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    1display Devices

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    Krishna Ananthi
    Computer graphics devices include CRT monitors, plotters, printers, LCD panels, and input devices like mice and keyboards. The most common display device is the CRT monitor. CRT monitors use an electron gun to excite phosphor dots on the screen, producing a light spot. Color CRT monitors use three electron guns aligned with color dot patterns to generate color. Refresh and raster scan displays store graphics as a bitmap and redraw the entire screen in a grid pattern. Random scan displays store graphics as drawing commands and draw lines individually. Flat panel devices like LCD panels provide reduced size and power over CRTs.

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    1display Devices

    Uploaded by

    Krishna Ananthi
    63 views26 pages
    Computer graphics devices include CRT monitors, plotters, printers, LCD panels, and input devices like mice and keyboards. The most common display device is the CRT monitor. CRT monitors use an electron gun to excite phosphor dots on the screen, producing a light spot. Color CRT monitors use three electron guns aligned with color dot patterns to generate color. Refresh and raster scan displays store graphics as a bitmap and redraw the entire screen in a grid pattern. Random scan displays store graphics as drawing commands and draw lines individually. Flat panel devices like LCD panels provide reduced size and power over CRTs.

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    1display Devices computer graphics

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    Computer graphics devices include CRT monitors, plotters, printers, LCD panels, and input devices like mice and keyboards. The most common display device is the CRT monitor. CRT monitors use an electron gun to excite phosphor dots on the screen, producing a light spot. Color CRT monitors use three electron guns aligned with color dot patterns to generate color. Refresh and raster scan displays store graphics as a bitmap and redraw the entire screen in a grid pattern. Random scan displays store graphics as drawing commands and draw lines individually. Flat panel devices like LCD panels provide reduced size and power over CRTs.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    63 views26 pages

    1display Devices

    Uploaded by

    Krishna Ananthi
    Computer graphics devices include CRT monitors, plotters, printers, LCD panels, and input devices like mice and keyboards. The most common display device is the CRT monitor. CRT monitors use an electron gun to excite phosphor dots on the screen, producing a light spot. Color CRT monitors use three electron guns aligned with color dot patterns to generate color. Refresh and raster scan displays store graphics as a bitmap and redraw the entire screen in a grid pattern. Random scan displays store graphics as drawing commands and draw lines individually. Flat panel devices like LCD panels provide reduced size and power over CRTs.

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    of 26

    COMPUTER GRAPHICS

    Section II

    Computer Graphics Devices

    Computer Graphics Devices


    Examples of Computer Graphics Devices: CRT, EGA/CGA/VGA/SVGA monitors, Plotters, data matrix, laser printers, Films, Flat panel devices, Video digitizers, scanners, LCD panels, keyboard, joystick, mouse, Touch screen, track ball, etc. The most commonly used display device is the CRT monitor

    Video Display Devices


    Primary output of the graphics system is a video monitor. The operation of most video monitors is based on standard cathode ray tube design. Types of CRT display devices Refresh and Raster scan display system Calligraphic or Random Scan display system DVST (Direct View Storage Tube)

    Cathode Ray Tube(CRT )


    Contains a filament , when heated, emits a stream of electrons.

    Electrons are focused with an electromagnet into a sharp beam and directed to a specific point of the face of the picture tube
    The front surface of the picture tube is coated with small phosphor dots. When the beam hits a phosphor dot it glows with a brightness proportional to the strength of the beam and the time it takes to hit the screen.

    CRT
    Intensity & Brightness controlled by voltage levels. Electron beam has to be focused only at the centre (Focusing system) Deflection directs the electron beam horizontally and vertically at any point on the screen Deflection controlled by pair of deflection plates. CRT beam energy (Heat + High quantum) +phosphor=light spot. Fading = Excited phosphor drop to ground state after some time.

    CRT
    Persistence: Time taken by the emitted light to decay to 1/10 th of its original intensity.
    Lower persistence requires high refresh rates to maintain a picture without flicker. High persistence phosphor is useful for displaying complex static pictures.

    Resolution: The total no of points that can be displayed without overlap on a CRT.
    Depends on type of phosphor, the intensity to be displayed and focusing and deflection systems. High definition systems has a resolution 1280*1024.

    Aspect Ratio: The ratio of horizontal points to vertical points needed to produce equal length lines in both directions on the screen. Refresh Rate: Rate at which the screen is refreshed.

    CRT characteristics
    How can one measure CRT capabilities? Size of tube Brightness of phosphors vs. darkness of tube Speed of electron gun Width of electron beam Pixels

    Refresh and Raster scan display system


    Refresh CRT is a point-plotting device. The electron beam is swept across the screen, one row at a time from top to bottom. Each row is called as scan line. As it moves across each scan line, the intensity is turned on and off to create pattern of illuminated spots. Raster displays store the display primitives (lines, characters, shaded and patterned areas) in a Refresh buffer or Frame which has points and pixels components as intensity values. Used in television screens and printers.

    Raster-scan display system draws a discrete set of points

    Refresh and Raster scan display system

    B/W system : 1 bit/pixel intensity control 1-> beam turned on 0-> beam turned off Frame buffer : Bit map Additional bits per pixel for color system. Frame buffer :Pix map Needs 60 to 80 frames per second. Horizontal Retrace: After refreshing each scan line the electron beam return to the left of the screen . Vertical Retrace: At the end of each frame , beam returns to the top left corner of the screen to begin the next frame.

    Refresh and Raster scan display system

    Refresh and Raster scan display system


    Each frame is dispalyed in two passes using interlaced refresh procedure Interlaced Refresh procedure: Divides into two passes.
    1st pass : Beam sweeps across every even scan lines from top to bottom. 2nd pass : After vertical retrace, beam sweeps remaining odd scan lines.

    Used with slow refresh rates. Reduces flickering Entire screen displayed in the time

    Interlacing

    Basic video-controller refresh operations

    Video controller controls the operation of display devices. Frame buffer stores the drawing primitives in terms of intensity values.
    Can be anywhere in the system memory

    VC access the frame buffer to refresh the screen Two registers used to store screen pixel coordinates. Register X0 Register YYmax The value stored in the frame buffer for the pixel position is retrieved and used to set the intensity values.

    Basic video-controller refresh operations


    For each scanline X is incremented from left to right. X reset to 0 and Y decremented by 1 after last pixel of the scan line. The process repeated till the bottom scan line VC resets the registers to first pixel position to start refresh process. Screen refreshed at the rate of 60 frames/sec, cycle is too slow. Lookup table is also used to improve the refresh rate.

    Architecture of a raster-graphics system with a display processor /Graphics Controller


    The purpose of the display processor to free the CPU from graphics chores. The major task of the display processor is to digitizes the picture.
    Scan conversion :Digitizes a picture definition into a set of pixel intensity values for storage.

    Scan converting a straight line: locates pixel position closest to the line path and store the intensity for each position in frame buffer.

    Random Scan display system


    Random scan display unit directs the electron beam to the parts of the screen where the picture is to be drawn. Draws a picture one line at a time referred as vector displays. Refresh rate depends on number of lines to be displayed. Picture definition stored as line drawing commands in refresh display file/refresh buffer. To display a picture, system cycles through a set of commands in the display file drawing each component line in a turn. Draws lines of a picture in 30 60 times/sec. Random scan - Order of deflection is dictated by the arbitrary order of the display commands

    Random scan Display system

    Random scan Systems


    An application program input stored in the system memory along with graphics package. Graphics commands in the application program are translated into display file. Display file accessed by the display processor to refresh screen. Display processor cycles through each command in the display file program. Lines are defined by their coordinate endpoints, these values are converted into deflection voltages. Scene is drawn one line at a time by positioning the beam to fill in the line between specified end points.

    Raster Vs Random Displays Raster Display


    Picture definition stored as discrete point. Display realistic shaded scenes. Produces jagged lines plotted as discrete point sets. CRTs, Printers, Home TV sets etc.

    Random Display
    Pixel definition stored as line drawing commands. Cannot display realistic scenes Produces smooth lines. Pen plotters, Asteroids, CAD/CAM etc.

    Decreasing memory costs have made Random-scan system's are generally raster systems popular. costlier Refresh time is not dependent on image complexity Refresh time is dependent on image complexity.

    Color CRT Monitors


    Displays color pictures by using combination of phosphors that emit different colored light. By combining emitted light a range of colors generated. Basic Techniques: Beam penetration Shadow mask method. Beam penetration method: Uses random-scan monitors. Red and green phosphor coated inside the CRT screen. Display depends upon how far beam penetrates the phosphor layers. Fast electrons penetrates the red and excites the green Intermediate speed beam produces combinations of red and green => orange,yellow Produces only four colors , quality not good.

    Color CRT Monitors Shadow Methods


    Three electron guns, aligned with the triangular color-dot patterns on the screen. Directed to each dot triangle by a shadow mask. When beam pass through the hole in the shadow mask they activate a dot triangle (small color spot) The phosphor dots in the triangles are arranged so the beam can activate its corresponding color. Color variations obtained by turning off the corresponding gun. Commonly used in color CRTs. Several millions colors can be generated.

    Color CRT Monitors Shadow Methods

    Direct View Storage Tubes (DVST)


    An alternative method for maintaining a screen image is to store the picture information inside the CRT instead of refreshing the screen. DVST stores the picture information Two electron guns are used in a DVST Primary gun used to store the picture pattern Flood gun maintains the picture display Advantages No refreshing is needed, complex pictures can be displayed without any flicker. Disadvantages Do not display color and selected parts of the picture cannot be erased. Modifying any part of the image requires redrawing the entire modified image Erasing and redrawing process take several seconds for a complex picture. No animation possible with DVST.

    Flat Panel Devices


    Flat Panel Devices refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume weight and power requirements.
    Emissive Displays Nonemissive Displays Plasma Panels,LEDs

    Emissive displays converts electrical energy into light. Nonemissive uses optical effects to convert sunlight or light from other source into graphic patterns
    Liquid crystal device.

    Thank you

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