displacement after we apply the brakes
2 v2 x v x 0 = 2 a x x
2 ( 0 m s ) (13.9 m s ) = 32.2 m v2 x vx 0 = 2a 2 3.0 m s2 2 2

x2 =

x = x1 + x2 = 8.34 m + 32.2 m = 41 m We are not able to stop before the intersection under these circumstances. Now, supposing we maintain our velocity at13.9 m s, we calculate how long it takes to get across the intersection. x = x1 + xroad = 35 m + 9.5 m = 44.5 m t = x 44.5 m = = 3.2 s vx 13.9 m s

We can get completely through the intersection before the light turns red 0.2 s later. REFLECT Here we model the car as a point. In the real world, the car has a dimension of length. At13.9 m s, the 0.2 s difference between the time it takes you to just get across the intersection and when the light turns red corresponds to 2.8 m or about 9 ft of car. This means that any part of the car more than 2.8 m behind the point we modeled will still be in the intersection when the light turns red.

72.ORGANIZE AND PLAN In each of the two scenarios, we are to find initial velocity where final velocity is zero. The two 2 scenarios use the same formula, v 2 x v x 0 = 2 a x x. 2 Known: a x = 980.m s ; vx = 0 m s; airbag: x = 20.cm; seatbelt: x = 5.0 cm SOLVE First, convert displacement to meters. For the airbag, 1m vx = 20. cm = 0.20 m 100 cm Likewise for the seatbelt, vx = 5.0 cm = 0.050 m. Now we find initial velocity for the airbag scenario.
2 2 vx vx 0 = 2 a x x

Since vx 0 = 0 m s, vx = 2 a x x = 2 980. m s For the seatbelt scenario, vx = 2 a x x = 2 980. m s

) ( 0.20 m ) = 19.8 m s

) ( 0.050 m s) = 9.90 m s

REFLECT For the airbag scenario, the maximum speed before brain injury would occur is about 44 mi h. The seatbelt only allows a maximum speed of about 22 mi h. Seatbelts and airbags protect our brains only at modest speeds for the kind of collision described here.

84.ORGANIZE AND PLAN (a) We know that the window is 5.6 m above the ground. We must find the balls velocity when the observer first sees it in the window. Using that value, we can calculate the velocity with which it is thrown. (b) Once we know the velocity with which the ball is thrown, we use one of the equations of motion to find the total time it is in the air. Known: For the balls path beginning at the window, t = 3.2 s, y = 5.6 m. SOLVE (a) First, the balls velocity in the window:
1 gt 2 y = v y 0t 2

Since the ball rises above the window and returns to the same y-position, we set y = 0 , rearrange and divide by one factor of t.
vy0 = 1 gt and 2
1 9.81 m s 3.2 s = 15.7 m s vy0 = 2

Now, since we dont know how long it took the ball to get to the window after it was thrown, we use

v 2 = v 2 2 gy
y y0

v2 y
2 + 2 gy = vy 0 = vy

+ 2 gy = v 2 and
y0

(15.7 m s )2 + 2 9.81 m

s2 5.6 m = 18.9 m s

Notice that we use the positive root of the expression for initial velocity, since the ball has a positive velocity when it is thrown. Once we know the initial velocity of the ball, we start with the same formula as in (a), but this time we want to find t. t= 2 vy0 g = 2 18.9 m s 9.81 m s2 = 3.85 s

REFLECT It doesnt take much more time for the ball to travel its entire path than it does to appear and then reappear in the window on its way up and then down. This implies that the ball passes the window shortly after it was thrown. To further support this, the ball loses only a small part of its initial velocity from the time it was thrown to the time it first appeared in the window.

85.ORGANIZE AND PLAN We arent told what the height is, so well call it y, taking the horizontal surface to be zero on the coordinate system. The vertical distance the ball travels is then y . Well use trigonometry to find the distances the ball rolls down the 30 incline and up the 45 incline, calling them d1 and d2 . Since the ball rolling uphill is analogous to it rolling downhill, the acceleration a2 is related to the same quantities, angle and y, that the initial acceleration is. Well find an expression for the velocity of the ball at the bottom of the 30 incline and find an expression for the acceleration required to reduce that velocity to zero at the top of the 45 incline. To do 2 + 2 ad where d is the distance the ball rolls. this, well use v 2 = v0 Known: 1 = 30; 2 = 45; a1 = 3.50 m s2 ; v2 = v0 = 0 m s. SOLVE Rolling downhill,
2 = v2 + 2a d v1 0 1
2 = v2 + 2a v1 0 1

y sin 1

Rolling uphill,
2 = v2 + 2a v2 1 2

y and sin 2

y 2 = v2 2a v1 2 2 sin 2
2 equal, Setting the two expressions for v1

x 2 x 2 + 2a v0 = v2 2 a2 1 sin 1 sin 2 Since v2 = v0 = 0 m s,

Canceling and rearranging for a2 ,

REFLECT The magnitude of the acceleration is greater rolling up the steeper slope. It is also negative, because the ball is slowing down. In this problem, neither the initial nor final motion is parallel to either the x- or y-axis. Since the angles arent complementary, theres no advantage to tilting the axes as in Figure 2.2. If it appears that there is not enough information given to find the answer to a problem, the best strategy is to set the problem up and solve it algebraically before trying to substitute known values. The unknown variables will cancel, such as v0 , v2 , and y did in this problem. You will be left with a simplified and more easily solvable problem.

86.ORGANIZE AND PLAN This is a free-fall problem involving a wrench, but we only know a y and y. We need one more variable to solve this problem. We can calculate the initial speed of the wrench from the motion of the helicopter. The helicopter is in constant acceleration from rest on the ground. We know the helicopters initial speed, displacement and acceleration and can calculate its speed at y = 20 m. Since the wrench is in the helicopter, the initial speed of the wrench as it falls out is the same as the final velocity of the helicopter. Now we can use 2 v 2 = v0 + 2 a y y to find the final speed. Then we can use the definition of acceleration to find time. 2 2 Known: vh 0 = 0 m s; a yh = 0.40 m s ; a yw = g = 9.80 m s ; yh = 20. m; yw = 20. m SOLVE First, find the upward speed of the helicopter (and hence the wrench) at 20.0 m.
2 2 vyh = vyh 0 + 2 a yh y
2 vh = + vh 0 + 2 a yh y =

(0

m s ) + 2 0.40 m s
2

) ( 20. m ) = 4.0 m s

Next, use the velocity of the helicopter to find the final velocity of the wrench as it strikes the ground. vw 0 = vh = 4.0 m s

( vw ) = ( vw 0 )
2

+ 2 ayw y

The wrench is falling downward, but the problem only asks for speed, so vw =

( 4.0 m s )
t w =

+ 2 9.80 m s

) ( 20. m ) = 20.2 m s 20. m s

Now, using the definition of acceleration, vw vw 0 20.2 m s 4.0 m s = = 2.5 s 2 a yw 9.80 m s vw = 20. m s REFLECT The wrenchs initial velocity is positive and its final velocity is negative, as we would expect. The time to fall 20.0 m is reasonably between 2 and 3 seconds. It is a math coincidence that the magnitude of v yw and yw are the same. This has no special meaning and is due to the choice of values in the problem.

(b) For the wrenchs free fall to the ground, from (a)