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KSH - Korn Shell Tutorial

Matching Patterns
Conditional Statements
Test Objects (Files, Directories, etc.)
Format of flow control functions
Positional Parameter
Redirections
Other functionalities
Coprocess
Examples
Regular Expression
Array

Matching Patterns

pattern: example: matches: not matched:

------------------------------------------------------------------
* boo* boot,boo,booth

? boo? boot booth

[...] [aeiou]* ark bark
[!...] boo[!st] boor boot
*(cc|cc) boo*(ze|r) boo,boor,booze,boozer boot
+(cc|cc) boo+(ze|r) boor,booze,boozer boo
?(cc|cc) boo?(ze|r) boo,boor,booze boozer
@(cc|cc) boo@(ze|r) booze,booth boo
!(cc|cc) boo!(ze|r) booth,boo,boot booze,boor
{c,c,c} a{b,c,d}e abe,ace,ade axe

Conditional Statements

format "true" if:

---------------------------------------------------
(( _num1_ == _num2_ )) numbers equal
(( _num1_ != _num2_ )) numbers not equal
(( _num1_ < _num2_ )) num1 < num2

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(( _num1_ > _num2_ )) num1 > num2

(( _num1_ <= _num2_ )) num1 <= num2
(( _num1_ >= _num2_ )) num1 >= num2

[[ _str1_ == _str2_ ]] strings equal

[[ _str1_ != _str2_ ]] strings not equal
[[ _str1_ < _str2_ ]] str1 precedes str2
[[ _str1_ > _str2_ ]] str1 follow str2
[[ _str1_ = _pattern_ ]] str1 = pattern
[[ _str1_ != _pattern_ ]] str1 != pattern
[[ -z _str_ ]] str is null
[[ -n _str_ ]] str is not null

[ x=y -o k=j ] or in expression

[ x=y -a k=j ] and in expression

Test Objects (Files, Directories, etc.)

test "true" if: ksh

-----------------------------------
object exist -a
readable -r
writable -w
executable -x
non-zero length -s
zero length

directory -d
plain file -f
symbolic link -h
named pipe -p
block special file -b
character special file -c
soft link -L
socket -S

owned by me -O
owned by my group not

"sticky" bit set -k

set-group-ID bit set -g
set-user-id bit set -u

opened on a terminal not

Format of flow control functions

"if-then" if _expr_ then

_cmd(s)_
elif _expr_
_cmd(s)_
else
_cmd(s)_
fi

"case" case _word_ in

_pattern1_) _cmd(s)_
_pattern2_) _cmd(s)_
*) break ;;
esac

"while" while _expr_ do

_cmd(s)_
done

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"for" for _variable_ in _list_

_cmd(s)_
done

"until" until _expr_

do
_cmd(s)_
done

POSITIONAL PARAMETER

program, function or shell $0

argument 1 through 9 $1 .. $9
nth argument ${n}
number of positional parameters $#
every positional parameter $@, $*
decimal value returned by last executed cmd $?
pid of shell $$
pid of last backgrounded command $!

REDIRECTIONS

0 stdin
1 stdout
2 stderr

<&- close stdin

>&- close stdout
<>filename open filename for read-write
2>&1 open 2 for write and dup as 1

Examples:
cmd 2>/dev/null
cmd >/dev/null 2>&1
exec 1<&- # close descriptor 1
exec 2<&- # close descriptor 2
exec 1< /dev/null # open descriptor 1
exec 2< /dev/null # open descriptor 2

OTHER FUNCTIONALITIES

cmd1 || cmd2 exec cmd2 if cmd1 fail

cmd1 && cmd2 exec cmd2 if cmd1 is OK

V1=${V2:=V3} Set V1 with the value of V2 if this is set else set the
variable V1 with value of V3 (V3 could be a number).
sh replacement: if [ $V2 ] ; then
V1=$V2
else
V1=$V3
Example: DisplaySize=${LINES:24} ; Command=${Command:"cat"}

${V1:?word} if V1 set & V1!=null ret $V1 else print word and exit
: ${V1:?"variable V1 not set on null"}
${V1:=word} if V1 !set | V1==null set V1=$word
${V1:-word} if V1 set & V1!=null ret $V1 else ret word
${V1:+word} if V1 set & V1!=null ret word else ret nothing
${V1##patt}

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${V1#patt} if patt are found at the begin of V1 return V1 whitout the patt
else return V1
V1="lspwd" ; ${V1#"ls"} # exec pwd
${V1%%patt}
${V1%patt} if patt are found at the end of V1 return V1 whitout the patt
else return V1
V1="lspwd" ; ${V1%"pwd"} # exec ls

COPROCESS

La ksh permette di lanciare uno o piu' comandi come processi in background.

Questi processi sono chiamati coprocesses e sono utilizzati per comunicare
con un programma.
Un coprocess si crea mettendo l'operatore |& (pipe, ampersand) dopo un commando.
Entrambi stdin e stdout del commando sono piped verso il tuo script.
Un coprocess deve incontrare le seguenti restrizioni:
· Includi un new-line alla fine di ogni messaggio
· Manda ogni messaggio di output allo standard output
· Pulisce il suo stdout dopo ogni messaggio

L' esempio dimostra come l'input e' passato verso e ritornato da un coprocess:
echo "Initial process"
./FileB.sh |&
read -p a b c d
echo "Read from coprocess: $a $b $c $d"
print -p "Passed to the coprocess"
read -p a b c d
echo "Passed back from coprocess: $a $b $c $d"
FileB.sh
echo "The coprocess is running"
read a b c d
echo $a $b $c $d
L'output risultante e' il seguente:
Initial process
Read from coprocess: The coprocess is running
Passed back from coprocess: Passed to the coprocess

Il comando 'print -p' ti permette discrivere verso il coprocess.

Per leggere dal coprocess, lancia il comando 'read -p'.

EXAMPLES

- Explode a command for use parameters counter

set `who -r` ; [ "$8" != "0" ] && exit

- declare a variable for only uppercase/lovercase chars

typeset -u VAR ; VAR="lower" ; echo $VAR -> LOWER
typeset -l VAR ; VAR="UPPER" ; echo $VAR -> upper

- exec

- eval - esegue il comando dato come argomento

- let - esegue le operazioni matematiche che passate come argomento

let "x = x * 5"
((x = x * 5)) .. altra forma di let

REGULAR EXPRESSION

- ritorna la prima lettera dopo il segno - all'inizio di una stringa

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VAR="-ciao"
RESULT=`expr "$VAR" : "-\(.\)"`
echo $RESULT .. -c
- toglie il '-' iniziale
VAR="-ciao"
VAR=`expr "$VAR" : "-*\(.*\)"`
echo $VAR .. ciao
- ritorna la lunghezza di una stringa
VAR="ciao"
echo `expr length $SHELL` .. 4
- ritorna l'indice di dove incontra una substringa
echo `expr index abcdef de` .. 4
- ritorna 6 caratteri a partire dall'11
expr substr "Goodnight Ladies" 11 6 .. Ladies

ARRAY

- definisce un array
set -A Week Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
- ritorna un elemento dell'array
echo ${Week[3]} .. Tue
id=3 ; echo ${Week[id]} .. Tue
- stampa tutti gli elemti di un array
echo ${Week[@]} .. Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
- scandisce un array
for day in ${Week[@]}
do
echo $day
done
- ritorna il numero di elementi in un array
nelem=${#Week[@]} ; echo $nelem .. 7

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