ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

Introduction
Unlike the previous chapter in this unit we will be dealing with equilibrium of supporting structure. The structures may consist of several sections. They form the supporting structures of bridges, pillars, roofs etc. It is important to have a basic knowledge of this topic as it concerns with the safety and stability of a several important structures. We will be studying about the various internal forces responsible for keeping the structures together.

Following figure gives a basic idea of what we are going to study. The given figure is a normal diagram of a book shelf. The second figure shows the role of internal forces in maintaining the system equilibrium. Free body diagram of various components are shown. It is clear from the diagram that the forces of action and reaction between various parts are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

DEFINITION OF A TRUSS
Am truss is a network of straight slender members connected at the joints. Members are essentially connected at joints. The every member has force only at extremities. Further for equilibrium the forces in a member reduce to two force member. Thus no moments only two force member. In general trusses are designed to support. Trusses are designed to support weight only in its plane. Therefore trusses in general can be assumed to be 2-dimensional structures. Further in case weight of individual member is to be taken into consideration, half of them are to be distributed at each of the pinned ends. Figure below shows a sample truss. There are nine individual members namely DE, DF, DC, BC, BF, BA, CF, EF, FA. Structure is 2-dimensional structure, supported by pin joints at A and E.

Sometime a member may be given of a shape like:

In such a case take the line the line joining their ends as the line of action of force.

ANALYSIS OF A TRUSS
A truss needs to be stable in all ways for security reasons. Simplest stable truss ABC is shown in figure.

The second diagram depicts that how instable the truss structure is. The truss ABCD can easily be deformed by application of the force F. Trusses constructed by adding triangles such as arms AC and CD to the above stable truss ABC are called simple trusses. No doubt simple trusses are rigid(stable). Further it is not always necessary that rigid trusses will necessary be simple. Let m be no. of members and n be number of joints. For a truss m<2n-3 m= 2n-3 m>2n-3 deficiency of members, unstable ,fewer unknowns than equation. uses all the members, statically determinate excess member , statically indeterminate, more unknown than equation

METHOD OF JOINTS
In the following section we will consider about the various aspects of trusses. Distribution of forces, reactions forces at pins, tension and compression etc. Step 1. Find the reaction at supporting pins using the force and the moment equations. Step 2. Start with a pin, most preferably roller pin,wher there are 2 or less than two unknowns. Step 3. Proceed in a similar way and try to find out force in different members one by one. Step 4. Take care of while labelling forces on the members. Indicate compression and tension clearly. Step 5. Finally produce a completely labelled diagram. Step 6.Try to identify the zero force members. It makes the problem simple.

Compression

Tension

Above shown are the conditions of compression or tension, deceided as per the direction of force applied by the pin joints to the members.

Example: Find the forces in the members AF, AB , CD, DE, EC and the reactin forces at A and D. CD = 3m.

Sol:

As per the type of joint the reaction forcces are shown below. Clearly Ax = O (balancing forces horizontally) Ay + Dy = 10 KN(balancing forces vertically) taking moment about D. MD = 10*3 Ay *9 = 0 (zero for equlibrium) , therefore Ay = 10/3 KN , and Dy = 20/3 KN(10-10/3)

Now we have drawn the free body diagram of the pin A. We have assumed force at pin A due to the members in some direction.

From the given data we can conclude tan= 4/3 , sin= 4/5 , cos = 3/5. Balancing forces vertically. FAF sin = 10/3 . FAF = 25/6 kN . = 2.5 kN .

Balancig forces horizontally,FAB = FAF cos

Note the direction of the indicated forces are those applied be members to the pin. Force applied by pin onto the members will have the same magnitude but in opposite direction. Therefore we can easily state that member AF is in compression and member AB is in tension. Further each member is a two force member implying that it will exert the same amount of force to the pin on the other end but will be opposite in direction. Now considering the joint D. Balancing forces vertically. FDE sin = 20/3 . FAF = 25/3 kN . = 5 kN .

Balancig forces horizontally,FCD = FDE cos

Therefore we can easily state that member DE is in compression and member CD is in tension.

Now considering the joint C.

Balancing forces vertically. FEC = 10kN . Balancing forces horizontally. FBC = 5kN . Therefore we can easily state both the members EC and BC are in tension. In case in the above given problem 10kN was placed some where else, then ae per the FBD at joint C there would be no vertical force to balance FEC. Hence force in EC would be zero. It is good to analyse the problem

before hand and eliminate the zero force members, as they contribute nothing to the system.

METHOD OF SECTIONS
As the name suggests we need to consider an entire section instead of joints. When we need to find the force in all the members, method of joint is preferrable. For finding forces in few of the specific members method of joints is preferrable. Let us consider the same diagram as before.

We had been provided with the given system. We draw a axis aa.

The axis should at max intersect three members. Then we separate the two sections apart. We can select any one of the part. We have just assumed he member to be in tension. We can find the reaction at supports. Now what we have done is divided the whole structure into two parts and taking into consideration various external reactions and member forces acting of one part. Suppose we have to find FEF. It is sufficient to write the equation MB =0(for equlibrium). To find FBC it is sufficient to write the equation of ME =0. Similarly we can also use the equatons Fx =0 ,Fy =0 , for the equlibrium of the section under consideration.

SOLVED PROBLEMS
1. Following is a simple truss. Find the forces in the all the members by method of joints.

Sol: we have the following given setup. By applying simple geometry we get AD=2m and CD=4m. We also assume a cetrtain reaction forces at the bottom. At C we have rollers, therefore we have reaction only in vertical direction.

Clearly Ax=0 (balancing forces horizontally) Ay+By=10kN Taking MA =0 we get : 10*2=Cy*6,implies Cy= 10/3 kN Therefore Ay = 10-10/3 = 20/3 kN Considering joint A

clearly tan = 1.5 therefore sin =0.83, cos =0.554 Balancing forces vertically FAB sin = 20/3 , FAB = 8.032 kN,compression Balancing forces horizontally FAC=FAC cos = 4.44kN , tension. Considering joint C

clearly tan = 0.75 therefore sin =0.6, cos =0.8 Balancing forces vertically FBC sin = 10/3 , FBC = 5.55 kN,compression Balancing forces horizontally FAC=-FAC cos = 4.44kN , tension(correctly verified).

FAB = 8.032kN(compression), FBC = 5.55 kN,(compression ) FA= 4.44kN , (tension)

2. Find the reaction components at A and B. Also find the forces in each individual member, specify compression or tension.

sol: let us assume the reacton forces as:

Ax = -10kN(towards the left), Ay + By = 20kN . MA = 0 gives : 10*8 = (By-20)*6 , By = 33.33kN , therefore Ay = -13.33kN (actualy downwards). Taking point A:

cos = 0.6,sin = 0.8 . FAC sin = 13.33 ,FAC = 16.66kN.(tension) and FAB= 10+FACcos =20kN(tension).

cos = 0.83,sin = 0.55 . FBC sin = 13.33 ,FBC = 24.23kN.(compression) and FAB= FBCcos =20kN(tension).(hence verified).

3. Find the reaction components at A and C. Also find the forces in each individual member, specify compression or tension. Given AD=10in ,DC=7in , BD=8in.

Sol: let us assume the reacton forces as:

Cx = 500lb(towards the left), Ay + Cy = 0 .or, Ay = -Cy MA = 0 gives : Cy*17 = 500*8 , Cy = 235.3lb , therefore Ay = -235.3kN (actualy downwards). Taking point A:

cos = 0.78,sin = 0.62 . FAB sin = 235.3 ,FAB = 380lb.(tension) and FAD= FABcos =296lb(compression). Taking point D:

FCD = 296lb(compression), FBD =0 lb (zero force member, should have been removed in the beginning itself) Taking point C:

cos = 0.65,sin = 0.75 .

FBC sin = -253.3,FBC = -337.73lb.(compression). FCD = 500+FBC cos = 296lb (compression).

4. Find the forces in the members and the reaction forces. All relevent details are provided below.

Sol: From the given figure we can conclude that triangle BCD is equilateral and triangle ABD is isoceles.

clearly Cy = 100N(balancing forces horizontally)

MC = 0 gives , T * Considering point A :

= 100 * 12 or T = 230.9 N

, and Cx = -T = -230.9 N(towards the left).

cos = 0.86,sin = 0.5 . FAB sin = 100,FAB = 200N(tension). FAD =FAB cos = 172N (compression).

Considering point D :

= 60

FBD sin = 0,FBD = 0 N(zero force member). FCD =FAD = 172N (compression). Considering point C :

= 0.5,sin = 0.86 . FBC sin =-100, FBC = -116.27N (compression). FCD =230.9 +FBC cos = 172N (compression)(verified). 5. Find the forces in all the members of the of the following structure. Let the tension in the string be 250lb. would it be possible to find the to solve the problem if the tension in the string was unknown.

Sol:

Balancing forces horizontally we get : Ax + 250 cos60 = 200 or Ax = 75lb. Balancing forces vertically we get : Dy-Ay= 250 sin 60 = 216.50 , MD =0, gives Ay * 12 = 200 * Lets consider the point A: or Ay = 173.2 lb and Dy = 389.7 lb

cos 60 = 0.5,sin 60= 0.86 . FAB sin60 = 173.2,FAB = 201.39lb(compression). FAD =FAB cos 60-75 = 25.69lb(tension). Lets consider the point D:

we just found out that FAD = 25.69lb balancing forces vertically we get:( FBD+FCD )sin60 = 398.7 ,or, FBD+FCD = 450 balancing forces horizontally we get:( FBD-FCD )cos60 = -25.69 ,or, FBD -FCD= -51.38 or FBD= 199.31lb(tension) and FCD= 250.69lb(tension). At joint C we will find that FCD and T are almost equal and will cancel off. Therefore BC becomes a zero force member. NO. The problem cannot be solved if the tension wasnt given, as it would introduce four unknowns in the systems. More than three unknowns will become difficulat to handel with just three equations. 6. Using method of sections find forces in the members BC,EF .

Sol : let us first figure out the reaction force at D. Let the reaction force at D be Dy in vertically upward direction. Now we write the equation of MA =0, Dy *17 = 10*8 + 20*13 . Or Dy = 20Nm To proceed by the method of sections we need to deceide an axis. Lets take an axis aa as shown in the figure below.

After splitting into two sections we get:

We will take the right part into consideration. We have just assumed the direction of forces, they can turn out to be opposite. ME = 0 , gives FBC * 6 = - 20*4 , or FBC = -13.33N (member is in compression) MC = 0 , gives FEF * 6 = 20*4 , or FEF = 13.33N (member is in tension as assumed).

7. Using method of sections find forces in the member JI,CD,CI. All triangles are congruent.

Sol: We draw a section aa.

After splliting the section we have:(we take the left part into consideration)

tan = 6.66 , sin = 0.98 , cos = 0.148 MC = 0, 50 * 3 110 *6 - FJI * 10 = 0 , FJI = - 51N . MI = 0, 50 * 4.5 110 *7.5 70*1.5 + FCD * 10 = 0 , FCD = 70.5N. Balancing forces horizontally: FCI cos = -FCD - FJI = -70.5 + 51 = 19.5 N, or, FJI = 131.75N

8. Find the force in members CG, FG, BG,BC. Use method of section to compute the result. Indicate the zero force member. BH = 4m , AH=HG=GF=FE = 3m,

Sol: As clearly visible DF is a zero force member. Ay + Ey = ( 20 -10 )kN = 10 kN. Ax=0(balancing forces horizontally) .

MA = 0; Ey * 12 = 10*3 + 20 *6 ; Ey = 12.5 N , therefore Ay = - 2.5kN. We draw the section aa and split the diagram into two parts.

taking the left part into consideration. MB= 0 ; FHG * 4 = - 2.5 * 3 , FHG = -1.875 kN MG =0; FBC * 4 = 10 * 3 , FBC = 7.5 kN. Balancing forces horizontally : - 1.875 + 7.5 + FBG cos =0 , or , FBG = - 9.375N. Considering point C: forces.
20kN

clearly FG = 20kN , since there are no vertical components of other

FCG 9. Find the forces in members AD,DC,EF,CF,BD,BCof the following given truss.

Sol: Members AE and AB are zero force members therefore they can be eliminated from the system.

Ex=0 N Ey+Fy = - 50N ; ME = 0 = 150* 2 + Fy* 6 = 100 *4 : Fy = 50/3 N Considering pin E: ,and also ,Ey = -200/3 N .

tan = 1.5 , cos =0.55 ,sin = 0.83 ; FDE = 200/(3sin ) = 80.32N(compression) , FEF = FDE cos = 44.17 N(tension). Considering pin B:

due to the symmetrical setup : FBD = FBC and 2FBDcos 30=2FBCcos 30 = 100 FBD= FBC = 57.73 N (both compression) Considering pin F:

cos = 0.8 , sin = 0.6 FDF =44.17 / cos = 55.21 N(tension) , FCF = 50/3 - FDF sin = - 16.46N(compression) 10. Find the reaction forces and force in CD,CE and EF using method of sections.

Sol: We have the following diagram.

Ax = 250 N , By-Ay = 100 N, MA = 0 = By * 12 = 250 * 10 + 100*12 ; or By = 308 N and Ay =208N. We divide the section as below.

Considering the lower part MC = 0 ; (FEF+308)* 12 = 250 *10 , FEF = - 100 N(compression) Considering the upper section : ME = 0 ; FCD=0 At the joint E there is no horizontal force to counter balance the horizontal component of FCE. Therefore FCE = 0;