IOANNH N.

KPOKOY

x2t3+y213- o2l3

APN

Studies& Publishing

E,

IOANNH TI. KPOKOY

AIAOOPIKEE EEIEOEEIE
- Meo6o),ofio - Ao;r.6vo EovonrrKf Os(Dpio O6poT o E(etdoetrrv

Ilepr624er:
r o o a I r o a AroqoprK6 Eqrodrceq lqg t6lqg Oedrplpn 6zrcp(r1g IpoFFrKgA.E. 249rd(qg rcr uv<irrcplq lpopprKd Droqoprxdcuor{pcru MtTaalrlFaflop6q Laplace A66q A.E. pe 1pric4 oerp6v Eu6"60sw aD"dvoprov coctrgpdt<ov IIpoFUFa"a rbrotrp<lv

Aneo06vetcr ce : r' (DorTrttfg A.T.E.I.- A.E.I.- E.A.II.- E.M.II. / Yzroryri<prouq xcrutcrrlpicov elerdoetov

G*s#*r
AOHNA 2OO5

Kde Tvrioro ovrirDfio q6ps1filv u.oypoqrl roi) ol)y1poq6o

A?ralopeoerol I ova6lFooi.rool ri l ovorDnoon, ol.rK6g fl pp1K6g,rox rprr(opEl/ox .on rop6woq plpl,ioo lopig qv 6n paqn d6no roD oDTypsq6d.

'Er6ooq la, 'Er6ooq 21, 'Ex6oor1 31, 'Er6ooq 41, 'Ex6ooq 51, 'Er6ooq 61,

Anpil,loq 1993 OKrloFproq 1995 AtToDoroq1998 lcvooripLoq 2001 Oeppoudploq 2003 Mdplroq 2005

ISBN: 960-7225-02-3 APNOI, A0fvc 2005 Copyright: I@dwtq Kp6rog - Ex66oerq APNOI Hlertpovrrri oe),r6oaoilo1i EK66oE - A. >l1opdq Ertfrooq : X. Zo1op67.ouloq K' tu AIE ql..: 210.48.17.381

APNOf KwrprK{ 6r60dt : EKAOXEIX roAoMoY 29 T.K. 10682 AOHNA rtt?'. 210.38.22.157210.38.22.495, fax:210.330.64.63 www.arnos.gr e-mail:[email protected]

nPoAoroE
Ot nAnpoptKig E{orioetp ypd(prnkov yn va avranoxptBoiv ong onottiotg rav l7o)uteywxc6v dXo)@V nv Quotxriv xat MaBnpar*dv ipnpdrav, KaBaCKat rav qortnft;v rav T.El onag aurtE iyouv 6opoptpaBei ro E)utolo X@vto. H xivnan rou 6tB)iou pae 4E4aknvetWa nv tntruxla rou otoxou pog Kar poe v'opptvt ylo vie npoomiBeeg. Ot nAntpoprxi Eltoaosq, Ka)inrcuvo)o ro e.iopa nt i)ngp: . nv onapaifin AotpioSoopivn p on)ornra Korooqive@, . ng peBoSeioeg yto trl)ton tav AEpdtav KaBdEKot . Btpdfa etr<ioe@v )updva p.ov no on)6 xat unoSerypatxo rp6no. fro rt)og rou 66)iou napa BErat flapdpmpa p rLtno)oyrc aro onoio 6iverat 6oirepn iprpoan or4 pe&i6oug o)or)ipaong To napov 6r6)io, pe rc pBo6o)oyis, ro napaSeiypoto Kor tu no d )up;vo Biporu, ixt or6xo mv e(orKai@dnrou eorrnrd pe ro nvipa Kat e afl ar. io tc f@ v , td oa v. Oa iB)d va Euxoptorioa @ MaBnpa K6 K. truipo nanaS6nou)o, ro @uorxo x. E6outip6o Aayaw' yo fi 6oi8fti rcug, xaBdg Enlone rnv B.iva OlKovopouKarooouc pou oupnapaoftiBnKdv o'auaiv tuv npoondB.rti pou H nopo oa y tx6oon eivor Bc)napivn aC npoe rnv napouoioon Kat dK6npo. oupn)npapivn o' onon onpia auro KpiAnKE Onooo6inore napafipidsrE i Kpioc oag yla ro 6t6)/o, Eival Kat Ba paS yepidouvXdpd. eunpooSeKrce

ABtlra AtWt orot 1998 IadvvnE Kpdxog MaBnpanxog Ild. Mnyawx6s E.Mfi.

NEPIEXOMENA
nPonofot
EttArClrH
KEOAAAIO 1 oei. 11

rdlnc nprirrnc elro<ioetc Atogoprxdc

l.l pero6lnrt'lv A.E.nou ovoyovroroe xtopr(opdv<lv pero6inrcirv 1.1.1 Arogoprx!6e[tocboel6 Xr,:prlopevtov 1,1.2 Ogoyevelg6toqoprxdge{rocioatg nou ovdyovtotoEoPoYvEis sllociroetg 1.1.3 ArdqoplKd 1n6rri[nq elrocioerg 12,1 fpopprx!g 6rogoprxdg Betnoulli Egiooon 1.2.2 Aldqoplxi 1.2.3 Arqgoprxi etiooon Riccattl o niipele xot ovoydpevts eltodroet6 flirlperE6roqoprxdG 13.1 niipErs6loQoprKdg(rod)oer oe ninpetg nouovdYovror e{rodoers 1.32 Arogoprxdg ri noiloniooroorriq Er'rler Oioxlnprirvov nopdyrov xor Clairaut Lagrange 1.4 Arogoprxigalrodrocrg 1.4,1 AroqoptKisgiooonLagrange e{{ooon Clairaut 1.4.2 Arogoprxri OioKinptorrxds{ro6.'Erq lng rdInq sElodroeov 1.6 TXvdoForo Vlorn iion 6lqgopu<6v orle noilKsq 1.6.1 To rd;voopo rou psrooxnporlopoli ouvrroYpdvee 1.6.2 To rdxvoolrarnEevoiioyrig rou poiou rov x xol y rns ovrlKoroolodn 1.6.3 To rdXvoopo EqqpFovdq 7,7 fEoFerprxdq 1.7.1 Iooyc,ivteqrpoltdE npo6inpd(ov l.?.2 n ion vedprprKtiv Aupdvo 8!yoro

t1 17 18 20 22 22 27 2A 32 32 34 39 39 46 47

A E lng rdlng oe vPdpprxig e[to6oergnouovdYovror 7,2 Arogoprrdg

49 50 53 60

KEOANAIO 2 9eopdpoto tnopln6

81
n oFdva86Ioro

85

KEOANAIO 3 I'popprxdg 6rogoprxdg elro6oerg

Sroqoprkd)v Elrod)oeov 3.1 fevrxd nep{ypopprkd)v 2ngro{ng 3.2 fpop;uxdg Srogoptxdg e{roriroet6 2n6d{ng pe oroBepo0g ouvreieordg Eipeon 3.2.1 rn( vevlxri6 iriong rng opoyevorig A.E.2n6rd{ng ypopprxng 3.2.2 Eupon iionq A.E.2ng rcilng Fpr'<'ie 3.3 H yevrxriypopprxri A.E.2ng rdlng yevrxrig 3.3.1 Erlpeon rnE iriong rn6 opoyevoiqA.E.2ng rdlng pprxrig ir-iong rng ypopprxnq A.E.2ngrti{n6 3.3.2 Eipdn rnq 3,4 Meroolnponolroi- Atoqoptxri ello<oon Euler 3.4.1 MerooxnFqnoFol rou Elrler 3,4,2 Aroqoprxi e(iotodn 3.5 fpopgrxdgA.E.rri{neov6rpngrou 2 p oroBporis 6roqoprkdE Er06oErE 3.5,1 fpouprxds ouvreieorigro{nEav6repn6rou 2 eliooronrou ELrler 3.5.2 H VvrKi6roeoprxrl AugdvaSdporo

95 95

to1
107 109 112 112 113 1t6
116

12r r24

KEOANAIO 4 fpopprxd ouorriporo 6rogoprx16velto16oeorv

4.1 fevtxo 4.1.1 Ioo6uvoyioSrorpoprxdv e(rocioecov xor ouornpdro)v 4,2 H pi8oSosrns anoiorgris 4.3 Arion ouornpdrr,:v pelprion nrvdxc,:v MiBoSogrorvXopoxrnptonKd)v UVBd)v 4,4 Mn opoq,evir ypopprxd ouorriporo 4.5 O nivoxogeAt 4,6 Arion ypopprxciv ouornFdrorv FXpion roo nivoxoeAt n ugvqSdIsrq KEOAAAIO 5 147 148

r49
153 162 165 168

r71
Meroolnporrop6g Laplace

5.1 MerooXnyorrop6g Laplace 5.1.1 OpldF6 rou perooXnponopod Laplace 5.1.2 16r6rnre6 rou perooXnporropoLi Laplace perooxnFolop6s 5.2 Avriorpo<pog rouLaplace 5.2.1 16r6rnrag rou ovrlorpogouLaplace, Lt yro rnv eripeon 5,2.2 MeBoSerioerg ror.r L-1{F(s)}(t) 5.3 Bnponxir - Kpouorlxi ouvdprnon (Heaviside) 5.3.1 BnFdfl,<ri ouvdprnon (Dirac) 5.3,2 Kpouorrxnouvdprnon 5.4 Egoptroyigrou psrooynponotrrori Laplace 5.4.1 Arlon A.E-pe orcBepog ouvreieoreE 5.4.2 Atlon ypoprpux6v ouornpdrr,rv pe oroBspoi6 ouvriEoriq pe 5.4.3 Aion ypogprxcirv A.E. ouvreieord6 popqis noiucuv!grKie 5.4.4 AuonA E nounFprdXouv rnv 6nFonx^ n rnv Kpo!o Xn ouvoprnon 5.4.5 ALlonoioxinpolK.i)v qlodrotov Aoydvo 86poro

183 183 185 191 193 198 198 200 203 203 205 206 2Aa 209 21.1

KEOAAAIO 6 Arion 6rogoprx6v elrociroeov pe oerpdg 6.1 fevrxd 6.1.1Axrivoorlyxirong6uvopooerpdg 6.1.2Avonrriyproro 6oorxcirv ouvoprrioetov 6.1.3Opoid kol ovciloia onge{o orogoprxrig e{iocoonq 6.2 n 0on A.E. oeopoi6 onpelo Forpdg ot xovovrxd 6.3 ArionA.E. ovcirpolo onpeio MdBo6o6 Frobenlus Aogdvo Sdporo KEOAAAIO 7 Euord0ero our6vo[0)v ouornIdr0)v 255 AuydvoSdporo KEOAAAIO 8 llpoBirlporo 16ronp<6v 267 AugdvoSdporo NAPAPTHMA fl opriy<oyor 6oorxdrv orlvBerov ouvoprrioeov Oioxinprirporo f evtxeu;ravo oioxinpri:paro BIBAIOTPAOIA nINAKEE IiIETAEXHMATITMOY LAPLACE 262

2n
224 224 229 231 237 244

no

n6 282

Aroeoprx{ 6(ooon (4.8.} ivor Fro oxadn rng Fro6,4nriSx, tllo6 y(x)xor rt,:! nopovd,Vov y'(x), y"(x), dvv.oorns ouvqprnong Kin. Anio6n koB popgis e[io<,ron rns

=6 F(x,v,v',v", ..,vr^r)

(1.1)

y(x), y"=y'lx) n onou y'=y'(x) n np6rn nopdvoyosrns dvvoornEouvdprnons ylnl=y(')(x) Sdrpn nopoyoyoe,.. 1161 n n-oorrinopdycoyoq rnEy(x). H Srogoprxri E{io(,)on nou opi{sr n (1.1) ieyaror oovr{8ncdroqoprx{ ea(oodn 516rrn dyvcoorn ouvoprnoneivorFrogFero6inrig. proe qlolx6 oplBF6n, TdIn Sloeoplxnq {iooone Koiodpro FVoi$rpo p rov onoio unlodpxsroln n-oorng rd{ng nopdyc,:yo5 rns ovvoorne y(x)ornv A.E. ouvdprnonq nqpq6{ypqro l. H 6rogoprxria{iooon x2+y+(y')2=leivornprirrng rd{nE. 2. H 6rogoprxi e{iotosn (y(3))2+xy'+(x2+lxy")5=0 eivorrpirnErd6ns. y2+xlogy+1=0 6ev eivorSrogoprxri e{iooon Vroriorn oXion 6v 3. H eliooon y undpXouv nopdyt-.lyor rrrq dyvurornq ouvdprnong nidn rns 6lqgoplxriE qiooons KoiodF KdB ouvoprnon nou rnv noinBir.

12
>

AIAOOPIXE EtrO'Etr IN KPOKOY

e(ioo;on AE lrdooup T6pornv nrooniri 6ro<poprxi v'(x)=f(x) On-c rivar yv-oro or ouvoprnoers v{x) (1)

rr rnv rnqinBeiouv. Jl(x}dx pnopivo iXsr nproo6TEpE 6l pro Srorgoprxi e{iocuon AnioSi nopornpodpe pnoporipe vo 6si{oupe 6rr 5r.ro on6 gro irlosr6.Av yivoupenpooexrtx6rpor xord oroBpd. Aur6 ouFgoivr onolo6finor iuostg rne (1)Srorpepouv Vroriov r6re vr'(x)=f(x), vz'(x)=f(x),

y1(x)-yz'(x)=(yr(x)-yz(x))'=0 yl(x)=yz(x)+c
rnv (1)eivotrns poperis Oieg iorn6v or ouvoprioers nou anoinBeiouv . 1 , , , , ,rFri y(x)= f(x)dxI c, 6nou ,, oro8rpoc noip"erorroto6nnore npovuonKn J T6re ndpe6r n y(x)= f(x)dx+ c ivorn yevrxr{irion tns (l). J ). Ag Ber,:priooupe rc6po rn Srqqopr,<n iooon 9"=x Eixoio 6idnoupe 6rren",O,if1"'l t2l

\2

=* n e{io.oon (2)ypdqror:

(,

,-1,? I =o
2)

apov'= l*' +
2 I . rl | \. y = l l x" -+cr ldx+c2= x-+crx+c2
flopornpoipe 6n or ouvoprnoetg nou txovonotorjv rnv A.E.(2)npoxunrouv yro onoreo6nnore rrpeE rov oro8epdrv c1, c2 xor drr xdBe ouvdprnon nou rxovonorei rnv (2):ivor rns Fopqis y(*) = ] *' + .,r + .r.

H 'v6 -

x'

( x

., Liuor n !.vr\n i6on rnq{2)

To 6n nopouordornxeyro oroBepd ornv VevrKri irion rng (l) xor 6rio ornv Vvrki ifon rnq (2)oqeilerqr oro drr n npri'rn eivor nprirng rdEns xor n rdgns. 6trepn 5drpne )' As Ber,:prlooupe rcirpo rnv mo "nohjnioxn' 6rogoprxi e[iocuon

v'v+x=o

(3)

EtrAfOTH

13

flopornp6vrag 6rt

ka, vv'=vr"rv'r.r=(]v'i,.r)
n E{ioc)on !o06ivaFq Vpdqrol

(]*)=,.

=, (i;ut.i*)

= **') \,) ", f,G"

6niq5i 6nouc=2ct. rIopornprloer6 pernv (4). 1. H (3)eivorrooSrjvapn 2. 3. H oro8epdc ornv (4) npanr vo sivol Berrxi, yroti ornv ovriBern nepintr,:on n (4)6ev Bo entdixerol Kopio iuon. yro rnv c plo oovxaxplpaln Av nopoupe rrlri, tore n (4) eXetoov irioerg Tlsouvoprnols:
y , { x ) =V c - x " xe( Jc,Jc)

(4)

y r ( x ) =- V c - x z

xe( Jc,Jc)

or onoiegenoinBe0ouv xor rnv (3). Onoto6nnore iion tnE(3)Bo eivor rn6popgri6:

='f, - l, * u(-J-, = -J, - l . * e( v,t*) "6)'r vfti "E."G)

(dnou c > 0), i6yc,: rng roo6uvopiogrnq (3) pe rnv (4). Oeopoipe iorndv oov yevrxri irion rng (3) rnv (4) orpouxd8e ouvdprnon nou rxavonorei rnv (3) rxavonorei rnv (4) xor n oXion (4) 6ev eivor Sraqoprxf e{ioroon, aiid olve6prkri. Ener6n n (4) yro pro npi rne oroBepdg c 5rv opi(er Fro ouvdprnon, oiid 6rio, iipe 6l n VEviki iion rns trJ rrvor o nan^rvpFvn tn^.vpFvnlpopQn. fevrKiovros ro nopondvo Sivoupe rov oplop6 rne Vsvlkis idons ploe Srogoprxrig e{iooong.

14

AIAOOPIKEI EIE'UEE LN KPOKOY

Oprqu6s
fevrr<rll6on rng 6togoprKietlooons

F(*,v,y',v", o . ,v{"r)=
xqiairol UlooxdonrnSpopgri =0 rD(x,y,cr,c2,...,c.)

0)
(21

6nou n O(x,y,c,,cr,...,c.1 ivdr plo npoyFonxi ouv6prnon rr.rv x,y Kqr rrov nopcrldrpo)v c1,c2,...cn xor loxJet y{x} l) xdBeouvoprnon nourxovonote{ rnv {1)rkovonorE{ Korlnv (2)Vroxdnoreg ngdgrtovnopo;rdrptov c1,c2,...cn ll) KoBe duv6prndnnoulKovonouirnv{2) rKqvonoll Kqrrnv (1). Ilopd6erypo 1o frornvA.E. y'(x)=f{x) dxoupe O(x,y,c)=y-J(x1dx-c f vvrxri iuon v-Jf{x)dx-c=o ftopd6erypo 2o frq rnv A.E. y"=x ixoupe O1x,y,cr,cr)=y-lr3-crx-c2 i6on rnv F vvrxri

v-lx'-c,x-c,=g
Krlprogoxon6g roo nop6vrog616l(ooelvor vo dvdnrdEou1ra Fa866oul 6oc 6rov pog 6{veror n 6rogoprxrlcl{ooon (A.E.}vo 8p{onouFsrn Vsvrrfi rng ,l6on. 8060100!16 eivor 6uvot6 lr6vo 6rov n A.E. ,Xa rnv ovdioyn rop9n.

KEOAAAIO 1

rAeHr

ESIXOEEIE

Mro6rogoprxi e(iooon (A.E.) idyerornpr6rn6 rdlng ov neprdyer p6vo rnv oVvt,:orn y=y(x) o!vdprnon xorrnv nopdyoy6 rngy,=y,(x)Sniodri rnSpopArlq: F(x,y,y')=0
Iloiidg

(1)

gopsg pnoporig: vo irlooupe orEnpoe y,(x) onors n {l) roosJvopo

v,=c(x,y)
pt, ,,) AvG(x.y). - .-, n nponyorip ovxn don v r oy ' y/ Lalx, P(x,y)dx+Q(x,y)dy=0
dy

H yevrxi il.lon rnq A.E (l), dnoe nprvpdgoFe ornv erooy<oyi, Bo eivor;lo oXion rns uopqris @(x,y,c)=0 el nopornpodpe dl ov ornv oyion (2)Bdioupepro ouyxexprpevn rrpn yro rnv oroBepd, r6re or-rrri noproragro xopnriin oro enine6o. Mero6diiovrog rn oroBepd c noipvoup: pro orxoydvero xognoi6v, nou ng xaioripe oAoxAnponxdgxdpniie6 rngSrogoprxrig e[ior,:onE.

EtrO'EE IN KPOKOY AIAOOPIKE

nopd6ertuo
fro rnv F(x,y,y')=;+yy'=0, 5ei{ape ornv erooytoyri 6n or oioxinpcortxig KopniiE rng eivor ol x2+y2=c, 5nio6n 6Aor ol xiKiol rou nln65oo pe xsvrpo ro (0,0) xor axrivq rE uero8inri. Av r6pa ndpoupern oXion x2+y2= c xor Beopiooups ro y oqv ouvoprnon rol,)x, nqpoYovi(ovros o npoe x noipvoup:

2x+2YY'=O c+ x+YY'=o
xopnrlieg ror..tg 5nia6n rn Srogoprxne{ior,ronnou dxl oov oioxinp<,orrxeg xdxioug x2+y2=cplo olt(oVdvlo Kounui6vnou Anio6riov sxoupe Aur6 toxieryevrxdrepo. (Yro rns c, npoxinrr xdBe rrFi on6 rnv O(x,y,c)=o nprvpdgror UroxoFniin)' tD(x,y,c)=O eivor vo iloouFe og npos c noipvoull6tr n rdre ov pnopo0;re roo6ivopn pE rnv c=e(x,y) on6re nopoyoyi(ovros rnv iXouP orr P*u lo-=o nou Erlor pro ,sroqoprxi eEiooon npdrne rdlns ps

cosnpos c, oioxinpont<ig Kopniieg rrq 6oopive5.Av 5e iuveror n O(x,y,c)=O (ouvBern y(x) ouvoprnon) c0gnpos x (pero6inri) Fre r6re rnv nopoycoyi(oup onoi Eiqouu ro c. xorono rr6suooXioerq

nopd6ervpq
nou !yel oov oioxinp<orlxexolnu.i6, No 6peBe{ n Sroqoprxi e{loc,:on 1 rrq xopnriieEnou opi(ovroron6 rn oXdon (y+c)3+x2= Arlvovrogog npo6c 6youpe (y+c)3+x2=1 <+ c=(1-x2)V3-y <r y+c=(1-x2)li3 rnv reiuroio ro y oov ouvoprnon roo x xol nopovcovi4ovrog Oopc,rvros dxaonEXouFe:
t?

;(1. Sroqoprxie(iooron. nou ei!ar n (nrodFevn

x ' ? ) ' - ' ( I - x ' z )v < : ' v '

5(l

x ) 32x

AIAIDOP]KE E3trO'Etr NPOTIETA:TII

17

1.1

nou ovriyovtor Arogoprx6galro<iroerg oe lcoprfopdvtovperoBinr6v

'Eoro:

petoOlln16v 1.1.1 Arogoprxdgelro6oerg 1<oprlopdv<ov

n Srogoprxri e{ioroon

(r.1)
rore n (1.1) Orov n G(x,y)unopivo vpogi orn popqi G(x,y)=f(x)g(y), viverot y'=f(x)g(y) xoron6 y' = 9 npoxinter,

-94=rlx)dx gly/

(r.21

H reieuro{o pnopei vo oloxinp<,:Oeidpeoo, Stdrt dloupe Xoploer rtg pero6inrdg, 6nio6r1: -:'. = '|g l v l 'l ( x t d x . c
.4,,

> o{yj=H(x)-c

ylx) ov eivorSuvoro,6rogoperrxd rnv on6re npoo6ropi(oup Tn ouvdprnon ognvoupeoe nenleypdvnpopgri. nopdrrlpnon Mro A.E. rng propqn6y'=G(x,y)n P(x,y)dx+Q(x,y)dy=0 Bo eivor pero6into5v yt:prlopdv.ov vo nopovovronornoouuE rnv orov pnopoDpE G(x,y)ri rrEP(x,y), Q(x,y), drortiorr vo ipBouvorn popqri f(x)g(y). Ilopd6erypo No iu8ei n A.E. x2{y-l)dy+y(x-1)dx=0. v-ldy**,ld* f r o x * 0 , y 7 o .n { i o c o ovn pdqror peoloxiripoon rn6 reieuroioE yvlxi Adonnpox6nrsr xot eivat: rv l ., -dy '| I rx l. | -dx-c r/- l\. r/l > ll l. ldy, ll-',\ vJ
yrc >

o n o r cn

l\. , lclx=c =5
tl

y - I n l y l -I n l x l !- = c - ? x

yl

yl=e-e'

> 9

cr'

enrrpinovrog orn oraBspri cl vd nqipvr xor opvnrlxds rtpas

18

A I A O O P I K EE ' IIEOEEII N KPOXOY

flo rtg euBeieg x=0, y=0 nou eEorpdoope, nopornpotp6n ivol i6olE rn6 opXrxrig A.E.nou 6ev npoxintouv on6 rn VvlKri iuon Vlo kdnolo ruri Tnq oroBspdq c. lloporrlpnon H relvrxn iuong rov A.E.Xopr(op6vcov peroBinr<irv eivornoiri onii, yr' our6 ro Biporo rov s{erdoscov ouvriB<,rg nopor-rord(ouv orlvBero oioKinp6poro. E66 Koio ivol o ovoyv6orns vo enovoidBerro on,lo oiorinpcipoto xor rrEpeBo6oioyieg oloxiripoons Tounopopriporos.

1.1.2 Opoyeve{g 6rogoprxd6 e{rocioer6

'Eorro n A.E.nprirnqrd{ng: y)dx+Q(x,y)dy= 0 P(x, 'Orov

(r.3)

or P{x,y), Q(x,y) eivor oFovvie ouvoprnorg rou i6rou 6oBpou, 16ren (1.3)ovdVeror o A.E.Xopt<oFdvov pro6inr01v. Mro ouvdprnon P{x,y) iayTot oyoyevrl6 So0pori o og npoC rls geto6inrd6xxory6rov: y) P(tx, ty)= t'P(x, xol 16T orn popgn: Fnopivo Vpoqi

P(x,y)= ;" P11, r7*,

flopd6erypo -3x2y elvoropoyevn6 H P(x,y)= x3a 6xy2 BoBpori 3ou6rorr -3t2*'ty=t3 p1*,r1 P(tx, ty)=t3x3+6txt2v2
Eniong

-3{y/x)]=x3P(1, y/ x) y)= *'lt + o(y/ P(*, *)'? ) - P(I,y/x) d y _ , P ( x , y )_ _ x " P ( 1 , y / x_ dx x" Q(1,y/x) Q(1,y/x) Q(x,y)

Eq6oovor P(x,y), o;royeveig BoBpo6 o, n (1.3)Viveror: Q(x,y)e{vor

(1.4)

Ooporil.l ro perooxnporroF6

(r.5)

AIAOOPIKE E-EO'EE NPOTH' TA:TD

19

onoT xouFe:

y=zxxor dy=zdx+xd" Luvenrirgn A.E. (1.4)yiveror: . dz P(1,2)

X=.r*X

dz P(1,2) -z = x d x= - e 1 1 2

nou eivorXcopr(opdvr,rv peroBin16v. flopo6e{ygoro opoyevolvA.E, (x + y)dx +(y - x)dy = 0 lou 6oBpod: 2ou6oBpori: 3ou6oBgoJ: MnSevrxori 6oBpo6: nopd6erVfo No iu8el n A.E. (x'-y'?)axtZ*yay=O (x3+*y2)d*+yx2dy=0 (1 + stn(y / x))dx + cos(y / x)dy = O xy'+ylnx=ylny+y (1)

An6 tnv rSr6rnro tcovloyop{Bporv InoJn6=ln(o/6), o0, 6>0 n (1)ylveror:

/v\ /"\ : l' l - y - 0 = l / - v l n li l - y \ l d x + x a v = O xy'+yln \ \v,r

\r,/

,/

l2l

flopornporipe6rr or P(x,y)=-yln(y/x)-y, Q(x,y)=xlvor oFovsvsiouvopiriors 1ou6oBpoi,616rr P(tx,ty)=-tylnlty^x)-ty=tP(x,y), Q(tx,ty)=tx=tQ(x,y) tuvtnci'eBdro uU y=xz, U dy=zdx+xdz (6loqoplooFe), on6ren (2)ylveror: l-xzlnz-xzldx+xlxdz+zdxl=0 -zhlz)dx=-xdz + Oioxinprirvougernv reieuroio: cdx _ r dz l---'c, r| J
x ztnz

I-zlnz-z+zl1x+xdz=O = & = d'

tdhn > |nx l-rc, J

tnz

> |nx

I n l l n zil c ,

Av Biooupe cl=-lnc neipvouUe: l n l f n= f 1 n 1 . . 1 n . : > l n l n { = 1 n x q+ Ind=xc = lnz=xc:.> z=e"

on6 vroz=y/x dxouFarn yevrxir iion rng A.E. (1) Y=xe"

E:EOIEE IN KPOKOY AIAOOPIKEI

nou ovdyovrqr o ouoveve(e 1.1.3 Arogoprxdg elrodroerg

'Eoto n A.E.rng popgrig:

rx+6ry+yr ., . f "o '\ r^.qv*\, \

"

(1.6)

Srio neprntriroerg: fro rn irion rnE Sroxpivou;re

l) Orov ro oriornlo

o1x +6ly+vl = 0 o2x+62y+v2= 0

(E)

eXer irjon (x9,V9), t6re xdvoupe rov 6ngp.rodxnporropd: trovodrxri

(r.7)
v(r.r), onore 6nouv: ouvdprnonrou r.r.5ni. + 6,v orx+6ry+Vr = cr,u * A'ru ozx+ 88 + \12= o'ru npoxrinrouv: Me 6ro<pdpron rrovoXdorov (1.7) 0)

dx=du,dy=.rv

v ' r , (= r * = 1'=''r,t

onorn (1.6) on6 nE riuroiEs oxdoslsxor flg{1)Viverqt

/(")={rs!lg'".] \ o2u+o2vl
flporgov<irg n riuroio ivoropovsvis A.E.rov u, v(u) nou pe rnv ovrtxoraoroon v/u=z(u) ovdyeroloxorprlopEvov fro6lnid)v.
ll) Av ro nro ndvo orlornpo (l) 5ev dyer povo6rxri iion, _t ;t
"2 "21

6nio6n

0, rore ro o,x r 6,y, o2x+6ry Bo eivorovdioyo, onorBirou!:

orx+61y=z(xl ov 6r;e0 i
on'6nou gs napoydryton noipvouper of6ry'=z' i

o 2 x + 6 2 y = z ( x lo v 6 2 * 0

(1.8)

d2+62y'=z' n A.E.(1.5)divr:

fio o1x+B1y=2, ol+6ty'=z' xor ozx+6zy=i(olx+6ty), iR

AIAOOPIKE: EEQ'EE

NPOTTE TA'T''

2l

''-"r=6, tri'r+l
nou {\,or A.E.Xdp(opdvov yero6inrcirv. nop66EryUo dy_ x-y+l dx H irion rou ouotrilrorog

x+9-3

(1)

x-y+1=0 x + Y - 3= 0 (xs, y6)=0,2), e(vor ondrendpe ornv(i)neplntoon, oldon (1.7).

OdrouFe

x=1+u Y=2+v

(M,

on'6nou pe6rogdpron nolpvoupedx=du, dy=dv xor n A.E.(1)Vlvetot

dv u-v fiouelvdlo]rovsvi A.E. @drouFe z{u}=v/u-+ v=uz on' 6nou pe 6rog6pronnfjoK0nrldv=zdu+udz y{verot on6re n A.E.
zdu+udz u -uz ="_* d, :) I-2, zdu+udz=f;du =

= udz

/1-.

lG;

\ 1-t--J - zJ du + udz=:-::--1du

noo lvotXoplfogivo)vFrd6inrci)v
-dz=-.

1+z
t r.

du
u
. t,,

X +22-7

(oioKinp6voupE)

l7;;1a,- 1; *",
Ilopornporipe 6n (22+22-11'=22+2=2lz+I) dporo oioxirip<ogo eivar: t 1+z 1 1 l z ' - 2 2 7 ) ',

(21

J V t 2 " - r * 2 Jj , * t - ,

a t - v t " 1 -+^ z ' -,tl1

1.t,

AIAOOPIKD EEO:EE

IN (POKOY

oxeon n (2)6{vst: an6rnv reieuroio luvenri:g t^ L. r ;ln z' 2z 1l Inu|

ln]2" 22 I -lnu'=zcr =

l^z"+22 ll zlnlu .1
.l|

>

l n lz ' t z z

trt-l-zcl

l\

Avr{ rou 2c1 Beroupegro vda oroBepri 2ct=lnc,on6re: t2(22+22-t)= c An6 rrg ovrtxaroordoele nou Kovouedxouge 6rl:

"

u =_ v, -2 =_
u x-l

u=x_1

oXion Eivol: opo n iuon rng (1)ono Ynvri.uTolo

t, ^'2 , .. \ (*-r)'l I Y+l -zlY-4)-t l=, \x-t1 )

\\x-r/

1.2

Arogoprx66sllo6dstc nou ovdyovrol A.E. lng rd;nC de VpopUrKdC

1n6 tdlng Etq6org 1.2.1 fpopprxdg 6toqoprK6e

Orov ;lo A.E. npoirngrd{nq exer tn pop.prl

v'+f(xD=s(x)

(1.e)

r6re auri xoieitor vpdptrx{ A.E. (5nio6i eXoufEVpoFFrxi (nporo6dBlro) y(x),y'(x)) oxonos nporouedvvriroroue
H A.E.nou npoxrinreryld g(x)=0 on6 rnv naPonov.o

(1.10)
xoiirol o!t(drorxn oFoyev{s. 6n ov ylx) ivor Pro idon rne (1.9)xor y2(x)Fro Erixoio Sronrordrvouge rore n y=yi+cy2tivor iion rne (19) irion rns (1.10),

AIAOOPIXF' E:trQlEI' NPOTIf TA:IE

flp6roon 1.1
Av yo(x) ivor n VevlKrii0on tng opoyevoJ6 y'+f(x)y=0 xot y!(x) ivol Flo (pprKi) i6on mS y'+f(xly=g(x), r6re n

y(x)=yo(x) + y,(x) {vorVvrKiilon rns A.E.(1.9) Me066euon 1.1 Bripo 1o An6 rnv olrovvii A.E. y'+l(x)y=O (Xcopr(opdvov pero6inrriv) unoioyi(oupc rn yevrxrirng iion y"(x),6nioSri

y ' - f ( x l y = oJy

9 =y - r i * ) v+ 9 = - f ( x ) d x = + dx

> I n y , = - J r l x y d x1 -c, [9= -ltr,.ro-*.,

, , -Jr'.to,*.,
. lyl=e = c e t[rr*p, l e'r =c

Byd(ovrog rnv on6iurn lpri antrpdnoulr orn oroBepd c vo nolpver xor opvnnxdsflpEs,on6l n VEvrKi iuon rns (1.10) sivqr:

(1)
Bripc 2o Ynoioyropdg rne psprKris(ploS)irjone rn6 (1.9) pe rn pd0o6o rov oooo(praov ouvraierrd'v (IeroEoi{e rol, nopolrdrpov} roo Lagrange. YnoBdroupr 6n n prprxrii6on rnq (l 9) rivor rn6 popgrig: = c(x)e-J'r-)dyu(x) 6nouc(x)xordiinin ouvqprnon roux. flopoy<oyi(oupe rnv (2) J r ^ ' ' - c ( " ) ( - l ( x D eJ ' " ' d ' yi(x)=c'(x)e AvrrxaBrorodpe yp(x), 116 yp'{x) ornv(19) xordXoupe c,(x)e-Jrhr'1'c(x)f(x)e-Jrr')d" +c(x)f{x)tjI6)a"= s(x) =, = s(x) = c,(x)'-ifr-)dc,(x)= s(x)eJIr')d" Ql

AIAOOPIK4 EEOEED IN KPOKOY

)' Me rnv ovlkordoroon rr,:vyr(x),yr'(x) ornv vpopprKn A.E.1nq rd{ng ot 6pornouexouv tnv c(x)Bo npdner vo onlonoroivro! droeopnxd Bq dxlvivr idBoq. An6 rnv nponyo0pevn oXion trre oioxiripoon eXouternv c(x):

- Ig(*)"J',r-)'d* .(*)
TApo on6 rnv (2)xorrnv riuroiooxdonn pprxri irion rns (1.9) eivqr:

J'ina' y,(*)Js(*)" d* "-i'r-r"-

(3)

(1)xor(3)pnoporjpe An6 rrs oxeoers vo eXouF rov runo nou pogSlverrn (1.9), iion rns oJt.povo rnv npdroon 1, SnioSri: Vsvrxri U

Ju')" +Jsi*)" d*] v,{*)= "-J"")" ["

(1.11)

flopotnp(oerg 1, H peBoSoioyio nouovoqipolr nro ncivor Bo Sor.ipe 6rr egoppo{eror oe

ypopprxdg A.E.2ns rri{nq xor ovdrrepnq, xo8ti,gKor o VpoFFrKd p 6torgoprxd ouornporo oroBEpoiE ouvriordeEnionEBupi{oup: orr yto rn iion VpoFplxcirv xdrt ovdioyo roXrier ouornpdrcov ornv fpopprxn iliye6po. 2. lrnv oioxiiptoon nou xavopeoro 2o 6riFoVrorov unoloyrolo rou cix) nopoieigope rnv oroBpi. fvlxd lnopoil.rc vo noiFeor 6rav xtivoupr (U{qs)iions rnE A.E. o116oioxinp6ocr6 npoo6roprdg6 rng peprKng nopoieinoupe rrgoroBepiq. Ira Bdporo6nou Bo Xprd4rol o dvd evStdpeoo 6ripo vo iriooupe pro ypop1uxi A.E. 1ng rd{nE,Bo noipvooFe rn Vvlkniion on6 rov rino (1.11), e96oovypdgoupe y'+f(x)y=g(x). rnv A.E.orn poprpir y'=ytanx+cosx

3.

flopd6erypo lo n A.E. o) No AuBai

{11

H egiooon(1)ypdqrory' ytanx=cosx. fio tn iriron rng reieuroio6axoiouBoipe ro 6riporo rnE pe866euong 1.1nou

ALAOOPIKEE:E(DEE NPOTHE TA:T[

25

Brif d 1o

nrjvouFrnvouovsvriA.!.

yaytanx=o i = f a n x d x=

(21

.dvdu y' = ytanx = - = ytanx dxy

r y

fd v I j=

f ltanxdx + c ', =

,, f sinx. ln l-dx +c, > -l v l =

JcoSX

f dcosx . -cr -J--:------dx lnlgl= =

-lnlcosxl.tlnc> Inlyl= lcosxl cosx

{cr=lnc)

. , , = l.n lc | Inlyl l-l :+y=- "

Apo n irion rng opoyevoigelvor

'

Y " ( x= ) -L

cosx

(3)

Brlpo 2o Ynoioytopdg pto6irlong rng(1).Eoro 6r n c(x) ytx/= cosx c(x)sin x cos-x

(4)

e{vd idon rng (1). Ms nopdvo5vlon Cxoup:

c'{x} vr^r=-+cosx An6 ng (4)xor(5)n (1)ylveror: c'(x) ""*

(5)

c(x)sinx c(x) tanx+cosx > "-"J-;= ".* . a r -l-*=t* l-coszx-

c(x)=cos-x = x sln2x

c(x)= xdx=J J cos-

Eq'6oov 6pnxogernv xordiinin c(x)n peptxi i6on mS{1)elvor: 2x+sin2x ,. Y " { x l= +cosx Tiiog on6 ng (3)xot {6)n Vevrxri irion rne {1)eivor: c 2x + sln2x ylxr=-+---(o,

AIAOOPIXE EEOEEE IN.(POKOY

Ilopd6erygo 2o No 6peireXr,:pig vo Xpnorponorioere drotgoug dnoug, tnv oioxinp<onxn KqBndinrns [io('one y'_y= xex (1) nouSlEpXeiol an6 mv oplir rov o(6vcov. H A.E. {1) eivor ypopprrrl 1ng rd{ng. fro vo Bpodpern yevrxri iion eqopp6(oupe ro 6riporornq peB65euong l.t. Bripo 1o Bpioxoupe rn yevrxnirion tng ovrlororXn6 opoyevo6E: 9'-y=0 Oiror-rpey'=dyli1 xor n (2)divr: crx (21

jl=, = 9' a* -c flY- [a*+.,= rnlyl-x rc, - lyl=e'{, = v=.e. r9 J y

itra n yevrxriirion rng ovriororln5 ogoyevoug ervor y.(x)=ce^ (g) Brlpo 2o BpldKouU plo UEprxriidon rng (1) pe rn pd8o8o r<,:v ouBoipero:v 'EorG) ouvreieordrv rou Lagrange. 6l pto ifon rng (1)eivorn (4) V(x)= c(x)e' dnouc(x)Koroiinin ouvdprnon_ flopayroylfoupe rnv (4)xordXouF y'(x)= c'(x)e.+ c{x)e' AvrrxoBrororipe y'(x)ornv (1)xor rrgy(x), no{pvou;re c'{x)e"+c(x)e' -c(x)ex =4xe' :+ c'(x)= 4x (oioxinpoivoupe)

clq=4..=2x'z
Apo n pplKriiion sivqr

e2

v,6J - 2^zn'
Tdiog ond rrE(3)xor (5)iyoupe rn yevrxri irlon rng (l)

(S)

gs\x)= ce^+ 2x2e' H reiewoio eivor pta povonapoperplKri orxoyvlo xogmlirov (yro xdBe Kql UloxoFndin)on rrgonoiegelreiE Frorlpn rns c axoup Bdioupeexeivnrnv y(x)nou6ripXeror ono rnv opXritorvoldvcov,6nio6iry(0)=0. Apo npdnsr 0 = ce0+2.0e0 + c=0.

AIAOOPIXE EEOIEI'

NPOTFETA:T[

27

!uven16g n (nroigevn oioxinpcortxriropnriin eivor: Ylxl = 2x2e'

1.2.2 ArogoprxrleEioc)onBernoulll
Orov n npogcniiuon A.E.dXEr rn uopgn y'+f(x)y= g(x)yF

(1.12)

dnou peR g: p+0,1(ov p=0 ri l rdre n A.E.eivorypopprxi),xoieiror A.E.rou Bernoulll (6nio6rl 8o exoupe6rio 6pou6 pe ro y(x), y'(x) oe np<tro6dBpro (VpdFprkfi) Foperikor vov6po uEro yP). OE(,)podgE ro FerooXn$orldF6 yr-P(x)= z(x) 6{ver: nou pe napoyriryron (1-p) y o(x)y'(x)=z'(x) ArorpodF rnv (1.12) FyP y-t'y'+f{x)yrP=g(x}
xol ovflxoBlord)vroe q nponVodFEvS ornv reieurolo noipvoupE:

(1.13)

4+(x)dx)= rp

g(x)

(1.14)

rd{ns og npoz(x). on6rnpo.KUUs VpdpFrkiA.E.1nE Euvanci6n irion rne A.E. Bernoulli6lveror ond rn oxdon (1.13)ov ovnkoroorrioouu ro z(x)le rn Vevrxrl irJonrnS(1.14). flopd6etygo No iuBei n A.E. y'-2xy3t2aly=g (1)

H A.E.ypdrperor 9'+29=2xy3t2 p=3/2. npoqovd)E np6xaroryro A.E.BernoulliFe yr 3/2{x)=z(x) Oiroup e y-l{1)=z{x) rnv (2) Ilopo'4oyi(oupe

l2l

2'

'''{*1 Y ' 1 *= 1t ' 1 * 1

(3)

(3)noipvoupe: =2x xor on6 (2), y'3t2y' Arorpoife rnv {1)Bey3l2, ofl6rE +29'u2 -22'\x)+2zlx)=2x :: z'-z=-x (41

2A

AIAOOPIXE E!EO'EI!

IN KPOKOY

oeA.24 Koroiilou de VpolUlKi A.Erou z{x)noon l6on rns ond rov rrlno(1.11) g(x)=-x Eivor' f(x)=-l xol vro

,.,=;l-"(.*Jr--rJ,-',,"d*)=d(. J*"'dJ=
= +J"("-')'d*)= **-- - J"^a-) e'(" "-(.
Apa z{x)-ce"+x+l xor on6 rn olion (2)n itlon rng (E)elvot

--ce'+x+ 1= fix)= y-r/'z(x) 1.2.3 Arogoprxi el{ooon Rlccaitl

Mrd A.E.rng lopqie

("e'+*+r)'

y'= f(x)yz +g(x)y + t{x)

(1.15)

idyeror A.E. Rlccattl (6nio6i n y'(x)E{vor lon UE dvo rpr6vuFo og npoEy). H i6on rng nopondvco f{ooon66sv slvorndvro6uvorri.Av pnopoipe pe (ouvriBtos xdnororpdno vo Bporipe irion y1(x) rnS (1.15) oro Bdporo ;lo er6rxri Bo pog6{veror dpeoori dFFEoo), ror Scopd}vroe ro pErooxnpolopo:
vlxl ' ' = v. {xl +-

"'

z(\l

(r.r6)

n (1.15) ovdyeror oeypopprxri A.E. r,16 npog 21x1. (1.16) pe npdvFon. nopov6vron rns dxoupe:

y , 1 ;= 1y j ( x ) { 9 z'lxl
xor pe ovnxordotoon r(ov nponyoupivov oxdoeov ornv (1.15) noipvouFe:
''

vikl-!

+3+;J+s{x\v,+:,J+t'{x} t{*)lvf

?!

1\

l\

rt*tvi+gt*1v, +r,1x1+ r1x14{4+g1x)! vi(*)-4= tz-z

AIAOOPIXETED'OIEE NPOT}tr TA:IE

29

Enerdrin y1 eivor erStxri ,\jon tns (1.15) roXferyi = f(x)yi +g(x)y, +h{x) ondT z ' . . . 2 '', v.2+1 . .1 g{x)1 r -z' 2urtlxlz-llx) slx}z . tlxl = t(x) ,'+ (2y1f(x)+ s(x))z

(1.17)

nou eivotypopprxi A.E.coq npogz(x). Luvendrg ov ovrrxoroordoouUE rn VvrKri idon rn5 (1.17) ornv oXion (1.16) noipvouFe rn Vvu<i iuon rns A.E. Riccattr H nopoxdrr,rnporqon fos 6iver rn yevrxriirion rng A.E. Riccatti 6rov yvcopi(oupe 2 peptxCg rnEiioerg. flp6roon 1.2 'Eoro yflx) ono Tnoxdn

xor y2(x)itlorrne (1.15) A.E.Riccatti. T6te n y{x) nou opi(eror

y(x)-yr(x)_ Jri.r .rr.r. y,-r-v, -y ( x ) -y , ( x ) ",

ivol VvlKri iidn rng A.E.Riccatti.

(1.18)

l16iro H npdroon vo Xpnolfonorn8si orn iion rns A.E. Riccatii 6rdvl.ls }rnopi xdnoro rp6no6poupe y2(x). 6io Sroqoperrxeg i6oer5y1(x), Ilopd6erypo 1o
No iuBei n A.E. y' =
'tv

,-

- .

v'

0l

ov Vvo)pi(oup dn plo pEprxiifon ivorrnEpop<png yt(x)=o/x. llpoo6ropi(oupe rn peprxi iion

yrlxl = AvuxoBrororige ornv (1): ol 2 2 I i =) o--l-U > o_,1 d xx = o ,, yr \ x,J = - - - t

dpo pta peprxi irion eivor n ylx)=l/x . Oecopoipero peraoXnponop6

11 y ( x )= - + _ x z\xl

l2')

30
nou pe nopoy<iryron pog6iver

AIAOOPIKE E:EOIEE IN KPO(OY

v'ti=-++"'
And trE 6uo reieuraieE pe avnxordoroon ornv (1)noipvoupe:

'"-4 J" -1" -1

zx" x'

xz x'

t"- r--2 =. -L= -3 -1 - -, g-_,

z" xz z, *a a2

F I'our6 To onpio npinl va npok Uel ypopgrxriA.E. Aniq6i uerd nc ovrrxoToordore vo onionornBoriv or 6pornoudevnepuiyouv ro z.A,o,iop.r,na oo axou! Kovaliodoe H iion rns ypopllxriq A.E.d{veror on6 rov rrjno0.11)oei.24 Vrqf(x)=_3/x xor g(x)=11

,,,.,_ -1* *1r"J-1.0")=.^, "-j-i*("

Apo n yevrxriirion rng A.E {l) ono rn oXeon (2)eivor x cx' - (x,'2) npdnalvo onpl(i)ooup on 8Evrivol Suvorov vo Bpoipe ,iion nou vo opi{rror ytox=0 Srorr n A.E. iyErrov nopovovro l/xz o o.oi.s Si, eX.,t""",. v,"'*]0.-' flopd6arypo 2o No 6pEBe{ n VevrKri iUon rnS Vtxl: ll r_-

ll'xs)y'+xzy-y2+2x=O (r) ov^yvop{(oupe drr Sdleroroov irion pro noiu<,:vuprxii ouvdprnon Seurdpou 6oBpo6.
An6 ro 6e6opdvo rou Bdporos, n rdrxi irion Bo ivol rnE y(x)=ox2+6x+v Foperig

l2l flapoycoyi(ovrog noipvoupe y,{x)=2ox+6. Me ovrrxor6oroon rov nponyoupevrov ornv (1)noipvoupe: (1-x3X2oi+6)+x2iox2+6x+V)-(dx2+6x+V)z+2x=O And rnv tourdrnro (o+B+yl2=o2+&+\2+2o}+2oy+26y xor xrivovroEnpa[ergn nponyodpevn oX!on 6iver: xa(-o-oz)+x3C2o6)+x2( +xl2c'_ 2By+2)+ lB-y2l=o \ -& -2ay) fto va eivqr n 9{x) }Uon rne (l), n tisuroid oxon npsna vo rolri:r VxeR, on6rdXoup:

o+o2=0 2aB=O y-@-2oy=0

2d-2By+2=O B-yz=O

AIA.XIPIKEEEEOEEE ITPoTl TA3TE

An6 fiv o+qtO no(pvoupe o=0 i o=-1. I fio o=0 on6n6 oldoag (3)dXoutre y-62=0 1 -28y+2=O = | 8=1 xor y=l

g-v'?=o

J
(4)

:uvend)g Froed||<iiion elvoln

y1(x)=x+1

(3)dXoupe lf fio o=-1on6 rtgoXdoetq 2d6=0:+ 8=0 xqr &vL0 3 V=0 dpoptooiin er6mrl irlon eivor n gdxl=-x2 (5) Eq'rioovBpfrxalre 2 ei6rxdg ldoeq tngA.E., n VevtKi tn6 idon otgeovo prnv np6rqon6(verd dn6rn oldon (L18):

II)L=
y_92

"Jtr'{r'-r'la.

6nou f(x) =

1;i5-

rouyzovypdgoutrs mv (1|o.n popgrl rng , o ouvreieonl6 - I

1- x3' 1-x3'

(1..15) 6nio6rl u'=-J-rt '

u- z*-l-x3

Euven66 yroy(x), ylx) on6rrs(4)xor(5)6lver: n oldon (1.18)

''-"--7-

Y-x-1 = ceJ$$"
y+x-

Ynoioyrop6q rouoioxinpoipqro6 +x+1 . 1 x2 I-ClX=I...J 1- x' 1 x2+x+1 J(1-xxl+x+x.)

I**=-"r--tl
+ y-x-1=(y+x'z){x*1)--L

on6e n yevmri irion rng (1)elvor:

!t:+

=ct'^h-{ =

#="o!

-oL_ ** v(, J =,.*r

-'= (..'.*)(f;1)

AIAOOPIKE EEO'EE IN KPOXOY

1.3

llirlper66rogoprx6gelrc6oerg xct ovoy6peveg oe ni6perg

1.3.1 Illl6perg6rogoprxdge{rodroerg proouvdprnon Ogyvrrror6v ov @(x,y) elvar 6riopero6Anrcirv r6rero oirxd i reiero6roqoprx6 rngeivar:

aot,.,vt=rfa* +rPav

(1.19)

Av Bdooupe P(x,v)= aO/ax,Qi'cv)= iO/& r6ren A.E. P(x,y)dx+Q(x,y)dy=0 pe eivar too60vopn d0(x,9)=0, nouroxfer6rov@(x,y)=c. MroA.E. rnqpop9n6
y)dx P(x, +Q(x,y)dy= 0

(1.20)

Ba isF 6rr ivorni{png n dyeoo oioxrlnp6oryn n oxpr6rl6orov yiveror vo io ^ I = P{*.u). 6oeBe{ ouvdornono(x.v), dx [-vixY1 Avoyxolo ouvBr{xnyro vo unopyet rdroroO(x,y}elvor n:

'P, NQ, . l&y/= & uqyJ

(1.21)

H ouvBr\xn ouri eivorxor rxovri6rov or ouvoprr\oerg P(x,y), Q(x,y)opi(ovroro 6 i o r o R 2 r i o ed v o x t o p iro n eu o p q n x:> x o } , { ( x , y ) e R 2 : 9 > y q ) . {(x,y)eR2 yro euxoiio ypor9ri6, Ern ouvdXero, prero n prprxri nopdyo:yog Bo ypdrperor biKrntnq Fcro8inr{e nopoy,iryrons, Snio6ri I = t , |a = q.

&"rtx

Ynoloyrop6g rng O(x,y)

An6 rn irion rou SrogoplKoU ouoriForoE

1og rpdnog

ao^

ao^

11.221

pe oioxiripoon rnEyiog on6 ne 5io oxsolq xor rnv ovrrxordorsonornv diin (6iine nto xdrr,:nopd6erypo).

AIAOOPIKD E:trOIEE NPOTItrTAIFE

2oE rpdnog An6 rov rdno:

(,(,!y)= +Je(xo,odr Jp(r,v)dr

(1.23)

nou opi(ovroror P(x,y), o rino6 Orav ro (xe,ye)=(0,0) ovixer oro xc,:pio Q(x,y), onionol{rolxol Vivsror:

y)dt ok,y)= +JQ(0, r)dt IP(t,

00

Tioq q'6oov BpiKope rnv O(x,y) n irion, rns A.E.(1.20) on6 rn oXdon dO = Pdx + Qdy = 0 o nivpdvnpopqrilvor

17.241
flopd6erypo 1o No iuBe{ n A.E. (3x2y+2x)dx+(x3+2y)dy=0 P' = 3*'z -r*' Q" (1)

An6 rn Soopivn A.E.dxoupe: P(x'Y)= 312'12' Q ( x , y ) = x+ 32 y =

on6r P, = Q, = 3x'?Korn A.E.(1)sivorn1fpne, 6nio6ri undpXer O(x,y)rerorocirore d@=Pdx+Qdy=O. Ynoioyropog tns O(x,y) on6 ro odorn[o {1.22): O, =3x'y+2x (21

o, =*'+2y

(31

Oioxinpd:vouprernv (2) rog npos x (!re ro y otoBep6,dpo n oroBpd oioxiripcoongBo eivorpro ouvdprnonrou y): (y)= JO.dx J(3x'zv+2x)do xr sxouFs: AvrrxoBrororipe rnv (4)ornv(3)Kol
(\l

O ( x , y ) - x r y - x 2. o ( y )

(4)

= *t r2 f (*ty ' , *' r o1y1)

o'lyl=2y -

x3 to'lyl=x3 129 -

o(y)= y? +c,

>- Mero rnv ovrtxordoroon xor ng onionoliolg npdnlvo npoxugrro o'(y) ioo pe pio nopooroon ro! y. AloqopsnKdBo dloupe xover i6BoE

34
Euvendrs n O(x,y)on6 rnv (4)eivor:

AIAOOPIKE E:IIQ'EE TN KPOXOY

o(x,Y)= x3Y t*2 +Y2+"r Korn VvrKii|,on rns A.E.(1)ivor: ^"y+*'+11'+"r= = "" x3y+x2+y2="

Ilopd6erypo 2o No iu8e{ n oxpr6rig eliotoon (ycosx+2xeY)+(sinx+x2eY+2)y'=0 y'=dy/dx n A.E. ypdgeror Av Bdooll.ro (ycosx+2xev)dx+(sinx+x2ev+2ldy=O onorxouFa ycosx- 2xeY P{x,y)= P . cosx 2xeY = 5 P'-Q' 2 Q(x,y)-sinx+x2ev Q^=.or**2;", ouvn6E n (1)lvornlipnE (oxpr6ri6) A.E. Ynoioyrog6q rnS O(x,y) on6 rov rrino (1.2 3):

(1)

JtQ { 0 . t l= dJ r (vcost o ( x , y )J =P ( t . y )d z-r c ' ) & -J 2 d t =

0000

= (ystnt + Zt]l = ystnx + t'?ev)* +x2ev + 2y Tdioq n yevrxriiion rng A.E.(1)oe nieypsvnpopqriivqr: ysinx+x'zee+2y=c 1,3.2 Aroqoprxdg e{rotioetg nou ovdyovrqr o niiperg

Oioxinp6vov nopdyorv ri noiioniooroorIC Euler

'Eoro n Slogoplkfi liooon:

P(x,v)dx+Q(x,y)dy=0

(*)

AP AQ 4y6x
flpo<povrirg ylq A.E.nol,r npoxerror 5v eivar niirpnE.Odioupe vo Bporipe prq xordiinin duvdprnon p(x,y) nou ov noiiqniootdooupe rnv (*) vo npox0nrer niripnEA.E., 6nioSri: p{x,y}P(x, y)dx +;r(x,y)Q(x, y)dy = 0

(1.25)

AIAOOPIKE E=[CI'EE NPOTTE TA:FE

35

fra vo e{vorniripns n (1.2S) Bo npinet

= #o*u#=*o*u* = Sruor=fruor
-Qu-= r.,(oPp, - p,)
'1.261

)-

^*.:j3i#^H::::*i mrn::i-ii'#ff#';;:;,
Ero Biporo ouvriBog eXoupe:

;Irui;'-"J:1: iifJi:;il5ffi ;':'^"'Tff ii$'#11"ffi'iilff

p ooo dxoups ovo(pdp, ;:ffJ:ff::l'tr1:::^l:l .ll-T'u:',} "',qovo

n p(x,y) Bo rxovonorei rnv 11.26) nou eivqr A.E. p Fprkis _^^^i1..-^.1

o) Iloiion.iooroorri rn6 popgrlgp1x,y;=p1x) , onorpr = u'(x), p, =0 xor n A.E. [.26)6iver:

-QP'(x)= P.)' P{Q^

'TU-r P'(*)

.o

(U

H reisuroioivorvpopprxn A.E.lnc rdUl 'povevi6 r':qnposp(x) nou vrq vo rxeru6npo itionEnpen;, ;,,;;;;.1"'"s

(L.27)
vo Eivor ouvdprnon F6vo rou x. I or o noiioniootoorrie 6ivror ono nr ,iuon rrq (l) xor e(vor:

0.28)
6noun g(x)Slverorond rn oyion (1.27). 6) floiiqniooroot{ rn popg{S p(x,y)=p(y) , onorE pv : !1y), l. = 0 xorn A.E. [ 26)6iver

pu,lvt= _p,)= ,1r1_e";P,r1r1=6 r,(a.

H tsieuroio ivor ypopprknA.E. lnc rd& eyervonpo Arions np:n;, ";*;;;;*"t "lov.vie .uEnpos p(v)

(1)

(r.29')

AIAOOPIKE EEO'EE

LN KPOXOY

vq lvol duvdpmon }6vo roo y. Tdre o noiioniqoroorrig 6iveror an6 rn iion rnE{1)xor eivor:

(1.30)
6noun g(y) diverar on6rn oXeon {1.29). V)nolrlqniqorqor{ tng popg69p(x,y)=p(z), rov x, y dnouz(x,y) 6ooydvn ouvdprnon poprpri ornv{1.26) rnv erSrxi Av ovttxoroorriooupe ror:U(x,y), r6reBo npo,<!Vr
pro ogoyevri6ypogprxriA.E. nptirrnErd{nE xor irjvovrdg rn Bpioxoupern popgrirou p(x,y). 6pioxoup rt EuyxKprpivo p" = p'(z) z,, tty = p'\zj z, dnouro 2,, z, tivor yvroord xot n (1.26)6iver: ^...02 ^ ..,42 cN ox - Q1.t'lz)2, =p(a. -P,) = Pp'lzlz, fla \ox fP\ ryl dz) 0 (1)

p'(z)-n:';_
YZr-UZ,

H (1)eivorvpoptrxriA.E.lng rdlng nouexerv6nuoiione 6rov n nopdoroon:

-i::--Lr =.r"r -'-'

Pz, - Qz.
lvol ouvoornonuovo rou z. Tdre o noiiqnioorooriq Euler 6iveror on6 rn i0on rn (1)xor eivor:

(1.31)

17.32)
6noun g(z) 6iveroron6 rn oxdon(1.31). pnoporjv Me 6don rnv mo novo:Sro6rxooio erixoia vo 6pe8orlv noi/ord6 p(xy), p{xz+yz), p(x/y), p(x+y2),p(x'z rne popqriet(x+y), p(x-y), +y), xin. llopornprloerg (1.27), (1.31) 1, Orov xdnoroon6 rrg nopoordoerq r<ovoxoc)v ivor {1.29), ion pe oroBep6npoyporrx6 r6re Beropeirar optBp6, 6n eivar ouvdprnon (pn6evrxorj rou noi/otri noue{erdloupe 6oBpoi). 2. Lro BelroroopXrxd Bo e{erti{oupe mv rinop{nnoi/orri rrovpoprp6vU{x), p(y)(ouvi,Bars (nronwor).Av 6Xr,r6re e{era(oupernv ourdgot goprpdg

AIAOOPIKE EEO'EE

NPOTHI TA=}C

37

y)xorno{pvovros p(z)(nepinrr,;on rnv Q,-Pv dnopfnnoi/orir rnE;roprpig gto yro 6r n 6ln ixoupe ivSetln rn;ropgnrou.A{i(er vo onpr6ooup (nriror ovoiufl1(4 yi our6 o nopsios ponsrou noi/orri noildq qopdE pe rSroirpn ovoyvcirorng og npooi(erro nponyodpevo npoooXn. llopd6erypo 1o No iu8ei n A.E. y(2xy+l)dx-xdy=0 (1)

An6 tn trroprgn rng A.E (1)eXoupe: Plx,v)=2vv21u * Q(rY)=-x

P,=4xY+1 Q'= 1

npoqovcbE n (l) 6v ivorni'ipns, 5rdfl P, I Q. . E{erd(or..,pe rnv rlnop{n noiioniooroorri Euler rorv popq,riv(o),(6) xdvovroq rov ciyxo ono nq oxdottsll.27l,11.29). npoyport nopornpoupr <irrl

Q-P, P

- t - + x v -t - 2 1 2 x +9 1) _2 y\2xy+ll y(2xy+1) y

p6vo rou y ve s\yl= -219, dpo o noiAon,looroorrig eivorouvdprnon ono rrr oxdon (1.30)ivqr: -t".. .t-'-./-; l{v) er" [loiionioordloupcrnv (1) 1/y' xor6iv:r: ;rero p(y)=

?1L" 0* ior - o 9y
H rieuraio A.E.Eivorniipn6. flpoyporr P'{x.v)= 2x tl/v) Q'(x,Y)--xlY' P'= 7ti r L{' Q.'--tlr'-

t2l

>- H Sroniorcoon 6rr n vio A.E.(2) ivor niipne yivror oni6s Vro noii0euon,6ron ov 6evnpoxuUr niipns A.E. onpoivl 6n xdnou io8oq. aXt Vivr Eq6oov n (2)sivorniripng A.E-, undpXer ouvdprnon@(x,y) rdrororirore:

ao=[z*+l)a*-,]ay=o
\ v,/ 9'
Ynoioyrop6g rng @(x,y)ono ro oUornpo: @-= 2x +(1/y) Q,= *ly" (3) (4)

E=EOIEETN (POXOY ATAOOPIKE

OioxinpoivouFernv (3)os nposx Pero y oroBep6:

./ 1\ ' x-g1y1 Ot*,v)= [l z*+l la* , o(y)1 qKyl=x'z

(5)

YJ

Me ov xordotoon rng (5)ornv(4)nolpvouF: d(' x ..\ = -t x +-+oty, t= -r =) --- +o lyl- -i oY\ t Y VYYelvot Apoon6 rnv (5)n O(x,y) O { x ' Y )= ; ' z a x 1 " ' 9 Snio6ri on6rn iion ms A.E.(2)ouvn6sKorrne (1)eivorO(x,y)=c, .x x-+-=c "'lyt=O -> o(y)=cr

Ilopd6erygo 2o Ariore rnv A.E. (1) {xy2-y)dx+(x2y-3x)dy=0 arg6oov 6el{eredr dxetoioxinptirvovronopdyovropto ouvaxiiduvsprnonrng p(xy). uoprprlg 'Exouge 6nou z=xy rnv p(x,y)=u(z), oioxinptivovro nopdyovro (1) floiioniootd{oupe rnv ue u(z)xqt n A.E. (21 (x2y-3x)dy=0 (xy2-y)dx+u{z) p(z) e{votnirlpng. Apo - 3x)) > (u(zXx'?Y *(pk)kv'-v))=: ox oy - 3*)+ p(z)(2xv 3) - i + vlz)l2xy- 1)- z-t"(z)(*2y z,v'lz)lxv2 Aina z,=y, 1=x on6i: -xy -x2y2+3xy)+2U(z)=O= t'l"llx2y2 (3) > p'121-lp1r1=6 z llpoixuge A.E. g6vo rng ;rero6innig z=xy 6pd n (l) dler oioxinpcivovro nopovovroms FopqrisF(xy)pe iion: A.E.1nqrd[ng c,: npogF(z) H (3)eivorofovevirevpoyFrxri =O +21tlzl zz1t'lz)
Ylz) 'ce t r-' = 72-'"'t =a:
-11a. I

AIAOOPI(E E:EQIEE NPOTItr TA:IE

39

fro c=1 evos oioxlnp<irv<ovnopdyr,:velvor:

ItxYl = l xy ypdgeror: Apon (2)on6rnv reieuroio oXdon

!1*r'-u;a*+11*'y-3x)dy =Q - (r i)0.-(.-9)or=o

o,

E{erd(ougeov n (1')elvotniripng yto enoiriBeuon Eq6oov vvorplfoup 6n n p(x,y)elvornoiioniooroorrig EulerBo npdner n (1') vo eivorniripng.Av6zv ivo! 16rKonou Kovop idBoeIlpoygon P=y-(l/x), Q=x {3/y), on6re P"=Q,=1. H iion m5 (1')elvor (4) O(x,y)=c

, r' t, ^. i^. ., -J i^ .) d i a.k o ..r t=Jly-iJdt-Jlxo-;.,Jdr= onou o ( x , y= )J P(t,vjdr

ro Y!

- 3lnt)lYo = (yr- ln0l'"+(xot =

- yx - Inx- yxo+ Inxo + xoy- 3lny- xoyo +3lnyo= = yx - Inx- 3lny+lnxo- xoyo +3Inyo= yx - In(xyr) + cr tuvn66 ond rn oXddn(4)n vevrxr{ irion elvor: Yx-ln(xY')=6 flopor6pnon t' ouri rn ouVXE<plpdvn nep{nroron6e pnopoipe vo nopoupe (x6,y6)={0,0) orn oydon(L23),,7rorl or P(x,y), 6ev op{{ovrororo (0,0). Q(x,y)

1.4

Arogoprrdg slldd)oeleLagrangeKot Clalraut

Mro A.E.rng popgrig

1,4.1 Aroqoprxf el{ooon Lagrange

y= xf(y')+ s{y')
idy:ror A.E.rou Lagrange xor iiveror r,:g e{rig: 1. Odroupe Me nopoyciryton y"(x)=p'(x)=dp/&

(1.33)

(1.34)
l+l

AIAOOPIKE EEOEEE IN KPOKOY

2. flapayr,:yi(or-rpe rnv(1.33) co6 npos x: y'=fly')+xl'(y')y"+s'le')e"

(") noipvout-rc: pe rts oXiocte (1.34), xot or.iprpcovo p - f ( p )| x f ' ( p ) : ' r q ' ( p ) : '
,ln .th

(p r{p))* xf'(p)=s1p)

(1.35)

ypopurKii H reieurolo eivot A.E.1ns rdgne os nposx(p)(ro x ouvdprnon rou p xor ro p pero6inrri). 3, Arivovrog rnv (1.35) 6ploxouF Tn Vevlxi i on x(p)=G(c,p)xor oe y'=p dxoupe: ouvSuoop6 uetnv (1.33)yro

y(p)=xf(p)+s(p)

(1.36)

p, eloupern vevrxn Anoie{<povrog on6 nE (1.35)ro irion rns (1.33). Av n onaiorrpi 6ev eivql glKrii,r6re or (1.36) 6{vouv rn vvrx{ iidn rns A.E. Lagrange oe nopoperprxrl Fopqi (p nopdtl.rpos). flopd6erygo Na iuBein A.E.xy'+y=lny'. ylo A.E.rns popqnsLagrange: npoeov6s np6kElrdl y=-xy'+lny' Odrou;re y'(x)=p{x) y"(x)=p'(x)=dp/dx (1) l2l

flopayr,:yi(oupe rnv (1)r,le npo( x: y y dp ldp ,, 1,,t2' p= p xy ' ,y > x , I y ox pox I p dx I ap zp I zp' (r,

^P dx 'x z , op

H reieuraio eivar VpdFprKiA.E.1nq rd[ng cog npog x{p) pe yevrxfi irion nou (1.11) yro {lp)=Il\2p), sld=1112p4. Siveroron6 rov rrino oen.24

AIAOOPIKE T:E(IIEE IIPOTIi' TAiII

47

= *,0, J""("*J#.,;'".r)=
="-i,*,("*1+"i'*ho)= {yrap>o)

="'*1"*1;"'."00;=

=#(".J#rr')=f,(..|1"*' o'; oor="f-f

En(ongon6 rn oydon(1)yro y'=p dloupe y+xp+lnp (51

(4)

(4) Kdr(5)6(voovm levxrl i$on rn6 (1)oe nopogerprxfr Or dxCdr gopqi rog p. po npog fro vo Bpodpe oyCon rorvx, y 8o npdnet vd ono-le{goupe ro p on6 nS (4)tot (5),6nlq6fi oldoetg dv Bdoouge t=pL/z n {4)ylveror:

*=9-l = r2x-ct+1=^ . * - --"tnfrI r=----Er r"

ct{c"-4x I p=I | _----| \2") TdioE pe ovrtxordotoonornv (5)nolpvoupe rn VsvlKn iion On6re ptt2=
/ I -\2

"rJJ_c*

(.!.J""4*\' . f .f,,-4;'l'-.[ '='"|. ", * * .i .j

6nou opi(eror xor n reieuro(cgyro vo dler v6ngo o ioydprBpog xot n p[(cr"

AIAOOPIKFI EEO'Etr IN (POKOY

1.4.2 Arogoprxf elioo)on Clalraut

Av gto A.E-dxerrn gopqir y = xy'+f{Y') idyerot A.E.rou Chiraut xor iJvror p ro 6iS6iporo: 1. Odrorrp

(1.37)

F1d=r,,.,1
ondrEpe nopovd)ylon ixou pe y " ( x ) -p ' ( x l = d p / d x oe npoqx nopqvovl(oupsrnv (1.37) 9'=y,+xy,'+lly,)y,, n onoid on6 flponvodF8v oxdol v{v8lor:
,{n ,.1n .{n

(1.38)

x + r f ' ( P ) : ! - -0 on6re noipvouF

,l^

(x+f'(P))+=0

x+f'(P)=0 (1.39) pe oioxir\polon npox nret 2, An6 rnv npcirnoxion rcov p= c ? dpo n vevrxriirion rns (1.37) elvot: y'=c

(1.39)

(1.40)
6nio6i proyovonopopetprxrl orxoy!vero euOer<6v. (1.39) An6 tn 6e0repn o1!on r<ov xor rnv (1.37) 9ro y'=p ixoupe:

(1.41)
(1-41) Or oydoerq Sivouvrnv r6rdlouoo i6on rne (1.37) oe nopoperptxri poprpri ri ov ano-ieigouF ro p, rn ouvdprnony=g(x).

AIAOOPIKE:E:I'O'EE NPOTTI TA:fC

43

H irlon nou opioopeond ne (1.41) enerSir 6e Siverotono rn yevtxi iuon tng oxdong(1.40) xrinoro rrpi rn6 oroBepn6 c, xoieiror r5d(oudo iidn. H 1,ro pro y=g(x) rdrd(ouooirjon eivor nepr6diiouoo xofniin rns olxovdvsroq rcDv er.:Badrv Aniodri oe xdBeonpeio(x6,yq) rnEy=g(x)egdnreror nou opi(ern (1.40). nouopi(ern (1.40)on6 rnv otxoydvero Frq xol U6voFroeuBe{o
) fevtxd r6ui(ouoo irion prog A.E. elvot n iion nou 5v npoKinret an6 Tov rino rng yevrxriq iong ylo pro ouVXxprpdvn rrpri rng oroSapriEc. Eivdr govp6 6fl KoB A.E. rinou Clairaui syer t6rri{ouoo A0on nou Siveror on6 ns oxdolc

(1.41). Me8o6o7\oy{o
n6f dn6 rov nno rns rSrdaoooog iiong y=g(x) 8o 6po6ye rnv ovr{ororxn A.E. Clal..ut; p 600 ovo(pdpoF EdFrpcuvo nlo ndv(o n vvlxi i0on rng A.E. Clairaut Bo {vol Fro orKovdvroslBl(iv nou qdnrovror ornv lSrd(ouoo iddn, on6r 6pC oxouprnv |iooon rnq qonr6pvnq oro ruloio onpelo (xo,g(xo))rng y=g(x), nou dxrKiion ion f g'(xd,5niodri:

y=g(xq)+g'(x e){x-xe) = Osroupe

y=xg'(xe)+s(x6)-xqs'(xe)

(1)

s'(xd=c

(21

xor x.ppd4oo!ro g{xq)-xq9'(x6) ouvoprnoar rou c (6idne nro xdrto, nopdSerypo

2l
s(x6)-x6g'(x6)=f(c) (3) Euven<iE n yevrxi irion rnEA-E.Clairauton6 rnv (1)xorrrg nronavoreivor: Y=xc+l(c) Korn dvriororxnA.E-Clalrautivol: y=xy,+l(y,) floporipnon Or A.E.Lagrange r<or Clairautiivovror pe rnv ovrrxordoroony'(x)=p(x). pnopodv Me rov i6ro rp6no vo iu8orlv A.E.rns popqdsg=f(x,y'), x=f(y,y') (X6:pig yevrxdot F(x,y,y')=O <orF(y,y')=O, aur6 vo eivorndvro eqrKr5).

ALAOOPIKE EE(UEE LN XPOKOY

Ilopd6arygo 1o No iu8ei n A.E.

x(y')3-y{y')2+xy'-y=1

(1)

Me pro npdtn ;rorro Bienoupedn n (1) 6ev ivol ,<dnoloyv<,:oti A.E. E{erdloupe ov n (1)e{vorA.E.rrjnouClalrautidvovrog roqnpoey xot eg6oov (1.37). iXoupexoroiri(et ornv goprpri rne oxdonS llpriygort,ov i0oouger,rg npogy lyouge:

-u(v'f+l) =-,.v'(tv'f +t)+t = v=xv'-,!; ir

tv I nou lvol A.E. ninou Clairaut.

el

Odroups on6rep8 nopovclvlon

y'(x)=p{x)

y',(x)=p,(x)=dp/dx flopoyr,:ylloupe rnv (2)co npoe x:

y' = y' + xy" - -- :-2y'y" [(v')'+l'l1 l3l

(4)

=t {4r

o=,.s.6fo2,11 = (..6Jy)fr=. =
(5)
dx

n * * _(p" !!_

+ 1)'

=6

(6)

An6 rnv {5) no{pvorlpp=c ri y'=c dpo on6 rn oXdon (2) n yevtxr\ irion rn6 A.E.elvqr: c" +1 An6 rn oxdon(5)xor rnv (2)yro y'=p dlouye: 2pl lp'+L)' ' p'II

no! opi(ouv nqpoperprxd rnv t6td{ouoo irion y=g(x). Ilopd6erypo 2o notd n A.E. rou Clairautrng onoiog n r6ui(ouoo irjon eivot n y=logx, (x>0); AxoiorjB<oe Bpeire rn yevtxi xot rnv rSro(ouoaiion rng A.E. nou Bprixcrexor enoinBedor ov ouri dxa 6ld(ouooi6on rnv y=logx(x>0).

TA:TII AIAOOPIKEEIIOIEE NPOTI-E

rng A.E.Clairaut fro rov npoo6roptog6 V nou exerr6rd(ouooi0on rnv y=logx (x>0) nou avo<pdqopp6(ouprn peBo6onoy{o pErqlnponvodFvo 6n n yevt fvcopi(oupe rivol plo ol(ovdxri hion rnEA.E.ClairaLlr pto tgonrerat oe dvo vsrdlBsrd)v nou KdB Bo onpio rne 6rd4ouoqgiriong. Euvencirg u_ rnv liooon rne qonr6uvne Bporipe (e) (xo,y(xo)) tns oro ruxolo onpio Beloe y = logx (x>0). = I7x., dt. dxer xiion (logx)'"=,, H (e)nepvci on6 ro (xo,logx6)xot 11 y = logxo +:(x - xo) + y=xt+losxo-1 Av Bdooupa 1/xo= c = nolpvoupel xo = 1/ c , ond rnv (1) l+y xc-logc-l

(1)

y = x c- l o s ]

\21

n A.E.sivor: Eq6oov n (2)eivorn vevrxriAuonrng A.E.Claitaut, (3) y = xy'- logY'- 1 (3)yto enoiriBauon: rnv A0voupe nposx: y"(x)=dp/dxxor nopqv6)v{4oupe rnv (3)toe y'(x)=p(x) + Odroupe

=o= = f , *+-1+=o u'=,'-*u"-lu" ' p./dx y_ clx Pdx \ "-1)9e

=0 n x - ( l / p ) = 0 dp/dx
(4) dpo on6 rnv (3) on6 ng oxloae (4) FsoioKAipclon6iverp=c 6 y'(x)=c, H nprirrn rn yevrxriirlon tng A-E.: dXoupe Y=xc-logc-1 (4)Korn y'=p pro{i;rernv (3)Sivouv: H 6erlrepn on6 rrqoXdoerg x=llp Y=xP-logP-l rnv rdro(ouooirjon. An6 rnv npcirn eXooP Anoieigoupe ro p yro vo 6porj;ra p=l/x on6ren 6erirepn 5iver: 11_ y=x: x>0 log:-1=)y=logx, irion rnv drr n A.E.(3)nou Bpixopedxerr6rd(ouoo i$o enoinBerirnxe y=tosx(u0).

AIAOOPIKI' E:IIOIEE IN. XPOXOY

1.5 OloxinporrrxCg eIto6oetg

np6xerrol ylo 6lo6ors 6nou n dvvroorn ouvdprnon y(x) GpioKrql pioc nopoyr,:yioerE ornv SoBeioo e(iocoon 866 Bq Kdvouppro ii neproo6repeg peXprvo griyouv ro oiox.inpdrporo, on6t: Bo npoxuger5ro<poprxfi e[iocoon. 6rr roxrr: OuFl(ouFe on6 ng oLrvoprioersUrogFera8inrns
-. f.,..

r{xj= l(t)dt =

r lxj=rlx,

11.421

fevrxd dxoupe:

= f(s,(x))s' (x)-r(g'1x))si(x) F(x)= + F'(x) Jf(t)dt

(1.43)

6rr pro oioxinpcorrxne{ioo:onegneprdlerxot Oo np6ner vo onpercioougs pto oplrxrl oovEr{xnnou npoxinretov Blooupedrnv {ioolonro x loo pe ro yvoo16tixpooioxinpoong (6tdrtro oioxiriptopo Bo pn6evtorei). flopd6erypo royrler No oproroiv ory(x)1ro ng onoleE

J;ffidt=yix1 tz
Iopornporlpe 6rl n (1) ivol pro oioxinprortxn (npoxdnrer ono rnv (1)yrox=1). ouvBixn rnv y(1)=-2 flopol,oyi(oupe rnv (1)xor npox0ntern A.E. s{idoon

*,,rrr

(1)
f opxlKn

2xv(x) v ? - lxl= _---:--3x' v'(x)

nor-r eivor opoyevriq,on6re Berouge

2xv v ' =3*" v'

v/x = u(x)
Iuvsncie y=Lrx, y'=u'x+Ll Kol n A.E.vivrol: . 2x2u uxu-"";-)Ux-u-)ux= 3x'-rr'x' 3 u2 dx 2u 3 u" f3-u2 , fdx ut u

l2l

3-u"

AIAOOPII(E E-I'O!EE NPOTII TA:}D

3 -u2

=i-

;!

'-f , -

3-u'zuz(A+B+r)+u(B-r)-A
B=1, f=1

on6re A=-3, xol ono rnv oioKiip(,)dn ixouu: tl l \l J 3

U-l Utl/

I I \. + -- - + ------ildu - Inlx +cj + U (Bdroupe c1=lnc)

-3lnlul+ Inlu 1l+Inlu + ll = Inxl+cr . u'll

Inl 3 l=lnlxl+lnc ul

.,

u2 I

-=*.

Teiog on6 rnv (2)nalpvou;re:

l v ' - * ' z ) t v 3= .

= > y z- * 2 = c y 3

And rnv opxrkriouv8rixny(1)=-2, n reieuroio 6ivr c=-3l8,dpo n iuon rns (1) ivor: y2 _x, = _13t8ly3

1.6

Telvdolroro Vrdrn i6on A,E.lng rdlnq

Err6 nponyoripeveE nopdvpdqoue ovonrrl{opr peB66oug i ong A.E. 1ng popgi. Ouotxoundpyouv rognsnou {Xov xdnoloetSrxri A.E.1ngrdlng nou5ev ovriKouv o'oureg rtg poprpi6,6porg noiidg on6 ourig lnopo0v pe Srdgopo vo ovoXBo0v reXvdopara o ouris.

1.6.1 To

rdxvqopo

rou

lreroo1nUorlopoti orls
y

noilKdg

ouvretoypdveg le A-E. dnou undpXouvexgpdoergrng pop<pAg x2+y2 i arctan(y/x)n ovnKorooroon nou onionotel rnv 6{ooon ivor o prdoxnponop<ig on6 rrg xopreorovdg ouvreroypiveq (B,p) p(B), ort6 noirxdq 6nio5n: {x,y) Fe

1= p(B)cosB y = p(B)sinB

lL.44l

ALAOOPIKEI E:EQ'Etr tN KPOKOY

An6 rrg(1.44)dloupe rrgnopoy<iryoug dx/dB, dy/dB: = p'(o)cosBp(B)sinB { = {1o1o1.oroy (1.45) = {101e1.,nS)= +p(B)cosB { o'(B)srnB dat dd
En{ong ,, , dy Yt ^ / - - - B _ p ' t a ntB p d v d B p ' s l n 8 - p c o sp'-pt"nS d" p-sS-ps'ns

IuvenrirE ov6iverorA.E.F(x,y, y')=0 ond n6 mo ndvo)oXdors Vivror:

, s h 8 ,+ l = 0 F{x,v,v')=0 > F l p c o s Bp p -pranol \

^,+.-A-

^\

(1.46)

6noun dvvoorn ouvdprnon e{vorn p(B), B oveltiprnrnperoBinrri. lro Sdporo ouvi8og 8a ovogdprol n xpion rou pErooxnFolopo0 ro)v noil|<d)v ouvrerovFdv@v. Ilopd6erypo No iuBel n A.E. \x2+92)\xy'-yl=o2lyy'+x) pe yprion rou perooynporropoi rorvnoirx<irv ouvcroy;rdvov (1)

H A.E.(1)o0pgtovope ro geroolnporro;rdr<ovnoirxcirvouvreroypivrov, ylverot oXeon(1.45), ,/ ^o'tanB+o ^\ r/ ^o ' t a n B r or ^l -:---------+ o-l pcosd-.- p t a n|d -osind l=o-l osino 0cosai ) p t a n o p p \ ,i \ ) = o2pp'(tanBsinB pa(cosB + tanBsinB) + cosB) =) p' = o'p' pem6inrdrv,on6re H reieuralo A.E.elvor11<,rpr(opdv<ov

o'{=p'
cro ,o-3*l ^ o_ =---i=d ' c

faor" , , o'd?=dB = o 'Jfp d" f = J

p" > t I o--t=ulc > zp-(d+c)

zp-

AIAOOPII<EE EEOEEE NPOTTI TA:IE

49

(1-44) H rsilrolo ondns oxdofle V{vEtqr: \ 'a "_ 2 l * 2r v , cJ _o' . 2)farcr \ (1). n yvrKiiion mq A.E. nou{vor 1.6.2 To r61voo1ro rng evo?lioy{g rou p6iou rov x xor y pero6inrri pero x ove{dprnrn xory(x)ouvdprnon roux, Orovdyoupe A.E. pero6lnrn y xor pe rnv evoiioyri rou p6iouBeoporipe 6rr n eivor oveloprntn rlg nopoY6vous ovriorpoqo:v rou y. H oxonnououvSdet ro x(y)ouvdprnon
eivor: ouvoprAtdoe<,:v

Y tx, =

I x,(V)

(1.47)

=0 Viveror: on6ren A.E.F(x,y(x),y'(x))

=o - r(v,-fvf, y'(xD o FG, v(x), ---1-)=

(1.48)

pe rnv evoiAovn rou prino:E Av n A.E.Seveivoryvcuorg poprgig,npoodXoupe pdiou rcovx xor y oSnyoiFoor o yvordri A.E. flopotfpnon qopis H evoiioyi rou p6iou rov x xot y ouvovrdroloro Bdporoopxere ovoyc,:yri oe ypopprxn A.E.ri A.E.Bernoulli. 6noudxoupe nopd6ervpd Aro rng evoiioyrig rou pdiotJrov x xor y vo iuBi n A.E. (y2 6x)dy+2ydx=0 (1) Oeoporipe ro y ove[oprnrnperoBinri xor ro x(y)ouvdprnonrou y, on6re x'(y)=dx/dy (l)ono rnv (2)viveror: H A.E. Y2 6xlY)'zvx'lvl 0 = x1Y1-9;1Y1=Y yz (21

Ono:E6iinoup:, npoixuuEVpopplxi A.E-c,:qnpoEx(y) noo n Vvrxniio yto f -->-3ly Rol g)yl2 oen.24 Siveot ond rov njno (1.11)

50
t3-t 13.

AIAOOPIKE EEO'EE IN KPOKOY

\ -;"6u *1yy nJ-;a{ ;t"J ("*}Jva."av)= 1=",,"r' ", \"l

(y,0)

1 1. l.l = =v'[.' "f "/ = v'|.-a) if"-ravJ

-f xlyl= y3c
OFoldvldy<0 Cxoope

, y>o

r,\ ,,2 / c+ i - y" ,c-| , - y" 'l + x(y)= 4u1= l ! d y I z ' v \ ) H irion rnq ellooong e{vord nnievgdvn Uopg :
2

y<0

x=cY"-?'
x=-cv'-i'

6rqvY(x)>o
drovY(x)<0

^v2

fro y{x)=0 n(1)txqvonora{rol on6rexor ourl elvoridon rnq.

1,6.3

rn6 ovrrxordorqonc To t61voo1ro

EuvnBcog n dvrrt<ordoroon Bo 6lveror on6 tnv exgti:vnonrou Bd;toro5. Xopoxrnprorrxdgneprnrr,Soetge{vor n ovrtxordoroon

x=e(t) { t = e-l(x}
KOI n dvrlKdrooroon

lu=(v) |
fio rnv avlxorqorqon x=g(t)

ixoqre: (1.49)

x=e(t) xor /k)=++=+ or ox

on6re n A.E-Ba yivat

atq

F(x.yk),v'(x))=o'3 r(,,rr,r, 41)-o

(1.50)

ED(DEIE NPOTITE TA=IC AIAOOPIKEE

Ms y(t) oup6oii(ouFe rn xpovrKnnopdvcuvo Kol 6to6d(eror y vror rou t. 'Oporo iXoupe V(t)= d'?yldt'z x.i.n. fro rnv ovrrxor6oroon u=f(y) n A.E.npdner vo ivorrSrKis lopqis dror d6rs ov ovrtroroorriooupe u = f{y) xor u'(x}=f'(v)* yvoorriq popgriq vo npoxuger A-E. rov (x,u(x),u'(x)). fL1. ov ixoupe rnv A.E. .t,, -) t{xl > u'(x}-s(x)u(xJ=t'{xJ I'{v)i - gtx)t(v ypopFrxi A.E.lnE rd{nq. 6nio6rl npodxr.rge fevlKd Fnopodf vo nodf 6n "xovdvog' yro rn lprio ov KordoroonE ivorn ovov(,)Vri o Vvoori A,E, fro vo y{vouvovrrinnrd ro nopondvo6{voup ro nopo6eivforo: flopd6erypo 1o y=y'tanx-(y')2sec2x No iuBei n A.E. fa Xpion ro! larooxnponopot t=sinx. And ro pErooXnpoflop6 t=sinx e x o u Fo ef l dv dv dt ... .. yr*,=a*=d; lx=y{r)cosx l, v(t) i(t)'osx tanx (i(t))'?cos'?x y(t)=i(t)sinx (i(t))' (21 pro6

(1.51)

(1)

Me rnv ovrrxordoroonrov nponvoUpvov oXioer,:v orn A.E.(1)noipvolpe: -+ (1')

y(t)=ti(t)-(i(i))'z

yvrxi l6on rnv Koroin[ope ornv (1')nousivdrA.E.rinou Clairaut, KordXsr (3) 9-lc-c2 xor r8ro(ouooirlon oe nopopErprxri tropgnrnv: r= _l_2P)=2P y=tp-p' Anoie{9oupeto p:

P=2

, u-rz

/t\2

\z)

, e='4

12

(4)

AIAOOPIKEI E:EOIRT IN KPOKOY

An6 flg (3) ror (4) yro t=sinxnoipvouue rn Vevrxri xor rnv rdrd(ouooidon rng A.E.(1)nou eivorovriororXcr y=cslnx-c2, y=sin2x/4

flopri6erypo2o Nq iuBe{n A.E.

(1)

flopornporipe 6rr (cosy)'=-5;ny.y' {nopdyroyogorivBernq ouvdprnon$, onorov nqporjleTolErooxnpqfloFo ulx'=cosY (21 pe nopoyci:yron dXoupe y' u(x)'=-siny (3) xot n A.E.(1)y{verol -u(x)'=u{x)+x3= u(x)'}u(x)=-x3 H reieuro{o e{vorypoUprxn A.E.1ngrdlng nou n vvtki iion 6{vroron6 rov rdno (1.11)oei.24 yro f(x)=16o, t1*1--*3

u ( x= )e r " ( c _ J ( . x ) r " r . ' d * J = " - . ( " _ J * , " ' d * )

To^ oioxirip<,rpo unoioy{(eror ov egopp6oouperpte qopdg nopovovnKn pdBo6o,6nio6ri:

-tr./

-l

... 3x2+Gx 6)c' J*'("")'a'=*'n'-Js*,"'6x= =(x3Euvanci6 3 x ' z+ 6 x - 6 ) u ( x ) = e - " c - ( x3 kor on6 rn oxdon(2)n ir.ionrng (1)eivor: c o s y =t x c - x 3 + 3 x 2- 6 x + 6 + y=6rsa6s(e-*x c!+3xr-6x+6)

Ilopd6erypo 3o Bpelre6ieg rrgi6oergrng A.E. y'=sin2(x-y+1) (Yn65er{n: Egopp6ore xorrliinio perooXnporropd.) OeoporiF ro FsrooxnFd oF6 z(x)=x-Y+1 nou pe nopoytiyron Siver z'lx)=l-Y' ::> Y'-|-z'(x) (1)on6 ondren A.E. (3)yivsrar: rrs(2), l-z'(x)=sin2z(x) + z'{x)=1-sin2z(x) = z'=cos2z

(1)

(21 (3)

AIAOOPIKDEEO'EE NPOTFE TA:Ttr

53

npoikuu A.E. Xopr(opdv.ov psro6inr6v n onoiq vro z:rkn+lnl2\,kZ pos Siver: dz dx cos z I dz > | , t. ldx-. _- tanz=x.. > ?=ar.tan(xrc)

xot on6 rn oXdon(2)sloupe tn yevrxriiion rnq (1): =) y=x+1-arctan(x+c) x-y+1=arctan{x+c) k2. Vro x-y+l*kn+(n/2), E{erd(ou;re av n x-y+1=kn+in/2), kZ ivor iion rns(l}. Me nopoyciyron iXoup1-y'=0 3 y'=1 Enion5 sin2(x-y+l)=sin2(kn+(n/2))=(11)2=t fuvenris n x-y+1=kn+{n/2) eivorr6rd(ouoo irion rng (1).

L,7

f er,lparptxCg eqopUoVde
'Eorco pta otxoydvero (rpoxt6v)nou6iveroron6 rn oyion xopnui65v

1.7.1 looyrivre6tpolrdg

F,")=;-l

(7.52't

TiBerorro e{iq npoBinpa: Yndpxsrorkovevro xoFnuiriv g(x,y,c)=0 nou xdBexopndin rn6 vo rdtrvlonoloSinors Kognrlinrng 6oopivng olKoVsv.loS xopnui6v Fs Soopdvn To np66inpo ovrrperonl(:rorcuE e{riE: 'Eorco yrc tin Kdnore ngde rr,rvnopopdrp<,:v c1,c2 ixoup ng <o;rnrjieg g(x,y,c2)=O f(x,y,c1)=0, rou oXriFaro,6nou oro on;reioropriEM(x,y)n yroviororv egomo-gevcov euBercirv one kdpniieg eivole.lro onpeioropig M roXtlouv: (x,y)rou M txovonorouv i) ol ouvrsrovpsv.q xar 116 6uo xopniiegii)And fle nopovclvous dxoups: (n xiion rn66o8eion<, tanb=y' orxoydverog rpoXrrirv) tana=yr' (n xiion rng (nroriFr:vnq orKoVivelos rpoXl05v) s{x,Y,c.)=o

54

AIAOOPIKD EEO'EE

IN KPOKOY

rou oxiForog no{pvoule: Enionan6 rn yeoperpio

= tun("-,p)o=q+b > b=o-e - runU JT1

, yi - ran9 v = *t-tqvi I

tlnq

I +tan(ptano

yto rn iion roo npo6iripotog eqopp6(oupero Biporo rng Euvencirg ndpvn6 f865uong.

1.2 Mc066suon Bripo 1o

An6 rnv e(lotoonf(x,y,c)=0 Fenopovdvron0)6npo6x xor pe y(x) oJv8ern eEiocoon ondiiqouuE ro c xor Gploxoule rn 6torpoptxri ouvdprnon, y,y')= 0 O(x, nou dXr 0)iioa rnv olKovdvrd Kopnui6v(L54. B6po 2o (q n SoBeioov.vio) Irnv nponyoripevn BdrouF 6nou y' to l::.g l+tan9y kolBpioKouF rn6loqoplr<isllooon rov rpoxr6vnou (nrdF,6niodi

(1.53)

o of., y,-y:]erll= r + ran9y

\ ,r

(1.54)

Bripo 3o Me rnv eniiuon rnE(1.54)e;oupe trg (nrorlpeveg xopnriieg(rpoxrd6)

tt'{---'-"'}=E
Ilopornprloerg 1. lrnv (1.53) ro y' ivorn xiion rov 6oogdvovxopnuiriv, evdrornv {1.54) ro y' eivorn xiion r<ov lnrotFvov xopnuirirvnou ro Bdooyey' avri y1' nldri ro onFioM(x,y) txovonotel xor rrg6uo xopnriieg. Or rooyrivreE rpoxli o g noilkds dlvrsrovgdve vlo Soopdvn 2. pnopoiv vo BpBoivxdvovro6Xpion rorv dxdoo)v olKovivslorpoxrd)v 11.44\ aEA. 47

AIAOOPIKE: EEQ'EE

NPNTItr TA:ID

Me856euon 1.3 rpoXr6 OpSoy6vles g(x,y,c)=0 Av n yovio q=n12, 6ft or rpoxrdE f(x,y,c)=O, Bo nYovror p6vonouoro 6npo2 ro y' H efpeonvivrol6ncDs nponvoitlvo opSovtivres. -1ly', pe ovrrxo8iororor onore n A.E. tov {nroipevcov xopnuidrv Boeivor:
O ( x ,y , - l l y ' ) = 0

(1.55)

flopd6erypo1o Bpir ns rooV6vre rpoXrds rov xopnriir,rv xz=Zclv-xJl), 6rovn ycovio

rcov xopnuiorvxor ro:vrpoxr6vivor9=60o. Bripo 1o H Sooprvn orxoyriv:rn rpoXr"irv civo.

xz=2clv-x."El
.'rS rnv onoio nopoyr,.:yllouF npogx ylo vo onoielgoupe ro cr

(1)

2"=2c(v' J5)5 fu' "5)=z(v*Js) > *v'-2v=*"5

Bnpo 2o
Irnv reieuroio nou eivor n A.E.rcovSoopevcov rpoXrdrv Biroupe 6nou y' ro v' tano 1+tanqv rpoXld)v: u' , -^^ t:. "/S . (ran60-=v3 ) KornoipvouFs rnv A.E rov lnroupcv,,rv l+J3y'

,r: *Y "" 2v= ""5 1+J3v'

y > (z* .f:y)u'=

t2)

Bipo 3o H riuroio Eivor opoyEviq 4.E., on6rEBroup y/x=u(x) y'=u x+u + y=ux, KolnoipvoupE:

(z* .fa.r*).r'* +,r1=.r'= *(z-.fau),'=.fsu'-u =r 2 Jtu u(l J3uJ dx x r (z 5 r, J l u I "J 3uJ

',2

fd( Jx
js, ..

2lnul lnll J3u - lnx 'nc >

xot yta u=y/x iXouge rn (nrorjpevn ou<oy6veto rpoxrc6v:

Y'=*"(*'f,1)

EtrO:Etr I N KPOKOY AIAOOPIXD

flopd6etypo 2o Bpir fle opBoy.i'vrsg rpoxri rng orxoyiveto6 rr,:v iiiuo)v 2x2+y2=o2,oeR-{Ol. rnv 2x2+y2=o2 IIopoyc,:yi(ovras r,ls npo6 x ps rnv y{x) orivBern rnv A.E. nou ouvdprnon,Bp{oxouge dxl ifon rnv olKovivro r.,)v 2x+9y'=O (1)

Av ornv nponyori;revn A.E.Biooupe -1/y' rpoxrrirv, 6nou y' ro no{pvouue rnv A.E. rr,rv(ntodpevurvopBoy<irvrov 6nio6d 2x+y(-lly')=0 on6re v'=x. Apo or nopo6oidg <os npos rov dlovo rov 0x tipvouv opBoy6vro rnv eiie{geov. otxoyivetorcuv 2xy'-y=g dylg-dxl2x a 2lny=ln1111nq 3

npo6r\nudrov 1.7 .2 A6onVso)UrprK6v

floiidg gopsg n Eipon kopnuid)v rou nlnd6ou nou lkovonorodv pro lSr6rnro ovdvTol orn irion prog Sroqoprxrig ouyxexprpivn vo)l.lrpu<ri e{ioo.:ong-Or yoprplKE rdl6rnrs nou ovorgepovror ord Biporo ouvfiBos ouoxerl(ouv rn {nroiFevn xopndin y=y(x) pe rrg egonr6peve6 ri xd8ereg rng s{ro6ors rous: xqpniine oro ruXoio dnpeio M(x,y).Oup{(outrT16

E{d(odn eednr6Ievnc euBeiqs Av ro dnpionoeie rns qonr6p(s)pe rn (nro FvnKopnfin vng euBe{o5 y(x) eivor ro M(x,y),r6re n xiion rns {e) Bo ivor ion pE rnv nopdvovo rns y(x), 6nio5ri i=y'(xl luvenri;g ro ruXoio onpeio N{X,Y)rns qonr6pEvngeu8sia6(e) Bo rnv 6iooon:
: z =y'(x) ?

y=y+y,(x)(X x)

(1.56)

AIAOOPIKEE E-IEQEEIE TIPoII

TA=Ttr

Elaoodn xd8erne Et,8s{o6 (e') ornv xopniin y(x) H xdBern euBe{o orc onpfo M{x,y)Bo e{vor xdBern npog rnv qqnr6Fsvneu8e(o(e),ondte n xilon rnE Bo
{vol

i=_1/y,(x) OuF{(oup 6fl 6io uBefes rou enrnd6ou (J,(, pE xiloerEir,,i2 lvorkd8rs 6Tqv

ilir=-1 Euven<irE ro ruxcr{o onpioP(X,Y)rn6 xdBerou (e,)Bc rxovonorel rnv Elo(,)on y_r=_ 1 X-x Y'{x)

v=v-*(x-*l

(1.s7)

Ilopd6erypo 1o No 6psBoiv ot KoFniiS rou ntnd6ou nou dlouv tnv r6r6rnroro rpripo rns xdBarou on6 ro onlrs{ome roF g pErnv xopn0in pdlpr rng rop6gourrig 1.re rov ri{ovo rcov y vo d;ar otoSep6prixog{oo peL y=y(x) n fnroripevn xogndin Kor M(x,y) ivo rulolo onFelo rnE. H e{lor,:onrnq (e')oro onpeloM(x,y) xtiBerou e(vor: 'Eoro v

.y, = y _ _ ; it( X . .) _.x

(1) N

6nou (X,Y) {vol ol ouvrrovpives ro! ruxo{ou onpe{ou mg (e').

fro vo 6poripero ongelo rogiE N rn6 (e,)pe rov y-ri{ovo Bdroupe ornv (1)ro X=0, on6re

' To priro5 I etvor {oos" .o

v'(x)

*;J. N(0, y r ouvenrns luNl u. Mk,9),

=Ju.# o'*[v*4-rJ IMNI={to

58
., xz ,, ll'12 x'+......-=l'?--=-+ x' lv')'

AIAOOPIKEIEEOIEE LN KPOKOY

1 l' x'

y'- l6jg
Annd
I x .

= av=rp;ip& + y=rj7:itzdx+.
I t dx2

t dll2 -x2J =-r', ,,2- 2,r2 =*l JF-y"*= z J(-vp J4p-*

Apoor(nto0geve6 xopnriieg elvotot: +" Y=llf -*2)u2 Ilopd6erypo2o No oprororiv or xopnriieg rou entnd6o! noosxouvrnv 6l6rnro to rpt\yo prnv KopnUin, pdxplrou onpe{ou rns eqonr6pEvns dn6rou onpe{ou enogrig pixougI. gerov dlovo rov x vq {vot ropriq oroBpot
'Eoro y=y{x) n (nrodpevn xopnriin xor M(x,y) dvo iulato onpiio rng. H efocoon rng egonr6levns{e) oro onpeio(x,y)Eivor: y=y+y,(x)(X-x) 0l rou ruxoiot: 6nou {X,Y) e{vor or ouvrrovFdv onFs{ou rns (e).Av ornv e;loc,ron(1) BioooFe Y=0, dxouUto onpelo ropris rne (e) fe rov x-d6ovq 6nio6ri: 0=y+y,(x)(X_x) = t,,\ AlioyroM(x,y),Nl x 1, 0 l Cxoupe: v

x=*-4

\v./

--> '=lMN=F ,,'-[.-"r,J = v'z+ft=(

1 {v')2 ,2+=j-vlvu >y'=:jJ,r, (l- v-l 12-r2lr'2 > \i-------z--Ldy: clx -> Y

J&fftu=-*"

tzl

AIAOOPIKD EEO'EE

NPOTTtrTA:Itr

fro rov unoioyrog6 rou oioxinpri:gorogB&orpe ll2-y4ll2=t, o\6ft xdl u6loq6plon -ydy=tdt ouvn6s

l2-y2=t2,

-y2)1'2 1lt2 f l_la, - Jt J y o, t"

,( t2 \ [_--' ,a-pdt=Jll-p?Jdt

=t-r!fi=t-Pli(*.*)"=
=t-*(-rn r-t+rntr+,u=,jrli]i
Apoon6 rn oldon (2)no{pvou;re ng lnroripeveg xogndieg:

-r'Y'-!6!!!:{=**" 11' -y t-\t

. l

(dnou Bvriiolre rnv ondiurnrrprl616rr E(12-y2)lJ!.

60

dtAooPt(E EEotEE LO. KPOKOY

NYMENA OEMATA

Odga1 NqiuSe{ nA.E. $ t 47 +V ,7V + xy!l = g

(1)

n$on
flopotnporipe 6t 4+4x2 +92 +x2y2=4 +y2 +x214 +y\=\4+y\lt+x21, on6re (1)e{vor perocinrciv xor ypd<parol A.E. Xr,rprlopdvLrv

.,/+-y'Jr**'a*

r x y d y= o >

. z 11r,+ x

dx=

-+dv.r

(x+o)

Kod rnv oioxiripoon diS ot oroBtpdg ouylovedowol ornv c nou ypdgoupe ornv opXi rng oloxiripcoong. YnoAoyro96g tov oioxinpopdrov (i) f J1- x2 = * J * t l-x2 =11a2=(-1 lOt'oupe,ri --r 2xdx=2idt - xdx=tdr lpe6roqdpron

=J*", =Jif

=J(r = at +-1 )at

=,.j*=,.';j(*-*)*=
= t+;(lnlt- 1l- Inlt+ 1l)=

= t * ltnl'-'] = Jr+*] *1rnl

2 t+11

.l

E-

2 |',,/i *l

*r

(21

AIAOOPIKE I:trQ'EE

NPATH' TA:rf

(it

ot.ou1,., f*f=t J4*v'

y2=r2 4

-+ 2ydy=2tdt :+ ydy=tdt pe6rog6pron

=14=Jat=t=fi-f
E t.|'/t-l " r-lnl -r rl-{q y ,

(3)

(2),(3)n Vsvrxi iion rng A.E.(1)oe nieypivn gopqn tlund)e on6 fls oxdors {vot
{l+x

z lvl+x'+11
y+x xy

lc

@t1to2
t{iotoon No iu8el n drogoprxri y' -

n 6on
H A.E.yro y'=dyldx ypdgeror: (y+x)dx+(y-x)dy=0 (1)

lou ouvqprnots Ilopornporipe6rr or P(x,y)=y+x, Q(x,y)=y-xe{votopovv{e 6oBpoi.Oiroupe: l2l vlx=z\x) -+ 9=112 Arogopilovrogrnv {2)ixoupe dy=zdx+xdz,on6rsn (l) yiverot: :.> (xz+x)dx+(xz-xXzdx+xdz)=0 = (1+z)dx+(22-zldx+lz-1)xdz=0 (1+22)dx+(z-l)xdz=0 pero6inrdrv, 6nio6ri: A-E.1r,:prlopdv<ov flpogovrirgnpodxuge

O *= r - . . 0 ,
x Oioxinp6voulel tdx - t1-2. | l-.12+c J x Jltz' > , I I . - I z , Inxl= l--------dz l---;ozrc Jl+z' Jl.1z -) l+2"

lnlxl arctanz

.l r d{z' + l}

ZJ 1-z'

.c :r Inlx arctanz : InlI- z'/l . c (3) ' '

2

Tdios, ov ornv (3)Biooupez=y/x on6 rn oXdoni2),ixouge rn yevtxi iion rns A.E.oe nieypevn popgi:

{n ln ra l:lnl I ++ l+c l' l x r = a r c\ x/ z \ x')

r.,,

.t |

,,2\

AIAOOPII{EE E:IT9TEI' IN KIDKOY

Odpo 3
No6pEBEi n ysvrxiiuon.nsa.e. a* - *[1-Zx]ay \y / ' A$on
dx x ^t . H e{ioroonypoqeror:-: - : - 2x'. Av Beopriooulr ro x oov ouvdprnon tou y 6nio6rl x(y),ourd ivorA-E.r!no! Bernoulli, 6nio6ri:

*, =!* -2*"
petn ;rdBo6o lr-ip<povo iiong rngA.E. Bernoulli Biroutrre: z(y)=x1-2(y)=x{(y) e z'(y)=-x2(y) x'(y) floiionioord(oupernv (l)pex'2on6redXoupe:

(t)
l2l

2*'=7 t

| 1 ) -t2t ^ * ' -Z + -z'=i z-2 ) z '+ - z = 2

H reieurolo eivorypop;.uxn A.E-xor dler yevrxriidon (oxdon(1.11)oei.24) rnv

tr.l fl. \ r'"'l .* avt=" -) fvav)=l{._z '' [vav) ' '( fz"""au|="-",t(.*z

lvl'

Apo

z(y)=t+y

l{y)exoupe rn yevrxr{ iuonrngA.E. Tiioq onoz(y)=x i = t ( c + YJ - v =x c + x v

1 1. 2. z

96uo 4
No npoo6roprorei ro i <irore n 6rogoprxri eflocoon (f) Y'-ex92-3Y-3ex=O vo iler yro itJon rng popqriy=ie-x. Irn ouviXerovo iuBei n 6ro<popun eliooronEnpeioon:Av Bpeirenproo6rpes on6 plo rrpig yro rnv i, neproprorir orn Fidrn Fioeon6 ourig.

A6on
Odrotr$ey=ie* + y'= iex ornv A.E.{1)xor 6youFer -iex_exi2e-2x-3ie,r_3e-,=6 3 s*(iz+4i+3)=0

OIAOOPIXE' E:IEOIEIE NPOTH! TA:HE

xol nl6n e-x*o noipvotr!

i2+4i+3=0 =

i=-1, i=-3

Apo n_AE. rdrou Riccarti{11 Bo 6ixTolnS.l6oerqyr=.e-\. y:=_3e\.n uvout-r I rnv A.E. pE yl--e rnv il) prn pc8o6o oupqlrvo iuonq rnqA.E. Riccarri OcoporiF ro !TooXnFolopd: 1 Y { x )= - e - " * l2l

,(*)

noupnopoydvron 6ivr y'(x) = e ' - ] r, *o, our,*oB,oro6p ornv {U:

e'-i-ele,'-;-rT)
'Ono6

-l

,(-"--il

3e"=0> z,_z__e

Bidnoupexoroin{oF o Vpopprr<ri A.E.coE npoEz(x) nou iler yevrxn

LI | | .z(x)=e-r"'(c + e " } r d ^ d x j. -( e J{

JA"ax)=*

- _}

Tio p ov Kordorodn rn riuroio ornv (2) dXoupern VvtKliiuon rnS (1)l A.E.

v(x= ) -e-+-j{'Odpo5
No BpeBei n iuon tng 6rogoprxriq e{io<oong (xysin(xy)cos(xy))dx =0 + x2sin(xy)dy nou6rdpxTor ono ro o np,eio nl2). 1112, Ation Ano rn popgri rnE {1)o6nyo'poore oro vo egrdooup ov ivol niipns. fr'our6 ro i6yo Bdroupre: P(x.yl=xysin(xy)-co<xy) I _ Q(x.y)=x' sin{xy} J p, -2xsin(xy)- xrycosixy) e, -2xsin(xyj rx2ycos{xy} (1)

iApo n A.E.ivol niipns, ouvndundpxelouvdprnonO(x,yJ riroro ciore: dO=pdx+edy=0

AIAOOPIKE E:EOlEtr IN XPOKOY

nou Gpioxrol ofl6 rov rfno: ^, , = t^,. .. f ^.^... = vtx,yJ r(t,ytdr+ r.4u,Udt J J 00 I

J'-

= | (tusinitu) cos{tvl)dt + | usinudt '

J

t^.

^..

- -J (cos{ty))dt cos(ty)dt I 0= J
00

... ; -; i c o s ( i.. =- tcos {ty) y}dt-Jcos(fy)dt=-xcos(xy) J

Apo d( -xcos(xy))= 0 xor n yevrxriluon eivor -xcos(xy)=c y=nl2 txovpe Me ovrrxorooroonrc,rvx=112, - ;1 c o s -n : c = dpo n Inrodpevnirlon elvor t; = 13 xcos(xY) c=--l l2l

J2

@dtro 6
No 6peBel n yevrxriirlon rnESrogoprxriE eliotoon5 x(x3+y3+4x2)dx+3y2(x-1)dy=0 (1)

nfon
nopornpofU6n n (1)deveXerrn poprpi xdnoroqyvo:orrigA.E.Oiroupe P(x.v)=x(x3+9314x4, Korcpiokoup6rr Pu=31y2. Q(x.y)-3y2{x-1) Qr=3y2,tipo Pu'Q, ouventirg n {1)6cv aivor nirlpng. E{erd(oupeov dyer oioxinpoirvovro nopdyovrd flpdyporr roxrierQ--P"=3y,(1-x) xor n nopooroon (Q^-P"yQ=-l Eivolplo oro8epi nou Fnopi vo BeorpnBri or.rvdprnon rou x, onor: iyou;rr oioxinpcivovronopdyovrorn6poprgig p(x), 6nou:
-il-l''* ' ' ptx, -e , ' e

IloAloniooro(oupe rnv (1)p: ex: e"x(x3+y3+4x2)dx+3e'y2(x-1)dy=0 (1')

AIAOOPIKE! EglqlElf NPQTHE TA:H'

65

no-P'=exx(x3+y3+4x2), Q'=3xy,(x-1)6ronrorcivoupe 6rr pu'=e"'=3y2xe*,dpo (1')sivor n niipng. An6 rov runo(1.23)oei.33 (nr6n oro (xo,yo)={0,0) opilovtor or p.,e-)dyoupe:

o(x,y;= _ rlat= + y3+ at,)at+ J"o:rr1o Jte,(t3

- l;.' - y3 = xa.' . y31* J(t'e' + re'9'+ 4tJe')dr J3t2dt
t' ^

0O

Td,log n yevrxri iuon rngA L. ono d0=0 eivor - l1e* -y3 = q xne* + y31x

Odpo7
n Uors rn 6lqgoplxisEio(,.)on 2xytnydx+(x +.y z. ,9 / , -t)dy=O Adon Oirovrog P(x,y)=2x9lny, Q(x,y)=1" *y,^lgri F nopov6vron noipvoup Pe=2xlny+2x, (1)6ev opo Pv+Q. xor n Qx-2x, eivor ninpn6. f uven<irg ovo(nroulre noiioniooroorr.i Eurer. Ilopornpo0pe 6tr n nopdoroon e^_p,__2xtny__t P 2xylng y ivor ouvdprnon rouy,dpoaxouF noi/ori rns Fopgris Uovov f(y),6nou
tl.

0)

F ( Y Je - -J;o' = e

r'"-1 9 _\

Av noiionioordoouFe rnv (1)Fe1/y noipvoupe:

2xtnydx+l:+y.,/y, +tJay=o
fro P'= 2xlny, a'= I*vJv'+1
616rr Pv'=Qx'=2xly.

l-2

(1.)

6ronror6voup dn n (1')eivor niipnE,

tupqovo p 600 vpduopeyro rrg niripergA.E.undpxlouvdprnonO(x,y)drore dO=P'dx+Q'dy=0,6nou n O pnopeivo 6peBei on6 rov rJno (1.23).

EEOIEE IN KPOKOY AIAOOPIKE

^, t^.,. .. l^., .... r vlx,gJ= J { r , y , d r + J qr x o , r , o t =

il "? r t vr-) - i l 2 t l n y d t ll ^u t'-1 ldt= j" ) ;"\' = t 2 tn' v lt' l * l t n t + t t l L "o 3 t/ r.2.r\3'2\lY

l l = * ' l n y * t V"r^ ' r * . , n,,

t 2,\\3t2

{vf + r, onou cr = -xn In Y0 z Kord dovdnrdn Vvrkniion rng A.E. elvot:

,. lv'-"''' x'lnY+-z----ll=" 6dpo 8

No iu8e{ n6rogoprxire{lo<,ron 0) lxy3+2x2y2-y4dx+lx2y2+2x\1-2x\d9=O Arion ov eivotniipng 6 oro vo e{erdoou;re An6 m Foprpirns A.E.o6nyodpoore ovoydpevn oe niripn. noipvoupe: xot nopoycoyi(ovrog Oiroupe P=xy3+2x2y2-y2, Q=*2y2+2*3y-2x2 +4 xz9-2y, Q,=2xy2 +6x29-4x. Pr= 3xyz gdxvoupe yta flporpovrirg n (1) 6ev eivor niripng, ener6riPr*Q*, ouven<,i6 noiloniooroorri Euler: -2xl= y+2y=2x2y-xyz+219 y-4x- 3xy2- 4x2 + 6x2 Q"-Pu=2xy2 - 2xl+2ly- 2x)=19 -2xll2- xyl =-x919 An6 rn gopqi( rnE nponyorjpevng dxdone isvxoul8 lrin(,)s o noiionioorooriq eivor p(x,y)=xy. lJ;r9c,:vage 60<rvpduofE orn oeiiSo 36, ouvdprnon;rovo rou z n nopdoroon: BCroupe z=xy xore{ero(oupe ov elvor

a, P"_
Pz, - Qz" "'y"

ly-2x)12-xy)
- y'* - 2x3y2 *'v' - 2x'92 + 2x2y

(y-2x)12-xylxy2z2,2 yx{y- 2x) xy

AIAOOPIKET EE(UEE ITPOTTIITEtC

o Elvor iorndv n nopdoodn ouri oovdrpmonpdvo roo z, ouventi>6 (13?, oei.36. noiioniooroorrlg 6{vemton6m oxion e, .. I(l.l\d. - = lAlzl=e'\ "

rnv(l w t(xv) =ft floilonioorri(ovroe

6tvet

(u "-,(r*r-i)**"*,(r.zr-f)ar=o
odrourc e'=e'v(l-r-i)*,
nopqyc6vldnnd(pvoulre

e'=a,(r.zl-l)ay

on' 6nouse

&'=e,(v+z*-1+!) =e'Y(e+2x)
/tr\ Q,'= etvlly+2x-:+: )= d' ly, z*l

dO=P'dx+Q'dy=0 ondt undpler n O(x,y): Apon (1')elvar nifipng, 9e

-4)a. = =i"',(i+2 ok,, ia'(r.zf i)a,. ro Yo

-ji"".ifl",. =*1., .11"".,:, 1..

jl","at .r-l' .,-rJ4"","-z
J

*i-fa,a, i{o,=i14*"",=1""1'
t Jtot r h" ,t

l(dt

i.t
EuvencirE

=?a*l'* ilon., 12.'o aral t

l,. i"t'

.' +2 - -rSa=t,(i.i).* o,(,qy)= "" ""'

AIAOOPI(E!

E:EO'EE

IN KPOKOY

Tdio6 n i0on tn6 A.E.eivor

= a'(1*?l \x v,/ "

tx6iro
To oioxinpc,5poronou qrgovl(ovror orov unoioyropd rng <D(x,y) 6e ;rnoporiv6io vo unoioyrororiv,oiio elvot rirolo, nou 6no6 e{dope,
dnionololivrol-

96uo 9
No iuBe{n 6rorpoprxrl el{oc,:on

lv'f +29=2"u' A6on

H 6togoptxrle!{ocoon lpogeror g=xy'-ily'f Clalraut.

0)
duvnd)e ivor rdnou

y'(x)=p(x) Odrouge onoredxoupe og v= xp-;p3 rnv ono{onopovovigouF nPoex . do3,do Y =Paxdx-ZP-dx +

dp _=u ^

dol 3"\^ :) dxlx-te-./=u

dx2 fro :r

3" n x=_D

= 0 d;1oupe p=c 6nio6ri y'=c.

Apo n Vsvlxriiuon efvol

v=-" 1c 2
plo uovonopourprki( olkoVdvela oBa6\J 3" Ev6 6rov x = -p', 1' on6 rnv y=xp-:pJ pro irjon nou 6ev Bploxoupe

npoxdnrer on6 rn yevrxiririon (r6rd(ouoo iion),6nio6ri

y=3 Z"p - _Ir p"- . p - = y - p ,27" Enlonc x_ - - D-. ooo n lolo(ouddriuon 66

lvdl x"

2'l

u .

AI,AOOPII(E E:EO'EI' IIPOTIIE TAETC

69

86po 1O

noutxovonoroivrnv ouvoprrioetg ot nopoycoylolpeg No BpeSoriv

tj,p(tds=(t+1)Jsds)ds
00

...

.,t

(l)

Afon

flqpornpo0p 6 n {1) (vd pta oioxinporrxrl eglooon, nou ov rnv o npost 6ivet nopovr.:Vl(ouPe

= +(t+1xtd0) +te(0 Jse(s)ds Je{s)ds

Me vdd nqpdv6yldn floipvouFe

ir

e{t)+q(t)+td(t)=rq(t)+{2t+1)9(t)+(t2+t)9'(t)=

t2e'(t)+{3t-1)e(t)=0 ffi=

^'lrl

1 --3t

npoc t) ors {oloxinpr,ivoute

| - l: - 3 l n l t l + c , - l e ( t ) l = e ' l n l < o (= t)

-'-rnl,t'.,

=9(t)=c-

lrl e_

Enei6i yto tsO lox$el n (1) VteR 6ev dloupe opxuti ouvBixn vto tnv oioxinptotlxrle(ooon

O6po 11
f(x)ouvexisVxeR+ xol6ldgopnrou Fn6evdq, Nd 6pBe{ Ud ouvdprnon
riTold 6ore

r't*t=i rf oare,in,,p, * 3t
A6on

(1)

nou Fe nopoYd'Vlon flpo<povtiqnp6xerrol vlq oioxinportxfi eE{oc,)on 6ivet

r I i---\ (:<)[2f o arcsrn,/-i;,J= ? f(x)arcsinr,/-r k) 2f(xlf'(x). -

l2l

n (2)6lver: rouBdporos, f(x)lo,dn6rnver<rpcirvnon Enedri

E:EO:EE IN XPOXOY AIAOOPIKE

ouvnd)s H ricurolo lvordpoooioKinpd)orFn,

ll *,-dx -c f{x)- j larain.,/-. ZJ YxTl

(3)

Ynoioytop6g rou oioxinpcirparog . t l; . = l= ' | arcsln.l-clx * JIx+1*' pe rn peBo6oioviq 6iCne nopdprngo, l{o099<ouo | ,. nopovovtrxi Fero 1=(x)') leqoppo(ouFE

f* r/ Fl. dx = t.., l (x, arcslnr,_- -icrx = xarcslnl,------:- J l xl arcsml, ; l rx*.r txtL) \

Anid

= r _!f_L1

\x+li it 'V'+t V' +i "i,(

=x+Jr{-l=
2Jx (x+lf

I 2(x+ l)Jx

6nou n nopoyciryton dyrve pe tov xov6vo rn6 oiuoiSog,6iene nopdprnpo nlvokosnopovcoyou orivBer<ov ouvoprfroecov. Ondre

. f*r r=xdrcsrnlli

r x+r

-i-| ^. - 1 ) J , (a'. J Z(x

(4)

Ynoioytopdg rou oioxinpcirporoq

[-i-a* J

2(x+ l)Jx

Odroupe af =t + x=tz pe6rorg6pron + dx=2tdt

tl. J\ I \.. t'111 (5)

I f2tdr r 2lt' l)t

tt2+t-1, r r'+l

= t - a r c t a n t= J i

arctanJi

Apo ro oioxiripopol rng oxdong{4) on6 rn oxdon(5)Viveror:

.t; I = * a'"'in

ifr

J* +arctan J*

(6)

ho x=0 n {1)6iverrnv opxrk'iouvBdkn f2(0)=0 + f(0)=0.

AIAOOPIXI:E=EOIEE NPOTTtr IA:FE

71

Tdiog on6 rn oxdon(6)xor rnv (3)iXoupern irion rns A.E.(1)vro f(0)=0: f(x) ] - .xxa r c s i n . / 2 llx'l - -1 Jx 2 - : Ia r c t a n J x 2

96po 12
No iu8ei n 6rogoprxi elior,ron arcsinY'=x+Y (1)

Arion
Ano rov opropd rngovriorpogng rpry.,.r,,operprxrig ouvdprnong eXoupe orr ov y=arcsinx, r6ra x=siny,on6ran {1)viveror: y'=sin(x+y) Odroup x+y=z(x) l2l (3)

Ilopoyoy{(ovrog noipvouf l+y'=z'{x) xor n (2)vpdqeror: z ' ( x ) -1 = s i n z ( x = ) z'=7+sinz Koroin{ope oe A.E. yorpr{opivovpEro6inrdv rnv onoio pnopoupvo oio,<inpci)ooup dpsda
1+ Srnz

. :-

A.tA'l

=dx -,

J l+stnz

| -:-

= ldx. c J

(4)

fro rov unoioyropr6 rol.l oiokinpo5poroe oKoiou8odpErn peBoSoioyia oiokiipoon6 rpryc,:vogerprxdrv ouvoprioov 6doer rn6 onoiog Biroupa 2 t z Al -( 6 i i n en o p d p r n p o l r a n fi l - 1 , o n o r s i n z= ,,dz=
\2./ I l-i I rt

2dt d z z, d_ tl - l 2 d t ttt2 -f -J f ,r_2 1 J l_sinz-J , J (r_)). 2r 1+t" 'Eror (4)5iver n 2 =*-" r + rart

2 l_I

<ot an6 rnv (3)eXoupe rn iuon rng A E (1)oe nieypivn popgri: , ',\ ( x r c ) l I I t a n"^ ^ Y l r 2 - 0

z)

ATAOOPIKE [=EOIetr tn. XPO(OY

O6Fo 13
No Spe8eln 6rogoprxrielioo:on tng orxoydvros rcovxfKiov nou dxouv xdvrpo oE plo u8iovpol.ruri xol o) vo eXouvrnv iSro oxrivo R, 6) vo sxouv onoloS{noio'<riva

A6on
H elloc,lon xor oxrivo R eivor: rou xrixiou nouelet xivrpo ro (c1,c2) lx-ctl2+(y-cz)2=R2 (1) Eg'doovro xdvrpoBpiokovror ndvo os pro suBeio rou enrni6ouox+6y=y, cq6,ye R Bo npdner vo rnv rxovonoroiv,6nioSrl: ocl+6c2=v el

o) Orov 61ouvrnv i6ro oxrivo R. Ilopoycoy{(oupe rnv (1) <,:qnpos x p rnv y(x) ddlBsrn ouvdprndn xor noipvoup: 2\x_c1)+2\y-c2)y,=o (2) An6 rnv yro o*0 npoxdnrer

v-&z
{Av o=0, r6re Bo d1oup,ouoy*oor,*d6*J, or,6rBdiivdpe toenposc2.} Me ovttxordoroon rngrtiuroioq ornv nponvoiFvn oXionaXouFr.

= =#(*'FI o=", (.-f')*t-",,''

Eniong -x+yy' (y o) Y-o 'y,_(6 o)

.v'-6

Tdiog pe ovrrxorooroon rr,:vc1,c2 ornv (1)iXoupern {nrorlpevnA.E.

(3) .(, ,.;Y:'-rtlo;'=*'

6) Ener6i n axrivo R eivotpero8inrr! opxeivo nopovoyioor.,p rnv (3)coe npogx fE y(x) odvBsrn ouvdprnon, on6reBo elorgovrorei ro R2xor Ba ndpoupe rn (nroipevn 5ra<poprxi alior,:on.

AIAOOPIKE: EEO:EE

NPOTH! TA:H!

96po 14
No Bpelei xcpnriin 6rdqopogrng euBio, rdrotq <irore ro pipo6 xoBe eqnroFivnE rne nou nepldxrqt lreroE0rrov 6rio o{6vov vo dyer otoBsp6 trikos loo p i.

A6on
A-v Beopiooupe dfl M(x,y) lvor to ruXoio a,lid oroBep6 onpre{o rnE Kopniin oro ono{o sgdnreror n {e),pe tnv e{ioroon:

Y=y+y,(X-x) r6re yro X=0 --> Y=y-xV', ro onpe{o E eivor (0, y-xy'), evci yro Y=0 eXoupe X={xy,-y)/y,,ro

\v-,/ An6 ro Bdpo ixoupe i =le:l ^ f =lerl'

6nio6r'r:
| ,,\2 | \ 2 11 -.4 . " x - ]y l + ( y - x y . y r - t ,- > ( . * y , + r r l _i, = f -' \ ,/ \(v,1., )

onueioe etuor [* -{,0

).

' I *u'- f r!'r ,' ^' -rv'tt./

lr

(1)

H 6rogoprxi e{iooon ornv onoid Koroii{of eivol tunou Clairaut. And ro oxnIo axoup 6n x, y>0 xor rnv nopdyoyo y, opvnrrxri, on6re n (l) yivcror:

r. +(y')')'/'
!6p9covo pe doo Vpciuope yto rnv A.E. ClairautBo Xoup vsvu(n iion rn orxoyivero Fovonopop3rprKri euBertiv: t r _ c ,) 1 2 nouonoppinrrror ono rnv uroBeon rouBdporog. EnidnS XouU xat rnv tSrd(ouooirjon,6nio6ri Frd Kqlniin nou opi(eror qn6 fle FovonopoprplKd d( iD \ i ^=-dpl-ol;Pl=(1+;a3z
ip ip3 v="P (1*y'r =(1 tfl'"

,. . *.-

n'

(3)

74

AIAOOPIKI'EEOTEE IN KPOKOY

(Buplloupe 6rr n y'eivor opvnrrKi). Ano fle (2), (3) Fs onoiorqri tou p BpioKoofe rn (nrorigevn xopnfin. Arqtp6vrornv (3)pe rnv (2)noipvoupe , .r,3

-o'=i= o=1ij
.\ )-r2/3 > x''"{l-(y/x ,2 8 7 -,'

ripa on6 rnv (2)npoxtinret: x(l+(y/x)"'"J i

* -rtr -,,"1 - ^)t1

rng unoruxioet6oiS. H reAeurolo eivore{ior,ron

Oduq15
NoiuBel n A.E. A60n
. /l\ - llopornpoite 6n [ _;J (*jt lx'l' = 2xx' onoredloupe:

x"+2x(x')3=0

0)

l,)=o 10 1*2**.=6 - (-f) *r*r),=o = f*,x , , . r 2 x { x ,= )3= x / x"i \

(x')' \ 6iver*'" l-d x =.r *ot v,o x' =;l n reieuroio Meo,ioxiripoon i ( x z- c r ) d x = d t = idon rne (1). nou e{varn Vevrxri noipvoup:

{-c,*=t+c,

96po 16
No iuBei n A.Exy"-9'=x2 (1)

nlion
ov vo uno8r6oorei n A.E.(1)dxer Ener6ri l6vov y', y", n rdln rng pnopei Bdoouu (*) y'(x)=u(x) yiverol: y"{x)=u'(x) xotn (1} iXou;re ovrrxordoroon enlong An6 rnv ndvc,: (21 xu'(x)-u(x)=x2 ypopurKri iidn: A.E.1n rdlnFevvlxii n onoioeivor \ . ['",( r -'r'
. u(x 't e t6, a lxg J""d< | xc, rx2
|J )

AIAOOPIKEI E:EOEEE NPOTFETA:ttr

75

Enopdv<oE y'(x) = xcr + x2 Kar n VsvrKri irion rnq (1) eivor:

Ylxl=

,x2x3

cr +
2-i

+c,

MeSo6oioyrx6 o16iro Mio A.E.2ns rd[ng rnq Fopgrig F(x,y',y")=0 iivror uno6r6qE6rvn rdfng enet6rige rnv ovnxordorqony'(x)=u(x) ovdveror oe A.E.lne ro4rre = 0. rng Fopgig F(x,u,u') 'Oporo,pro A.E. 3n6 rd[ng rng popgrig F(x,y",y"')=9, gs .nu ovnxorddrqon g"(x)=u(x)ovdleror oe A.E. 1n6 rdlng rng goprprig F(x,u, u') = Q

77 @6pa
Aei[re 6rr n A.E. x'(t)+kx(t)=e(t), k*0 pe tnv g(t) ouvexn neproSrxi ouvdprnonnept6Sou T, dxl[lo nproSlkn ifdn npl65ou T.

A6on
H 6oopivn A.E.e{vorypopprxn np<,5rng rd(ng p yvr'<niion rnv: x{tl=ce-'' -e-" [,p(sle''ds
0

(1)

OiiouFt vo 6poip Klvn rnv x(t)nourkdvonorEi rn oxddn x(t)=x(t+T). H nponyodpevn oXion ov B6ooupe 6nou t ro t+T Vivrol:

-r' '' x{r T)=ce-L -e

.(Jpoe ^ r+T 1,...,
007

Je{s)er'ds

,r;

,L. ,,".. ds - | .q(ste ds L f a(sle ds I a(sje J J

To 6erirepo oioKiipopo Fs rnv ovnKordoroon s=Ll+T (on6rs ds=du Kor rd dkpo oioxiipoons yivovror:s=T => u=0, s=t+T I u=t)6ivr:
i+T 1,.!^, T00t

d<=J9iu, l]e JA{sJe

d u e" r l du=e J{p(u)e Jals)e'ds

1,.

lrf

..1

6nouioBope un' 6gn 6 n q{t) ivorneproSrKi, 6nio8n rp(u+T)=rp(Lr)

r+TT,

Onore

- | fors)e"ds fohre d s , e d. J J, J9ts)e

000

76 Apo n x(t+T)y{verot
'r.r xrr + l J ce -fi{

AIAOOPIXEI E'EOTEE IN. KPOKOY

-r'l..L, L.L, qtsle os -e os J J 9{s/e o0

Tr

xor on6 rnv x(t)=x(t+T) noipvoupre: 'r, -d'-Tr TT -^.r,T:1,.*. -^r\ d s > c/{.l e l - - e ^ f 1 , , " , . Jaisle J9{q)e'ds

00

fro rrpn rn9 oroBcprig c nou Siveror ono rnv nponVonF.!n oXEon noipvouUrnv roxi rnq x(t)=x(t+T), Snio8ri iXoupe rnv neproSrxi ouvdprnon nou {vori0on rns A.E.

O d p o1 8
flpoodropiorern ypopprki SroqoprKie{ioo)onnpdrrng rdlnq nou dXer(,)g peprx6g iJoerg fls ouvopriorEyfx)=x3 xor y2(x)=x+x3 xor 6peirs rn yevrxri irlon rng.

A$on
H poprgn vnqypopprxriq rn6lnrodpt A E.nprirrnq rotnqivor: y'+f(x)y=s(x) ylx), y2(x) Enerdn eivor iuoerE Bodloupe: 3x2+f(x)x3=g{x) 1+3x2+f(xXx+x3)=g(x) Me o<poipeon rov 6rionponvoipvov oXioeovnoipvoup:
{(x)=_1/x kor ono rnv npcbTnoXion noipvou!rs:

(1)

slx)=2x2 Apo n A.E.eivor ,1 Y Y-zx

Ener6rior glx), y2(x)ivor idosre rnq A.E.(1) erixoio Sronrorcivoupe 6rr n y2(x)-ylx)-x ritor nnonrnqovrinrorXnq oFoVevorjs. Enionen yr{x)=x3 eivorpro,\jon rng (1). Apo n VEvlKiidon ivol Y(xJ=cx+x3

AIAOOPIKE E3EOIEII NPOTFE TA:ID

77

96uq 19
No iuBei n Srorpoprxir e(iotoon: y'sinx+ycosx= 1 6tov n y(x) Eivorgpovpivn Vro x-)0. (1)

Arlon
H A.E.(1)lvol Vpogprxi1nro6nerne onoiogn yevrxriirion orjpgo:va pe (1.11) rov nino oei. 24 eivor:
v ( x )= e

..

I 'I"" r' . ' f c I rI l e'

L

'Op.,)g
f.osx, l-_-oxJ Stnx on6re:

usrnx

Ir "n "'' a . - l

dx I

fd s i n x_, In srnx | -J srnx

u*'f.af-l yt*t=n J
L

-" d*l= I f.';-t ,1n*a"l=-'' *. ., Srnx SInx"' slnx sinx sinx

I L I

-l* + -L Y(x)= stnx stnx

Bpioxoupe rnv optoxri npi rng y(x) vrq x-) 0. Anio6i: ! l x'l c ,. ,... fc . ---:: , llmy(x) lim l-Iim --j =c lim --:-1 llm -\-0 ,i0 Lsrnx srnxl r-0 srnx . ,0 sinx x-0slnx -c cr,-l l2l

oeori

r,0

limsinx=0,

rroslnx \U

j. lim

/0 I . = l - o n p / o.r\i,o I lim-=I
/

r-ocosx

fro vo eivor n y(x) rppoypdvn6rov x-+0 npiner va unripXsl n oploki rne npri, duv8ndreon6 rn oxaon (2) npoxrinrerdrr c = 0. Apo n irion mg (1)eivor: x ytx/ = slnx

@6vo 2O
NoiuBe{ n Srogopr<ri e{iocoon Y" Y'=2Y9' F rov FraoxnFdflop6y'(x)=u(y) (1)

n$on
An6 rov U8rooxnFonop6 y'(x)=u(y)

(2')

ALAOOPIKEE'EO'EE LN KPOKOY

noipvouF 6rl ... . du(v) du dv crx (19ox on6rn A.E.(1)ylverqt du qy

u$-u=zvu OioKinpc6voup8: And rn o;don (2)no{pvoupe:

$=zv*l

= du=(2y+1)dy

y,(x)= y2+y+c, cog npogy6lvet noupevCaoioxirlp<oon

..=-3L-= - = 'f----.=-i+.----=x-c, ,fry - r y _ q ,fd,*", t ly,+ziy_)l_)+",

,

J( 1\'. -;t lY-; i +cr . Orclv cl -a= c- > U Xouue

| -----------:Z-

Atl

-.

t -

"

lJ ( 1\' lvt- | +c\' 2./

/ l\ , -dly*;L *=x'ct

:)

tv*; J :arctan-=x+c2
c c

1\

:'

1, +c2)) Y+; = ctan(c{x . ordv

1^ .t -f=,

Xouue

AIAOOPIKE E'EO:EE NPOTHI TA:}tr

79

,1

-*'"i#i-.." ifr,{=...,
MeSo6ol\oy{o fevrxri 6rov dXro A.E. rnq Fopglrg F(y,y',y")=0 ourn pe rov y'(x)= u(y) Unope{ vo ovoX8e{ oe A.E.np<,irn6 rdlng urgnpog UEraoXnpofloF6

tt -;=-t

<u

axoup:

r oy ' ( x ) = u ( y u ( yA ) .n i a dy ri y)".k ) = + + - " +

oy ox

ay

F(y,y',y")=o = r(v,'tvr,.$)=o
To 16roBo rlrov ov nolpvope ovrl rou prdoxnldldpori y'(x)=u(y) rov y'(x)=u(x),616 y=y(x) 6nc,rg golverororo endpevo Bdpo. ;retooXnporropd

@6tto 2l
No iuBe{n 6rogoprxi e{{oc,:on

vv"=v'+(v')'
peopXrxeg ouvBrixe6 1, y10)=./U V(O)= Yn66et{n: va ylvetXpionrouprodxnpoudporl y'(x)=u(x)A6on gernv un66eran Eigqa:vo Bito!fE

(1)

(21
onor .. . d(u(x)) ou dy y {x)=
dx dy

du

&

dv-

An6 ns nponvoipvg ox6oers n (1)Viveror y_u = y- +u- _)

d9

(3)
9'

AIAOOPIKE EEOTEE IN. KPOKOY

H A.E.nou npoexr.rge e{vor ninou Bernor.rlli oE npo6u(y). Euvenrlg 86roupe

on6re

,'2lyl=Ael = 2'1y'1 2ulylu'ly)

(4t

H A.E.(3)perov petoolnporropd {4)yivenr

!9=4vl ,u' =
z Y

z'( -=z(Yl=29'

An6 rov rino i6ong rng ypopprxrig A.E.npc,lrng dlng, {oydon (1.11), oen.24) nolpvouue:
'l r2,f 1-2 , J ,li = n' :' 1., '| 2uz ", ' l = +zJ I zv| ' n) v" 4u 'l | "1. r ' "-2 av] "zn

=v'1"+zlv' +2e3 :+ zle)=,,i'z+2er 'L J ' v ' ',Lar]= l' "e2

Ano 116 olCoeig(4)ror (2)npoxrlnrer

n2le)=cy2 +2y3 .r u{v)=1f,1ra,p

kor y'l*)=,[.} -2y'

An6 rtg opxrxd6 ouvBrixes y'(0)=.,4, y(0)= 1 nolpvoupe:

Ji=Jc+z = c=o
Ondre

v't)=,lzv3

Me oioriripcoon n reisurqlo6lvr

=Jz av I v-"'' I a'*., = ffi

6pco6yro v{0)=1 +

=A -*", = y''' =-!(J z^+",)

c1=-2

1rr'z=-}10+"r) .)

Tdio6 n iriron rounpo6iiporog opXrxriv rrg6v(1) ivoll

vt,@=_;(Jt*,2\

KEOANAIO2

OEAPHMATA YNAP3HE

Ero nponyofpevo xrqdioro Srorpoprxc6v e{rocboecov rng popgrig

ovonrri{ops FsBoSou yro rn

irion

(1) tE noiic qruorKd npo6nnporo nopouord(ovror 6roeoprxdg {ro.iore rne popqngrnS(1), oiio F rnv Enrniiovnpoin6Baon 6rr n oyvoorl ouvdpnon y(x) Bd ixsr o vo Soopavoonpioxo rnv flp'i yo. AnioSi <nrdFeva 6poripr: nq ouvoprio:rq y(x)dore

12.1)
rdroro np66irpo Koiiror np6Sinpo opxr|(oiv nprnv (nA.T.) rrpdrnq ro{ng. H Sra6rxooio rn6 irionq rou ivqr n {nq: Aivovrog rnv y'=f(x,y)6pioxouperr yevrxirrng iuon y(x,c)nou toprdroron6 rnv nopdprpoc. AvflkoBrord,vros ornv y(x6)=V6npooSropi(oupe rnv uri c0 rns oroBepds c ororr y(x6, ca)=yg(ov quotKo ou16 sivor duvor6) xor nporlovcie (2.1). cd eivorsro iion rou npo6nngoro6 11y(x, TiBeror ro epr;rnpo ov ro np68inpo sxsl ndvrd iion Kol dv aXI, uno nolS npoiinoBdoreouri eivar povoSrxri.Iro noponovcoepcotriporoonqvroiv ro nop01(dr6) BopriForcL 'Evo

AIAOOPIKEI E:IIQEEE I N.KPOI{OY

e6pnpo 2.1 Ynopln iriong (Peano) 'Eorco f(x,y): D -+ R u D=(xoe,, xo+e1)x(yq-e2, yo+z) Fro onvsxris ouv6prnon(1, e2>0). T6re undpXer 6>0 xor pra ouvdprnony: (xo-6,xg+d)_> R nopoyroyiorpn nou rxovonor:irrEoyeoerg: i) ii) y'(x)=l(x,y(x))xe{x6-5,xo+5) y(xo)=yo

oe pto nproxri rou onpeiou(xo,yj, ro -AnioSn ov n f(x,y)eivorouveXnq np66inpo (2.1) dyernowo irion. To en6pevo pog6ivernoroouvBnxn Becirpnpo npdner vo ninpei n f ciorero vo dxr iion. {21) Llovo6rKri Qe6papo 2,2 Movooirpovro iJon6 (Ptcard-Lindelof) 'Eor<,: {(x,y): D -> R pe D=(xg-er,xo+e1)r(y6-c2, y9+e2)pro ouveyig (e1, ouvdprnon e2>0) noulKclvonoli rnv

(x,yz)eD I r(x,v,)-f(*,vz) I <kI vryz l, (x,yr),

(l)

onou k 6vogoprBp66 ove(dprnrogrov (x,y)(nr0ov6v vo e{oprciror on6 ro e1,c2). Tdre undpXerdvo 6>0 xor pro povo6rxir ouvdprnon y: (xo-6, xg+S)+R nopoVoVioUn nou lKovonoli: y'(x)=f(x,v(x)) xe(xo-6, xo+5) ii) y(xd=yo dnio6ri ov n f(x,y)txovonorei proneploxn rnv (1)oe (xo,9o), ro! onp(o0 t6re ro np66inpo {2.1} pov'Srxi eXer iion. i) flopornpiroer6 1. An6 roBccirpnpo lions lpig ixoup6rl f(x,y,)-f(x,y,) = . (x,i){vr -er) try
^l

veer<q.u,

2.

onor. n oxdon(l) rxovono,.i,o, ou / l-f {*, y)l <k vro(x,y}rD l') (l) H ouvBixn eivqrrxovi oiio 6Xrovovxoic

MeSd6euon2.1 Av poE6ivouv ro npo6inpq y'=f(x,y) y(x')=yoKorFoS<nroiv vo dei(ogpe 6rt iyer povo6rxnirion, 16r(dvoupro lie:

OEOPHMATA YNATEII!

.11 Iloipvoupernv | (x, v) xor npoonoBoripe vo BpodpE sl, 2 kor k .iror.

at9

; (x,y)l s k l(^) 6nio5i

dr.

yro (x,y)e(xo-e,, ye+e2) xp+erl'{ye-c2. ly,yo <ez

l*-*6 <r1,

Me066euon2.2 Av pog (ntorlv vo 5el{oupe6rr ro np66ingo y'=f(x,y) y(xo}=yo6ev dXer povodrxri irion, r6re gpioxoupe 6io drorgoperrxdg hioerg pe rnv e{rig 6ro6rxaoio: o) A6vovrog rnv y'=f(x,y) xot noipvovrocvro ,ldon TrSouvoprioerg y(x,c) npooSropl{oupe rnv c riore y(x9,c)=y6. 6) Bp{oxoupepra npogovi idon rou npo6iiporoE y'=f(x,y) y(xd=y. Srorpoperrxrl on6 rn irion nor.r 6pnxope oro 1o1. Ilopd6erypo 1o No Seryrai6rt ro II.A.T y'=x3+y2y(0)=0 dxrUovo6rkiiJon. 'EXoupe f(x,y)=x3+y2, on6t til | 6y=29. ono, ro fl.AT. rxu

(-1.1)dx"rr.,, lffll2, tlpoeov.;s ov (x,y)c {.1.1}. ,v povo6rxriirion.

llopd6erypo 2o No a{eraoreiov ro fl.A T. y'=y"3 y(0)=0 dxerfovo6lKi iion. =\213)y-ur n onoiq 6ev eivor E6d dxoup f(x,y)=y2l3, on6re 0f l?.ry qpoypivn yro y{-,e).Apo ;rdiiov ro np66inpo 5ev eXer povo6rxlr ir_1on. Afvovrog rnv y'=yzls!X6upg dv ," dv 'r't /l\3 dx > ';;=x-c > v(*)l ;l{x*c)' lJ \J/

,l=y"

= + y-

Enerdri y(0)=0noipvoupe 6rr c=0,on6reproirjon rou |LA.T. eivorn y(x)=(1/3)3x3 Aiid cv Biooups y(x)=O, xeR, ndir exoupepro irion rou fl.A.T. Srogopenxn on6 rnv nponyoJpevn. Apa ro np66inpo 6ev dyerpovoSrxri i0on.

atAooPl(E :ltQlElt tn KPoKoY

To np66inlo op)(rx6v trpr6vyro yto 6rogoplxi elfoG)onn-rdIne elvor ro liS: y(t),t>to drorvo rxovonori: No 6peBi f ( r , y . y. . . y ' * t ' ) . r) y ")(t)= r)to o \' ' -r '-

r i ) y ( t o ) = y o ,y ' ( r o ) - y r . . . . y ' ' r ) ( r o ) - y , , , IoXrier ro e{ng BeoSpn;ro: @er6pngo2.3 Ynopln povoorlpovrng i6ong yro ro yevrt<6[I.A.T.

n+1pero6inr6vxol ol Edv f(t,z, zl, ..., zi-li ivolplo ouvXisouvoprnon ?t at al lvor qpovFsvg o lro nproxn rou on!rou ,d; E,6r' (to, yo, yr, . ., v*1) r6re ro np66inpo (2.2)ixr pro povo6rxn irion. Anio6i unoplere>0 xor pro ouvoprnony: Ito,to+))R n-{popdg nopoyoviolpn6rrr y(n)(0=f(t, y, y,, . .., yli'r)) xor y{te)=yq,g,(to)=y,,...,9{"r)(ts)=y,,_1. Av n 6rcgoprxneEiooonivorvpopprxi,6nio6n y+or(t) y'+...+o" r(0yh.r) f(t,y,y', ..., y{"r))=g(t)+oo(t) . . .. o,,r(t)ivor ouvEXie ouvoprriocre, Tors onou g(d, oo(t). ol(t). f(t,ze,z1, ..., z*)=g{t)+co(t) z+or(t) zr+...+o. r(t)2,,1

dt . .. o n o r e o rl - o " ( t ) . ;

al o , ( r ) y r oi = 0 , 1 . . , n ' 1E i v oo r p o y L d v i( o .y o r n e

ouvdxros rov odt). Irnv ouyxexprpdvn nepinr<oon rox0er ro eIrig Be<,;pnpo: @etipnpo2.4 'Eoro g(t), oro ro o<b xor or ouvoprioerq oo{t), ol(t),..-, on-ft)ouvexeig (o,b).Tdr ro np66inFo y(. 1)(t)+ y(i)=g(i) y{i)(t)+o"_r{0 . . . +or(t)y'(r)+oo(ti y(to)=yo, y'(to)=yr, ..., yli-l)(to)=y" I onouioe(o,b) dxergro povo6rxriirion y(t)nou opi(roros 6io ro ovorxr66rdornpo(o,b). noporipnqn prog To riuroio BE6pnpo elootpoii(ar,exroon6 rn Fovo6rKolnro, 6rr n irion opi(eror oe 6io ro 6roornpo (o, b) 6nou dxoupErn 6roqoprKri eCiocoon. AvrrBdroq,oio ro nponvoipvo Beo;priporo nou ovoqdpope pog e{oo<poii(ouv rJnop{n lriong oe pro neprolri(xs a,xg+s}.

OEOPHMATA fTIAEtI'

85

NYMENA OEMATA

OgoI

f: D-->R pro ouvdprnon 6do pero6inrriv (t, x) xor DeRz xupro. Aei(re orr ov n Ofldx eivor rgpoypivnoro D, n f eivor Lipschitzcn6npog rn pero6inri x.

'Eoro

nUon
vo 6elloupe on OeAou;re f(t,x1)-f(t,xr) | <c I x1-x2 I. rng pdonq rrpnq vto rn ouvdplnon Orop.ivrog ro I oroBepo,ro Betirpnpo g(x)=f(t,x) ypogeror g(xr)s(x2)=(xrx2) g'(4, xr<{<x2 Anid iI g ' { { }= - { t . l }
.lx

(idv(D Kupr6rnros, q6oov oro D qvnKouv ro (t, xt), (t, x2), t6r8 ovixer xor ro (t. O),onore r .ir I

-,- , q){ x , )s -{xr)=lf ( r , x L ) - l ( r ,.x r

-.1 V1)(, ]+t,,tt|..

onouM ro epriylrorng dfldx.

@6vo2
oplrxd:v No 6eryrai6rr n y(x)=-1rlvor n povo6rxi iiorr roo npo6Ariporog rtptiv Y'=x(1+Y), Y(0)=-1

ndon
ro np66Anlrc flpogovriq n y(x)=-l rxovonorei Ener6n f(x,y)=x(1+y)r6re Bo ninporivror or ouvBrixegrou Beorpriporog povooripovrou irjoecoE ov toXUet | <c I yr-yzI I f(x,yr)-f(x,yz) Anio f(x,y2)=x(1+y1)-x(l+e2)=x\yr-y2) f(x,y1)

sl*l lvrvzl I r(x,yr)-f{x,yr}

86
16r flopornpoipe 6r ov x(-o,o),

AIAOOPIKE EE(trEE IN KPOKOY

on6rero np66ingo dxerpovadrxri irlon oro t-o,ol. Enl5i our6 lox0ervlo xdBeo>0,ro np66inpo dxetpovoSrxiirion.

It(*,v,)-t(*,vz) I<| "l Ivrvz I

66po 3
drogoptxrl e{iooon rng popgriq: No6etxrei dn 6ev undpxet (1) x"'(t)+olt) x"{r)+or(0 x'(i)+oo(r) x(t)=0 iion dro (-1,l) eivorn <p(t)=t3. ouvopfliote, rn ono{oe U oo,ot, oz duvexaig

A6on
Ios rponos flopotnporipc61 9'(t)=3t1q"(t)=6t,on6req'(0)=0,e"{0)=0.Otopd'vros ro (1)xot rtg opxrxdg fl.A.T. nou onoreieltor on6 tn 6roqoptxir ellocoon ouv8nxeq prd idon. Ener6n 6pcos x(0)=x'(0)=x"(0)=0, dr our6 Sixeror Edpoupe LrovsSr(n xoroinyoupe oe ovrigoon. Apo n 9(t) 5e n x(t)=O,xar n g(t) ro rxovonorei, (1). vo rxovonorel rnv Unopi 2og rp6nog Erpdoovq'(t)=3t2, q,"(f)=61, e"'(t)=6, n (1)V{veror: 6+6taz(t)+3t20r(t)+t3do{t)=0 lloipvovros ro 6plo Vlot ) 0 Bpiokoops 6fl 6=0, npdvporirono. Apo n q(t)6e pnopeivo rxovonorei rnv (1).

gduo 4

'Eoro

e{iocoon n 6rogoprxri x2y"-3xy'-5y=0

(1)

y=x5 x61y=0 eivorirjoers rng, nou rxovonororiv Ai{r 6l ol duvopr6oerg tr6

v{0)=0, v'(0)=0. 'Epletor A6on

govooripovrouirioecog undplerog our6 oe ovtiBeon pe ro Be<i:pnpo prog6rogoprxriE a(io<oong; H y=0 nporpavdq rxovonorei rnv elior,:on. yiveror Enioneov y=xs,r6re roxJry'=5x4 xol y"=20x3 xor drorn etio<oon 20xs-15xs,5x5=0

6nio6ri rxovonorelrot.

OEOPHMATA YNAETE

87

povooripdvrou loxda vro e{rotiroetg rn6 poprpig y"+ot(t)y' To Berirpnpo i6osr,r (1) (t)+oe(t)y(t)=g(t), dpo n Vivror:

v"

?y q '-49 -

ninpodvrot ot uno8doetg rouBeoprilroro Tdte 61r<o96ev Vrorior -3/x, -5/x26ev (o0re e{vorouveXe{6 oro 0 xov opi(ovror).

Odgo5
Bpeire rnv oioxinptorrxri xopniin rng y'=sin(xy)nou nepvdeton6 ro ouoroonxdro Ber.lpnUo lnopln xor povooriFowou onue{o(0,0), o{ronordrvroq iioecog.

A6on
Odiou[E vo BpoipEin irion rou fl.A.T.: y'=sin(xy), y(0)=0 6r n y(x)=0, xeR eivorlrlo irjon. flopornporipe povodipovrnsi6ons. Apxei vo6slgoupa 6fl rqqri:rro Beci:pnpo fro rnv l{x,y)=sin(xy) ixoupe: al r yr) f(x,v. l= l(x.l){y. )- f{x.v" - ' ' - y2)=xcos(xA)(yr dV F e! r < { < 9 2 Euvn66

- y.l f(x,yr)l< lxlly, lf(x,y,)-

nou xpeto(6poore kol n f(x,y)nlnpei rn ouvBrixn Vroxe(-o, o),q>0. (-q,o),xot povoonpovtn 6tdornpo rnEpoprpris irion oe xdBe Apo ro II.A.T. dyar xord ouvenero oe 6io ro R, on6ran (nroripevnoioxinpc,:rtxnxopn in ivor n y=0. euBeio

Odpo 6
opXrxdrv lp<irv Aiveror ro npd6inpo xY'=zY, Y{0)=0 EnoinBeiore 6n orouvoprrioetc '' v , { x ) = x 'x . eR I0 x<0 xor v"(x)={ " (1)

anoreiotv hloerErou npoBi'iporo6irion; fiori ro np66inpo 5ev 6xerpovo6rxri

XPOKOY AIAOOPIKE EEOIEE LN.

A6on
mv AE. txovonororiv dn ot y1(x),v2(x) Erixoio Sromorcovoupe 6nio6n Ondren (1)6iver: y,(x)=x2 = yi(x)= 2x

x'2x=2x2 yr(x)=0 ? yi(x)=0 Y r ox < 0

On6ren (1)6iver: y2lxl=x'

0=0 =+ y'2lxl=2x Yro x>0

x 2x=2x2 On6ren(1)6{vet H xovovrxngopgrirng A.E.e{vor:

v'=?!
vo H ouvdprnon flx,g)=2u1" 6ev opl(eror yro x = 0 on6re6ev Fnopori}re povo6rx6rnrcgvto rnv A.E. ro Be<,ipnlo 0noplnqxot {1) erpopp6ooupe

Oduo 7
rrp6v y'= xzM , (O)=o ixer povo6rxi Ael[re 6n ro npdBinpo opyrxci:v irion oro 6tdornFo {-1,U

A6on

- Lindelof) povoorlpovrou iridn (Picard ro Be.irpnpo EqopF6aouFs xo o. r=l dxouFe fro {(x.y)=x'zlyl,

=lx'zlvrl^'lv"l=*' lv,- v, l <*' v' vrl<lv f(*,vr)f(x,vz\ r - vrl <lv, vJ Kdr *'<1. oeod llvrl-lvrl
yro k = 1rnv ouvBrixn rou BeopriporoE luvenrirsn f(x,y) rxavonore{ Aporo np66inpo i;er povo6rxi iriron.

KEOANAIO 3

3.1 levrxrinep{Vpquurx6v A.E.2ng tdlng

Or e[roriroerg mg gopqrrig

y"{x)+ f(x)y'(x) +s{x)y(x)= h{x} ypoppuCg xoiorlvror A.E. 2ngrdlng. 'Otovh(x)=O, y{veror rdren (3.1)
y"(x)+f(x)y'(x)+ =0 g(x)y(x) xor xoiEiror opovavis ypoFprxrl A.E.2n6dlng.

(3.1)

(3.2)

flp6roon 1.1
ypol.qrxng 60o irioergtng opoyevorlg A.E.2nE rdlnE y,(x) v"{x) | -i, (3.21, rdroreE drore rnq iton y^(x) rivor: . l*0, r6renyevrxri vi(x) Yzlx, I yo(x)= qyr(x)+c2y2(x)

Av ylx), ylx)

(3.3)

xot idge dn or yr{x),yr(x)onoreiodvdvoDapeir6Sse otvolo i6de6v tne.

90 (x)

AIAIDOPIKEI EtrO:EE

IN KPOKOY

lv, Hnop.oroon*,",_ |iil:i l,lli

6nou ylx), y2{x} ifor rng opovvols AE xoieirot opi(oodo Wronskl Kor lKovonoli rnv A.E.

0 w'(x)+f(x)w{x)=
peition: A.E.1n9rd{ns oproyevfig H A.E.(3.4)eivorypopprxrl

(3.4)

(3.5)
6tr W(x)*o,VxR 6rov c+0 ri ov oupnpo{vouf Enr6i e**0, on6 rnv (3.5) W(xd*o VroKdnoro xo<R. 'OrovyroxonotoxoR t:Xoup W(x)=O, VxeR. W(x9)=0- c=0, ouvendg (H on65er{nr<,:v(3.4) iuljivo Bdpo, oei. 124) xor (3.5) viverororo 6erjrepo >- Auo iioerg yfx), y2(x) iVovyor vpopltxd oveldprntse dTovn opi(ouoo Snio6ri: Wronski eivol6rdqopn rou pn6ev6g, W ( x )= y , ( x )y i ( x )- y , ( x )y l ( x ) * 0 evo xp:W{x9)+0. opxelvo 6porjUe Bdorrov ndpondvcu ylx), y2(x)ivorvpopFrKd qoprtlpdvEs. or ov BpeBei x6:W(x6)=0, 15re Evr,3 floporipnon ov ot ouvoptioetg{(x)Kdlg(x)ivol oploFivse Oio ro nopondvoroXriouv p6vo o ivo 6tdornpo (o,6),r6te o 6io ro R. Av ivor optopdve ro R. e{:ro(oupre rnv W(x)p6voVro x(o,6)kor6Xroe6.10 flp6roon 1.2 Av ylx), y2(x) eivor 5r.ioypopprxdave[dprnresifoer6 rng opoyevooE irion rn6 ypop;uxrisA.E. ypoFpr<rlg A.E.2ns rdlnE (3.2)xor yu(x)pro (FEprKn) rdre n VsvrKn ifon rns (3.1)yrix) ivor: 2nErdEns(3.1), y.(x)- c,y,(x)+cryr(x) + y,,(x)

(3.6)

Me866euon 3.1
fro rn iion pioq ypoytlxrig A.E.2ng rd{ng, oipqcovoFEro nponvo!gevo, ro sEris 6nporo: oKoiouBonps B ngo 1o A.E-2ngrdlnE. ii6n yo{x) rns opovvoiqypogprxng Bpioxoufs rn vvrKrl

f PAMMI(E

AIAOOPIKEE E:EO'ED

91

Bripo 2o pro(paprxfi)i0on yu(x)rn6ypqp A.E.2nsrdgnc,on6r Ilpoo6ropi(oupe yr{x)= yo(x)+y,(x)

(3,7)

Me866euon 3.2
Ilp66ingo No 6pe8lopovv{gypq}rprxti A.E.2nerdEne nou dxldov .luor ns yl(x), Y2\x, 'Eoro 6rl n (nroilrevn A.E.i\ror: (x)y'(x)+g(x)v(x)=0 y"(x)+f loq rpdnoE E96oov or yfx), y2(x)eivor i6oerrns,Bo roxriEr: (1)

vr"(x)+f(x)vi(x)+g(x)vr{x)=0
y2"(x)+f(x)y2'(x)+s(x)y2(x)=0

lzt
(3)

Ot oxdoers {1),(2),(3)og nposf(x),g(x)onorelorivdvo odornpo2 oyu(i)orovp rpersllod)oas noo yro vd sivorduF6r6oor6Bo npdnr:

y'(x) y(x) iv"{:<) | v i ' ( x ) y i ( x ) v , ( x )= lo vlk) yilx) y,(x)l

nou ivorKorn (nrodpevn6rogoprxri c{lotoon.

(3.8)

2o6 rp6nog Ano rrE y1(x),y2(x) pnoporitr vq 6po0pernv WronskianW(x) xor rnv nopdyroy6 rnEW'(x),on6reond rn oXdon(3.4) xoBopi{oupe rnv f(x): f(x)=-W1x)/W(x) Etn ouvdxeroyra rnv f(x) nou Bprixope xor ond rnv nro ndv<o oxdon (2) n (3) 6ploxoupernv g(x),ondre pe ovnKoidoroonrov f(x),g(x)ornv (1)dyoupern (nroripevnA.E. Me066euon 3.3 Av ylx), yr(x) elvor6io ilioerErn6 A.E. {1) y1(x)-y2(x) r6ts n eivor i6on rng ov orotXn6opoyevorjg A.E.,6nAo5ri rng 4iooons (x)y'(x)+s(x)y{x)=o y"(x)+f l2l y"(x)+f(x)y'(x)+s{x)y(x)=h(x)

92

AIAOOPIKE EEO'Etr IN KPOKOY

npovuon, q6oov oryfx), y2(x)eivor i0oerg rng(1) Bornv txovonotoriv: (x)vi(x)+g(x)vr(x)=h(x) vr"(x)+f (x)yz'(x)+s(x)y2(x)=h(x) y2"(x)+f
AqorpodFE xqrd Fain nq6iooXtoetg xor rXoupt

(yr(x)-vz{x))=0 (x)(vr'(x)-yz'(x))+slx) -vi'(x)-vz"(x)+f (yry2)"(x)+f (x)(yry2)'(x)+g(x) (yr-y2Xx)=0 Erodrn n pe866eoonlpnorgonorelror yro rnv eripeonrne Vvrxfg idons rns A.E.(1)o\, 6ivovror rpergIsprxde iiosrs (6idne 30 nopd6srwq). flopd6erypo 1o Aeilr 6rl ot ouvoprrioergyl(x)=e'sinx, 92(x)=e'cosxeivot ypopptxd ov{oprnrS oro R-lrn ouvdxro Kqroorpdorlro opoyvdVpolplxn A.E.2ng yfx), y2(x). rd{ns nou dxeridors rrgouvoprrioerq flord elvorn yevrxriirion ourngrng A.E.; [.o vo eivot or glx), y2(x)ypopprxdove{dprnreg, opxEln Wronskianvo eivarSrdgopnrou pn6ev6e,5nio6ri W(x)*0.flpdyporreXouye:

w ( x )=

l v ,( x ) v .{ x ) l '1 y,(x) v;(x) y i ( x ) y , , l x \ v , ( * )v i { x )

=e*sinx(e* = cosx)' e*cosx(e*sinx)'

-sinx)- cosx(sinx - e_(sinx(cosx + cos x))= .in2*-"or'*)= e2'+o v*eR "2*( frd rov KoBoproF6 rns y"+f(x)y'+g{x)y=0 xdvouFs Xpion rou 2ou rpdnou ge8o6euone (3.2). rns Bpi'<ope 6rl W(x)=-s", 61'6r., p nopovci)Vlon flpoKdnrElW'(x)=-2ezx. AvrrxoBrotd:vroE nq nopondvooXeoadrnv W'(x)+f(x)W(x)=0 noipvoupe _2e^+flx)l_e2,)=O :+ llx)=_2 'Eror n (nroipevn A.E.yiveror: 9"-29'+slx)y=O Mro irion rng:ivar n 9t(x)=e*sinx. flopoy<,rr7i(ovro6 eyouye yl'{x)=e'(sinx+cosx), 91"(x)=2e.cosx on6reon6 rnv A.E.no{pvouge: 2excosx-2ex(sinx+cosx)+S(x)e"sinx=0 > g(x)=2 =

rPA[4MIKEAIAOOPIXEEIENIEE

ypopprxri Apo n opoyevrig A.E.2ng ro{ng eivor y" -29'+2y=O. Tdiog enerSn ot ylx), y2(x)lvdl vpspprKo ove{oprnr:g,n VsvrKi rns idon exsinx+cz ercosx Y"{x)=ct floporrlpnon H A.E.gnoporioe vo BpeBel xor qn6 rn oxdon {3.8)rou lou rp6nourng oei 91. {3.2), leB66suonq Ilopd6erygo 2o Aiveror 6r or ouvopriote y(x), y2(x)eivor SrJoypopprxoovgdprnrq i6oer6rng A.E.y"+:y'+ety=O W(1)=2. Nq 6peBe{ n W(5). Qg yvtoot6v n opi(ouoo Wronski txovonola{ rnv A.E. W'(x)+l(x)W(x)=O, n ono{oVrof(x)=2/xy{vsror: 2 W ' ( x )+ : W ( x ) = 0 gpopprxri Aivoupe rnv opoyevri A.E.lng rd{ng:
t

xol 6n n op{<ouod Wronsklyto x=l e{vol

d w -;r2. ff

- r. l ? n '-? :+ W(xl=c W(x)= ce-2r"= Wk)=;".

Ynoioyi(oupe rnv oroBepri c on6rnv W(1)=2,6nio6n: W(1)= 2 '+ cll2=2 :> c=2
on6re W{x) =;, I x+0

Ano rnv reieura{o oXdon pnopoUpE vo 6poUpernv rrpri rng opi{ouoo5 Wronski

yro KoBox+0, 5nio6n W(5)=2/5t2l25. flopd6arypo 3o TperqirioergpioEypapprxrig A.E.2nqrrilng y"(x)+f(x)y'(x)+s(x)y(x)=h(x) (1) ivor Or(x)=3e" +e-', Q,\x)=7e'+e*', Or(x)=5e'+e" +e *', xeR. ([A.T.),6rov y(0)=1, No BpeBein i6on rou npo6iriporoE opxrxdv rrprrnv

e'lo)=2.
fro rnv erlp:onrnq yevrxrig iiong rnq A.E.(1),6ipeovo p rn peB66euon 3.l xovoupe ra:{is:

94

AIAOOPIXD EEOIEI IN.XPOXOY

Bripa 1o KoBoprop6E rne VvrKris idons rng ovriororxnEofovvoiE rnE A.E.(1). An6 rnv ogoipton rov iuoeou rn6 A.E. (1) ovd Srlo noipvor.rpe iloerg rnE qvriororXns (6idne peBo6euon opoVvodg 3.3,oi.91).An,l06n Or(x)-O,(r) 4e' @ . ( x ) - @ , r x2 ) .'^.-" _ v.(x) 4e' y2lx) 2e're-"

Wronskirovylx). y2(x)eivor: H opi(ouoo

w{x)=y,(x)vi(x)y,(x)yi(x)= =4d\2t 3*'. = ")-\za *. "')+t

= 4e-( 3*'?e-J n-'")=-4n"n J11*3*z; Ena6i ex*o, 1+3x2+0 VxeR, n W(x)*o,opo or ylx), y2(x)elvorvpopurkd oveldprnreqxor n i6on rng opoyevorlg on6 lS oXiosr(2)lvdr: v"l*)= +"r(2n'+n-*') "r4n(31

Bripo 2o ptosiJong rnSA.E.(1). flpooStoptop6g pnoporipe MogiXouv6oBe{ on6 ro Bipo rpetg, vo ndpouFE 6noloBdioul.l: vr(x)=3e"+e" (3), (4)eivor: iddn rn (1)on6 rrgoXioer6 &o n VvrKn yrlx)= cr4e'+ cr(2e* +;" fl opoy<,ryi(ovroq naipvoupe: = ..,4ey'rl*) +cr(2e'-s*2. ")+e.+zr.-' )+aa +a' (4)

An6 rg reieuroi:g oliosrs xor 16 opxrKds y(0)=1, y'(0)=2Bpioxoupe ouvBnxe6 (1),6nioSri: rn ifon rou n.A.T.rne A.E. y(0)=1 + y'(0)=2= c 1 4 + c r ( z + 1 ) + 3 + 1 = 1: ) c r 4 + c r ( 2 + 0 ) + 3 + 0 = 2= 4cr+3c"=-3 4c\+2c2=-I

Aqotp6vrog Kord FEin ixoupe cz=-2 xor ps ovl(ordoroon rou c2 ornv 'Eror (r\rori!vn 6edrepnnpoxrinrer c, = 3/4. n iion rou ILA.T. eivor: = 3"' +t-2J(2"'+e-'")+3". +n.' =2t +..' -2"-"' ,j,x)

TPAMMIREI AIAOOPIBEE'trO'EE

95

3.2 Fpopprrdq 6rogoprxdg eE106oerg 2ng rri!nE pe oroDepodg ouvreiecrdg

Mro ypapprxri A.E.2ngrd{ng ge oroBepoJg ouvrsiorq dxrrn popai: y"(x)+oy'(x)+6lx)= t{x)

(3.9)

dnou o, 6e R xqr n ovriororXnopoysvng rng ypopprxng A.E.(3.9) eivorn: y"(x)+oy'(x)+ 6y(xl= 0 fto tn iuon rng (3.9)Bo oxoiouBrlooupe ro e{ig 6ntoro: Bripo lo Edpon rnevvrkng (3.10). iuonqyo(x) rng opoVvoie A.E. Bipo 2o Erlpeon rn9 peprxrlg iionE rnqypopprxne A.E. {prog) {3.9).

(3.10)

3.2.1 Eripeon rng yvrKfcidonc rnGopoyevori6 A.E.Zngrrilng

'Edrco 6 n opoyevrisypopprxnA.E. 2ns tdlns y"(x)+ oy,(x)+By(x) =O eXer irlon rng ;rop<priE y(x) = e^' n onoio penopoyroyioerg Siver: y ' ( x )= i e r * , = i,e," y,,(x)

Me ovrrr<ordoroon rcov npolVoilpv(,)v oX6oov ornv (3.10) noipvoupe: ize^* +oiei' +6ee = o =) e^"(i2+oi+6)=o Korenr5fi e^*+0, VxR, npoxinrr i'+oi+6=0

(3.11)

tnv onoio xoiodp Xopoxrnprorrxri elior,ron rnq opoyevo'jg A.E. (3.10). Avdioyo ps ro ei6o6 rcov pr(rirvrng yopoxrnpronki.{io.none (3.11) Sroxpivouperrg neprnrcioerq: eler 6rio 6roxexprg6ves npovgorrkdG pi(s i1, i2, {l) Av n e(iooon (3.11) = r6re or ouvoprrioers rxovonoroivrnv A.E {3.10) v1(x) ei'', vrlx) = Kor "t"" eivol Vpopprxd ovgdprnteg,ondre n yevu<i irlon Siveror on6 rn oydon: y"k) = c, e't'' + c, si, "

(3.12)

AI,AOOPIKEX EEO'EE IN KPOKOY

(ll) Av n elioo:on (3.11) iXerpro npoygorrxrl6rnii p{fo l=ir=iz, r6re or = ouvoprnoerg y, (x) ei".yr(x) = xei" rxovonororiv (3.10). rnv A.E. H npcirnnpogovcirg rnv tKovonoti. flo rn 6Jrpn Xoups: v2(x)=xei" :c y!(x)=(1+nx)ee+ (2i + i2x)e^* =O + o(1+ ix)ei" + 6xetu yi(x)= (2n+ i'zx)ei*

AvrrxoBtorrirvrogrrg nopondvoornv(3.10) noipvoupe: xei"(i2+oi+6)+(2i+ole^*-o

qn6 rnv (3.11) Ai.ld i'z+oi+6=0 Kor nr5iro i eivorSrnii pi(o rng = i2 +oi+6 0 BoroxJri=-o/2. Euvnd)S on6 ro nponvodfvo dyoupe drr n Vrlx) = xe" rxovonorei rnv A.E. (3.10). Erixoio 6ronrorcirvoupe on6 rnv opl(oudqWronski6n or yl(x),yz(x)eivor ypopprxd ov{oprnr.e fuo n yevrxi,lrion eivor. y"(x)= cre^'+c2xe^"

(3.13)

(lll) Av n (3.11) ixr gryo6rxdgplfeg ouaoy{s il=F+tv, ,12=p-tv, r6re Vro rnv il=F+iv Bo eXoup iion rnv = eF coslvx} isin{vx)) + ieBsin(vx) dx)= e4' = el!+'r'= er'led = es(cos(vx)+ 6rloukdvopsXpion rou t6nou rou Euler era=cos8+tstn8. Alonldr6voups pepoqyr(x)=er"cos(vx) ol ro npqvporrKo kot ro eovroonK6 pdpoqy, (x)= e!' sin(vx)rng y(x) onoreiorjv ypapprxdove{dprnre6 irjoerg rnE A.E. onoren yevrhiiidn rnq{3I0)Eivor: {3.10},
y.(x) = c,eu' cos(vx)+ cre" sin{vx)

(3.14)

Euvonrrxd:

Pile6 rng 1op/xrige[ior,rong i2+oi+6=0

ir, i2R F. ^t+i2 i1, i2 R p it=i2=i 41, i2eC ye i'r=p:tlv

levrxr{.lrrlon rng A.E. y" +oy'+6y=0

9.(x)= creil' + crei'* v.(x)=crei'+crxeN y.(x)= eB(c1cos(vx)| crsin(vx))

TPAMMIKEAIAOOPIXEEE:CO'EE

97

3.2.2 E{tpeonpepr xrig i6ong ypopprxfigA.E.2ng rd[ng geroBoi{crov nqpoUrp.rv A. Md8o6o6 rou Lagrange
'Eoro 6l n opovvieypsl.lulxii A.E.y"+oy'+6y=0 dxervevrxnirjon rnv
yo(x)=c1y1(x)+c2y2(x)

pe rn piBoSo fro rov npoo6toprolr6 rns FprKisiions rns (3.9) orlpgcovo peroBoiig rov nopopirptov Becoporipr drr n +c2(xbr(x) dx)=cr(x)yr(x) ivol prd iion rne p c1(x), c2(x) xordiinieg oovopriorsrou x. (1) flopoycoyl{ovrog rnv noipvoupe: y'(x)=ci(x)yr(x)+ (x)+cr(x)y{1x)+ c;(x)y, cr(x)vi(x) Oe<opo0pe 6rr rrgc1(x), cz{x)rs dXoup Srol6lsr rdroles60r: ci(x)y,(x) + c i ( x ) y , ( x )= 0 And rnv (2)pe veo nopoytiryron, xot lolr6dvovrosun6gnrnv {3),axoupe: y " ( x ) = c i ( x ) y i ( x )+ c i ( x ) v !{ x ) + c , ( x ) vl ' ( x ) + c,(x)y1(x) (2), (4)xor UeXpnontng (3)n A.E.(3.9)6iver: Me ovrtxordoraonrtov(1), (4) (1)

l2l (3)

c,(x)lyi(x)+ oyl(x) + 6y1(x)l+ cr(x)[yik]+ + 6yr(x)l+ ovi(x) = t{x) +cih)vi(x)+c!kDi(x)

(5)

Or y{x), y2(x) Ena66ivol iioerg rnq ov ororxnsopovvoiS A.E.(3.10)Bo rnv lKovonololiv Kotouvn6g npox6nrer: cj{xbi(x)+ ci(xbi(x) = f1x} (6)

Enopdvcog or ci(x),ci(x) 6p{oxovror on6 rn idon rou ouornporogrov (3), (6), oXdoeov 6nio611:

=0 cl(x)yr(x)+ ci(x)yr(x) = x) cl(xlyi(x)+ ci(x)yi(x)

(3.15)

To oriornpo dxer nrivto i6on <ognpog ci(x),c!(x) 6r6n n opi(ouoo rcov ouvreieordrv rtovovvtir","" lu'(") onoia 6ev pn6evl{eror. v'lx)l

vi{x) vi(*)l

tiuotnopi<"'"o wronskiw(x) n

98

AIAOOPII{EE E=ETT'ED LN (POXOY

An6 ro ci(x),ci(x) pe oioxiripoon noipvoup ro cr(x),c2(x) fiql n anroigsvn Upr(i iion ivol yu(x)= cr(x)y1{x) + cr(x)yr(x)

(3.16)

H pdBo6ogpero6oinE rcuv nqpopdrpov opxrdqeopde orn 6t6.\oypogio ovogdprol Kqroov FdSo6oe rov ouSo{perov oovreior(riv.

Me066euon 3.4
lro Bdporo6nou Beioupevo npoo6rop{ooupe i0on p rn Flo pplKn peBoSo rng Fero6oiis r(.)v nopdprpov Lagrange,yro rnv eripeon ro.:v xordliniov ct{x}, c2(x}Bo noipvoupe ro otornpo.

"Anorroripe': =0 ci(x)yr{x)+ c;(x)yr(x) 'flpoxrintei: ci(x)vl(x) = tr{x) + ci{x)vi{x)

! flpdnetvo npooaxoupE nolo lvol ro h(x),6nio6riBo npCner n y"(x)vo iXer ouvreieori povddo ornv A-E. ov 6yr Srorporipe pe ro ouvreieori rng y"(x)xol ro BpioKoutr. B. Md0o6o6rov npo06roprordovduvreisord)v

Orov n h(x)iXerxonoroer6rxri poprpri, r6re'unogro(opoore" rn popgri rng yp(x) i6one rng{3.9). Aur6 6rov n h(x)dxer rn loprpri: l.rprxfiE lnoprl vo Viver h(x)= ((x) (ycos(Bx)+ 6sln(Bx)) e6-

(3.17)

onou P,(x)nolurivtrpov-oororiBoBporl xor y,5, B,BeR. pe Avdioyo ro ov ro 6+Bieivarpi(o rng Xopoxrnprorrxrig elioo:ong,onou gepoug 6 o ouvreieorr\grou exBerrxorj xor B rou rplyovopErplKoJ, 6loxpivoup Tlsnopqxoro naplnrooele: (l) Av ro 6+105v sivor plad rnc XopoxtnprorrxilcEiooone, 16rrn A.E (3.9)Bo eXrrproirion rn6poprgig' y"(x) = (A,(x)cos(Bx) +8"(x)sin{Bx)) e6"

(3.18)

6nou A,(x), B"(x) noiurirvupov-ooroi 6oBporiFs dvvo)oroue ouvrieori At, Aa.. , A",81, 82, ..., B". Me rnv ovrrxordoroon rnq (3.18) xor rt;v nopov6v@vrng omv {3.9)npoo6ropi(oupe roug ayvr,:oroug ouvriorde, aror drorn oxdon nou npod,<!U vo loxiel VxeR.

f PAMMIKF: AIAOOPIXEE EEOEEE

99

(il) Av ro 6+tOeivdr on?tt p{(o rng loporcmpronxr{rg el(ooong, r6re n irionBoeXetrn popgri: yp(x)=x (A"(x)cos(Bx)+ B,(x)sin(Bx)) e6*

(3.19)

on6reoxoiouBclvro6 tn Slodlxdoionouovqgepope oto (i)6pioxoupe roug dyv<,rorouE ouvraieorig xor ouven<i:g rn peprxri irjon rnEA.E.(3.9)_ (ll0 Av ro 6+10eivor 6rniil p{aorng Xoporrnprqrxrtg eflooong, r6re n iion Bo dXer tn gopgri: yu(x)= x'?(A"(xlcos(Bx) + B,(x)sin(Bx))e6'

(3.2O1

fro 116neprnt<iroerc nou ouvovrdpe ouviBos oro Saloto nqpoBdrouue orrVXvrpo)Tlxo rov n6pvo nivoxo.

Mopg{ rnS h(x)

Trinognpoo6roprotdos Feprx{eitions rtrs Y" +cry'+6y = h(x)

tr(")=P"k)
noiuci)vupo v-oorouBoBpori

xt(A"x'+n,,*'-r+...+Ao) vr(x)=
k=0 6rov n Xop.elloool] 6EvCXr pilo ro 0 k=1 drov n xop.{looorr 6XEr oni,i pilo ro O k o.x

h(x)=P"(x) esx

v,(x)= xr(A"x" +A"-,x'-r+. -.+Ao)e6" k=0 6rov,\ e(looo,r6ev 6xer pi(oro 6 xop. k=1 6rovn Xop. llooo'l CXr or^i pi<o ro 6 x.ox

y!(x)=xk(AcosBx+BsinBx) h(x)=VcosBxrSsinBx k=0 6rov,rxop.E{{ooon6v ixr pi<o ro Di pe y,6eR k-l 6rovn Xop. {iodo'\6Xr onii pilo ro Di(.o.x. = ((x)(ycos{Bx)+6sin{Bx)) fevrxo ov: tr(x) e" = x" (A,(x)cos(Bx)+8,(x)sin{Bx)) vu(x) e6" k=0 ov,, xop.lio@on6cv pi(o ro 6+Bi dxer k=l ov n Xop. liooonCxao,liri pilo ro 6+Bix.o.x. E16ito H popgi rnEpeprxrig i6ong yu(x)eivor i6ro pe ourrirng h(x)orrqneprnrriroerg nou nopoBioolre orov mo ndvo nivoKq aqo6 n nopoytiryron _ noiu<,rvuprxrig

100

AIAOOPIKE EEO'EI'

IN. KPOXOY

6ivs1n{i^l rov i6ro r0no ouvdprnKBs kn - rplvovoprplKris ouvdprnon onE.OFoE orn nEpimoonnou n yl,(x)dxa rnv iSroFopqi F Fio ri nsproo6rEpE i6oE|s mg ouovvoris A.E.16rnoiionioord<oupeIrro xk 6nou k n noiioni6rnrq rne l6ronFnqnou 6ivr iion iSrogpopqri6pe rn yu{x),xot A.E.voyetiidn i6rd p rnv pn oFov.A.E. rorlro616T1 6ev pnopein opoyevriq ro nopdSlypo: fro rnv ninpdotepnxorovdndnrov nponyoipvovSivouFe Ilopd6erypo vo unoioyrororivor fro tq en6peveE A.E.vo 6oBei n yevrxi iion xcopi6 oro8:pegtl y" -5v'+6y=*"e llll y" -3y'=x2 n y" -3y'+2y=2xe" lv) y"-9y=-sin4x vl y" +2y'+2y=sinxe-^

A.E.y" 3y'+2y=0 eivor: l) HXopoxrnprotrxi el{ooonrneopovevorie i2 -3i+2 = o pEp{lsir=1, A2=2

A.E.e{vot on6r n Vvrxi idon rnEopoyevorig 96lx)= cre*+ c"e2' yro *)=2xe" dxer tn lopqnr H peptxri irion rnq6oopivnE A.E. = (Ax+ B)e3" y,(x)= xo(Ax +B)3ro k = 0, arpo6 ro 36ev ivorpl(o ins xopoxrnproiKie eElooone. iApo n Vevl(ni[dn Bo sivor: y(x)= cr e" +c2e2" +(Ax+B)e3' A.E-y"-5y'+6y=0 eivor: ll) H XopokrnpronKri s{iooonrng opoy:voris i2 5i+6=O p ep i f e s i , = 2 , ir-3

A.E.e{vor ondrn VsvlKn iion rn5 opoyevodq c, e2* +c, e3' v6(x)= A.E.yro hix)= xea dxerrn lropei: H yeprxi irlon rng SoopEvnq = (Ax'? y!(x) = xr{Ax + B)e'z" +Bx}ez" anin pi(o rngxopoKrnpronxris 6iooons. ro k=1, oqoiro2 eivor Apo n yvl,<6 i6on Bo ivdl: vl*) =.r.2' + c2 e3'+ lA*2 + B*1.2'

TPAMMIKEAIAOOPIKEE-EO'EE

lll) H XqpoKrnplo Kri {iocoonrng opoyevorigA.E. y"

3y,=esieql

i'z-3i=o

pspi<s d=0,

ir-3

on6ren yEvlK)i iuon rngopoycvoig A.E. civor = c, +c, e3" eo* +c, e3* vo(x)=cr H peprxri iion rng6oolrevn6 A.E.yro h(x)=x2 exerrn popqi: +f)-Ax3 +Bx2+fx Y,,(x)=xr(Ax'?+Bx ro k=1, qgoiro0 lvolonii( p{(ornEXopoxrnptonxf(S liooons. Apo n yevrxrlirion Bo eivot: y(x)=cr-fc2e3'+Ax3 +Bx2+fx lv) H XopqxrnprolKii e{lotoon rng opoyevo! A.E.y,,-9y=0 eivqr: A z- 9 = O pepllEs ir=3, i2=-3

on6 n vevlKri iion rng opoyevoiE A.E.elvor e3* +c2e-3' Yo(x)=cr H peprxri irion rng 6oolrdvng A.E.yro h(x)=-5;n4* ixt rn Uope{l = x0(A yp(x) cos4x +Bsin4x)= fi6654*1g.1n4* ro k = 0, oqorj ro t4l 6ev ivorpI<qrns Xopoxrnprorrxrig el{oorong. Apo n yevrxi i6on Bo elvor: y(x)=c, e3* + c, e-3'+Acos4x + Bsin4x v) H Xopd,<rnpronxri s(ioroonrng opoyevorig A.E. 9,,+2y' + 2y = O eivar: f pi(ss \ = -1+ i, onorE n v8vlxi iion rnc opovvouS A.E. ivor yo(x)=cre'cosx+cre "sinx H peprxrl irlon tnE6oopevnE A-E.yro flx) = sinxei* ixer rn poprpir: = x1(Asinx+Bcosx)e-yr,(x) ro k=1, arporj ro -1:!i eivaroniri pi(a rng Xopoxrnpronx rige{io<,:on6_ Apd n vvrKi iion Bo ivor: * y(x)=cre-'cosx+c2t*sinx+x(Asinx+Bcosx)e A2 +2A+2 =O i2 = -1- i

102

AIAOOPIKE EEO'Etr IN XPOXOY

Me866euon 3.5
Av n A.E.eXeirn popgri y"+oy'+6y=hlx)+h2(x) (1) yra rov xo8oprop6 pros idons rnS (1) Fe rn piBoSo r<,:vnpooSroproricuv ouvreior6v xdvoupeXprlon rng oniirg naporripnong 6n ov z1(x)eivor pud pprxi idon rng E4iooongy"+oy'+6y=hr(x) xor z2(x)eivotpro prprxn iuon rng y"+oy'+6y=h2(x), rdr pro peprxir irion vu(x)ms{1)eivor: Yp(x)=zt(x)+zz(x) Me0d6euon3.6 Orov n h(x)61errpryr,rvoperprxorig oprBpori6 oe SuvopnUVoiurpn rou 1, rous Urorpinoups o npoto6oBpror-rq, 5nio6i
cos-x=

,tl-

+-cosZx,

sln x =

ll 22

-cos zx

drorevq elvor6uvorfi n Xpnontnq peB66ou ro.:v npoo6roprordr,:v ouvre,leotdrv iriong. Vrornv eipeon rng psprxriE 'ondps' Enione ov dxouf Vlv6pvorptvovoprprx<irv oprBpdrv ro l'rrn 6oriBero r<ov rpry<ovoperprxtirv tourorrir<,:v: - 6)- cos(a = 1/2 {cos(o sinosinB + B)} - 6)+cos(q cosocos6= 1/2 {cos(o +6)} sinocos6= 1/2 (sin{o 6)+sin(q +6)} flopotrlpnon fro rnv eripeon rn6 peprxigirlon6 pnoporlpe pro on6 flg vo egopp6ooupr peBdSoug 6rio nou npoovoqspdpa Euyxexptpevcr egoppd(oupe rn pdBoSo rcovnpooStoplorov ouvreiord)v ov n h(x)dler l6tki Foperi, evdrn pdBo6oE (Lagrange) rng peraBoiriqr<,:vnopopdrpr,rv roXri:ryro onorq6i(nor h(x). flopd6erygo 1o No iu8ei n A.E. 49"- 4y' +9 = J a stz, va1g,aa21 (1)

Ilopornporipe dtr n (1) ivol ypogprxi A.E.2ng rcilng ;re oroB:poiq ouvreiorde, on6rsVlo rn iion rng xdvoupe ro elng: Bripo 1o Bploxoupe rn yevrxni0on rng ovriororXng opoyevo69: 4 9 ' + Y = 0 4Y" (21

.PAMMIKE

AIAOOPTKEEE:EfI'EE

103

H yopoxrnprotrxn e(io<lon rng(2)eivor: 4i2-4i+1=o - 12 -1)2=O ..t A=7t2 6rnii, pi(o Di;lgovopero npoovogepBdvro, yvrxiiion rnv: n (2)dXer
yolx)=cpa2+ c"xdz (3) Bipo 2o Bpioxoupegro iion tng (1). flopornpoipe 6rr n |{x)=(Jil4)e,/2 6ev ey:r xoroiinin (er6rxri) gopgriyro vo egopp6ooupe rn gdBo6o rcov npoo6roprordov ouvreieorti:v, drorcAoppo(oufrn pEB06o pero6oirigr.!v nopopjrpt,rv. Oeopoipe 6n n peprxri ir.ionrng (1)e{vor:
y!(x)= cr(x) e^/2 + cz(x) xe"/2

(4)

dnou c1{x), c2(x) xordiinieq ouvoprrioerg yro vo enoinBeiern yu(x)rnv (l), nou unoioyl(owor ond ro oriornpcr -Anorroips:" c;lx) e.i, + c;(x) x,/, = o

'frpoxinreri

Cflf

+"1-(r*l)

"rr

-:E",,,

To nponyo0pevo oriornpor<ov c1(x),c2,(x)eivor rooddvolopero:

. xci(x) = o. ci(x)
n 6vovrosro riurdio noipvoup: ci(x)= xl2l4, on'6nou pe oioxiripcooniloupe:

"lr-rj ";r-r(r|)=f
cilti,=J; t4

-Jfa"= ",r-r ,f"vr(x)= -

.,k)=JJi& *,.,4
(5)

Or oroBepdgornv oioxiripcoon nopoie{novror6r6n BdloWE vo npoodropi_ oooFfro (psprKi) i6on rng (1). Tiiog ono rn oxson(4)dxoug rn f.prki iion:
I.,",^L^.^1-+ x5tz et12 !x5t2e 2 ,ox"''e"'z a iopo n yevrxri irion rng(1)on6 rrs (3),(5) eivqr: y ( x )- c , e ' 2 t c r ^ . ' 2 - ; 7 . * \ ' 2e ^ 2

flopd6erypo 2o No BpeBei n yevuriirion rnEA.E. y'L69,+9y=e3*+sinx

(1)

104

AIAOOPIKD EDCDED IN KPO(OY

flopornporipe 6n n (1) eivor ypopprxri A.E. 2ng ro(ng ge oroB:porig duvrei6rdq. Bnso 1o n dvouF rnv ovriorolXnoFoVsvri: y"-6y'+9y=O H Xopoxrnpro xi rng 6ioo)on ivol: :r i2-5i+9=0 > (n-3)'z=0 yevrKii{on rnv: luventign (2)dXer i=3 Srnii pi(o

Y . ( x )= c r e " + c r x t "

(3)

Bnpo 2o Bp{oxou$e IlopornporjFe 6rr n h(x)=e3*+sinx dxer Blo uplxnirjon rns (1). erSrxi popgri,ondrepnopolFevo KdvouF 3.5,oeA.102 Xpnonrng peB66euong Sniosri vo B6ooupeh(x)=hl(x)+hz(x) Fe hlix)=e3*,hz(x)=sinx. luvencirg opxeiva Bpodpe rrgpeprxdE irioergrov A.E. (4) 9"-6y'+99=.t" y'L6y'+9y=sinx .

t5)

pe B+iB=3+i0=3 fro rnv (4) dXoupehr(x)=e3* nou e{vor 6rnin pi(o rn5 pEplxn s{{ooonE, on6rE n ifon z1(x)Bo dXer rn pop<pn: XopoKrnploilxrig 21(x)= x2Ae3* Ms nopoyciryton npoxunret z i ( x )= A e " ( 2 x + 3 x ' ) z:'lxl = A e3'l9x'z+72x +2) Me ovnxardoroon rr,:vnopondvr,: ornv (4)61oupe: -.3* =.> A=Il2 Ae3'\9x2 +12x+2)- 6Ae3"{2x + 3x2)+9x2Ae3*

z.,lx)=lx'l2)e3.

(6)

fro rnv (5) eXooge h2lx)=sinxF 6+iB=0+i=inou 6av eivar pi(o rn6 ondTe n pplKi iJon z2(x) Bo iXl rn poperi: xopoxrnprorxrige{locoone, z2(x)= Asinx+Bcosx Me nopoyriyon eloupe: - Bsinx zi(x)=Acosx zi(x)= Asinx Bcosx on6rege ovrrxorooroonr.ovnopondvoornv (5)XoW: -Asinx-Bcosx-6Acosx+6Bsinx+9Asinx+9Bcosx=sinx = (8A+6B)sinx+(88 64)cosx=sinx

|PAMMIXE AIAOOPIKEE3EO'ED

105

fio vo roXfern reieuroio VxeR npdner

84+68=1 I
..pa z,'x) 23

= e=ilso ee-en=o I
,rsinx
'2t2

A=2lZs

+,

cosx

l7l

Euvenrirg n geprxri irion rnE{1)on6 ns (5),(7}elvor:

. v.txl= ie3^ ,"U-.in*,i.o.*

Tiiog n yevrxri irion on6lq(7),(8)e{vor: '^;e"' 'r,2 3 -i'sinx-1frcosx 9p(x) c,e' +crxe"' Ilopd6erygo 3o No iu8el n A.E.

(gl

y"(x)+4y(x)=xe"+xsin2x

(1)

flpoxerm yro ypopprxi A.E.2n6 rdln6 pe oroBeporiE ouvreieoregrng onologBo Bporipe rn yevrxtiiuon oxoiouBrirvrog ro e{rig6riporo: Bigo 1o nivo!p rnv ovrlorolXnoFoVvri: Y"{x)+4Y(x)=0 H Xopoxrnprorrxri elloc,:on rn6 (2)eivor: l2t

i2+4=0 + i=t2i p{(eg Fryo6rxds loven<ign yevtxriidon rng (2)e{vor: y.(x)=cl cos2x +c2sin2x (3) Birpo 2o Bpioxoupepro pprKi iion rng (1).flopornporipe6 hlx)=xex+xsin2x, on6re ond peBdSeuon 3.5,oei. 102 n peprxriirion yu(x)Bo etvorro oBporopa tr,:vpeptx<irv i6oecov rrovA.E. (4) 9"+4ya1px . (5) 9"+49=xsin2x fto rnv (4) CXoupeh1(x)=xex nou 6ev eivor pi(a rn6 Fs 6+iB=1+iO=1 e(ior,:ong, on6ren peprxri irion zr(x)Boixer rn popgi: Xopaxrnpronxri6 z, (x)= (Ax + B) e^ Me ndpoVd)ylon npor<dnrsr zi(x) = (A + Ax + B) e' zj'(x)= (2A + Ax + B) e"

106

AIAOOPIKE EE(UEE IN KPOXOY

(4)sxouF: kol p dvrlkdrdoTodn To)v nopond\ro oxdo0)v orn1, (2A+Ax+B)e*+ 4(Ax+B)ex !xex > 5Ax+24+58=x +

5A=1
Apo
.

2 A + 5 8 = 0I

n=Vs I 2\

B= 2125

1H l;-;Je'

' /x

(6)

fto rnv (5) ixoup h2(x)=xsin2x nou eivor onin pi(o rng Fe 6+lB=0+2i=2i s{looons, on6r n iron z2(x)80 iXelrn popqi: XopdKrnplonKnS FeplKn zr(x)= x((A,x+Ar)cos2x+ (Brx+ 82)sin2x) = zr(x)= (Arx'+Arx)cos2x +(Brx' + B2x)sin2x Me nopoyciyton dXoupe: -2A zL lx) = 12 A f +A 2+28y2 +28 2xJ c os2x+l-2 A 1x2 rx+2Brx+B ")sin2x zi lx) = 12 A p 48 rx+282-4A rx2-4A rx +48 rx+2Brl cos2x + +(-4A g-2 A 2-48 y2 -48 2x4A, f -2A2+28.t)sin2x on6repeovrtxordoroon tcov noponovar ornv(5)iXoupe: (2At+88tx+4B2lcos2x+(-8A1x-442+2B,)sin2x=xsin2x fto vo toXisr n raieuraia VxeR Bo npinel ot ouvriordqrou cos2x rou np6rou pdiovg vo {vol ioor l.ls Fn6vkol ol ouvriordsrou sin2x ro! np6rou Fio! vo {vorioor pex,6nAo6ri: 8 B , xr 4 B , r 2 A , = 0 I . Br 0. 28,+Ar 0 _ - -8A, sArx-4A,+2Br x I l. -2A,tBl-O

Br= 0, 8z=1116 Ar= V8, Ar=0

Euvrntic .,l*l -!r'cosz*
6lo

xsin2x

l7l

(6). xot on6 rtg{3). irion rng(l}eivor: {7)n yevrxri rc,sin2x ' vp{x) c,cos2x l.;-;Je'-;x'cos2x
tv 2\ I ^

;xsin2x

TPAMMIKE!AIAOOPII(E E3trOlEE

107

3.3 fevrrrl ypopprxri A.E.2n6rtiIng

'Eorto ypopgrxri n A.E.2nE rd{nE

= t{x) y"(x) + f(xb'(x) + s(xMx)

xol n crvrlorolxnouoYvns

(3.21)

y"(x)+f(xb'(x)+s(xMx)= 0

13.221

(3.22)ysvrxd H i'ion rcovA.E.(3.21), 6ev eivoreqrxrri. H nliuon rov VpoFprxrirv A.E.2nq rdlng 6no:g Bo 6orlpeoro xegdioro 5, pe perooynporropo 6 pnopeivo yivet pe oetpeq xor oe opropdvrg neprnrtiroerq Laolace. y(x) eivory(x)=y.(x)+y"(x)6nou y,,(x)pro ,l0on H yevrxi irion rns (3.22) (3.21)xor y.(x) yevrxn tne n irion rng (3.22r.

rn6 o[oyevorr6A.E.2nGrdln 3.3.1 Efpeon mg ysvrKrlc,hiong MdSo6o9 rn6rdlngrngA,E, uno6rSoopoi

'Orov pos biveror (e{vor ovovxolo) pto nrjon ylx) rns (3.22), Fe ro prooxnpo opd

v(x)=dxb,(x)

(3.23)

ouvdprnon,pnoporlpevo Bporipepro dnou z(x) xord.l.lnAn npoo6ropiorpn peptxni0on. luvxKprtldvo 6erirepn nopovoyi(owosrnv {3.23) dxoupe: y'(x) = z'(x)yr(x) + z(x)y1{x) , x ) + 2 z ' ( x ) y j ( x+ ) z(x)y1lx) 9 " ( x )- z " ( x ) y ( (1), (2)ornvA.E.(3.22)kor AvnKoBroroUp fls (3.23), no{pvoupE: (Vrq oniornro Vpo{priE nopoieinoupe ro x o Eouvoprnoerq) z"yr+22'9i + zgi +t\xl(z'yr+zyi)+s{x)zyr= O = z(yi+ f(x)yi+ g(x)yr)+ z" v| +2'(291+f\x)y ) =O xor snerEri ondr: n yr(x)eivarirlon rnE(3.22)o ouvrsisornerou z Fn6vi(ror yiveror n nponyo0gevn (3) z"yt + 2'\291+ f\xly ) =0 (1) l2l

108

dIAOOPIKE EEO'EE

I.O I,(POKOY

gpopprxir A.E.2ngd{ng o6 npogz(x)nournopei vo uno6r6oore(oe H (3)e{vor z{x)uro lsraoxnrorroF6 lng rdlng,6r6nieinelo opo (M) fevrxo yio A.E. rns gopqris F(y", y', x)=0 pe ro FerooxnFonoF6u{x)=y'(x) ovdvErolo A.E.1ncrdlng 5nio6i

*) = o r(u'1*1,u1,.1, y'(x), x)= o "1'3r") F(v"(x),

ypoglttxi A E 1nE opoyevng xor n (3)Y{veror M nopay6vronixouFe z"(x)=u'(x) ro{ng,6nio6r1:

=0 f(x)yJ +u(x)(2yi+ u'(xlyr

iion: noo dXEl 'J'r'ra')J"''n' .n-(z'"v' " n ' ' " i" peprxri iion,Bdroupe c=1 on6re goxvoupe Ener6ri - [l''itn,]" - l2'i:!-!'a. ' ' c e v , c e '\ v, u(x)

, . --t .-Jtr-n. u(x): yi

noipvoupel xor on6 rov (M)pe oiox ipc,ron

a* ,{*)= J{;J'n)*
(324)sivol: iion qn6 rrq(3.23)Kor Apo n 6eritepn Fcprxri

13.241

=y,(*) d* vl*) J+ "-J"')'-

(3.25)

vo 6ei(ouFe 6n or yl(x), ylx) ivol Ilo{pvovrog rnv Wronskian PnoPodp n yevuri irironBoeivor: ypopprxri ove{riprncg xor ouven<i6 Yz(x) v.(x)=clYl{x)+c2 ndportlpnon' qvaiunxd n npsnEr vo Yivror lro Bdporo6nou(nreiror n irlon rng (3.22) rnv (325),sxr6e xor ov n yz(x) dcoe din Srosrxsoioond rn oxdon (3.23) yiveror ondte eivorpipo6 rou 6iou BCgorog, xPion rou rinou (325)

|PAMMIKE AIAOOPIXEEE=EOIEE

109

3.3.2 Erlpeonrng peprxrig irlong rng A.E.2ngrdlng

1oc rp6noe yvtop{(oupe rn yvrxriidon rns ogovevoJs A.E. (3.22), Erg6oov yo(x)=cryr(x)+cry2(x)
Bo egoppoooupe rn pd8o6o tns Feto6oi{s ro)v nopdtdtpov (Lagrange) not) 6nio6i ono rov rino rng VvtxriEidong e{6ape ornv nponyoripevn nopaypo<po, 6n pio iriron rns (3.21) elvot n rns olrovevo! A-E.(3.22)Beo:podpe

= c,(x)y,(x) yu(x) + cr(x)yr(x) nounpo06ropl(ovrot on6 ro didrnpd: cz(x)xardnnnitgouvoprrioerg ue cr(x), 'Anorrorlpe':ci(x)yr(x)+ci(x)ylx)= 0 = Hx) "flpoxrinre{r ci(x)vi(x)+ ci(x)yi(x}

(3.26)

2og r!6nog (3.23), y(x)=z(x) yr(x),xor t ovrtKordoroon @eo:poripe ro perooynuorrop6 ornv (3.21) rov y{x),y'(x),y"(x) noipvouFe:

z"y| + z'(2el+ | lx)e ) = tlx)

Av Seoor.rpe z'(x)=w(x)

(1) l2l (3)

dxouFer

= t1x1 *'y, +*(2yi+f(x1y,)

ornv (2), Arivovrog rn ypoppuxri A.E.1nq rdlng (3) xor ovrrxoBrorcivrog y(x)=z(x)yl(x) peptxri ivot n rnv z{x},on6r n eg6oov oioxinp<,iooups, axouF iion rne A.E.(3.21). irjons rns (3.22)xor rne (3.21) flopornpotlpedl n eripeonrng Feprxng pnopoiv vq Vlvouvnopdiirid. IIop66erygo lo No iuBei n A.E. (l+xly"-y'-xy=0 (1)

dfl 6iXsror pplKn iion rn ouldprnon yl{x)=e*. Vvopi<ovroq pe ro perooxnportop6 Oeropof e(x)=exz(x) noipvoug: on' 6noupDndpovovioslq y'(x)= e^(zix)+z'(x)) e"lx)= d (4x)+22'lxl+ z"lxl)

110

AIAOOPIKET E:E(DED tN I+!I(OY

AvrtxoBrorovrogrt6nponyorigeveEornv(l) noipvouge: +2") e*lz+z')-xtz=0 l1+x)dlz+22' (\+xV" +lzx+l!z'=0

flopornpoipe 6n n rd{n rng nponyoripevng elioorong unoBt6o(erot )> Me rnv ovrtxordoroony{x)=y,{x)z(x} ornv A.E.npdner vo onionororivror or (ov 6pornou dXotrv z(x), xat vo ovoy6poora oe A.E.uno6r6o(6gevng rd{nS, dXr, r6re xdnoudytvaidBog). Av orn ouvdleroBdooupe (3) w(x)=z'(x) n nponvoIpvnvivrdl:

(l r xh''(x)-(2x r lMx)=o =, *1*1' 4:1q*1

nou.{vor ol.rovvris A.E.1n6ro{ng peiion Vpopprxri r -''Td" 2r+1. tl )d" -c e-J['7-,i1 - n z''"*r = ce-J w{x) " n onoio Vr(rc=l ((nroripegeprxrl irion) y{verol w(x)=9"1'j(1U luvencirq n z(x)on6 rn oyeon(3)eivor:
,( -JI "1,\ z{x) Je-"(x+l)dx. z Jt--tu--

=-;Ix+11+J

o-2,

,o-2,

dx=---k+l)-

o-2,

o-2^

-2, - - jol2x+3) 4

Apo n deirepn peptxri i0on rn A.E.(1), on6 rn oxdon(2)eivor:

-e' o-2* -]- (2x + 3) v2lx)= a-\2x+3)=

Edxoia 6tomorrivoupe6rr or ylx), yfx) ivor VpoUfrkdove[dprnreq, 616rr (l) W(x)*0.on6ren Vevrxri nrlon rnEA.E. eivor.

y . l x l= . , e ' * . , '9 4= e *

- 11

flopd6erypo 2o ypopprxo No 6pe8olv 611o ove{oprnreg iioerg rn6 A.E. a2y"_2y=O rnSFopqiS y(x)=xP. Me Xprionourd>v tcovidoerov, vo 6pe8ei n yevrxniion rnq A.Ex29'-29=x2 (1)

Pl

TPAMMIKE AIAOOPI(DEEOIEE

An6 rnv y(x)=xrge nopayaryioerg iXoupe 1, y'(x)=pxp y"(x)=p(p-1)1rz AvtrxoBrorrirvrog rrg nponyoripeveg ornv A.E.{1) eyoupe: x2p(p-1)xp2-2xp=0 =' xe(p2-p-2)=0 nouyrovo roxriei VxeR npiner: ilpo or (3) eivoridoergrng (1). lrn ouviXerae{erd(oup rn Vpol.lplkri rouqv{oprndlqond rnv Wronskian: P'-P-Z-U 9r(x)=x1, P=-l P=2 ydx)=xz

v:l=. 'z. f --1')-'=s w(-) 'o lvl \ x"/ lvt vLl

Euvenrirg s{vorypogprxdove{riptnreg xor n yevtxiririon rng (1)elvor: y.(x)=cl1/x)+cl" (4) fto vo 6poipe rn yevrxriirjon rns (2)opxe{vo 6peBe{ pro peprxri irion. H peprxi irjon Bpioxeror egopp6(ovro5rn piBo6o peroBoing rov nopogdtp<,.:v tou Lagrange, 6nio5rl Ber,:po6pe 6rr n peprxir ilion e{vor rng popgdg: v , ( x )= c r ( x ) : + c z ( x l x ' c2(x) xordiinieg ouvoprnoerg. Irec1(x), liprporvo pe rn piBodo 61oupe: ci(x)1+ci(1)1'z=6
1-

(5)

c i k ) ( 'j , c i ( x ) k ' I = 1
peio5 rn66eirepnEelior,:ong To 6erirepo npoexuge an6 rn olion (2)rnv onoio pe 6rorpioape x2, 6nio5i h(x)=x2lxz=l An6 ro ouornparorvc1'(x), c2'(x)npoxrinr:r: ci(x)=-x'13 + ci(x)=1/3x > c,(x)- -x'/9 cr(x)=Inx/3

It r'

on6regro idon rn (2)on6 rnv (5)kol e clx), c2(x) nouBpixope eivorn: x 3I I , , rnx*'?-: v r*r= ;-+, I i

",

(5)

172

AIAOOPIXIE E:IEAIEIT IN BPOKOY

(4)xor(6)6Xoqrern yevrxi iron rng (2): Tdiog on6 rrgoXdosrg x2f 1 1 y ( x ) = c 1 ; + c r x"' + 3 l-5+ \ Inx/

3.4

Euler Meroolnporroyo{ - Aroqoprxri e[{o<oon

3.4.1 Meroolngortopoi
(l) Evoiioyrl trov p6iorv oto x, y 'Eoro (nreiror n iuon pe evoiioyri rdlng 6nou;rog FloVpopplxiA.E.2nE rov p6i<,rv,6nio6rl ono A.E. rov (x, (x), y'(x| y"(x)) vo ndpe o AE rov lou y An6 *'(v), * "(v))6nouro y eivorpeto6lnrnxorro x(y)ouvdprnon (v,*(v), ixoup: rov xov6vorn6 oitroi6og rtovnopoVdlvov

v'k)=-##r /k)=+,
x'(v),x "(v)) n vdo A.E.r,r" (y,x(y), npoxunrr

13.27],

on6re pe ovrtxordoroon ro)v nponYo0Fvovoxioov oln 6oopdvn A.E

(ll) AiiovI tnc Fero6intfic' 'Eorolplo A.E.2ng rd[nE onou Po (nritol n iuon F rnv vpogFlxri ovrrxordoroon x=x(t), 6nio6n on6 A E rcov(x, dx)' y'(x),y"(x)) vo nope oe n vdo peroBinrn Kor ro u{t) A.E.rtov (t, u(t),u'(t),u"(t)) 6nou ro t ivoL roDt. :uVXxprpivoiXoup: ou\rdprnon

v(x)=v(d0)="ft)
I du dt v ' ( x ) =d t d x = ' r ' ( t l x , { t ) d /u'(t))dr v ( x ) -A l x t t r ; x ,r"(r)0 x ) u'(t)x"k)

13.28r. (".1,1).

n vdo A-E rcov A E. npoxrinrer ornv SooFdvn Me ovrrxordoroontu:v (3.28) t, u(il.

.PAMMIXEEAIAIDOPIKE! E:EA'EE

113

3.4.2 Arogoprxrl el{ooron rou Euler

Mro 6rorpoprxri e{iooon tn Fopglis:

(ox+6Fy''(x) = I(x) + A(ox +6)y'(x)+ By{x)

13.2el

(3.29) ypogprxd xoieirorA.E. rou Eulet. H A.E. eivor 2ngrdlng nouylo vo iuBi proiuon rnqovriororxng npdnl vo Foe 6ivror olrovvous. O.op(ivroq ro prooXnuo op6

(3.30)
. yro ox+6>0, n (3.29) ovdvror o A.E.F oroBpou ouvreieordg nou plo vo iuBi vo 6oBEi iuon rnS ovriorolxng opovvouS. FnopE{ Xopis yro Ilpdyporr, e'-B
ox+6=e- =' x=o

(1)

n ouvdpTnon vivTor:

f"' - R) v(x)=vl-l=u(t)
\u_/

Eniong
,, , dy dt or ox

(rl u'(t) ,, . 1 x trJ u " ( t ) -u ' ( t ) " ----------;e'

v r x'i = - | o - | - = o _ dl\ e'lox

....

d /

u ' ( r ) )d r

-ru ' ( t ) e r o u "-(-t-)-e :=oe'' e'

l4l

(4)xornoipvoufEl (2),{3), AvrrxoBrororiue ornv{3.29)rre {1), , ,u"(rl e,2 'o 2 # - - a \- j u ' ( t ) . , u: t )a u { t ) = r t i_ + A e''{ l" =

- o2)u'(t)+ o2u"{t)+{A Br(t)= f

[?

(3.31)

nou eivorypopprxriA.E.2ngrd{ng pe oroBspoisouvrieorie. Bdrouue 1=leg(ox+6}l<ornoipvouprn T6ioE ornv yevun irion rns {3.31)

(3.29). irion rnEA.E.

J.l-r.c t

{-r

114

AIAOOPIKET E:I'O'EI' IN KPOKOY

. flo ox+6<0,r6re Bdroupeox+6=-el xor ouveXi{oupe 6nco6 nponyouprdv<,rg. EuvriBtrg otrg ooxnoerg n A.E.EulerGpioxerol orn popqn orx'zy"(x)+ orxy'(x)+ o.y(x)= f(x)
onor KcvouFETnv ov t(oTooToon

(3.32)

KOInoipvouF

{9, u(t), v'(x)= v(x)=

Iuvenc6E n A.E.(3.32)6iver:

Y {xJ=

,,,. u"(t)-u'(t)
erl

(3.33)

oru"(t)+ (o2- or )u'(t)+ o3u(t)=f (e'.)

(3.34)

flopo6e(yyoro A.E.Euler: +2xg'+y=x2 l. x2y"

2. 3, x3y"+ 3x2y'+2xy= sin(lnx) +49=e' x29" y"cosx+y'sinx=ycos3x (1)

flopd6etypo 1o NoiuBeinA.E.

rou psrooXnporroFou t=sinx Fln 6oiBro t=sinx6xouf x=arcsint,6nctg nione(ol: Ano ro perooxnporrop6
1 - sin'?

) x ' ( t )= a ( a r c s i n t =
OI

(21

= u(t) kor FE Enione Vlo rn ouvdprnon y(x) Bdroupe y(x)= y(arcsint) nopoy6ylonoJFqovo pe rov xov6vorn6oiuoi6os noipvoup:

=fr fr =g'111---:l =u'(t) Jt - t2 v'(x)

(2)

TPAMMIKE! AIAOOPIKEI E:IEAIEII

115

- C )- u'{tX u"(t)(1 v"(x)=

Iuven<ign A.E.(1)on6rrgnponyotipeveg yivror: oy6or

(3)

(u"{tXl-.. t'z ) - u'{t)r)r[-

- t'?1= u11;11 - ( )312 + u'1t;n/i -

-t'?13/'z -u'111fi 1z - u(t) =o =r u"(t) u"(t)(t +u'(th/i-C t =u(r)(l-t2 )3/2

H reieuroio ivor opovvnq ypopgrxi A.E.2ng rd{nE pe oroBeporig ouvreieoris. H Xopoxrnplolr'(i tns {iooon eivor i2-1=0 + i=11 onor ixl Vvrki i6on rnv -r u ( t ) = c l e+ ' c2e T6iogov BidouF dXoup ilon rng(1): t=sinx, rn Vvtkn '''" Y{x)= cre''" + cre flcp66etypo 2o No ilBin A.E. 12y"+1y'+4y=5lnx, x>0 (1)

flopornporipe 6rr n (1)ivor A.E.rne FopgngEuler. OirouF ,<or noipvoup: Eniong dxoutr x=et, x>0 (21 y{x)=y(er)=u(t) oy ot(2) I , v'(xj-;i dx =u'(t)d( ... I ) dt pru"(t)e r '(t)e' -u I u"(t) u'(t)

y. . . .

r x r - d t l u\ t ) ; ) d x -

J=---J,
--t u"{t)+4u(l)-5r

yiveror: Onorn A.E (1)ono rrqnpo-Vouueveq oXdoerg ,, u"(t)-u'(t) , u'(t) . ... +e1-+4u(t)=5lne' ezl=1{4)

H reieuroio eivorypopplKriA.E.2nS rdngp oroBeporjg ouvreieordE. rnq Vvu<n Edpon idonq rnq opoV!ougu"(t)+4u(t)=0. e(iooroneivor i2+4=0 + i+2i on6r n Vvrxiiion ivor H Xopoxrnpronxri + c2sin2t uo(t)=cr cos2t (5)

116

AIAOOPIKE' E:IIQIEE IN KPOKOY

(4). pros Eipon irons rngA.E.

Bo Enr6ilf(t)=51, odfqc)vo F rn pdBo6orov npoo6roproriov ouvrlordJv, gxoupsidon rne popgns u(t)=At+B flopoyr,ryi(ovro6iXouu u'(0=A, u"{t)=o ornv (4)noipvoupe: M ovnKordoroonrlovreieuroicov 4At+48=5t ::t B=0, A=5/4 iuon rn6 (4)eivor: dpo n peprxri u"(t)=(5/4)t luvenc,)6 n yevrxriirion rns (4)on6 rre(5),(6)eivor: +c2sin2t +(5/4)t u(t)=crcos2t TnVvlKIi iion rnS(1)l xol rd^ogFrnv ovrlxordoroon t=lnx no{pvoup (5/4)lnx. czstn{2lnx)+ fix)= crcos(2lnx)+ (6)

3.5

rou 2 FpoFprxdsA.E,rdln6 qvdrrspnc

pEorq0epo6 6rqeoprKdc e;too!oerC 3.5.1 I'popprxd6 qv6rpnc rou2. rdEnc ouvreleordc

'Eorco ypop;rxr\ elioc,ron n-rd{n6: n 6rotpoprxn y " + o . , y nl + . . + o , y ' + o o y = t { x ) pauiorotxn opoyviA.E. rnvi onouog,o1, ..., on<R, .+o1y'+ooy= o y n + o n, y n - + l

(3.35)

(3.36)

nopovpdqourou nop6vros Kqoioiou T6r ol npordoersrne npci)rns (,)e vevrx0ovrol {is: llp6roon 3.5.1 (3.36)eivor n: A.E. H yevrxri irion mq opovevois
yo(x)=cry,(x)+c2yr(x)+. +c.g^(x)

(3.37)

ouvoprnors nou rnv y2(x), ivoror VpoFFrKd ovdprnre ..., vn(x) 6nouy1(x),

TPAMMIKE AIAOOPIKE EEOTED

117

IIp6roon 3.5.2 (3.35)ivor H yevrxir irion rngA-E. n

.. + c"y"(x) dx) = y"(x)+cry,(x)+

(3.38)

6nouyll(x)Uroi|ion rns A.E.(3.35) Koryt{x),..., 9n(x) or ouvopriroers rns npon(3.5.1). VoiFevnsnpdroong y2(x),..., y"(x) ins A.E.(3.36) Or iioerE y1(x), eivorypoprprxd ove(dprnres 6rqv:

I y,(x) vlx) ... y"(*) t,,.1

I vik) vik)
yilx) vik)

vi{x) | . vllx)

l'l v'j-')(,.)l lvl'-''(*)vN')(*)

fto vo Bporlge rrg ouvoprioergyl(x),y2(x| ..., yn(x)iioerg rng opoyevoriE A-E.(3.35) oxonouBoripe rnv e{rlg6ro6rxoolo: !Xnpori{oupe rn loporrnprorrxrl el(oroonrng (3.36):

l+o

vrooiorox.

i " + o " - r i " -+ r . . . +o r i + o o= 0

kql6p{oko!l.rs e i0oels rns. . Ee xdBe npoyporrxtl p((d p, noiloni6tnros rle ouvdprnoae:

(3.39)

k, rnf (3,39) ovflorotxoip

y 1 ( x ) = e P - ,y r ( x ) = x e P - , . . . , y k ( x ) = x ( - 1 e p -

(3.40)

nouclvoririorr6rn6 opoyevori6 A.E., rvti . Ee xd8e Frvo6rx{ ptad p+iv noiioni6rnrog m (guorxdon6 ro noi\urivupa 6l Bo dxrxor rn! U-ivpi(o noiion}6rnro6 m) qvuororxoips Vvop{<oup

y3(x)=xe!*cosvx, v2(x)=e!*sinvx,

Vr.-r(*)= x'-l e'* cosux (3.41) y2.k)= x' 1eP'sinvx

nou eivoridoerErng A.E.(3.36). flopornprivrog 6 orrs lt+iv, F-iv ovnorotxoiFs s idlg oovoprrioae, pio on6 rrg6rio. noipvoupe

118

AIAOOPIXE E-EOIEE IN, KPOKOY

Or ouvoprrioerg nou oxnFdri(oupeon6 rnv nopondvo6lq6lKooioeivol n ro ninBog ypolrprxo oveloprnrs i orqrnEA.E.(3.36).

Ilopd6erypq 1o No ir,:{ n A.E.

v"'3v'-29=o

(1)

H (1) elvat opoyevrig ypopprxi A.E. rpirnE ro{nE pe oroBeporls ouvrEAordS KordXDl e{io<oon Xopoxrnptorrxn

n3,3i-2=0

l2l

pileq, ourig Bo eivor )- YnevBupl(oupe 6rr ov pto e{io<oon dxer oxdporS 6rorpdreg rou oroBepoi opou,onor ylo rn i6on prog e{io<,rong 3ou 6oBpori Bpioxoupe rou66rorpdrs rou oroBspoidpouKors{rdloulrov ivol pi{se rns. fro vo 6poripenq pi(e6 rng (2)6oxrpd(ou;re rouq Srqrpire rou oro8epo0 -2, 6pou Snio6ri i1, t2 xor noparnporipe 6rr yto i=-1, l=2 rxovonoreiror n e{{ooron. fro rnv rpirn pifo Srorporjpe ro i3-3i-2 pe ro (i+l)(i-a=n2-i-2 Kol npoxinrri+1. tuvenci)S ol pl<S rnSXopd,<rnprorrxri6:llotoon5 eivol i=-l Srniri xor A=2 Apo rp:rEypopprxooveldprnreg iioerg rn6 A.E.(1)eivor: yr(x)=e.. Vz(x)=xe-x, y:(x)=ez^ H yevrxnirion 6{veror ond rn oydon: y"(x)=c1e-'+c2xe-'+cre2' Edpeon prog i0ong tn6 ypopprx{g A,E.(3,35) fro vd BpoiFs pro iuon rn6 (3.35) rn pd8o6o lero8ofu{e Xpnorlonororipe tov nopopdrpov rou Lagrlnge-Oopo0p d n iion eyerrn poprpri: y!(x)= cr(x)y1(x)+ c2(x)yr(x)+ ... + c"(x)y"(x)

13.42l.

6noucr(x), c2(x), y2(x),. . . ., cn(x)xorrilinieg ouvoprrioerE rou x xor y1(x), . ., v.(x) ivor or n ro niriBog ypopprxdove{ciprnreE irloer6 rng opoyevori6 A.E.(3.36) (Bidne oei.117). Orrdlvoupero ypogprx6 oiornpo peoyvriroroug c1{x),c2'(x),..., c"'(x}

(x)+. (x)= 0 ci (x)y, ci(x)y1(x)+ ..+c'^(x)v, (x)+... =0 ci(x)vi(x)+ ci(x)yi +c:(x)y:lx) 1)1x;+. = h(x) ci(x)yf')(x)+ci(x)yt ..+c;1x1y1j-')1x)

(3.43)

TPAMMIXEAIAOOPIKEIE=EO'EE

119

An6 rn i0on rou ouoriiloros (3.43)Bpioxouue q c1(x),c2'(x),...,c,'lx) on6rs pe oioxiipoon noipvoupe trg cfx), c2(x),..., c.(x) xar pe ovlKordoroon (3.35) ornv npox6nrrr n Fcprxn rne{pro)iuon. H ptBo6o6 nou nprypdgole ivoropxroXpovo66pqqiid oivoupn yro rnv eripeon rng peprxriE irionE. 'er6rxri' yopgri: Orov opoqn h(x)dX:r rnv tr{x)=( (x)(y cos(8x)+6sin(Bx)) e3' dnou P,ix) noiuci)vupov-oorod 6o8porj,r6re e9opp6(oupern p6Bo6o rov npoo6toptoricov ouvreieordrv, dnc,:g rnv neprypdgope orrg ypopprxeE A.E.2nq rdans p oro8podsouvrieord(Bndne nlvoxo oen.99).fro Koilrpn Kordvdnon rn5 Uopqngtnq pprxrle idonq ovdioyo pc rnv h(x),nopoBiroupro oxdiouBo nopoSiVpdro: Ilopd6erypo 1o Nq iuBel n A.E. y"' +4y" +139' - e" (1)

H yopoxrnptorrxri a(iooon rne (l)eivor: i3+4i2+13i=0 <a i(12+4i+13)=0 <a i=0, i=-21i3 Euvencirg n ovriororln opoyvris sxli6oEle: = e 0 "= 1 , v z ( x )= e 2 ' c o s 3 x , 9 . ( x ) = e ? ' s i n 3 x 91(x) xol n Vvrxi rns i6on sivor: yo(x)= c, + cre-^ cos3x+ cae-2r sin3x l2l

Ilopornporipe 6rr h(x)=e3" kol 6fl ro 6+Bl=3+01=3 6ev e{vor pi(o rnE e{1o<oonE, ondrepro peprxi luon Bo eivorrn6 popgiE: Xopoxrnptortxng vuk)-Ae3" fl opoyr,:yi{ovraq eyoupe: vi(x)=:ae3', vi(x) - 9Ae3", vi'lx) = 27Ae3'

AvnxoBtorr,ivrog ornv (1)npoxJnrer: nAe3" +36Ae3*+19.3Ae3*=e3* Er.rvenog n peprxnirion eivor (1i102)e3" vu(x)= An6 ns (2)xar (3)noipvoupe rn yevrxiridon rng (1): y{x)=cr + cze2*cos3x+cae-&sin3x+(1/102}e3" (3) A=1/102

r20
lcpd6etypo 2o fro trE6rorpoprxig elroc6os16: (l) y"'+4y'=xcos2x, ltttl y"'-3y'-2y=xe",

AIATDOPIKEX E:EATEE IN KPOKOY

00 y(or-y=sin*, (lv) y"'-y'=xe .

6<,iorern popgri Tne VvlKriS fulong, Xopig vo yiver o unoioyrop6g r<ov oroBep6vrng peprxrig irlong. (l) H Xopo,<rnpronxr'r Eiooonrn opoyvoJg A.E.ivor i3+4i=0 + i=0, i=12i, onoren vcvrxi iion rnqovriororXne oFoVvoiS eivor: = cr +c2cos2x+casin2x y"(x)= creo'+ creo" cos2x+ caeo'sin2x Ilopornpodpe6tr n h(x)=xcos2x exer er6rxripopqn pe ro 6+Bi=0+2ivo eivor pi(o (onin) rn Xopoxrnplonxnst{otoon6, ouvnoi n peptxn iuon CXEI rn popgnl + (fx +A)sin2x) v,{x)= x((Ax+ B)cos2x (p nopovovioErg rns gr(x)xor ovnxordoroon ornv A.E.opioxoupero A, B, f, A)on6r n vvrxi i0on ivol: y(x)=cr + c2cos2x + casin2x +(Ax2+ Bx)cos2x +(fx2 + Ax)stn2x (ll) H Xopoxrnprorun{iooon rnEopoyevo0q A.E.eivor ia-1=0 + i=11, i=ti,

on6T n Vvrkii idon rnSovriorolXneopoVvoiS ivol: y.(x)=cre +*c 2 er + c a c o s x + c 4 s l n x flopornporiFe 6rr n h(x)=sinx dxrl6rxi popqri xol 6Tlro 6+Bi=0+ieivol oniri pi(o rne Xopokrnpron'<iq {iooonE,ouven6E n pptxniuon dXr rn Fopqril x(Acosx+ Bsinx) YF(x)= (A, B npoo6roptordor ouvriEorig yro vo sivor n yu(x)i0on rng A.E.)on6re n idon ivotl Vevlkri = cle"+ cze-'+cacosx y(x) + c4sinx+ xAcosx+xBsinx (lll) H ovriorolxn oUovvrisivol i6lo F ro nopo6lvuorng oi. 118, on6T n Vvr(i rn iuon ivol: ^ | cre2* yo(x)=cle-'-c2xe

f PAMMIKEE AIAOOPIKEE E:I'O'EIT

121

flopornporipe orr n h(xl=xee dxerer6rxi popqii ir To6+Bi=2+0i vo ivoronii pi(o rnEXopo,(rnplorlkisgiooons, ouvndsn gpl,<ri iron ixt rn popgri: Y! (x)=x(Ax+ B)e2' (A, B npoo6roprordor ouvrsieordEyro vo eivor n yu{x)irion rng A.E.)onor n idon ivol: Vvtxri -* y(x)=cre +czxe-*+cae3'+x(Ax+B)e2' (lv) H Xopoxrnplonxi tiooon ivol i3-i=0 + i=0, i=t1 on6rn VvlknilJon rne ovriorotXnC opovvo0e slvot: yu(x)= cleo* + c2e" + cae* x dXrEr6uri lopgn kot 6 To6+Bi=-1+0i=-1 flopornpo0pe6tr n h(x)=xe ivor oniri pi(o rng Xopokrnpto xig {looonG,ouvndrs n pplxi )don dxl rn pop9n: ^ Y!(x)=x(Ax+ B)e (A, B npoo6roprot6or ouvtiordevto vo ivor n ye(x)iuon rn6 A.E.)onore n iuon ivol: Vvrkri y{x)=cr +c2e* + cae"r(Ax2+Bx)e *

3.5.2 H yevtxr{droeoprxfie{(oodn rou Euler

Mlo 6loqoplKli 4iot,.;on rn6 pop<png:

ro *) )(ox+6)"y'')(x)+(ox+ 6" ), ' y'"-r){x)+...+ooy f ((x

(3.44)

nou ! ro prooxnportoF6 ox + 6 = e' ovdyroloe VpoFll,<ri A.E.pe oroBeporiE ouvriordE, KoiirorA.E.rou Euler. H peBo6oioyioirionq eivol i6lo pe ourii nou neprypdgope yro A.E.runor_, Euler 2ngrd{n6. fevrxi noponlpnon Oio 6oo ovorpdpope Vro g VpopprxdcA_E.rd;ne ov6rpne rou 2 onorio0v VviKuon rov doov inopovriororXoyro A.E.2ngrd{nE.

AIAOOPIKE' E:IIOEEI! I.N (POKOY

flopd6etypo NoiuBei n A.E. x39"' 4x2y" +8xg'-8y=4logx, p0 napornpolp 6n n (1)ivor A.E. rnqFopgri Euler (ener6ri or y', y", y"'Clouv ouvreieorie ro x, x2,x3).
OdrouF xol n ouvdprnonvivTor: x>0

(1)

t2l
(3)

u(t) Y(x)= Y(e')= Mnopov@Vlolg, on6rov xovdvo rngoiuoi6og dXoupe: ) .,,1 , . . d y d t u ' ( t= u [J i I {xr=616* =*1i1,. y, , rxr= u"{t}e'-u'{t)e'I u"(r}-u'(r) d f u ' ( t )t d t ----7, = l I dt e, dx 7=---7,
l,ta' _\txb2t _2htu _tt'\;2l

v -lxi=-;l-:;--11-=

)t . . . , , d f u " ( t l - u ' ( t )d
or\ )ox
y \^r _

ee

, , , ,,

u"'-3r" - 2u'
^3,

(1)on6 rrsnponvodFvE oxdoerE On6ten A.E. vivror u" -,,' -, . . u " ' - 3 u " r 2 t ' . , , =ri +Aet e3t" =-:-:=_4"2' u " ' - 1 u " + 1 4 u ' - 8 u= 4 t pEoroBpoiE ouvriords. oe ypopprxiA.E. Koroiri{ope (4)slvor: e{iooonrns H Xopoxrnprorrxi p((es i=1, i=4, i=2 i3-7i2+14i-8=0 pre opovEvo6 eivor: on6rn yvlxi idon rnovriorolXnq
u6(t)=c1e'tc2eat +cae2r

8u=4t = (4)

peprxri ur(0=At+B irion rngpopqris h(t)=4t n (4) dxer Enr6n

TPAMMIKE' AIAOOPIKE' E:I'O'EI!

123

Menopoyr,:yioerg xorovrrxordoroon ornv(4)noipvouf:

14A-8At-88=4t =
Apo

.-8A=41

- e=-tre rao es=oJ

A= 112

17 u, (t)=-Zt - 8

xorn Vevrxri irion rnc(6)eivor: u(tl=.r"'+.r"0' +.,"'' -]t-* Tdiogpernv ovrrxordoroon t=lnxnolpvou! tn Vvl|(i idon rnE(1): y(x)= +csx2 crx+ czxa itnx **

TPAMMJKEE AIAOOPIKEI E:IIOIEI'

723

Menopoyoyioerg xorovrrxordoroon ornv(4)noipvoqre:

14A-8At-88=4t =
Apo

r+e-se=oj e=tre

84=41

A=-712

17 u,(t)=-it-S

xorn yevrxir ir-lon rng(6)elvot

u(t)=",", +"r"u' +","r'-it-*

Tdioe!s m! ov Kordoroon t=lnxnoipvoul.le rn yevrxiirion rng(1):

-1ln*-l y(*)=.,**"r*o +".*'

124

AI,AOOPII(E E=I'O'EE

LN KPOKOY

NYMENA OEMATA
8uo I

iiosre rn dvEdprnrs No ono6etxre{6n ov y(x), yz(x){vo!VpopprKd {ooons 6rogoprxris (1) y"+p{x)y'+q(x)y=0 r6rE xof or y3=yfyz, el{ocoonq. 94=yl-y2 lvol vpoFPlKdov;dptnre ifoetg rng

n60n

Bo roxdel: e(ior,rong, Ensr6rior y1,y2 e{volirloerglng 6rogoptxr\g

=0 =0, v!+p(x)vi +q(x)v, + q(x)v' vi'+p(x)vi

6 n y3=yl+y2 oldoerg 6tonror<ovoopE Av npooBooousne nopondvc,r ono rnv nprbrn rn Seritepn lKdvonoll rnv (1), evdr ov ogorpCooupe eivori0on m611) 6rl n ya=y1-y2 6lonlord)voup opxeivo 6ei{oupeort y3, y4 elvor 6rr or fro vo 6el{oupe lpogllxd ove{dprnreg, y3, y4 Aiid: rcov n Wronsklan 6e pn6ev{(eror

y2)+0, ifoele rne (1)ixoupeW(y1, ove(dprnreg {volvpopprxo or gt,y2 Ener6n yd*o. on6r8 xorW(y3,

v' vi zwrv,,v,r w(y.,v. )= |ii:ii il i:)= l=

Y2 Y2 l

@6yo2
A{veror n e[{o<oon y"+p(x)y'+q(x}y=0, xe(o,6) xor eorco vr(x), vz(x) 60o iioerg rnq. Aei[re 6rt (" )

(q6) w ( x ) = w ( 'x o l e x p l - J p ( t ) ld . tx .x q c
\;" )

y1,y2 n opiiouooWronskirorv 6nouW(x)=W(y1,y2)e{vol

A$on -urr', on6reW'(x)-9ryi-yzyi W(x)=yry; Wronski ivdr H opi(ouoo

Ener6i or y1,y2 eivaridoergrnEA.E, dxoupe =0 y(+ p(x)Yi + q{x)Yr y|+p(x)yi +q(x)y,= 0

TPAIVMIKE AI,AOOPIKE E:EO!Etr

floiionloord(ovrog rnv npcirn pe y2 xot rn 66rpnge y, xor ogorprirvrog KoroFdin nS oxdoelsnou Fpoxinrouvno{pvouFs

p{x)w(x)=o - w'(x)+ + #v2vi vpi I p(xXyzyi-y,yi)=0

-p(*)d*

H riuroio s{vol 6lqgopl,<ri EElooon F dvvt,rdrn ouvdprnon rnv W(x) no! F oioxiripo)dn on6 xs dco6x xor W(xg) dtog W(x) 6iver: wtx) -., f dw
wl.o)

J w

L... =-Jntttor -

. ,,,rwhl:

l. .. Inw lwrtor- p(rtdr r J

i w{x) - i p(rjdt lnw(x)=) InW{xo )=- Jp{r)dr> In W(""i= J

wrx)=w{xo)exp l ( t ) dIt lp
\,,, )

1,.

Odpo3
No iu8ei ro flpd6inpo Ap;rxrirvTrprirv y"(x)+p(x)y'+q(x)y={(x} (1) F y(e)=l, y'(e)=1, 6iov ivor yvoror6 6rt or ouvoprriors<pr(x)=lnx+ln(1+x), e2(x)=lnx+ln(x-1), q3{x)=lnx+ln(x+1)+ln(x-1) eivori6oergrngA.E.

A6on
Axoiou8oripern peBd6euon 3.3,oei.91. Ilpogovci6or ouvoprnoerg yr(x)=q3(x)-qr(x)=ln(x-1) Yz(x)=<p:(x)-qz(x)=ln(x+1) e{votirioetgrn6 ovriororXng opoyevorig A.E. y"(x)+p(x)y'+q{x)y=0 (21

Or ylx), y2(x)eivor ypolrlrrxriove{riprnreg 6r6n ov aixopeirylx)+i2y2(x)=0, r r ^ / x_ l ) rdre vro i'r0 noiovouur Z = -::-i, I n ( x+ l ) oprotEp6 oprBp6g, evciro6e{i ouvdprnon rou x. ldioE eivororoBep6g Apo it=0, on6rsxor ir=0. luventirgn yevrxriirion ms (2)eivar y.(x)=crlnix-1)+czln(x+1)

726

AI.AOOPIKE E'EO'EE TN KPOKOY

Kqrnr6i n el(x) eivori6on rnc A.E.n vevrxriinon rne (1)eivot: y(x)=c1ln(x-l)+c2ln{x+1)+lnx+ln(1+x) Ilopayr,:yilovroqnoipvoupe: 1l1 -----= - l ct ---= V - tx, = c,' x - 1 'x+l x y(e)=1,y'(e)=1, 6ivouv: Erp6oov or nponvoipve clln(e1 ) +c , I n ( e + 1 ) =1 - l n e l n ( 1 + e ) 1 - .1 1 - 1 -c, ----: cr r- - - ^ e - I"ell e l+e
llx

(3)

And rn irlon rou ouorriuoros rov 6Jo reiuroicnv {lo6oEov BpioKouu rlg tpd6 rr,:v c1, c2 Kol p ovrlKordoroon ornv oxion (3) nqlpvoupe rn i6on rou

n.A.T.
noporrlpnon lro Bdpo our6 XpnoluonorfiooFs rov eliE oprop6 Vro rn vpopurxi y(x), y2(x} oveloprno{o6rio i0oerov oro 6rdornfo(o,6): ov n oldon i1y1(x)+i2y2{x)=0 Or ylx), y2(x)eivorvpslprxo ov[dprnreg optopogeivot ouventiycror rn i1=i50. Ano6ElxvdEror 6rr o nopondvco roo6dvqpoe Fro 6r| W(x)to vro x(0,6).

gduo 4
onou f ouvexrig Av y1, y2 a{vor idoEr rns A.E. x"(t)+2x'(t)+5x(t)=f(t) ouvdprnon, vo 6erxre{ otr llmly,(t)-yr(t)=0

A6on
e[iooonq {peB6Seuon 3.3, Ilpogovrirgn yry2 eivqri0on rnE ogoyevorig o:i.91) x"+2x'+5x=0.H Xopoxrnprorrxri eIioc,:on rns nponVoipvne A.E.Eivot i2+2i+5=0, on6re i=-1t2i. &o n vsvrKri irion rn5 opoyevoigA.E.eivor: x.(t)= cte-r cos2t+c2e'sin2t tuvn6 = yr(i)-y2(t )c r e - r c o s 2 t + c 2 e ' s i n 2 t

s'( l c , l + l c 2c t rsln2t) el )rl l v , ( t )v z ( r-) ie ' ( c , c o s+

EnerSi lim e-'=0 on6 rnv nponyoripevn oyion noipvoupe ro lnroipevo.

.PAMMIKE AIAOOPIKE E:[:O!EE

127

Odgo 5

A6on

Bpeirern yevrxiririon rng A.E. 9" 2y'+y=x2+sin2x

(1)

H ovriororXn opoyevrigeivor y" -2V'+y=Ope Xapoxrnprotrxri e{iocoon i2-2i+1=0 <+ i=16rniri pi{q on6ren yevrxi iion rng opoyevoigeivor: yo(x)=c1e^ + c2xe* (21 Apxei vo 6podpepro pprKn pe rn peB6Seuorr ifon rng (1)oipgo.rvo 3.1oei.90. (1-cos2x)/2 nopornpotp 6r ro sin2x ypdqaror (1) Koriror n Vi!Eror: tv_x. '*]-].o.2* 2 2 EnetSri ro 6efrepo pdiog rng A.E. eivor erdrxfrgpopgirg egopp6(oupern p6Bo6orr,rv npoo6loptordcov ouvreieorr,Sv. An6 rn peB66euon 3.5, aeA.102 opKlvo Bpoila flS r6lKiiuorgrcov eglodroov: y tv v " - 2 Y '+ Y = 1 ' 1 ! Y" -29'+v = -1"ot2* 2 (3) (4)

p rov nlvoxd rn6 oi.99,6iXeror iuon rrrg pop<prig H A.E.(3),odprgcovo g=AxZ+Bx+f nou pe nopoyoyioerE 6ivery'=2Ax+B, y"=2A. (3) AvrrxoBrorodpe ornv xor noipvouge: -28+f) = x2+012) 2A-2l2Ax+B)+Ax2+Bx+l= x2+1712) = Ax2+(B-4A)x+(2A An6 ro ex rourornrogioa noiuo3vupo iyoupe: A=1, B=4, f=13t2 Apon erSrxri i6on rng(3)eivol Yt=x2+4x+ 1312) fla rnv A.E.(4),oipqcovope rov nivoxo oei. 99, Bo eXoupe i6on rnE poprpri6 y=Acos2x+Bsin2x, on6rs: y'=-2Asin2x+2Bcos2x, y"=-4Acos2x-4Bsin2x t(ql FaqlrlKqrdoroon ornv (4)noipvoupe: (-3A.-48)cos2x+(-38+4A)sin2x=-(1/2)cos2x -38+4,4=0,on6te fio vo roXrier n oXeonaurrlVx e R npiner -3A-4B'=-112, A=3150, B=2t25 xar n erSrxri irion rnq (4):ivor:

728

ATAOOPIKE E=EO:E INKPOKOY

^ 2.^ - 3 Yz lfcoszx-76stnzx
An6 rt6 y1,y2 dxoup rnv: l.ro6rxi iidn rn6 (1),
t =I - +q*- l ? -fr? cos2x + v"lx) ; ftsin2x

Teiog n yevrxriirion rng (1)eivot:

y(x)= ++**f; *$.o.2*, cre' +czxe' +x2 9dpo 6

rinz' r2r

No iu8e{n 6rogoprxi el{ooon Y"-3Y'+2Y=cosle''l G) A6on H ovr{otolxnopoyevige{{otoon e{vory"-ty'1!y=Q ge lopoxrnprorrxri eliooon rn i2-3i+2=0 <+ i=1, A=2onidg pi(eg,on6ren yvrxnidon rn
yo(x)=c1e* +c2e& l2l

. fro rnv EdpEon rng peprxrie irjons rnE(1)6e pnopoipevo e<popF6ooupE rn piBo6o rr,rv npoo6roprordtov ouwleordv 6l6n ro 6eUrcpo pCiog 6ev elvor pop9ri6.'Erote9opp6(oupe er6rxri6 rn pd8o6ogero8oi69rcovnopapdrpov rou l-agrange. -Eorco 6r n peprxri iion eivor: yo(x)= c,(x)e'+cr(x)ea (3)

6nouclx), clx) xord-iinieg ouvoprrioerg nounpoo6ropi(ovror on6 ro ouornpcr 'Anorroige': cie' + cie2"=O 'flpoxrinref: ci(e")'+ci(e")'=cos(t-) &cos(e-*), Advovrogro odornpoftoipvorFe c1'(x)=-'xcos(e*), c2'(x)=e on6rs F oioxiripoon npoxdnrouv:
f ,-,. = -Jf e' . cos(e-" cr(x) ldx = J cos(e-')d(e' ) = 5i11"-' 1

-) 1':') cr(x)=Je "cos(e-")dx= J;'cos(e-')d(e Jtc"stdr= -rsint+Jstntdt= = -Jt(sint)'dt= e *sin(e-")-cos(e ")

EDO:Etr TPAMMIKEAIAOOPIKE'

129

Ondrn psprKi iion dn6 rn oxdon(3)e{vot: vu(x)=e-sin(e')-e-sin(e-*)-e2*cos(e-*)=-e2*cos(e-') Tdios n yEvrKn idon rns (1)ivor: y(x)= cre*+ czea- e2* cos(e-*)

Ouu 7
A{verorn 6roqoprxri eliocoon y"-3y'+9{x)y=0 {11 peprxdg yr(x), yz(x) rp(x) vq No npoo6roprorein drore 6rlo iriong ourrig pe rn oxdon y2(x)=e'vlx} ouvSdovrot

Adon
yz)vvop{(oupe rnv fro rnv opi(ouoo Wronskl W(x)=W(yl, 6n rxqvonor{ A.E.W'(x)+l(x)W(x)=0, on6re noipvoupe: vrof(x)=-3 W(x)=ce3* Eniong W(x)=ylx)yr'(x)-ylx)yr'(x) yi(*)=e'(y1(*)+vik))
Me ovrrxorqoroon ornv nponyorlpevnoleon noipvoupe:

l2l

Alveror 6tr yz(x)=exyr{x), onore:

Eeouv6uoopd n reieutoiopernv (2)6ivouv:

- v,vi)= wk)= +v,vi n^vi "-(vi

'> Y1(x)=f,ce' n*vi = ""t" AvrrxoBrotc6vrog rnv y1(x) ornv(1) npoxrimer: "f(e" -o :+ J-ce'(rdx) - 3e'+,p(*)e') - 2)= 0 .> e(x)=2

Opo8
Bpeirern yevu<ri irion rng6torpoprxig e{ioc,rong xzy"-xlx+2ly' +lx+Z)y=x3 6rov n yr(x)=xeivoruro geprxn iuon rnq ovriororxnsopoyvoi. (1)

A6on
H 6oopivn A.E. eivor pe gn oroBepofE ouvreieordE rng onoiaq yv,,rpiloupe rn peprxriiion rng opoyevoriq.

130

AIAOOPIKE E:IEOIEELNXPOI{OY

y(x)=xz(x) Oeroporipe ro ;rerooynForrop6 ondrepenopo.Tciryron dXoupe: v'(x)=z(x)+xz'(x), y"lxl=2L'lxl+xz"lxl Avrrxo8rorodpe ourdgrtEo;doer6ornv ovriorolxnopovvi A.E.rne (1): x2l2z' +xz")-xlx+2)lz+xz')+lx+2Jxz=Q = z"-z'=O nouVro z'(x)=u(x)noipvouF: u'-u=o =' u(x)=ex = z'\x)=ex + Apopro oiin irion rn6 opoyevorig elvorn ylx)=xex onorn vevrxn iion rneolovvoiS lvol: YOixl=clx+c2xe" fro va BporipeUro lron rns (1) 9dpp6(ouFrn Ud8o6ofEro6oifie r(,)v nopopirpov {Lagrange), 6nio66 ov eivor n teprxi i6on y,,(x)=clx)x+clx)xex p cl(x),c2(x) xordiinig ouvopfiiors nou npod6topi(ovroion6 ro o0ornpo: cix+c;xe"-O I clx,clxe'=0 I ci =1 z(x)=e*

c j ( x ) ' + c i ( x e " ) ' = x Jc i +c ; ( x +U = " xJ

vu(x)=x2+xe'e-'=x2+x TdloE n yevrxriirion rng (1)eivor: Y(x)=c1x+czxet+x2+x

"L=-n--

OioxinptirvovrogdXoupecr(x)=x, c2(x)=e-x, dpo n peprxn irion eivor:

g6Uo 9
Aiverorn 6rogoprxn e{ioc,ron

x2v,,+f,v=o

(1)

Aeilre drr xdBe ouvdprnony(x),x>0 nou eivor6rjo gopdqnopoyroyiorpn oro 6roornuo(o,+co)xat rxovonorei rn oXdon2y'(x)=y(Ux) Eivor iion rns.

Adon
flopoyroyi(ovrog rn oXeon 29'(x)=y(l/x)rog npog x noipvoup: / l \'/ l\ 2 v " l * ) - . v'l ll ;l+ \x./ \ x-.,/ r //r\ y"(x)=--'?v'l1l zx' \x./ t2l

Eniong ovBdooups 6nou x ro l/x orn6oop.vn oxdon dxoupe: 2y'(Llx)=ylx)

(3)

TPAMMIKEEdIAOOPIKEEE:IIOIEIE

131

(2),(3)ornv (1)6ronrorcivou!r Me ovrrxordorqonr(Dv orr lKovonolirol, 6nio6i:

,l r .r1)l r /r\ -'f tFll;ll.a2ll;l-o

ApoxdBeouv6prnonnou rxovonorcirnv 2V'lx)=Vlllxlivorir.ionrn6 A.E.

Odpo10
No iuBei n 4iooon g"+y'tanx-ycos2x=cos2x sinxeslnx (x,y)-+ (t,y) p6Xprionrne ovnKordoroong dnou t = sinx. (1)

A6on
An6 rnv ovnxordoroon nou 6iverotBerouge y{x)=y(arcslnt}=u{t) p rov kov6vo rn oiuoi6og noipvoupe: Ilopoyoryi(owogor!p9<ovo ... dy dt u txl=-i---=u lIicosx ctt clx y"(x).l . . -sinx d, .. .,dl u'(t))= u'(t)' cosx;1(u'(t));f = O:(cosx

= -sinxu'{t)+cos2 xu"(t) (1)dxoupe: y'(x). y"(x)ornv rr,rv Me ovrrxorooroon -sinxu,+cos2x sinxeslnxu',+u,cosx tanx-ucos2x=cos2x u'-u=iel (1.)

xor plo flo rnv niiuon rne (1')opxeivo 6po0pern ysvrxnl6on rn oFovevo0 eivot iz-1=0 - i=t1, er6rxfiiuon. H lopoxrnprorrxi {iooon rn( oPovvo0 rn VvlKri idon: onordXouFs
u6(t)=6's'16's_t

To 6erirepo udios ms (1') eivor er6rxrlEpop9ie h(t)=tet Kor nr6i ro 1 (ouvreieorrierou exB6rn) n ppt(ri eivor pi(o rng XopoKrnplonxie{ioa)ons, popqiq: eivor rng rov nivoxo oei.99.8o iuon ono u(t)=(At+B)e' Ilopoycoyi(oupe u'(t)=(2At+B+At2+Bt)er, u"(t)=(2A+4At+28+Atz+BtJel noipl)oup: 6rnv (1")rovnponVo0psvov Kolp ovrrKordoroon (2A+4At+2B+Ai2+Bt-At2-Bt)et=tet 4At+2A+2B-t -.+ A=714, 8=-114

732
ondrn FEplKri idon rne (1')ivor: u(t)=i(t, _t)el Apon yevrxriirion rng (1')eivor:
I

AIAOOPIKE: E:IEOIEIE IN (POKOY

u(t)=crer +c2e ' +f{t' -t)"' Tdiogov Bdooupe t=sinx 6xoupe rnv y(x)6nio6n: y { x ) = r , e " r ' 'c . e ' ' ' r } { s n 2 x - s n * ) e "

96pq 11
No enriuBeiro np66inpo oplxc,5vtrpdrv(fl.A.T.) pex>0 x2y"-2y=sin(lnx) y'(1)=0 610vy(1)=1, (11

n6on
flopornpoupe 6rr n A.E. (1) ivol runou Eulr, on6T Bopoup To FerooxnFoTlolo (,N) x=er -+ t=lnx nou pe nopoy<iryron duLreovop Tov H ouvdprnon y(x) yiverory(x)=y(ei)=u(t) xovovo rng oiuoi6og 6iver:
-

,, , dydt
ctt clx

,,.1
I 1,1 .l' 1 l

Al 1\ v'tx)= i l u ' ( r ) ldx\ x

( u ' ( t ) ,) = - - ; L r ' ( r ) + u " ( r l " L r ' ( tr)-x,d l dx xz x x

n (1)6iver: An6 rnv {*)xorrrgnponyoripeveq Lr"(i)-u'(i)-2u(t)=sint {1')

e{ioc,ron rn i2 i 2=0 pe pi(eq H opoyevrigu"-Lr'-2u=06XrXopoKTnpronxi i= 1, i=2, ondre n vsvrKi rne iion ivol: r+c2e2t u e( i ) = c 1 e popqis h(t)=sint Bo eXoupepepLxn EnerSri n (1') dxsr 6drpopiiog er6rxrig iion rne popqie: uu(t)=Acosi+Bsint M nopoyoyiorE noipvouF ul (t)=-Asint+ Bcost u;(t)=-Acost + Bsjnt

TPAMMIKE' AIAOOPIKEE E:IIOIEI'

AvnxoBrorcivrogornv(1')6pioxoupe roA,B,6nio6n: -Acost-Bsint+AsinFBcost-24cost-zBsint=sint + C3A-B)cost+(A-3B)sint=sint nou yro vo roX0er VxeR npinr-3A-B=0, A-3B=1,6nio66 A=l/10, B= 3/10. on6ren l6lKi iion i!ol:

u!(t)=ft(cost 3sint) iApo n yevrxri ition rng(1')eivor:

u(t)=cren +c22t + I {cost 3sint)

Tiiog ps rnv ovrrxordoroont=lnx noipvouue rn ouvdptnony(x): .c,cL y(x)- r - c2x'+ flopoycoyi{ovro6 noipvoupe: 3srn(lnx)) 10(cosilnx)1 / 1 ? \

-+ +2crx * y'(x)=

..

I t0:[ isrn{lnx}icos(lnx)

y'(1)=0or nponvoutrsve fro rn irion rou fl.A.T. pE y(1)=1, oxdore 6ivouv:

rl =l c r c 2r l 6 t c o s u Js'ru)

I -cr + 2c2+ (-sino- 3cos0)= 0 10 J

l.-

c,- cr=a/)0
-ct-2c2=3tl}l

l . --

cr-1/2
,,-Zts

dpo n (nrodpvnlion roufl.A.T. ivor: | 2x'z 1. .. - 3s n(lnx)) y(x)=2x + ? tO-(cos(lnx)

@tpo 12
fro rn 6ro<poprxi e{iocoon x2y"+51y'+Jy=s_3x, x>0 (1) npooSropior ouvBnxee y{l)=1, y'(1)=1 opxrxde Froidon nou rxovonoiTtg

A6on
flp6xerror yro plo A-E. rJno! Euler 6nou,6nc,rg oro nponyo0pevo Bipo BTouF.x-er i t=lnx (*)Kory(x)=u(t), onore noipvoupe u'(t) . .. y,t,x ,, -_ x . ,_ i u"(r)-u'(t) y. , { ^ \, _ _2

134 n (1)Vivsrot: Kordouvdnero

AIAOOPIKEI E:I'O'EII

IN KPOKOY

u"+4u'+3u=5e td

(t')

H ovriororxn opoyevngA.E. u"+4u'+3u=0 dxr Xopok{nprorlkne{ioo:on rn pepi(eg.l=-1,i=-3, on6T n vvrxriTnE iuon ivorl i2+4,1+3=0 ' + c 2 e 3 ' uq(t)=c1e yro rnv upeonrne Ener6ri ro 6eirepo piiog rng (1')6eveivorer6rrri6poprpiE, nopopdTpov peprxriE rn piBo6o rng pero6oirig r<,rv iriong Bo egop;roooupre 6nio6i: Tou Lagrange, 'Eoro iuon eivot: 6rr n;reprxrl 3' ' cz(t)e u r ( t ) = c( 1t ) e -+ on6 ro ouornpo: Kordi^nis ouvopriorgnol'tnpoo6ropi(ovror 6nouc1(t), c2{t) cie-'+cie-3r=0 cl(e-')' +ci(e-3' )' = e t=r o o r - r o r n ;r o { p v o u p, e nuvovroq oioxiipoon npoKinrr: 3"' . ,'r=1""" ". orore pe

1"'e-t"

-l1"=2u*' o,=lr.', ,.--|!n".,a,'-'

,,-;)"". -\ * at 2|1.'e "dz2 oopiqaopovov,,K1, {.qopuo(ouL, -qe

r r

l)

. .- \ ( 1 " .
6P-

r,

l)
27)e"

."'

62'-(jz-n)e-

Aro n FplKi i6on sivor: r u {tl=le

I r ,"'e , ,r ,+*e ' | I le _e \o

1 '\ p . } I

xor vro et=x noipvoupe rn ysvtxn An6 rn yevrxi irion rnq (1') u(t)=Lb(t)+ur(t)

irlon rns (1): 1 y ( x ) - c .- ' c 1 l)-., I /I , le \ 27x.j xJ 6x't,

rns y'(x) xor Tle opxlK6e Tdiog ono rnv nponvoiFvn,rnv nopov(,)v6 y'(1)=1noipvoutrdvo oJorngo F oYv6orouero cr, c2 1o ouv8rixegy(1)=-1, Bepo). rn irjon rou fLA.T. (6i6nenponyo0gevo iuvoup xor dXoup

TPAMMIKEI ALAOOPIKE EEOEEE

Ouo13
No peiernB:i n xivnon tv66 orirporog nou neplvpdqrql ond ro npo6inFo opXtxcirv rty<,iv x"+2Bx'+9x=O, 0<6<3 x{0)=0, x'(0)=1

A$on
H e{ioroon x" +2Bx'+9x=O ivol ofovvriq 2nE rri{ng pe oroBeporlg pe yopoxrnpronxi eliotooni2+26i+9=0 nou i;er pi(eg ouvreieordg

^ = -s !.[B?= s
fro 6=3 dxouFe i=-36tn,ln pi(o, on6ren yevtxriirion rng e[iooonq eivor: (1) x(t) = cr 3r+ c,ie 3r fto 0<6<3 dxoupe 6P-9<0 xor ov BCooupe o = Jdl67, noipuortr..n i,ion (prvo6rxdEp{4eE), i=-61<,rt on6ren yevtxi irion rn6 e{iotoong eivot: l2t An6 rnv oxonrd rnE Ouorxrise[erd(oupeflq nlo ndvo iiore yro rrg opxrxeg ouvBrixes x{0)=0, x'(0)=1. (l) Av 6=3 dxoup x(0=r-3t(cr+czt), x'(t)=e-3'(-3cr+c2-3c2t) xor ano n opxrki ouvBixe6Bploxoupe c1=0,c2=1. Apo n iion elvor x(t)= te-" Ener6ri llm x(t) = lim te 3' = 0 kol x(O)=0, ro oo5po Bo {exrvrioeron6 ro 0 (to=0), (,)gro Fdvrororne ouvdprnon6 Ba onopoxpuvBi te 3t xar Bo enrorpdger oro 0 o onapo Xp6vo. (ll) Av 0<6<3, rdre n iion rnq A.E. ivor x(t)=e o'(clcosot+c2sinort). fio x(0)=0noipvoupe c1=0. x(t)= c2e-6t s not &o pe nopdvovo x'(t)= c2e-6r{-6sinot + c)cosot) x(t)=e-6'(cr cos(ot)+ c2sin(ot))

on' rnv onoio yro x'(0)=1 npoxrjnrer cr=l/ro. Euvend) n idon ivor:

x ( r )=

1 I-

lt) ', e s ' s t n ( ( ,r .,.

G-c'

flopornpoupe 6-, ro o.i,poloua roidvroon yopo qn6 ro 0 iovo roo opou plKpoivr sin(oi), nor.r n gd1lorn onoptixpuvon ouveXcirg idvco rou6pou e 61.

136

AIAOOPIKE E=EOIEE IN KPOKOY

66po 14
Oeoporipe rn Srorpoprxn e{io<lon (1) x"(t)+ar(i)x'(t)+o2(t)x(t)=0 Av et(0, Ar{t) eivor6rio ypogprxd oveldprnres irioergrnS(1), r6re vo Seryrei6n perolu Stloprlcirv propi(o rns A2(t). rng <pr(i) undpxr oKpr6.bs

A6on
9o 6ai[oupe 6rr ov o, 6eR pe 9lo)=916)=0, r6re undpxer{e(o,6) 6ore qz(O=0. flopornporipe 611 9r(o),qz(6)+0 Vrqrioiir16gBo pndevr(orovn opi(ouoo Wronski, npdvFo nou dpxEroroe ovriBeon pe ro 6rr or rplx), 92(x) eivor vpotprkd ovdprnrg. Av q2(O+ovro dio ro le[o,6], tore Be<,rpoipe rnv g(*) = W,
q?\x)

*elo,6l.

er(61= - o EnErsng(ol -9131 o ono ro Beoipn}ro rou Rolte s{6)= q"l6l e,(o) g'(l)=0. ixoupe 6rtundplet Annd {e(o,6)pe
( x )- q l ( x ) , e( x ) ^ , , . . ,_ q ; { x ) q 9;(x'
ondre:

q i ( I ) e , (Eq ) l { I ) , p ' (= t) o w { f )= I j ; ; .
o {I) o' ., {. Il :,

l9Lta, arl<tl

) q , ( t ) o l {{. )p i { ) q , ( { 0

i$o perolu 6do pr(c6v rnq rpfx) undpyer rouioyrorovpropi{o rng <p2(x). Av rripa unnpXov5uo pi(e6 rnq 92(x),vo,lidooovrosrouEp6ioug rov rplx), rp2(x) Bo eiXope on pero{d or.rrrirv rc,:v pr(riv undpXerpi(o rnE rplx), npoypo nou ovriKrror poE.Apo pero{n5r1o pr(<ivrnq qt(x) unoplero<prBcig ornv un6Bson pro pi(o rng rp2(x).

OEpo15
Mio Aion rns SrorpoprKis Eliooons y"(t)+p(t)y'(t)+q(t)y{t)=0 eivor n (1+t)2 Kol n opi(ouooWronskixdB 6do irjos.uvivororoBepi. No BpeBei n yevrxi iuon rn y"(t)+p(t)y'(t)+q(t)y(t)=1+t.

nlion
fvrapi(oupeon n opi(ouooWronskir'<ovonorei rnv A E. W'(t)+p(t)W(t)=0.

TPAMMIXE AIAOOPIKEE E:IEO'EE

6F(o W(t)=c(oroBspn)-+W'(t)=0,on6reon6 rnv nponyoripevn EnEr6d oxdon nolpvouge drr p(t)c=oripo p(t)=0. ypdtperor: Euven<is n eliocoon Y"+q(t)Y=0 xot ener6n n y1{t)=(1+t)2 Eivor iJon rns,Bpioxoupe rnv qlfl=-2111+t)2. Apo n A.E.rng ono{ogBdioupe rn yevrxrii6on eivor:

\1+tl2y,'-2y=11+r)3 pnopelvo H reieuroio iuBeicoq eliq:

Odroupe y(t)=(1+t)22(t)

(1)

(r)

penopoyc,rylore on'dnor.r noipvoulrs: v'(t)=2(1+02(t)+(l+022'{t) +4\l+t)2'ltl+l'1+t)2 z"\rl 9"\tl=zzlr) Meovrrxorooroon ornv(1) nolpvoupe: -211+t)22=\1+t)3 2{1+t)22+4(1+t)32'+(l+t)az" =1 = l1+Ilz" +42'
nou slvqr uno6r6o(6pvngrdlng,6nio6ri pe rnv ovflxorodrddn

u(t)=z'(t)
dXouFa .

(r'j)

(1+t)u'(t)+4u(t)=1

(21

Ano m i6crn rng ovrlororXngoUoVEvo0S A.E.rn6 (2),or perooXn;rolopoi '|.), ('t ('t)Bo uos6droouv 6nioSri: FroFeptKiilion mE ouoyevorig, -1 u(t)- e-JI 'd' - e-4 {l+t)u(t}+4u{0=0 An6 (**) iXoulr z ' l t )= 1-=z(t) (t + l). =, 3 ( r+ l ) ' I
l4

r - --L (t+1)4

(ol on6 rnv (*) n FsprKri idon ms ouovvofssivql I ,,,,__j(t_I) Apo n yevrxrli|ion rng opoyevodg eivor: y " ( t ) = c r { l + 0 ' + . ,- 3 -( l t+1 ^) (3}

138
.

AI'\OOPIXDEEO'Etr ]N XPOKOY

irion rne (1). An6 rn inon rne (2)Bo Bpoipe pro (peprxri) .ia a,l r ' - " ,I a ; , \ r r, , I c I t . ' d r l . _ .1 t l c . ] .( r-l)' I u{r)=e | " \ ( t ' ] r ) |r"r /

(x*)ixouu on6rn oxdqn u(t)=1/4, on6re fro c=O nqipvoDps ,, t+1 .,''4 n Fprxri irjon rns (1)eivot: Koton6 rnv (,t() tr+1)3 Y!{tl= "Tiiog n (nroripevnyevrxriirion on6 rn oxdon(3)xol rnv reiurqis sivoli t, =-] .. -{t-.lP Y f { t ) = c r { t + 1 )-2 4 3(t+1)

O6po16
Ae{lore 6n n 6roqoptxi lioo)ontou Riccattl:

+ -vP(x)+v'Q(x)=R(x) dx
p o r r o p o iy = .

4.,

(1)

rdlnq 6ld rou perooxnSerirepn6 ovdvroloE 1.rlo vpolrglKiSlogoplxilIioc,:on vu ox

nrion
-. dv d/ I \du I d2u dx dx \ Qu ldx Qu dx2 d/l\1 dx\Q/u dv r d/l\ Qdx\ui Q'du Q'1 Qru ldur Qdx\ l\ u'l Q' Qu I du u'Qdx

d/ I \ dx\Qu/ Apo

&=-o{d" ;'o|'d-I-a,;7'
O'du e2u dx I rdurr u2el dx J I i du\'/^ I dzu P du ' \ dx / Qu 6x2 Qu dx Q'zu'z

1 /du\'z

1 d2u

on6rs n (1)yiverot

TPAMMIKEI AIAOOPIKE: ESEO'EE

139

Kol Kovovrds flg onionolridslg xqToiivoup drnv

1d'?u.1du/p

a";7';a-|.0-qll="
Odpo17

a')

'

d,u

d , r .'dxcl0-AlJ rd u ^ / p e , \ - ^

KQU=u

noll ivol FroVpoFFlKn Srorgoprxri ellotron 2ngrdlnE xor pdiroro opoyevig. 'Eorco n 6roqoprxri elio<oon x"+or(t)x'+oz(t)x=0 (1)

No 6eryrel orr o perooXnporropde x=ew ovdvel rnv (1) oe ;.llo drorgoprxri e{{o<oon nptirrnq tolnE rdnouRiccatti.

A6on
Eg'6oov x=e., x'=e*w' xql x't=ewwt2+eww". AvrtxoBrorcirvrog ornv (l) no{pvoupe: ww'z+eww'+ww'ol(t)+e*o2(t)=O = w'2+w"+w'oft)+o2(t)=0 OdrovtoEz=w' n teieuroio Vpdqrdl z'=_o2lrl-a1\llz_22 nou s{vol6ldeoplkfi6iooton npcitngtti{ng rJnouRiccatti.

Odpo18
No iuSei ro npd6lnpo opXrx<,lv rrp6v qi+6x=0 F x(0)=V,i (0)=6 peoB>0xot o,6,y,6eR.

Atcn
H 6oopdvn6rogoprxri {iooon Vpdesror: ..8 i+:x=0 (1)

Enerdrio6>0 Bdroupe 6/o = ro2 > 0, ondreeloupernv o;rovsvri A_E. vpopplKri i+(o'x=0 fexopoKrnproflki e{iooon i2+G)2=0 noudxa pi(e i=ioi Apo n iion eivor II3nopdvovo x(t)=Acoso)t+Bsjnot i (t)=-c')Asino)t+(DBcosot

An6 flE opxrxds ouvBixs x(O)=V, i {0)=6 noipvoupeA=V, 8=6/6r.

AIAOOPII<E E'IEO'EE

III XIIKOY

'On6re n ir.ionrou fLA.T. eivor: x(t)= ycosot+qsino)t Ey6lho Ilp6xerroryro np66inpo oppovrxo0 roiovro:ri pd(oEo xot oroBepoq eiotn_ piou6 H opXtxrionopdKpuvon ivorx(O)=v xar n opXrx,i rolnrnroi (0)=6.

9duo 19
Iro nlexrprxdxrjxio:po R, L, C pe R<Z\llrc Qpyrot=0.No Bps8el to qop o Q=Q(t), t>O. o nuxvorris xerqoprio

Arion
O vdpogKlrchoff oro niexrprxd xrixicoposyyutiror6rr ro dBporopo r<,:v rdoeov oe dvo 8p6;o e{vorpn6dv,6nio6n: -V.+VL+lR=0 (1) 6nou Vc n rdon rou nuxvo:rri xor Vg n rdon rou nnviou. 'Opog ond rov nuxvr,lrri dloupe: t-

c=9 - v^=9 vc
Eniong ond ro nnvio dloupe:

+Q

-o

= V _d t LlI
On6ren (1)ond to nponvodpevo yivrol

-!*r-$"rn =o
t=-4
Apo on6 rnv (2)eXoupre rnv A.E.

e,)

An6 rn Ouorxrisxoul 6fl io peilo I nopdysrol oe 6opoE rou <popriou e, 6nio66:

dt

dl--d'zQ
dt &z

a ' q p 4 Q-- n _ . d ? Q R d e l ^ =^ - a - ' -dt, v " " dt " -' iF - I at ' r_C C
n-onoio eivor opoycvriq pe oroSeporlqouvreieorig. l-1XapoKrnplofl Ki rnq e|iorooneivor

r'+!r+-L=o
LLC

TPAMMIKE ATAOOPIKEEEIIIEE

MT

Ener6nR<2]-,

pi(eg ixoupe pryo6rxdg n,"= R+i(D ' ZlR,l

onou

4L-R2C

Apo n irlon rnEA.E.e{vot:

/.,r \ /"r \\ crsin\;t Q(t)-e 'zt lc'coslirrt)t ))

(3)

. n -1., /d \ . /c,: \\ -iie,L coslf tJ+czsrl2I,JJ. a1t)= lcr

i,1

-!"t

/d cr;ash lit)tc,2Lcos\;it))

(,)

nr

/nr

\\

(41

Aiid on6 16 opXrxdg ouvBrixeg

xor l(o)= o 3 Q(o)=Qo

(onouolopeiForoqrn XpovrKri oirvui t=0) (3)xor (4)6ivor.,vcl=Qo. or oxdoers R<o^ Rc Q -T z^ =u ,aci Apdro qoprio ivol: >

-$Otof=o

cr=-J

s$,'"( )=t+ (a"-. (2Lrr' aft ). ;, ))

6noD o)2=(4L-R2C)/C.

20 9duo 'Eort:

n 6ro<poprxri eliot,rdnrou Schriidinger

- -l49 - (*rvr*t - eut*t

y1(x), y2(x) pe y,(x) = 0, = o, vi(.)l < k,,

(r)
rns

onou E npaytrro xri otoBEpd Kdl f(x) npovFoflKn ouvdprnon xol S[o iioae

,lim ,[r-v,(x) kr, k2 Benxg oro8epdg. Aei{re 6rt o) Ot y1{x),92(x) 6e pnopodv vo fvarVpdpprko av[dprnrs. y(x) 8) ov n f(x) eivoraprro,n Bo eivordprrori neprrrir, 6nio6 ir y(x)=iy(-x).

lvi(*) < k,

142

ALAOOPIXE EDO'EE LN KPOKOY

A6on
ypolrptx rig2ngrd{ng xot ypoqerat opoyevrig o) H A.E.(1)eivor I dzy(x) , -,.. -21fr+tt{x)-E)v(x)=0 yfx), y2(x) rnEopoyevoug fvr,rpi{oupe 6n n opi(ouooWronskiW(x)56oitioecov rxovonorei rn A.E. W'(x)+0W{x)=0. :uvnois W'(x)=0 = W(x)=c (oroBepri VxeR)

Op<,:E on6 W(x)=y1(x)yz'(x)-y1(x)yz(x) exoupe: Yr(x)Y2'(x)-Yi(x)Y2(x)=c n reieuroioSiver: noipvovroq ro dplo VroxJtco Kolon6 ro65opdvo,

rim[y,(x)yi(x)o vi(x)vr(x)]=
Apo c=0 W(;)=0 Euven<,ig or ylxl ylx) aivor ypopprxot{oprnpdveg. An6 guotxrig ongooioE idpe drt n e{ioroonSchriidinger 6ev epqovi(etexguirop6. 6) Krivoupero peroolnyortop6x r -x ornv A.E.(1) xot naipvoupe: I d'y( x) ,, ; .: ." t l( x)y( x) = Ey( x) z o{-x, 'OUt:s d|x)2=dxz xor f(-x)=f(x), on6re:

l<) i ff-r{")v{ -)=ev{

flopornporl;re orr n y(-x) noinB r rnv iSro A.E. fe rnv y(x). And ro ypoprprxd nponyoripevo epcirrnpo or y(x),y(-x)aivor a{aprnpiveq, 5 nioS n: y(x)=cy1-xi KorYrdx + -x y(-x)=c y(x)

I dzv{-x} .. .

Av rrEnoAionioorooouFs KordUdln dxoul: y{x)y(-x)=cz y(x)y(-x)= c2=1> c=at Apo y(x)=ty(-x)

E16iro H ouvriprnon y(x) ornv A.E. Schriidinger6ev dyer xoFio onpaoiq 6poE exrppo(errnv nuxv6rnro mBov6rnrog evronropoi v6S ool.lorl6ioo rn
XpovrKi( dflVFn L

EEO'EI' |PAMMTKEIAIAOOPIKE

Otyo 2l
No iuSe{ro |LA.T. x"(0)=0 x"'+x'+{x"+x)cost=cost, x(0)=x'(0)=1,

A0on
flopornpoipe 6n ov 8eoouge x,,tx=u(t) (1)

rns il) n Soopivn A.E.Bo y{vet 1n6 rd{nE ypopplxri,nr6i F nopovd)Vron nolpvoupex"'+x'=u'(t), 6nio6ri: u'{t)iu(t)cost=cost peu(0)=x"(0)+x(0)=1. H yevrxi Aion rng (2)elvor: (21

u(,t '' -

\ "-j'""'l'.

=."--' * t *J f.or1.J'""d'6sl
.l

vo iiooulr dxoulr c=0,dpo n i6on sivor u(t)=l. EnoFdvc,)e And u(0)=1 dxoupe (1),6nio6ri: rnv x"+x=1 lrlprpovo pe 6oo ixoups ovogip! n vvlKi rng irion eivol: +1 x(t)=cl cost+ c2slnt flopoyroyi(oupe x'(t) = -cr slnt+ c2cost

dpo n (nrouFsvnidon {vqr: Bpiot(ouFe 6tt c1=0Karc2=1, And x(0)=x'(0)=1 x(t)=slnt+1

Otya 22
o) Aiverorn A.E. +62y'+\2y)=o x(ory"+6ry'+ vly)+ k(a2y" g e o r , 6 r , y 1 , o 2 , 6 2e ,v R 2 xork*0eR Ano6eilre 6r ov or A.E. or9"+6ry'+y =0, o2y"+62y'+y2y=o pio xorvi i0on vl(x) r6re ouri Bo eivoti0on xor rnq A.E. (1). dxor.rv vo iuBei n A.E. eporntrorog rou nponvorlgevou 8) Ms rn BoriBero (x+1)Y"+(-3x-4)Y'+(2x+3)Y=0 (21 (1)

144

dIAOOPIKE E'EO'EE

IN KPOKOY

A6on
o) H yr(x)Borxovonorai rrg A.E. +y,y,= 0, d29i+B2yi+\2yt=O oryi+6ryi
ouvnci,s Bd dxollt Kql

x(dlyi'+ Bryi+ yryr) + klotyi +6ryi+yr9r)=O (1). dpo n y1(x)e{vorirlonrng 6) H6oopEvnA.E.(2)ypogerot xly" 3y' +zyl +ly" - 4y' +3yl = 0 [.o rrqopoyevcl6A.E. Y" 3Y'+2Y=0, iXouF sXqpoKrnploflxdsegloci)oErs A 2- 3 A + 2 = o Kor A r = 1 ,l " = l Fpi(E xor iioerE rou6 y\lxl=e", y2lx)=eu xor xor 9 "- 4 v ' + 3 Y - O

i'z-4i+3=o i3=1, i4=3 y:j(x)=e*, yr(x)=e3.

Apoxotvrl i0on ttov6do opoyevrivA.E.alvorn yr(x)= e' . yro tnv opoyevnA.E.(2)yvopl(r,:plo peprxnidon xor yro vo 6p<n Xuvenci6 pio diin xdvroro perooXnpoflop6 y(x)= e"z(x)(6i. oei. 107piBo6o6uno6r6oofo rn6 rdlng). Me nopoyoyiolE ,<or ovlxordoroon orn (2) nolpvoupe reitxo on (6i. oldon (3.24), oei. 108)
z\xt= ^e J .(Juoc ^ 13x 4 J xrI

,.

f r

- .l : : , 0 . . . ,,, dx

r 3 { x + 1 ) 1 1 =Jx ^ clJ( + ln{x +11 J x-r1

on6tEn nponvoip8vnoXion 6ivEl:

,{*r ,rr"'a" J}""'"'"a"-Jrt{ , x . .., ..,. . . , JIe ' a x - k , =J l X e ' ) ' d x = ( x + l ) e' l)e' .e' =xe'

Apo Tiiog n yevtxriiion eivor

gzlx)=xeb Ylx)=cLe'+czxen

|?AMMIKE AIAOOPIKE EEQIEI!

145

Otga 23
Nd iuB{ n a.E. ,lsl -5r{ll a 9r{:l = 1 (1)

Arlon
=0 dxeiXopo*.np,o.t*ti A.E. y(s)-6y(41+9y) H ovr{ororlnogoyevrle rnv el{o<,>on i5 -6i4 +9i3=o = i3(i'z-6i+9)=o iz =3,6rnin ir =0 tprniri, fsplzs ns on6re Boexet irioers =1, yr(x)=ee
ys(x)=e3", kdl Vvlki i6on rnv yok)= cl +c2x+cax2+ +"r*"t' "nn3* l2l

v 2 ( x ) = x e= ox *,
ys(x)= xe3*

9 3 { * ) = x z e= cx 2 ,

B(iql vngU6pgliq H fprKi idon rns{l)Vroh(x)=1 v,(x)=x3A el{oroong. ro k = 3 oeori ro 0 elvorrprniir pl(o rng yoptoportxrlg noipvoupe: An6 rn oxdon(3)pe nopovdrvron (31

vi(x)=3x2A, vi(x)=6xa, yl,'r(*)=0. o, vl,o){*)=

O-0+9 6A=t = Iuvenog n peprxni6on eivor 'u ", * , - * ' 54

en, v!'r(*)=

on6re AvnxoBroroipeornv(l) rrg nponyoriycveg A=f 54

(2), (4)eivot: irion rnE A.E.(1)ond ns oydoerg Apd n V.uu<ri

AIAOOPII{E F:I'O!EE LN KPOKOY

OEvo 24
Aeilre 6rr xoBeirion rnEA.E. oY"+6Y'+YY=6Pe o,QY>0 rn o;don,t5ivt*}= O. rxovonore{

A6on
A.E.eivor: H lopoxrnptonxi eliooronrn6 ogoyevoug oi2+Bi+Y=0 pepi(eg i,, i2. AroxplvoulE s nptnrd)orqi t) Pi(eg i1, i, npoyportxig. 6rt; And to rprr.lrvupo vvr,:p{(ouFe l, =-9<6 o pedBpotogo opvnnxd 6rt il, i2 oF6onpE An' dnouou;rnepalvoupe Kol iz < 0. on6re i, a0 a,i,=I>0, l H A-E.Bo dxrfle i ore: ei''' v1(x)= tuvend) 9:(x)=ei" oqori ogori ir<0 ir'0

limy1(x)=lim^t*=0 =0 lim Ylx)= lime^'z-

-a+r fiN 1, = --I= ar_ l pizcutvo6l(dc "

zd

p t iv

nr

onou

u= ].0,

"=:4qrO

H A.E. Brilet rrg irloerE: yr{x)= e!- cos(vx), y,(x)= eFsin(vx) ondra =0 lim yr(x)= lim ep'cos(vx) lim yr(x)= lim e!-sin(vx)=0 (pn6evrxiix qpovFdvn) (FnSevrxri x tppoypevn).

KEOANAIO4

rPAMMIKA KA EYETHMATA EYETFI

AIAOOPIKANE3IEAEEON

4.1Fevrxd
Me rov 6po o0ornpo 6roqopl'<6v ho6oov evvooilE dvo nenepoopivo nln8oq ouvnBd'v drorpoprxci:v elroci:oeo:vnou ouv6Ernploo6repEgon6 plo dVvoors ouvoprriols kdl nopoV6youqroug. flopoxdtor Bo ooxoinBo F xupicosF ouoriilroro vpofplxo np6rng rdhs pe otoBeporiEouvreieordE xor pe 6rio rl rperg dyvcuoregouvoprioels, 5nio6i Lrouorngoro rn popQne:

y,xr(t)+f,(t) xi(t)= orxr(t)+6rxr(t)+ yrx3(t)+ + Brxr(t)+ f,(t) xi(t)= orxr(t) y.xr(t)+t(t) xi(t)= o3xr(t) +63x2(r)r
6nou xJt), xr(t), x3(t) dyvoore6 ouvoprnoerq, q, Q, y, i=1,2,3 Soopdvor npoyporrxoiopr8poixot lr{t) fr(t),f3(t)6oopEvre ouvoprnotr, n ouortipdro rs popqris:

(4.1)

(t)+6rxr(t)+ xi(i)=orxl s1(t) + sr(t) xi(t)=o2xr(t)+ 62xr(t)

(4.2)

6nou xr(t), x2(t) dyvooreg ouvoprrioer Kor or, 02, 6r, 62, sr(t). gr(t) 6oopsvor npoygonxoi oprBpoi xol ouvop iolE ovriorolxcr

r48

AIAOOPIKD EIEOIEtr IN, KPOKOY

'orov f1(t)=L(t)=L(t)=0n sJt)=slt)=o' ror ro ovriororxo oiornuq nou i6vrol oFoYvds. npoxunrsr un6 popqi SrovuopoTo oudn'lforo (4.1)Kor(4.2)pnoporivva yporgouv

oe e4ig: xriseEiooone (4.1) To otjornuq vpoqeror: i'(t) = Ai(t)+ i(t)

/ * ,( t ) ) fxi(tr I I/"' 6' v') fl(t)l y ' x o t { { t ) =t]( t ) 6 ' o l{t)= xz{t) ; l t ) - l x ! ( r ) | 1", I | | I, I f.(r),/ lxi(t)/ \o., 6, v3/ l4(t)/
ypderot To oiornpo (4.2) i'(t)- Ai(t)+0(t)
l.l

^=(l; --,=(;lll) ',,,=(::lll) il *,'"=(''l'l)

n-rdlng prodrorgoprxri e{ioc,:on Av dxoupe

elto6oaov xqr quornUdrov 6lqQoptx6v 4.1.1loo6uvop{o y'^'= r(t,y,v',...,v'"-t')

ypdrperor n {1) zu(t)=ylr)(t) r6teBirovroq vrok=1,2,...,n-1 z ' ^ - , = f ( t , Y ' 4 ,' z ^ . r ) zi =zt,t,k=1,2,. .,n'2perrgoxdoer5 xorro zk ouv6iovror Ar6n on6 zu=y'k) dlouge zi=fi*1), nions a*r=y'k*D, on6re zu*,=zi. Anio5i:

(1)

:: z"; = r\r'9'2t, . '2, rl

(')

pa dyvcooreg nE e{rori>oeo:v ro ('1') ivol alo ouornpo SldgoplKorv flporpovcirE 6rr ro ouornpo (*) eivor ouvoprrloet6y(t), zr(t), . . ., z" ft). Ano6erxvderor (1). rooSuvopo lretnv e{ior'>on

|PAMMIKA !\2THMATA

AIAOOPIXON EEOEEON

149
v . . T o T EK A I T O

Av n f eivarypopprxi coE npogng pero6inrig y, y,, . , . , crvriorolXo (*) oidrnUo eivorypopprx6.

flopd6erypo 1o H elioroon

9"'+y'+y=Q

(1)

pnopei vo ypogei un6 poprpriouorirporo6 og e{fig: Odrovrog zr=y' Kot z2=zf i|ovlle y,,=zl=2" xor 9,',=zz,. Erar n s{iooon (1) Kol ;ro(i pe rrg oXaoerg vpoqarol 22'=-21-y y,=zt, 21'=22 onoi.ioiv ro loosdvoFo odornpo rng (1)pe rpergriyvcuoreg ouvoprrior,s V(t), ,,(t), zr(t) 6niodi:

9 " ' + y+ ' y=o e

' ,r,= r,

flopd6erypo 2o H e{ioroon y"-3y'+29=O (1) pnop{ vo ypogi un6 popgri ouorriporo ov Biooupe y'(t)=x(t), on6rr y"(t)=x'(t). Apo n roo6uvopio eivot:

3y'(t)+2y(t)=o * J,lii v"(t) =lll,,_ rr,,

To ovriorporpo oto nopondvo:5ev roXier, dnio6fi 6e fnopoup vo ovdyoupe ivo oriornpooe pro6rogoprxri e(iooon, exr6on6 optoFeveg er5rxdg nplnr.i)ols, lS onoigBoe{erdoougeopioog nopokdrc,).

4.2 H U6Bo6oq tng onolorgrig

H piBo6og tnq onoiorrgig prog eivor yvolotri on6 ro oiyeBprxd ouorriporo 6nou npoonoBoipe ps xardiiniou6 ypoprprxoigouv6uoopofE rr,:v e{roriroer,:v vo xoroirl{oupe de pro (io.,}on F va! dvvordro. fro ypop1rrxd 6iogoprxd ouorfFdrq pe oroBepofg ouvteieordg nprirrnE i xor ovtirrepn6 rd[n6 npoonoBo^6pe pe ypopgr<origouvSuoogori6, nopoVcDyiol xql ovnxoroo.ao.,i vo oSnq,nBodpeoe 6roeoprrr{ idoon rou vo nsplexl povo uro ovvororn 'Exer ro nieovexrnpo vo Siver idon opxerd oLivropo oe ypopprxd 6ro(poprxd ouoriporo oFovvri xol Fn opov!i1 pe 2 dyv<,:oregouuop.,iolq, v6 orov Exoul.l 3 dyvororegouvoprrioergro npdy[oro neprniExovrar vf our6 p6vo ovdloyo pc r n poprgri rou ouorriporog iXouFeSuvorornro, jonc

15U

dIAOOPIKEEEEOIEE

IN KPO(OY

oriornpo2x2,6nio5i dvo oiorngo rns popqne: dvoypopgrx6 Av dyoupe q2y(t)+f1(t) x'(t)= orx(t)+ y'(i)=6rx(t)+ 6ry(t)+ t(t)

(4.3)

o vo ro ovdYoulr8 r6reour6Fnopoipe y(t)oldvvororeg ouvoprrioet6, 6noux(t), e[ig: pro6rogoprxi r,;g el{o<,:on 4.1 MeD66euon (43)tosnpog y(t)noipvoup on6rrsdxdosrs 1. Arivovrog rnv npc,lrn

.,,,-4!L--gta:!A
.. . x"(t)- o,x'(t)- fi'(t) v( =+

{1)

o;doerE orn 6irpn (id.uon rou rts 6do noPondvo) 2. AvrrxaBrordrvrog noipvoups: ouoiriuoro6(4.3)

o,x'(t)fi(t)_u,*(t)n x,,(t)rr(t) c, {.!ll:jCi!):-!1!l.u

r:2"ct2'

n too5ivopo - ort(t) = 0 x"(t)-x'(t)(dr+6r) +(o,6, -o16,)x(t) fl(t)+ 6rfi(t) (.)

nou eivot pto ypopprxri6rogoprxrieliooron6eritepngrdlng pe oroBepoig ouvrieordE. ornv (1)i;oupe xot tnv x(t)xor ov xo8rortirvrog 3. Arivovrogrnv (*) 6pioxoupe rnv y(t). noporrlpnon 6rr ol0. Av oz=0, r6re n npr'lrn e{iocoon rou Eronnpd unoBdoope nou iKo^o iiveror ouorriporog Bo ypor4drov x'{t)=o1x(t}+f1(t) oxdon rou (43) Bo ndpoult 6edrepn rn irlon tng ornv Avrtxa8rordrvrog y(t)nou idvror. ErjKoio pro6togoprxri e{iooon tosnpo Ilopd6eryyo 1o No iu8ei ro oriornpct

x'(t)= 3 x+ y + t + 1 ] -x+v - t j y'(t)=

(E)

TPAMMIXA E}zTHMATA AIAOOPIKON EEOIEON

151

Erpop!6(ovrog ro nopondvo, ,lLlvoupe rnv np<irrn e{io<,:onrou (l) oq npog y(t)xor 6xoup6 : y(i)=x'-3x-t-1 (1) nopoyoyl(oupe

Y'(t)=x"-3x'-1
x"-3xr1=-x+x'3x-t-1-t? x"-4x'+4x=-2t l2l

Me ovrtxordoroonornv Serirepn e{{or,:on rou ouoriForognoipvou}r: H A.E.nou npodxuge eivorypopprxri Serirepng rd{nEp oro8pouS ouvreioris. H ovriororXn ofoyvie rng eivor x"-4x'+4x=0 Fs XopakrnptonKn {iocoon -2),=0 (5rnnn =r piZo), A2-4A+4=O - \ n=2 on6ran yevrxnrns iion eivor: xo(t)= cr e2i+ c2te2' (3)

And ro Seirepo paioq rng {2) h(t)=-2t kor rrq pi(e6 rng Xopoxrnproxie e4{ocDonE, ouFnpoivouFe ofl Bo ixoup pprkriiion rns popqlls xp(i)=Ai+B noupe ovrtxordoroon ornv (2)6pioxoupe 6rr A=-I12,B=-112, on6ren peprxri 1 ,. t ) =_ ; ( t + 1 ) x-,' ( L Euven6g n VvrKn iion rnq(2)on6rnv releuroio xorrnv (3)eivor: -]t,*rt "-*' TdioE ge ovrrxordoroon rns (4)ornv (1)noipvoupe y(t): rn ouvoprnon l= cle" x(r
"^ ?c -^ k^,'-t 2 yltl=2cte 't

(4)

t\e''

3c e' -3e.rc| -;,

v ( r r =c e t " ' 0 - r ) e 2

l'

rsr

An6 rnv (4) xor tnv (5)pnoporipe vo dXoutrre rn vvrxi iion roDouoriporos o popei nivor(o(D s{iq:

flopotnprloerg 1. fio ypogprxd Srorgoprxd ouoriporo (opoyevn xor !n opovevn) p oroBeporlgouvreieori5 xor pe Srlo dlvcoorsEouvoprrloerq,pnopotipe vo noup 6rl n gBo6ornS onoiolefis ival n nro onii xor n nro ypriyopn. 2, H piBo6oE nor-r oxoiouBioope nopondvo pnopei vq eopgoori Kor oe Vevrx6ypolrgrKdouornporo 2x2,5nio5ri ouoriporo tng popgiq:

(,ll)="' ( (,:,;"'.r,'.', ")".',

152

AIAOOPIKE! E:-IIATEI! IN KPOKOY

x'(r)=or(t)x(t)+6r{r)y(r)+s(t) y'(t)= or(t)x(t) +6r(t)y(t)+ f (t) 6nou x(t),y(t) or dvvoores ouvoprtiote kor o,(t),or($, 6r(t),6r(t),s(t),(0 ouvopr{oels. VvoorCg Ilopd6etypo 2o No iuBi Tooiornpo z' +22-Y = -2e" y" -3y'+5y-gz=6e(t)

nopornpoipe 6 pnopolipvo egopp6oouF rn gdBo6ornE onolorgrig onoe Tnvnplvpdgop olo nponvouFvo nopd6lvpo. Iuyxexprydvoirivouprnv np6rn E;iooon rou (l) orgnpogy(x): y(x)=z'+22+2e* (t) Bpioxoupe rrg nopov6you y'(x), y"(x) Kot ovnKoBlorotirpe ornv 6eurepn elior,:onrou (E). y' lx)=z" +22'+2ex, y" =2"' +22"+2e* -62'-6e,+52' z"' +22"+2e,-32" +\Oz+11e*-92=6e* - z"' -2"-z'+z=O l2l Koroii{ope o opovsvri ypopprxnA.E. pe oroBepo06 ouvreieordg n onoio iXl Xopokrnplo Ki {i.'(,)on: l3-ir-i+1=0 = nr(n-1)-(i-1)=0 = (i-U(ir-l)=0 + (i-1)r(i+1)=0 p pi<eS i=l6rnid xor i=-1onii, dpo n Vvrxri irjon rng (2)eivor: z(x)=cre*+ czxe* + c:e-* Tdio6 peovrrxordoroonrne z(x)ornv(1)dxoupe rnv y(x): - cre-*+2c.,e* y(x)=cre*+cz{l+x}e* +2crxe*+2cre * +2e* -.> y(x)=3c,e" +cr(1+3x)e'+c.e' +2e" (3)

lloponlpnon
fpopprxd 6rogoprxdouorriporo rd{ng ov6repng rne nprirrng ouvri8og i0vovror pe rn piBo6o rng onoiorgrig.

TPAMMIKA'YETHMATA dIAOOPIKON EI'O'EON

4,3

A6on cuotnpdrr,rvpe 1pfion nrvdxov M68o6ogrov Xopoxrnprorrx6vpeye8tiv

'Eoro ypopprx6 ro opoyevdg oriotnpo3x3 pe oroBepoig ouvreieord6: x'(t)= orxl6ru*tr, 9'\t)= ozx+6zy+\zz z'(t)=or* t 6ru*tr"

(E)

6nouro q, Q, v;, i=1,2,3 ivornpovpoirxoiqprBuoi. (nivoxoorriin) xor A rov nivoxo rou ouoriporog Av BEoolpei(t) ro 6rdvuopo (E),6nio6n:

r-(0.] i(')=l v(t) I \z(t) /

Ito euxoiloypogrlg om ouvdletoxovoupe nivoxa AT, xprlonrou ovoorpogou 6no! or Vpoppdsy{vovror orriieg xor or orriieE VpopFdc, ornv npoKsiFvn nepfnroonro i(t) Vpoqrori(t)= (x,y, z)r.

En{on(

fx'(t)) i'(t)=ly'(t) I,
lz'(t)./

l'o, 6r vrl A=lo, 6, y, I

\o. 6, v.,/

eEid.,)on: xot ro oriornpo(E)nolpvet rn popgi rng Stovodpqru(i

(4.41
'Eorc,t 6n ol ouvoprrioet6 x(t)=vre^r,y(t1=vrsir, z(t)=v3eit, F i, vr, v2, v3 npoyyortxdg oro8epiq, rxovonotoiv ro odornpo (!). Tdre n:

= ,,, l::,J"
txovonorei mv e{looon (4.4). flopovcovilovtos rnv (4.5) nolpvoope: i'(t) = n (eii)'= n ie^t

(4.5)

154
Kor ovrlKoBlot6vroE ornv (4.4)npoxdnrt

AIAOOPIXE EEOIEE

IN KPOKOY

"jo oo-oo=o = nien'=Aie^' > (An-ni)e^r=0

(A nt)n= 0

(4.61

6nou I sivoro povoSto{os n{voxoq 6loyr,:viou ioo l 6io ro orolxio rnSKupio6 pe dvo xor 6io ro diio pn6dv. Iuvtnri,g nopornporipe iuon rns pop,rnq;(r)= v er p 6rr ov dXoupe dvo otoBepo6rdvuopaxor i npoyporlx6goptBp6g, ro i, i tKovonololv ro opovvdg orornpq (4.6)nouyro vd dxeriiorg xr6grng fn6vrkri(nporpovris) npinern op{(ouod rou vo elvorlon pe pn5dv,6nio5ri;

14.71
H e(ior,:on I A-ill=0 iiVeror xoporrnprorrxrl eE{o(}on Kar ol pi(e6 rng ieyovrot r6rotrydgri lopoxrnprorrxd6rrpd9. Avdioyo pe ro i6oq rorv pr(drv i, rng Xopq(rnplolxrig elio(,)dne
6roKpivouprle nsptnrdroslS:

I. Annds p(lesrnc lA-nl l-0

o) flpoyporrxe6 pi(eE I.o xtiBepto onin 16ro fri ii ro ovriorolxoo1loyvie ouornpo (A - \l)n= 0 Bo6ivetidon pe6voeieiBepodyvc,:oro, ouvencirg or (rdr6ltopo{Bo eivoryovo6r<iororo6 idoa rou oFoVvoiS ouonlporog un61copo6 rou R3. Anio6i iXouperrgpeptxigiuoerg: . Vroi=ilBpioxoupE ro i, on6 ro oriorngo(A - il l)ir = 0, opo Froiion ro! ouorriporog eivorn ir(t)= i,e"" . Vroi=i2 Bpioxoupe (A - i2l)i, = 0, ro i, on6 ro orJornpo dpo Froiion rou ouoriporos ivorn i2(f)= ize^,' o yro i=i,Bp{oxoupe ro i3 on6 ro ouorn}ro (A - l3D i3 = 0, tipo pro i6on rou ouoriporoq eivorn i.(t)= i.ei.' Ot i oerg i,(t), i2(t), i3(t) eivor vpouurkd ovs4oprnre(516rr ro rSroSrovdolrorai,, ir, i. eivor vpouplxd ov6dprnro), ouvenrig onoreioiv ivo Begeirdfs6 onvono (y<npo) iriosorv rou ouorigorog, on6te n irion rou (I) elvor: i(t)= c,i,{t)+ crir(t)+ ca{(t)

TPAMM]KA :\zTHMATA

AIAOOPIXON EEO'EON

155

6) Mryo6rxegpi(eE Av n yopoxrnprorrxri e{iooon A-il =0 exer pi{o rnv i=U+wi, npogovrigBo iyer pi(o kor rn ou4uvi rnq i=g+wi, rnv i=f wi . An6 To otrovvds oiornpo (A nl)v=0 Bpioxoupe ro rSroSrdvuopo i pe pryo6rx6gouvreroypiveg.luven6g on6 rnv opXrxn Becllpnonnou xqvopc, oXion(45).n iuon Bo civor rnq Fopgig i(r)=ne^i=neG+*rxnerre*t= ilt(cos(wt) + isin(wr)) Ano rov no,4,4oniooroop6 rou i pe ro (coswt+isinwt) npoKnnrr, svo Srovuopope npoyponKds ouvrrovpavsS i1(t) xor ivo Srovuopope (noi/pivo ps i) ir(t),5niq5i eovraoflxdeouvrrcrvpdvs i(t)= ne"'= ir(t)+ iir(t) (:) Kor Eixoio SEiXvoup 6Tr ro ;l(t), i2(t) ivor i!orerou ouorriForos poiroro ypopprxd ovldprnres, ouvEncbs XorrpE g 5uo ,luoerg it(t), ir{t) yroto (cfyosro)vprvodrkdv rdrorF6\, i=F+wi,i=!-wi. Av ,1.eivorn npoyporrxi pi{o rn6 | A-il I =0 epVol6pevor 6nr,:e oro (o) pro rp{rnVpopprkd 6pioxoupe ove{dprnrn irion ir(t)=i.re^,' on6ren Vvlxiiuon Bo ivol: i(t)= c1i11t)+ crir(t)+ cai3(t) Iloporrlpnon And rg prvoSrxis ou(uyeig pi(eg noipvou;repro on6 rrg 6rio xor xrEioip rnv nopondvor SroSrxoolo. H di.ln 6e Xperd(eror. II. Ilolloni6s pilas rne I A-nl l=0 Av n Xopoxrnprdnxi eliocooniyer ro i noiion,\i pi(o (5rnin n rprnAn), (A-il)i=0 xorovdioyope ro ninBog r6re iivouF ro opoysvdq ouornpo rr,rv:Iroriroer,:v nou rooS uvopei, 5 roxpivoupe rrgneprntc6oerE: d) Orov ro i ivor6lnii pi(o Koron6 ro opovsvieoudrnpoKdroii{o!p oe plo e{io<ron,6nio6n66o eienB:pous ayuriorou6, r6re Bpioxouge 66o rSro6rovio;roro i,, i. (Bdonrou rdr6XcoOou). fro KdB ivo ond ourd noipvoupE ypopprKd Korproiion rou ouornporo6, ovdprnrn r.,rv uno,loincov, Snio6ri ir(t) = v, er', ir{t)=irer' OForo6rov Vroi rprnii pi(o ndpouge rprrqei:riB:pouqoyvcirorouE, 16rciXouFerpsrS iuorgovriororyoypopprxd ovCdprnre 6) Av ro i eivorrprniri pi(o rn6 Xopoxtnpron,<ne gioooneKoron6 ro oiornpo xoroin{oupe oeSrloe[rociroerE, r6re iXoupedvoveieriBepo oyv.ooroxql ou\,n6s npoxrlmer ivo r6rodrdvuopo ir, on6reUro,4uon Bo sivorn i,(t)= n,e^' .

dIAOOPIKEEEEO:EE

IN KPO(OY

'

fro fls oiise660 oKoiouBoige ro elri6 Bipcrcr Bipd 10 Mro6alrepn i6on Bo BpeBei 6oxrpo(ovroq irion rnq poprgig: i(r)=(61+nr)eir oro flpdypon enerSn i'-ire^i+i(tir+i2)en', av ovrtxoraornooupe = A v l e ouornFx o Axxolvrovrne ,nolpvouptorr i r " i ' + i ( t ! r + i r ) e ^ ' = t A i r e ^ ; + A i r e ^ ' < f i , + . 1 i ,= A i , 9

n,: (A_it)n,
Aporo i, 6ploxaror on6 rn oxon:

(A-il)n2=ir
rou i, =(vr,vr,v,)' reroteg Vlo xanolsq entioyd6 rov ouvreroypevorv 6ore il *i2. To i2 ovopd(erot yevueugdvo 16106rdvudpo. Onore pto6erirepn iion rou ouornyoros lvoli

i2(t)-(tir + i2)eir Bipa 2o 'Oporopto 6ivrcrl crn6rov rino: oiin rpirn irion rou ouorriporog

ir(r)=l ;ir +ti,+ir le^'

dnou ro Vvrku[i\Jol6lo6rdvu('lo i3 6pio'<rdlon6 rn oX6on:

/,2

(A-il)n3=n2

(pEi3 + i2)

Av yro rn 6rnlr{ r6rorrpr{ Spoile dvo r6ro6rtivoolro, t6re dvo deirepo lpoyyrxd olsldprnto rSroSrdvuoyo 6pioxeror ov egopp6oolFs t6vo ro np<,ito 6ilyo. y) Av ro i eivorrprnii pi4orn xopoKrnproflKiE ;iooone Koran6 ro oriornpaxoro.lri{oupe o proliooon, r6re dxoupe 2 eieriBepouq oyvriorouEKorouvnd)e npoxinrouv2 VpoFFlr<ri ove{dprnrorSroSrovrioporo ir, i, xor xord ouvdneroBa dXoupe 2 irjoergovriororla i1(t)=i, ei', ir{0= nre^' H rpirn idonBo BpeBei ov qopp6oouF ro npriro 6rlpa on6 rn 6erirepn napinroonnoipvovroe rSloSldvuotro. ro i1 nro i2 VloopxrK6

TPAMMIXA'YITHMATA AIAOOPIXON EtrO'ION

floporripnon
To nopondvcopnoporiv vo Egoppooroiv xol o ofovvi1 ypop1rlKo ouorriporopeSriooyvcoors ouvop ioae (2x2). Me066euon4.2 Xe avo ypopprx6 opoyevdgoriornpo [ oroBpoig ouvreieorig rnE i'(t)=Ai(9 '<dvoupe ro e{ns: uopqns 1, An6 rn xopoxrnplonKn Eliooon la-AI]=O gplonoulre rrg rSrorrplg rou 2, fto xdBe rdronpi i, iuvoupero ofoyvd oiornpa (A-41)v,=0 Vro vo Bpe8oriv ro r6ro6rovrioForo ii. toyxEXprpdvo erpopp6(oupe rn pre8oSoioyio rr,:vneptnrdroeu:v I, II yro rnv ipon rov lSlo6rovuopdrr,:v xor rn6 vvlxiS iions rou (l). Ilopd6erypo 1o No 6peBei ivaBepeir116eg orivoio npoyporrx<irv irioetovrou ouornpotog
t t- 2 -1\

;'(t) |

"-

E li(t)

(E)

BpioxouFe ng l6lonpdg rou nivoxo A rou ouorriporog ono rn idoron: XopoKrnprorlKn

A-il =0 > I

l - ,' ^- A z

"

-1

. ',l 3-^l

o > a ' : - 7 1 -t 2 = 0
r6rorrPeg onidg

>

ir=-3,

Az=-4

fro xaBe pio r6rorrpriBpioKoup ro avriororyordro6ravuopo on6 rn i on roo otrovvoisouorriporo(A -nl)o = 0 fro ir=-3 ixoups /t 1\/v.\ /0\ v _ v, 0 (A-^r)n, 0 - l; = ;)l;,) [oJ z',-i",-o '"'="
Apo ro odvoio rov brovuopdrrov nou ivol iion (rSrdXo)poe) sivor: rou oFoyevoiE ouorrlporog

_ /",) ' l = i /",) " I

\v2l \vrl

v'.\ r,/ I

rl\

, o l; I u 6 o o nr o r S r o 6 r d v u oip \r.i

/r,

luvenrig pra irion tou (I) eivorn ir(t)= i1, 1)re-s' (1)

158 'Opoto yroir= -4 dX6eps; (2 .i\(v,t

AIAOOPIKE! E:IEOEEII IN KPOKOY

( A i , l ) n r - 0-) 2 , , _ u ' , = o : . > v, -2v, lz _r,J1",)=lo

(o\

2 v ,- v , = o

(Xripog Fpo o r6r6lcopog iuoe<,rv rou opoyevodE ouornporoE) ivol:

/r\ fr) rJ i-- tf,,) , r J = lf,,) Z",.J=" ,lZJ ue6oo rn or 6 r o 6 r o v un o,rl o

on6reprodiin idon rou(E)eivor n: i,(r)=(l, 2)r e o, lZl

lbo on6 rrg (1), (2) or i,(t), i2(t) onorio6v ivo Bepeirdr6egorivoio npoypolK6v idotovxol n yvlki i6on rou ouorfiporo6eivol i(t)= crir (t)+c2i2(t)

no v o i u u x o

/1\ a 11\ lft)=cr[i.Je -cr.'z l r J e

flopd6etypo 2o No BpeBei ivo Be;reiuir6eq ouvoio npoyporrxdrv iiocov rou ouornForoe: / -, a <\

i1t)=l

",

li(t)

(r)

Ano rn Xopoxrnprorrxn iooonI A-nl l=0 6pioxor..rpe rrE r6rorrpd6:

t?_)

lA-nfl=o +

"

<

,"

," .l=0 ) ir=l+i, i2=l-i

A ?- 2 A + 2 = O - - j , i = l r i pi(eg(onidg) Fryo6rxlg

fro it=1+i 6p1s*.rt. to ovriorolXol6l06ldvrrogo, 6nio6ri:

(A-i,r)n,-o > [ _r

(3-r-i

)(v,l 1ol _r_,_r]1,,1=(ol

!1 = (2+ i)v2

(2- i)vr+ 5v2=0 _ -", -(i+ t", =o -

616rr ov noiionioordooupe rnv npcirne{iocoon pero (2+i)iXoupe: (2-iX2+i)v,+5(2+i)vr=0 = (4+1)vr+5(2+i)v2=0 = vr+{2+i}v2=0 6nio6ri npodxugen 6irpn {iooon nou rirov ovopev6pevn,Vlori o 6rorpoperrxri nepinr<,:on Bo ixop 6Jo ro6ols VpopplKdove{dprnreE, ouvn.isro ouornpo Bo siys povo rn pn6evrxi iJon, npoyFonou ivol drono

fPAMMIKA E\JTTHMATAAIAOOPIKONE'trTUEON

159

616

dxooFs nspsl rnv opi(ouod rou ouorirlroroe ion pe pnSiv on6 rn Xopoxrnplo ki gio(,)on(Xrirpog Euven<irE o 1616ycrpog irioeorv rou ogoyevorigouorriporog)eivor:

,= l ^ / v _)l / ( 2 | i ) v '1 v:l

\v2l | \ uz )

v-,\l - l . I ,/

tz+i\

oo v | - | u r o r o o l o v u oru \_r,i

- /2r ,\

And rn poprpn rng iione i(t)=ie^rt dXoup'

i(t;=f2;t)"'.'
\ r./

r.in,1, " ' \f-2 r .,/i ) 1 . o , t ,

-sint\ ./2sintfcost\ - e l, / 2 c o s t +ie l -cosr -srnt /I \ / \ on6re dvo Bepeir<ir6e6 oivoio iioer,rv onoriodv or ir(t), ir(i) npoyl.rok6(povroorlkd pdpog rnSrE,4uro{oE oXdonS ovriorotXq: -,.,f2cost-sint\ -..,f2sint-cost\ x r(t)-e x 2{r)=e _sint c o s r J, l I J
kdl n VavtKriiton rou ouorriporog e{vot: i(t)= ctit(t)+c2i2(t)

rIopd6erypo3o
No iuBei ro oiornpo 6rogoprkdlvgrd6dEt,:v

(2 2 1\ i'(t)= 1 3 1 li(t).

\tzz)
H xopaxrnprorrxri e{ioc,ron rououoriporog A-il | =0 eivor: 1 | 1-n 2 7 )2 A 2

l1 11

3-i tl=o=10 3-i 1l=0=' 2 2A r,l-7+A 2 2-Al

(noiionioouioopr rnv rpirn6rfii)pe ro (-1)xarrnv npooBioope ornv nprirn)

2 11 (1-n)l

0 3-i 1 l = 0 = ( 1 - i ) l 0 3- n I l = 0 + -1 2 2A 0 4 3i

1l

11 2

1l

(npooBioope rn npdrrn vpoppriornv rpirn)

+s ( 1 i ) ' z ( s i)=o = 0 a)(:-a1'2-a)=

' pilq ir=nr1 Srnnn i:=5 qnii.

150

AIAOOPINF' E=EO:EE I N.I(POKOY

odornpo(A -i,l)i, fio rn6rnii l6ronpriir=lon6 ro oFoyevd /1 2 1)fv,) /0) v,-2v,+t,=Q

= 0 dXoupe:

lr z rll",1=lol-" -z',.",-o
l i z r / | . " . - /l d vr-2v2+v3 o.
p pio e[iooon vr=-2vr-vr,on6r ot 6nioSri ro opoyevdE oiornFo roo6uvopi eieriBepor dyvtoororeivor 6rio xor kofli oovdnElo Bo BpeBoiv6io vpoFFrxd oveldprnro 16roSrovriopora

("'\ (-2" ",) l/ 2",.\l-",) (-2\ f-1) i-lr l=l l=l ', l-l o l-', 1 l-v3o I
\,",i \ v "r / \ 0 / \v3/ \0/ \li H &ion tou r5r61<,.rpou aivorto i, =(-2, 1, 0)r, n, -{-1, 0, 1)r. Iuvendrgyro rn 6rnin rSrorrli ir=l iXoupsns iior: i 1 ( t ) = ( - 2 ,1 , 0 ) r e i , ir(t)=(-l,0, 1)re' (1)

oddrnpo (A - i,lli. = 0 fro rnv onin rSrortpi is=5 iivouFe ndil ro opovevde yro vo 6pe8ei ro r6ro6rdvuopa,6nlo6ri: ( -3 2 z t I l)f', ) f0) l'1"" l=10 | e 3v, +2v, + v, 0 <> vr -v, -v3 v) 2vr+ vr o

(r

z -e]l",l lo./

,,-2v,-av,=o

dpd ro 16l06ldvuolroivol:

f",)f'') rr) , o,=l rr) o-1",, l=l', l=",lll ll \"./ \",i \1, \r/
xor pro diin idon tou ouornpoioslvor: i3(t)= (1,1, 1)re5' (f)on6 rteU),(2)eivqt: luventirsn yevrxri lon rou ouorrlporog ;(t) = c1i1(t)+ cri, (t)+ cai3 {t) ri ovoiurrxd (21

floporrtpnon pe xprionrcov H xopoxrnprorrxri elio<oon A-ill=0 ir-iBnxe rSrotritr,:v

rov opr(ouociv yra va 6pBodv opdoos or pi(eg tng. MnopoUoope ogroq

',,,= ",[-i)'.",Ii]'."Ii

.PAMMIKA!\2THMATA AI]AOOPIKON E:EQIEON

161

nopd6ery!-ai-,to'--'-

vo rnv ovdnni[ougsSnloO'i In- Il=O<.l s-7i2+11i-5=0 xor vo 6poriue --. gro oxripolopi(o rng on6 roug6rorpdr:g rou oroBepori 6poo6nio6ri rou 5 no! ivol 11, t5 xot pe6roipeon i nopoyovronoinon rrg un6iorneE.

No iuSe{ ro oiornpoilr)= 0 2 4 ji(r) | \1 0 -1./

12 I 0)

H yopoxrnpronxri elio.oneiuor lA-il l=0. l2-^

lo Ir
dpo

e 4.'z d + l=12-d1'-^ .0.-rl9 '11 -1-^ -r-n o o -1-il

0 |

-4i+ 4X-1- i).r 4 = -i2(n- 3) = (2- if(-1- n)+4 = (i'z ir=3 oniri drorturi, iz=i:=0 6rnirir6rorpri

fto rnv onii r6rortpri ir=3 BploxouFe ro r6ro6rdvuolro ir:

(-r 1 0lf\) f0) | 0 -1 4ll"rl=l0l<= {A-n)l)nr-0 -4l\v3l

\ 1 0 \0/ !r = vr

-v,+v2=o - v , - 4 v ,= 0 < +
v' -4v3.0

", on6te ro r6roErovuopo eivor:

= au. n

vt =4v,

vr=Av"

t'q) /a".) 14) i=lv, l=14v3 alI "31

14) ir=lal

1"./('.,

ltJ

ltl
(1)

Euvn6g pld idon rou ouorrlporog e{vorn:

i r ( t ) = ( 4 , 4 ,t ) r e 3 ' fro rn Srnin r6rort|'rri iz=0 dXoupe:

(A-i,lln,=0 <.t

f2 I lo 2
\l 0

_1/\v3l

0)fvr) /0) 2,t,+u,=o a ll * l=l0l <t 2v2 r 4 v 3 = o< >

\0./ v, _v1 0

Vt=Vs vz= -2vl

162

EtrOTEtr LN KPOKOY AIAOOPIXEI

6vo rSroSrdvuogo: on6reBoBpouge oyvcooro dpo ixouge dvo eieriBepo

i l"| | 2".1 ,"1 2l -i. I,tt [",J[",/

eivat: pro diin iion rou or.rorrigarog luvenrir6

I"'tr", lr')

r') | 2l
lr]
(21

- 2 , 1 ) r e o t = ( 1 ,2 , 1 ) r ir(t)=(1,

p: oiptpcouo rov i1(t), ir(t) Bo BpeBei ovEoprnrn H rpirn irion i.(t) voopfLxd sXouP: Bo :uVKxplgvo y:vrxeupdvr,;v rSroOrovuoFdrov rn ye8o6oioyio rcov

(tn,+ n3)eo' i3(r)=

(3)

xor 6pioxeroron6 rn iion tou rdroSrovr'ropro 6nou i. eivor to yevtxeupdvo (A -irl)i. = iz,5nio6i: ouorntrrorog t2

lo z - +ll ",l.l.l"o 1llv3/ \ 1l

11

o\/v,l

/1\

t - ,l=l'2,, 2,,,,,41,. , v,-v"- 1

2!,+\'=

flo{pvoupe pta ruxo{o rlpn vlo ro v3=0, on6r vr=I, vz=-l xot rot ro eivot: yevrxeugevo r6roSrdvuopo i. =(1, 1, 0)r + i, Luvencirg n iuon rou ouori;rorogon6 rn oxeon(3)eivat: i 3 ( t ) = t ( 1-,2 , 1 ) r+ ( 1 , 1 , o ) r = ( t + 1 , - 2 t 1 , t ) r iion rou ouotnporog: (2)xor (4)axo!! rn YvrKri Apoon6 ls (1), i(t)= crir(t)+ c2ir(t)+cai3(t) (4)

ypouurKd ouorliuoro 4.4 Mn opoyevri

'Eorco ypoyprx6 oriornpo 3x3 pe oroBepouE ouvreieoreg: ro

i'(t)= Ai(t)+C(t)

(4.8)

rou ouorriporos 6pos 6nou G(t)=(gr(0, o2(t), s3(t))r o vvcoor6E H irion rou ouornporoE (4.8) viveror 6ncoEong vpopprxeq Srogoptxig 6nio5i npdra BpidKouprn vvrKn .iuon rou ovriorotxou e{rociroerg, oudrtiloros i'(t)=Ai(t), rnv i.(t) xor orn ouvelerop: rn pdBo6o oFoYvois paroBoing rrov nopopirporv ilagrange) Bpioxoupe pro ;reprxn iuon tou (4.8), rnv ir(t), on6ren yevrxiririon eivot: or-roriuoro -Y(t} i(t)= i"{t)+

!Y'THMATA AIAOOPIXON EEOIEAN TPAMMIKA

153

EuyxexprpdvooxoiouBoiFe ra e{rig 6nporo: Bripa 1o n ivoutr ro oFoyvdqoiornpo i'(t)=Ai(t) Fe rn pdBoSonou neprypdgope ornv nponvoJUvnnopdvpdqo, on6re eXooprn VEvlKiiiion:

i.{t) = crir(t)+ c2i2(t)+c.ri3(t} BiFo 2o (Lagrange). MiBoSogrn5 pero6oiig rr,rvnopoperpr,:v (4.8) elvotrng popgrig: Oo)porili 6Trn pplkriiuon rou ouotriporoE + cr(t)ir(t)+ca(t)i3{t) ip(t)= cr(t)ir(t)

(4.9)

(4.10)

xordiin.is d0vdpr orsrou t, dtorEn ip(t) vo lvori0on 6nou cr(t),clt), ca(t) (4.8). tou ouornporog Av ovrrxoroorriooupernv iu(t) t<or rnv nopdvo)y6rns i;{t) oro opxrxo noipvoup rnv EEiooon: oictrnpo(4.8), ci(t)ir(t)+c;(t)i2(t) + c!(t)i3(t)=C(t)

(4.11)

ps vpopprx6oiornpo 3x3 o)snpogc,'(t),c2'(t), ca'(t), nou p rn nou roo6uvqpi p o,loKirlpcoon iddn rou 6p{o'<oupE fls cr'(0,c2'(t), ca'(t}. trn ouvXro iXouFe rt cr(t), cr(t),cali),on6rqvrxo8rord)vros orn oXdon(4.10) noipvoup rn pprxf iton rou ouornuorog. Tdioc n vvrxi iion eivqr:

i ( t ) =i . ( t ) + i e ( t )
Ilopd6etypo NoiuBei ro oriornpo: -... 14

14.Lzl

Bipo 1o n{vout ro ovriororxoouovvEs oiornpo i'(t)=Ai(t). H Xopoxrnprortxri e{ioc,:on rou ouornporoq eivor:

2\_ / r-3\ irt)=I, nJ;{t)-l r,o .l_, ).

.A-il -0 =

1" 1"- A -

-2

at

o = ,'.1 -+nl

i'? o = i

6 r n i rfi r o n p n

fio rn 6rnin r6ronpiri=0 6pioxoupe ro r6ro6rdvoouo on6 ro ofovvdeoiornuq - O 4v, (A_n,r)n=o = + "? 2", [,; ;jl;;.]=o ;;i_;;; ; (4 -2\/".\ -2u,

164

ALAOOPI(EEEOTEE tN I{POKOY

opo

/l\ /u,) /q) /1\ o=l'r./=lzrj, rsro6rdvuouo r" o' ue ,J="'lzJ l;J

Iuven<,i6 proiion tou opoyavoriE ouorriporog eivorn: 0) Ena6i ro \=0 (vol6rnii r6rorrgri, Gpioxoulr dvo vvlxeupdvo r6roSrdvuogo i2 an6 m oxdon: i,(t)=(1,2)reo'

(A_A,)n,=n, = (l _iX;;)=(l) _ 4v1-2v"=l

fto vr=Q 3 vr=-1/2 rxovonorelu n rsiuroio Kor i2

/0\ =l:rtz)'i"*t''

Apopld d in i6on lvorn:

;rtt)=1t1,+v.1"0,=frrttl
\-' 2) (2)dloupe An6 rt6(1), 6r n irion rouopoyevorig ouotriporog eivor:

el

Bipc 2o tipqoivq pe rn peBo6o rng petoBoirig rov nopopdrpr,:v (Lagrange) Set.porjge rn peprxri irjon rou orloniFqros i! = cr(i)ir(r)+c2(r)i2(r) 6nou clt), c2(t)xorriiinieg duvoprridtg rou t nou unoioyl(ovrqr onrj to odornpcr

= 6(t) ci(t)ir(t)+ ci(t)ir(t)

6nio6ri

.rrr(i).";ro[,, !] =(_i_i)
c ir q = -t4 -t 't ' '? I2 ' t "r l L = c,(t)=ztn4 t tt+

n ivovrds ro o6dlnFodXouU

2+4r-3,> czli=-l.LlI)=2r
Apo n Fprxriiddn {vot

n?

;"rtr=(r"t'.f-rt,)(l)-rn'-",(r,' t)

(4)

.PAMMIXA'YETHMATA AI,AOOPIKON E:I'O'EON

or6reFdBporon rov (3)xor dXoupe rnyevrxd i6on: {4), E(t)=crir(i)+ cr& {t)+ ir,(t)

4.5 O n{vorog eAr

'Eor(o ypoppk6 dromFo IrordBeporic ro olrovsvdg ouvreieorig

(r)
6nou i(t)= (xr(t),..., x,(t))r, io =(xr(O), ..., x"(0)) Ano6rkvirdl6il vlo tR }rnopodFs vo op{doupe rov n{voxo t OdroDFE g=l+Lq-_A,+ +2z! ... A ivo6 nxn n{voxog xor

i(t)= I t 1+ lil
An6 rnv nponvo$Fevn oxJon Vld t = 0 dXouFE

(4.13)

i(o)=lIr+l {=r;l=;l \.-ti n: /,=u

nou e{vcrn oplun ouvBirKn rou dudripdroe(t) Enlon6pe nopoyr,lyron rng (4.13) nolpvoupe: -,,. /3nt"-ln")-' /.6 tr'frr\ ^ r t - t ) . - - - - - - -r ty -' o - r a , ; (n_r,r -l, l ;I . - a lI ' 1 nt l " = n l t r t nr \;-o ./ \ ;i / \":i .i Euven<irE n i6on rou ouorriporog 6lverorond rn oldon (413). Oprop66 An6 ro yvoor6 ovdnruypo xorri Mac - Laurinrou e': /6 -'"\

ri^i\

o=t." _n:
yroxeR op{(ouge rov n{voxo eat pe

166

AIA@OPIKE E=trOlEE I N XPOKOY

-^

nl

(4.L41

6rl ivoq nivoxalxovonoriro XqpoKrnplorlK6 trnpl(6Uvol oro Vsvov6e undpxouv ouvoprrioels pnopofFe !o 6si(oupe 6 rou noiud)vuFo a",r(t),..., oo(t)drore vo to;uet o^.l(t), f'l -...= . " r ( t ) A - L t ' - r ' r o2 " {r)A--2t'-2 o.(r)Ar oo(r)l

6nio6ir dxoupe 6rr

1 e A ' o " - , { r ) A " - ) t r o , - . { t ) A ' - 2 t ' - ? - . . .r o r { t ) A t o o { t J l

(4.15)

on6 rov nivoxo A rou t noo{opr.i)vror 6nor..r o" ,(t),o" lt), ..., o6(i) ouvoprnoetg Eipadn rou n{\,oKo Ar pErn ox6on (4.15), opKivo fro vo yivero onoiovrop6g tou eAt,oriprpo:vo unoioyrorouvor ouvoprioerc q(t), i=0,1,...,n-1. o9 elns: To q(t) uno.loyi(ovror Bngo 1o BpidKoup ns 16ronpE i,rou nivoxoAton6rnv eliooon (4.16) Bnpro 2o Oet:poupe ro noiucirvugo f(i)=o^ri-r +o" ,i" 2+...+orl+oo
nou yro rrq rSro giq i,, ovdiovo Fe rnv noiidni6rnrd
,2

(4.17)

rouE,toluouv ot:
1

(4.18)

rn npdrrn o16onon6 rtg {4.18), Orov n i, eivaronii r6rorrpn, noipvouge noipvouge ng Sio nprire6oxioergon6 nq (4.18), 6tov n i, eivorSrnii r6rorrpri, noipvouge rrgoxioers(4.18). 6rov n i,eivor rprniri rSronpn, 'Eror yro dvo ntn odornporou onoiou n iuon poq Siverra o' ro q rgrrdxvoup (4.15)exoupe rov nivoxo eAt. <oron6 rn oxion

TPAMMIKA IYITHMATA AIAOOPIKON EEQ'EON

167

Ilopd6etypo YnoioyiorrrovnrvoxoeA,ovA l1 9 9l \1 0 1/

ro00)

O nivoxosA ivor3x3, ouvenci:6 o eAt Bo eivorrng poprgrig: eA'=ozA2t2+orAt+ool E9opp6{oupe rn peBoSoioyio nou neprypdyoge napondvr,:. Bnpo 1o Bpioxoupe rrgr6rorrpds rou n{voxoAt. (r)

r0 l-.r A t = ] t 0 0 1 , l A r - i r l =tl - i 0 = 0 \t 0 r/ lr 0 t-n

pn6evrxd Enetdrin op{{ouooeivdl rpryovu(i (ndvo) rng dro1c,tv{ou orolx{o), Bo pn6v1<srol oro onFeio pn6evropori rnE kljpros6loy@viou, on6re or rSlo pi lvol ir=i2=0 5tnin, i.=t oniri. Bripo 2o Oeurporipe ro noiuci:vupo f(i)= o2i2+ori+oo fro rn 6tniri r6tortprii=0lyoupe: eo=f(0) =.> oo=1 ^ ..1 1 e'=;f(ill._o frd rnv onii rSroflpri i=t iXouF: e t= f ( t ) > e t = o r t 2 + o , t + o o- . r = i f , ] I (2o2i+or)lo = or-l l2l

0 0)

0 0l

Teio5 ovrrxoBtoroipe nq npiS rov oo,or,02drnv (1)xor Bpioxoupe rov ea':

ea,_ei-1-1A2r2+Ar+r-.^,=l I ? 3l *
[",-t o ",)

168

AIAOOPIKET EEO'EE I.N. KPOKOY

4.6 A6on ypopgrxtiv ouornpdtcov us xprion rou eAt

A. Ma opprdg ouv8riteg H irion rououoriuoroc

i'(r)= Ai{r)+h(r)
nou rxovonorei rn ouv8rixni(to)= ij, e{vot
'x;+e - hls,cls

(4.19)

xltl= e

14.2Ol

Av ro oriornpo elvot ouovevds, 6nio6ri h(t)=0, exoupe:

(4.2L1
Ol nivoke err-ruJ, e-_' npoxunrouv noiu onio on6 Tov nivoKo eAi ovnxo8rorcirvrog ro t Fa (t-to)i Cs)ovr{ororxo.

B. Xoplcopxr(ds ouvS{nec
H ition rououoriporog i'(t) - Ai{t)+h(r} {vor:

14.221 (4.23)

-A' i(t)= eA'i+eA'Je ilodt

Av ro o6ornpo e{vot oFoVevie,6nio6n h(t)=0, dxoups rn i6on:

r.l
dnouk ouBoipero Srdvuogo.

--- .;l r i{tl= e"'

l.4.241

floponlpnon H nopaydryron <arn oio<iipr,ron ev6gnivoxoyiverotxord ro yvcoord oe 6ia ro ororXeio rou.

TPAMMIKA :12 IHMATA AIAOOPIKON ED:O'LNN

169

rIopd6erypo
Ms Xpion rou nivo'<o eAr vo iuBei ro orlomgo:

11 11) i1r)=12 1 ,1 li(r)

lo -r r/

np6xelrol Vlo 6vo vpopgtr6 opoyeviEoriornuoXolpi opxlKis ouv8ixg, oovenr6g n idon rou diverorond tn oyion (4.24),6nio5rl i(tj= eA'i fto rov 3x3 n{voxoA rou ouorriporo6 Gpioxoupe tov eAt: eAt=orA2tz +orAt+o oI Ynoioyrolrd6r<,rv 6rorrpcivrou nivoxoAt. (-t' . Ar=l2t ,) t l:? t lzl (1)

(o -t

tJ

(1n' 6nouXoulj:

rllr-i t o I li-i t lr-n r o -t =(i-201 2t t*r 2t t-A A-2t iAt-irl=] 2r t_i _li= l=] -t _r _n+2rl 0 i-^l 0 _t _11 | |0 * n)(n], _ At,2trl = (2r =o
it=ir=21 6tn;ti, i:=-t onin r6ronpri

Oecopoipe ro noiu<irvupo f(i)=d2i2+o1i+oo xoryrorrErSrorpig royriouvr AL=2t ) A, = 2t )

i3=

e2t=tl2l) = e2t= +\ ))

arl2t)2+ar2t+oo= e2l -.> 2or\2t)+ o, = .r'

l^=2r 3

t9e-t=f(-t)

ortz-ort+oo=e-t

Av on6 rnv nprirn elioo)on agorpdoouFsrnv rpirn, npox6nrer:

or\4r2 r2)+orl2rt l

e2' e'=

,'o,

,o, "1

n'

170

E:EOEEEIN.KPOKOY ALAOOPIKE

rn Serirepn 6ooon rou ouorngorog pe (_t) Kol floiioniood(ovrog npoo8irovrogotnv reieuroionpoxrinrer:

-3r-o2= e-t e t_2 --td t, _) 02:- e2'-e-t e2' -

on6r ' 4tq, =... o r = e 2o6= e-t- ortz-1-qt1=... M ovll(drdoloon rov do, or, o, omv (2) Bploxougercv rn iion i(t)= eAr[. ouvinetoon6 rnv (1)dXooPE eAr, xord

I\2THMATA AIAOOPII(ON E-IEO'EON |PAI4NIIKA

171

NYMENA OEMATA
OdpoI
No iu8ei ro otiornpo x'lrl=2x+Y z y'lrl=-9+22 z'ltj = - z (t)

AUqn los rponos flopornporllrt6rt ro (l) e{vords xirpox.)rri fopqi,6nio6i o nlooxo6rou onore ov ouorriporog A dxsl pnsrvlKri ro orolxio xriror tn 6rovcoviou, iriooupernv rplrn A.E.rou ouoriporos Kol inv ovnxoroorriooupe orn 6e6repn (n{o<o ovrrxorooroon),x.o.x. pnoporipevo Bpofpe SroSoyrxdrrg dyvcoore rou (!) ixouFe z'=-z = z'+z=O pe ouvoprrloerg. And rnv rp{rn elio<,:on z{t)=s,s-' And m 6e0repn eliooon rou (l) xor pe ovnrordoroon rnq z(t)npoxinir Y'*Y=2cf-l ypopptxn rdlng, on6re n Vvlxi rnE iuon vlo H teieuto{o eivor A.E.nptirrnq f-)1, g )2cre" ivor: (1)

elrt-e-In'(c,+I2cp-'"J"'dt)=.,.'"2.,t.(2)npoxrinrer: rrsoxdoers 11), _ 1))e-' _ 1)e-' = (c, + c,(2r + cr\2r x' _2x= c"e-, nouEivor ndir Vpopprkri A.E. np<irrng ro{ngpeyevrxrl A0on: - l , -'zd'(ca ra,/ -J(., -,,lzt-tD.-'.-)"'a,)= x(t) e-l =.''(., Ik, r c,(2t l))e-3'dt)

lz)

An6 tnv npcirrne{{o<oontou ouorriporo6 xot pE ovrlKorddroon rov z{t),y(t) ono

-. n''(.,- | l{,, *.,tzL - r)("i') at) J'\" .)

2\ - ' . " ',',- o l ;t;l t ) e

c,ie'

(3)

172

AIAOOPIXE' E:I'O'Elx IN XPOKOY

Ano rre (1),(2),(3),gnoponpevo Vpduoup rn iuon oe drovuopoTlKri l_lopen, 6nio6ri: 1) , , -3

f*(t))
\z(t)./

] v{tt]=., 2l
2og rp6nog (;rexopoxrnprorrxd peyiBn)

_1_?.) 9 3'l
2)

l e - ' + c , 1 l e - ' + cl,0 l e ' z '

i'I

\0./

An6 rnv e{iocoon lA-nl l=0 =, (n-2)(n+1)r=0 BpioxoupeItg r6rorrpdE ir=-2, i2=13=-1 6rni6 pi(o, onor oipecDvope rn geBo6oioyio nou Vpdgop ornv 3n nopdypogo Bploxoupe rn iion rou otrorriporoE(ogiveror oov ooKnonorov ovoVvd)orn), lloporrlpnon tuornporo nou eivotoe xitpoxrorripoprpi pnopo0ve0xoio xor ypriyopo pe rn peBo6o vo ir-rBouv rnSonoiorqns.

@6yo2
No iuBEl To o0orn!o 6lo@oplxdrv qlodoov

V'+4u=^3x+11
u ' + 2 9 - z = O)

(r)

A6on
flopornporipe otr ro (!) eivor 6vo ypol.lprxdolornpo pe oroBpouE ouvrelordspn oFoyvienou pnopsivo il8ei (,)E tris: los rp6nog An6 Tnv rpirn iooon dxoupe z=d+2y no' pe ovrrxordoroon ornv 6urpnnoipvoupu"+2y'-u=x'.Aiid ono rnv npcirn e{iooon y'=-4u+3x+1,
ONOI

u"+9u=x2-6x-2

(1)

H reieuroio eivorypopprxriA.E.5erirepng rd{nq ps oroBepoug ouvrsisordg.H opoyevrlgrnq (1)eivor u"+9u=0 nou dxet XqpoKTnplonr<i {io.'}on i2 9=0 lre pi(eEi=13, on6ren yevrxJi iion sivor: uo(x)= c1e3* +c2e3* EnionE n (1) dxr 6urpo peioq er6rxiE popgriE(noiucivu;ro), ouvndren iion ivor rne up(xl=Ax2+Bx+f up'(x)=2Ax+8, up"{x)=2A. Bprxii FopqriE F

TPAVMIKA'Y'THMATA

AIAOOPIKON EIEOIEON

\73

Me ovrtxqrdoroon ornv (1) Bpioxoupe A=-1/9, B=i/3, f=-16l81, on6re n yevtxfriion rnE{1)eivat:

u{*) jt'l--:f .,""+.2"-3'An6 rnv npc,lrne{iotoon rou ouornForos noipvouFe:

Ql

y= Apo

_- 4z 5 145 a(te -+cze -9*'a*-81

4 , _4 . ' 4 3 5 2 1_ 4f5 ,y = c a .j c , e . t ' i c r - "+ rx" if

(3)

Teioq pe ovrtxorooroonrcov(2) xot (3) ornv rpirn eEiooonrou ouorriporo nqipvouFe: I I 8^5,272 -;,. I z=2c"-;cp"-;c2e "-;".;-" ; 2og rp6noq (peXopsxrnprorxdFevdBn) Brigo 1o Bpioxoupt iion rouovriorolxou rn yevrxri opoyevoiq ouorriporoq: v ' ,' = - 4 u

z'=u

I I

u ' = - 2 y -z l

n lz'i=l 0 0llzl
\u'l \-z t

/v'\ /0 l- | |

/v\ 0 -4\r -

o /\u/

dJpgo)voFrn pBo6oiovisnou vpouqpe ornv 3n nopdypogo. Bnpo2o Bpioxoupern geprxri irion pe rn pdBoSo rnE pero6oirigrov nopopdrp<ov, oei. 163,ondre n VvlKriiion Bo eivor ro d8poroForns yevrxrigiuong rou ouornporo6pe rn peptxri iion.

9dtro 3
No iuBeln 6rogoprx ri r{iooon i' = Ai, dnou

A=l-320j

r 2 3 0l
xi =2x,+3x2

p i { o ) =1 lj

iro)
u,

\001,
Adon
To oiornpdivol xi= 3xr+2x2 xl-x3

r74

AIAOOPIKE E:EO:Etr IfI KPOKOY

drt q(t)=crer.A6yo: rov opXrxriv ouvBnxriv An6 mv rpirn e{ior,roneXoupe roXrier x.(0)=1, opo cr=1 xsr rot (1) r(t)=ei pnopoips vo qdp$6oouprn Fi8o6o rng Irrg 6rjo nprireg sErocboers onoiorrpriE, 6nio6ri an6 rnv npcirrn e{iooon na{pvouge xz=xr'-2xt' on6rsroxiel: -2xt' x2'=x1"

e[io,,ron noipvoupe M ovrlxorddroonornv Seurepn -2xr'=-3xr+llrt -4ta, + x1'!4x1'+7x1=0 x1" ypogprxri duvrshsords. H reieuroio eivoropoyevrig A.E.peoro8epoJs H XopdKrnpron,<ii rnq e6{ocoon eivor i2-4i+7=0 ;re p{(eE i=2tirE, Vvlxi iUon {voll t6t + c, e2tsinf,3t xr(t)=c, e2tcos eivor: Euventign xr(t) dpo n

= c,e2' (* J3 sin.f3t) + xr(t)

"r""

(.,6"o.tra)

on6reor nponyoJpeveg Aiid on6 rtg opxtxdg ouvBrixeg dxoupe xf0)=0, xr(0)=1, = (Jg)/g.iha oxddere 6ivouv c1=0 xor., x,{r)-/i ^ sinf,3t, }|e'? *2{t}=e2cos'6t

flopor{pnon psydBn. Oudrko To BdpoBo pnopo oe vo luBsi xol u ro XopoKrnpronKd Bo elxopenoii neproo6repe6 npd{erg-

O6po4
s{tocSoecov: No iuBei ro oiornpo 6rogoprxciv

x.=zx v zzl tv 2zl v'=2x

z x2z )

(r)

Afon

'Eloupe

vo iriooupe ro oriornpo i'=Ai

(2 12\ 6noD A=12 1 2l \1 O 2)

fPAMlvllKA EY'THMATAAlAOOpl(eNE:EOIEON

Ynoioyrop6g tcov16ro F(irvrou nivqxo A:

= A-nrl=o = (r_n)(z_nF=o = l? \,0 ? ,l=o 0 2_Al ll

n,=1oninp{fo, iFi3=2 6rninpt(o
r fro mv r6rotrpri ir=1 Bpioxoupe ro roro6rcivootro il on6 rnv (1 _t 2\ (\\ v,_v,+2v,.01 {A _ irl)rr = O:

l2_^ _1 2 |

12 o 2ll ", l=o_ z,,iz,.=o l=. r=,, =-'.

\r
ondr

o 1/ 1,3/

,,_%=o

i, =(_v., v,, v:)r = us(_1, l, t)r tuvsn6e pronpdrrn pEprxi iion rou(E)Eivor: (t) o fro tnv r6ronpriir=2 Bpioxoupe to dro6rdvuolro i, ond rnv (A _ irl)i, = 0: i,(t)={_l, 1, l)r e'

\=o oi - v l? | "ll', 1o= 2,,.,,i2,,= ,=zvr 0 0 /[v, / \t = o vr ]

onor i r = ( 0 , 2 v , , v . ) r = v . 1 6 ,1 21 ,r irlt) = (o,2, 7lr ezl
o EnerSi yro rn 6rniir r6rorrpi io=2 npc

r0 _r 2lrvr \

_,,_2", =o

EuvencirE pro6erirepn peprxri irion rou(E)elvor:

l2t

*{oxou;re,o y."'*,upr,o,o,ooJuu"r-;:i;;i;i:1T::: ili;.J::T*,

/o) -t 2ll rl=lzl12 (r r0 _l 2)/vr)

o o/ \,3i l.rJ

2,,-_,,i2u,=2 | ,',=l v , =2 v j =r
vr I
(g)

_v1+2v.=o I

on6reyro v,=1!xoi1.15 i. =(1, 2, 1)r xor pro rpirn FplKiiion rou (r) ivor: i.(t)=(tir+n.)er'=(1,2t+2,t+1)re2, Apo n VevrKri idon on6 rrqoXioers[), (2), (3)eivor: i(t) _ crir(i)+crir(r)+cai3(t)

AIAOOPIKE E=EOIEIE IN. KPOKOY

gduo5
No iuSe{to oriornpo tx'=x+y tY'= -gx+sY (E)

A6on
flopompodge6rr ot x', y'elvot noiioniootoopdvss p ro t on6rEdxoop dporogopqnpe ourrlrng A.E.Euler. Oecoporipe ro gercolnporrop6 x(t)=x(e')=u(z) t=ez xor Y(t)=Y(e')=wk) pE nou nopov(lylonnoipvoup8: dx dr.r dz .. .1 dv dw dz .. . I

Me ovrrxordoroon oro ouornuono{pvouu:

u,= u+ w

w , =_ 3 u + 5 w J, - , fio rrgt6tortpdg rounivoxo rououorriyorog nolpvoupe

L,u

l1-n I I lA-i[=o=1. . , l = 0= n ' - 5 i - 8 - 0 c-4

l-r ondrSXouFe lr=2, ir=4. fls dniag rSrorrpdg Eripeon rov 16ro6rovuoporc,:v:

(A-irl)n =r0 -irl)nr 0+1. (,4

( -t

| ^
\-r ( -3

^ll r)\v

1\/v, ' l\ - o

+ vt=v,= it=l,l

f1\ \r../

1'\/v,\

\-.) (l') elvor: Apo n irion rou ouorriyoros /u)

. ll l-0 r)\v2)

v 2 - 3 v ,= i r = l ^ l

/1\ \r,/

/l\ ,. /l) .. ="11''1"---"1''1"' l*J Tdioq ovBdooupe z=lntiloupe tn yevrxri iuon rou (!):

f-{,})=..f1)r *."f1)r -'\3/' ly{01-"'U/'

IIopot{pnon
To nro ntivr,:oiornpo pflopei vo iuBei xql F rn pdBo6o rnE onoiorgnE pa rnv onoio xoroiivoul.lE o6GqoplKi {io(DdnEuler-

EEO'EjIN AIAOOPIXON fPAMMIXA'YETHMATA

r77

6dyo 6
eElo6oov 6to9oplxd)v n gevrxi i6on tou ouorrlporog Nc GpeBet

x?-2lv-zl=x
crx xE+Yfoz=x

&.

(E)

/,,\ /^\ ' rnE popqnE| l=l ! lx', ov 6{verot6rt ro ov ororlo ogolevd66dleror nriocrg
\z) \")

6nouk oxdpdos,c! 6 R, npoo6toprordo-

A$on
To ovr{ororlo ogoyevdso0orn1rdslvot

**=

-2v+22
-'.(::)=(-: ;)(, (1)

xfr=-y-52

Alverqr6n n ition elvarmg yopgti6:

dxouFa An6 rnv (1) (-2 . (o\ , =l-t

= (;,)=(;)*(r=(;)2\/o) u lk-2lo-28=o -sJlsj*= o-(k-5)6=o tkz 6=--26

*ls]"

To leieutq{o oJornpo ivdt ogoyevdgog npog qB nou Vto vo dxel iion npdnet: 6rdgopnrou ;rn6ev6g

+7k+r2=o = {,u'=-: = k2 lul2 .-2-l=o =-'r k+bl

ll fio kr=-3 + -a-2e='0fra kr=-4 + - 2EO = a=-8 rououoniUotog: ns s(ic f.plKi idoers ApddXouFE

ef-l\* 6f-?\'. \ l./ \ r,/

tivot n VevHii0on rouopoyevorig Euvafld)c (-2\1 /v\ f l\ 1

rJp rJ;+",[ l,J="'l

178

AIAOOFIKE EStrO:EE IN.KPOXOY

p:prxriiion rou ouornpotog. Apxei vo 6peBeigro rou Lagrange nopdpdrpov tng;rero6oirigrcov Erpapp6(oupe rn peBoSo Eoro 6n n Fprxi iidrr eivorrng popqrig:

/r\r . . ( 2 \ t ',t.rl ',,.t1 iJrJ1 [J /v\

no{pvoupe: Me ovnxordoroonoro ototntrro

(3)

| 2\l ./-1\l /x\ .( 2\ ./-1\ f*a) > cil .'il rJxrc:{ rJ-1,."J rJ;'"';l rJl [.'J

"i=

xe-x3 = ",k)=-!-i 64
crlx)=2i tt

t*a = c'r--2x6

Me ovrrxordotoonrolv clx), cr(x)otnv (3)eloupe tn peptxriirion xor rdiog n yevrxriiUon Bo e{vorro oBporopo rng (2)pe tnv (3)oxdon.

@duo 7
eliouron Aiverorn 6rogoprxri +x'_2x=O x,,,_2x" 6ro<poprx6 oriornporng poprpiS oe rooSivolro No perooxnporrorei Y'=AY'

v= v,l=lx,, I \Y3/ \x ./
xor vo BpeBeiivagBepeirrlSng nivoxog idoe<i:vrou.

(v') /*)

A6on Berouge rouBeporo6 An6 ro SeSogivo x=yr, ypdg:rol on6ren elior,:on x'=92, x"=7r::> x"'=gr'
9 3'=2Y s-9 z+29 t eIro16oecov eivot: orlorn;ro Srogoptxciv xor ro rooSrivogo

'u :j v ".

vi=".
y,'Zh-y.-2ytI

I I

uen-lo 0 rl
\2 I 2l

fo,o)

EEQIEQN |PAMMINA EYITHMATA AIAOOPIKON

179

nivoxo Aioerov rou BegeirrirSouq Eripeon . Bpioxoupe rs r6ronujrou A:

l-i 1 $-nl=o > 0 n

2 -1 A-2' .

2\

ol =' 1 l=0 + (2-nxl'z+1)=0

ir=i' ig=-l

ro 16ro6rovrioporct Bpioxoupe fro i,=2 oniri rSrorprion6 rnv (A-irl)Or=0 ixoupe:

(-2
I o I

I o)fvrl
2 I l l v' ,t l = 0 =

,t"=2v. -2u ,+v ^=ol > ' ^' _ 2\ u2=ol

| v,=+v,

2",+v,=ol

\ 2

I o/lv./

dpo v, =(1, 2, 4)r xor pto l6on rou oudriporog eivqr i1,= lt, 2, 4lr e2l rn Flo no{pvoup fro ir=i, 61ip91,vso ;re 6oo ypogoyeornv 3n nopdyporpo pl(o,ono rnv {A-irl}ir-0 d;oupe: pryo6rxn

Ii
O

I
-i

o )f", 1
I ll v" l=0

-ivr'v,=ol
1 -iv' -vi =0f >

v' " = i v .

[2

2 - i r \ v 3]

zvr-v2+(2-i)v3=0J

iion tnlopqiq: opo i, =(1,i, -1)r xorBodxoupe fl\ lll f c o s r) { s i n t \ , cost ,'isint)- <int t=l I le =l i l(cost l l-il I
\-l/ t-1/ \-cost/ \ sint/ Xlrlg npovpottxie iidElq: on6r ro or.i)ornFdBd

ir=l

( cost) -sint

I,

cost Vs=l I
\ sint/

sint

\-cost7l Apo n yevrxri iion tou ouorril.ldroeaivqll

c ia sr nc toI v - . , 1 2 L l ' - . r l - s n , l r . r l c o slt- l 2 c r e ' z ' - c r s lqJ l-.o.tJ l-sint,/ l4c,e?'-c,cost-c.sintJ

f1.1

/cost )

f s l n t) f c , e ' z ' r c r . o s r - c r s i n r )

AIAOOPIKET E:IIOIEII LN KPOKOY

Odpo8 (_3
No BpEBsi o nivoKog e^,an", A =l z

o.]
_s/

AUon
EnEl6i o nlvo,(og A ivol2x2,rou ovonruvporou eAlBo eivor: eA'= or(t)At+ oo(t)t (1) 6nouoft), oo(t) ouvopriotsrot t. fro rov unoioyrop6 r<ov or(t),oo(t)popp6(oupero Briporo nou qlogdpovrol orn! 6n nopdvpogorou nop6vtogkeoioiou.An6 rn lopoxrnprotrKnEEiooon I At-ill =0 noipvoutr' l-31-i

I tt

| -st-{=o = (i+3t)'=o

pe16rorrpdq ir=i2 =-3t (6lninpi(o) Oeopotipe ro noiu<lvuFof(i)=ol(i)i+oo(t)yro ro onolo roXtiouv: ( t ) e 3 ' = f ( - 3 t )+ e 3 r = - 3 r o r + o o

0D e3'=+((iDl
dd L-31

"''=o,
oo(t)= e-3'(1+3t)

Apo

o1(t)=e-3',

Me ovrrxordoroonrov rrieuroiov oXdoe<,rv ornv (1)noipvoupe: 0l r1 0\ ^/1 eA'=e-3,1 2- .,J*"" rr.stt{i;J=".|.;, iJ t_?t o\

Odpo 9
No luBeiro or3ornpo: _3x(r)+y(r) x,,(t)= y"(i)=2x(r)2y(r) /rr

A6on
Ilpdrerror yro orlorn;roA.E.2n6rri[nE ro onoio (dnogeivor)6ev pnopeivo (Xopoxrnprorrxd iuBei pern 6oriBeto peydBn). rov nrv6x<ov Eqoppdloupern pdBo6o rnq onoiorgie. n ovoupe rnv npdrrnog npogy(t): y(t)=x"(t)+3x(t) nolpvouF: F nopovoYron y'{t)=xr"r{t)+ 3x'(t) = y"(r}=x{4){t)+ 3x "(t) (1)

IPAMMII(A IY'THMATA

AIAOOPIKON E:IEO'EON

Avrtxo8rororjpe rnv nponyoiFvn oxdonkor rnv (1)ornv 2n sliooon rou (E): + 3*"{t) = 2x(t)- zx"{r)- 6x(t) ? xr"r(t) *(nr(t)+5*"(r)+4*(r)=o l2l

H lopoxrnpronxi e{iotoor rns rlEoroioS ivor: ia+5i2+4=0 / o,,dre ir =i a or:-1, co2:-4 (o=i2) \=-2i, A+=2i iz =-i

Or i0oerErng opoyeuois6 E.(2)elvor: = cost, xr{t)=eorcosi x3(t)= eorcos2t= cos2t, xot n yevrxriidon rng (2) + c4sln2t x(t)= c1cost+c2sint+ca cos2t Me 6do nopoy<,:y{oerg rnSx(t) ixouge: x"(t)='cr cost- czsint- 4cacos2t-4casln2t On6rn V8vrxi ioon me (1)E{vot: -c4 sln2t. y(t)=2cr cost+2c2slnt- cacos2t x2(t)=eorslnt=slnt = sln2t xa(t)= eotsln2t

9uo 10
No iuBe{ro oriornpo 4x"(t)=-32x+14Y 7v"ft1=14x-14y (U (21

A6on Egoppo{or:pa rn gdBo6ornE onolouprigAn6 rn 6edrepnelior,:on

naiPvouFe

2x(t)= v"(t)+ 2y(0 noup6dondpovo)Vlot 6ivt: 2x"(rl= y\4tlrl + 29,,(t) AvnxoStoroipr rrgnponyodpeva6 oXdoarg omv (1):

(3)

=o + 2ytat + 4y"ltl= r6v"(t)-32ytt)+14!{t):+ 2y'a) +20y"(t) +18y(r) v(a)+10v"(t)+9qt1=0 (4)sivor H Xopoxrnptorrxri a[looonrnqopoyevorig A.E. ia+10ir+9=0 = Ar+l)(nr+9)=0 (4)

AIA.DOPITEE EEAEEE IN KPOKOY

peplgs

ir=|,

4=-t,

ig=31,

ir=-3i

xot irioaq yu tn A.E (4)rrg yrt) = cost, y3(t)= cos(3i),

= sint yzft) ya(t)= sln{3t)

Apqn yvrxfiiddn mc {4) alvdl: y(t)= cl co6t+ c2sint+ cacos3t+ c4sin3t Me6tnii nopoy6yton nolpvoqre -9cacos3t= -crcost-czslnt y"(t) 9c4sin3t TCioEond rnv (3)xo nSnponvo0lev! oxddaen x(t) e(vqr -7c,cos3t-7cnsln3t) i(crcost+czslnt Apon ilon oepopgfinlvoxo e{vor = x(t)
t.

f{0) f*"*,ll + c 2f*o"t'\ f-l"*st.) [-lo"e,) l..l=crlz lz l+cal z l+c4l z I

\Y(u/ \ cost ,/ \ stntJ \ cos3t ,/ \ stn3t ,/

KEOAAAIO 5

5.1

Meroollnpotrop66Laplace
'Eorco

5.1.1 Oprop6g rou lrarooXnporlopori Laplace

pro ouvdprnon I (o,r)JR O pErooxnFofl.rp6s Laplace rnE I ivol pto vdo ouvdprnonF:(0,:c) >R nou 6iverorono rn oxaon:

F(s il e = "I(t)dt ' )=L ' -t l { t ) } { sJ

(5.1)

yto vo opi(eroro pErooxnpoflo!6S @uorkd Laplace rng f(t) npener vo (5.1)vto undpXer ro yevrxeupdvo oioxiripr,rpo rngoXionE s>so>0. (!Xerrxdpe rnv nnop{nrou yevrxeupivou oioxinpr,iporoq6iine nopdprnpo) Ilopd6erypo lo No 6peBei o peraoynponop6s xord Laplace rorvouvoprnoeov: (ll) f(t)=e'pi(0,:.). 0) f(t)=lFs t(0,.o) (l) E<popp6{ovrog rov opro!6 aXouf:

F ( s ) - L { r ( r ),} { s ) - Tre r' .' n dtar- rr-" r'- r,.n-l-.1- I y'o"-o " -fi i" b-..sI b-,
s s s

184

AI,\OOPIKEE E=EO'EETN KPOKOY

Luven<irg n grooxnlrorofdvn xor6 Laplace rne f(t)=1, t(0,cc) ellqt n F(s)=l/s, se(0,o). (10 Eqoptr6govme ndil rov oplop6dXotp:
b

F(s)= L{f{t)}(s)=fe'rerdt= fer'-txdt = fim [e G-lhdt=

J 00 J h-*J

e_r,_ls 1 1 ' _-:-== llm vlos>l _1) s_ 1 s_ 1 r,- _(s O neproprolrdg s>1 {vol ovovxolo,6t6r oe Stotpopertxri neplnroon,ro 6plo lim Bo onerpr(drov vo oprore{ n F(s). xor 6e8o pnoporioe
b,6 -i<- 1l

luvend:g n pErddxnpoflopdvn xord Laplace rns flt)=etue te(o,..) lvor n F(s)=1/(s-1) Fs>1. F H xpnotp6rnro rou FrqoxnFortdFoiLaplacegoiverot on6 ro en6pevo ndpd6rVpq: flopd6eryyo 2o No opeBel n iion rnq A.E. y'(t)=y(t) t(0,) p y(0)=1 (1)

floiioniootd(ou;re rnv {1)ue e*t xot oioxinpd)voupe on6 ro 0 dog ro co, 6nlo6ri: t, ,,-,,.. y, . - ^ , , dl = f ylrle dt J tt,e J
00

(z)

pdio6 elvotn perooxnponoudvn flopornpo0pe dn ro 6erirepo xoid Laplacerns y(t),ondreBdroupe:

Fhl=L(y(t))k)=jyk)e-,'dt
Eniong ov oro npci:ro pdios Eeopp6ooupernv nopoyov xi oioKirip(,)ong, ;xouus:
@L16\

(3)
pdBo6o

ly'(t)e"dt

'dt - ll-s}v(l)e = fimI v(0e-"1^ lim ly'{r)e-"dt I J

b+ql I

- y(0)+s[y(t]e-"dt = Iimy(b)e-.b = y(O) I sF(s)

0

6nouunoBdooFe 6n limyt)e"L-0.
hr-

META'XHMATEMO! I-APTACE

185

Er-rven6g on6rnv nponvotpvn oxdon xorrnv (3), n (2)yivercr: sF(s)-Y(0)=F(s)

H riordiq ivol Flo oile6prxri e{iooon og npoq F(s),nou iiveror erixoio xor ner6ny(o)=l Fqs 6ivr:

r-lvltt)(s)=r{s)=*

(4)

Ilopornporiye 6n n Ferooxnpolopdvn xord Laplace rnE inong y(t) lrog dtorpoprxnq e{iooonE Bploxeror eixoio ono rn irion prog oiyeBprxriq {locoonS.

Erp6oov Lre l(s) i

(nponyoupevo nopd6Ftvuo)ond rnv (4)Exoupe:

L{vk)}tst= I-{e'}tst
on6reov SeXrodpe 61 66o ouvoprrloerg noo dloov rov i6ro perooxnForroFd L!place e{vor logl, noipvoup rn iion: v ( t )= e '

5.1,2 l6r6rnreg tou UtqoxnpqrroUori Laplace l. Fpopprx6tnro

Eov {1(t),f2(t),...,f.(t) ouvopn'rosrs kor cl,c2,...,cn npoyponxoi opr8poi,

Llcrq(t)+c2f2(r) ++ c.".f." ( r ) ) c= r L { f 1 (+ t ).}. .+ c " L { f " ( t ) } (5.2)

H on65erlnornpi(erolornv Vpopplk6rnro rou oioxinpdrporog. fro6io ouvoprrloerg ft(t), f2(f)vivror o s{is:
...r. l. ( c 1 ( { r }c - r f r ( t ) ) ed Llcr{L(r) crr f r { r ) l ( s ) -t '= J

'ar+ c,Jfr(t)e-.'dt, = 6,1t,1t1ecrL{rr(l)} | crl{t(r)}

00

2.

Aoniootovrlnopoyriyrrrvouvdprnon6 'Eorro n ouvdprnonf(t) pe AonioorovriF(s)-L{(0}(s) xor n-oorn nopovo)Vo f(nl(t). T6rsroxir:

L{t''(L)}(s) . (s) 'F s"-rr(o)-...-sr'?'{o)r -( ro)

(5.3)

AIAOOPIKE E-EOIEE I.N.XPOXOY

H nponyoiFEvn dxdon ylcl n=l Viv.roll

L{f'(t}}(s)=sF(s} f(0)

(5.4)

H ono6er[n rng (5.4) yiveror pe Xpion tng npomons 2 rou nopopriporog rrov yevtxeupdvo.rv oioxinptopdrov, 6nio6r1: , ,t ,r ,, ^i,t,s ,r -: , Jfr.t,r, r .e , - - "d ,t .= L t,r 00 ,( ,^ r\ ,. r u ,, t , , . , t Jrf^-se ./dtr

_., = sF(s)..^. i... -f(0)+sJ f(t)e-"dt f(oj

pe6poro Enionq rpdnoyo rn Ssdrpn nopdvoyo Bpioxouu 6rr: L{t"{r)}(s)= [rlt).-'ar = -rtot .[f'{tte"dt -f'(o)-sf(o)+s2 [l(t)e "dt . -' J J J
000

kol dxouFs rn oxdon:

-s(O)- f'(0) = s'2F(s) L{f"(t)){s)

(5.5)

flopompodpe 6rr or AonioorovdE rov nopoy6vov flos ouvdprnone rous kdrd Ferorpdnovrolde qivBplKdsoxdoas rov prooxnFoflopdvo)v Laplace, np6yponouxdvertnv eniiuon pro6A.E.noirj nrooniri. 3. rIopoy<6yronAonioqrov{s Av f(t)pto ouvdpmonp L{f(t))(s)=F(s), rdre roxdr:

= t-rt"ri"ct I-{t'rio}t.1

(5.6)

H on66er{nrng nopondvo oxdoneyivrol nopoycoyl(ovroE n-qopdeco6

. -,. t . , . _ '-dt .,. npos s rn oxon r(sl=J r(r)e onorE
0

.i F'''{s)= l{{t)'--"(e ")dt.

;ds

Aiid

*("-")=

re't korcnovcovrxd dxourr

,',r-' *G*')=,

METAIXHMATEMOI LAPLACE

18'7

Euvend:g npoxrinrer F'r(q) . , J .fi'r{tle-'dr -, { , .l)' *,' '

0 fro n=l ixouge rov rrino:

{-l)-Ltr't{r)}k)

-F1t L{t(t)}(s)= 4. hv6pevo 6r1o Aqniqorov6v(ge6pngoouvdirln6) Av F(s)=L{f(t)}(s) xorG(s)= L{s(t))(s), 16r roxUr = L{(fxs)(t)l(s) F(s).9s)

(5.7)

(5.8)

onou p ro oiF6oio * opl(oourn ouvdirln rcovouvoprrioer,rv f(t), g(0 os eIig: (loyrier n ovrrperd0eon)

( { + s ) i= t ) l f ( u l 9 ( t - u ) d ul = f(t u}s(u)du 5, Merot6mon rne Aqniqoiovrl6 'Eorco n ouvriptnon f(t)psL{f(t)}(s)= F(s).IoXUr ol: I-{e"'t1t1}1s1= ris-o1, yros>o
flpdyporr iXou;re:
.f,....1,. f^,,...,. Lle- (t)f(s): le" r{l)e"dt f,,...". ",, -, lt(t)e "" dt-F(< . ol

(5.9)

(5.10)

6.

Avoyr,to{o ouvSrlxnyro rn Aonloorovri F(s) Av F(s)-L{f(t}}(s), T6r (511)

Aurn n r6rdrnro goe iiel 5 ovovKoio ouv8nkn ya vo eivor pro F(s) nonioorovi rn6 ouvdprnongf(t) eivor ro lirn F(s)= [ H ouvBixn 6ev eivor

188
7.

AIAOOPIKE EEO'EE

IN KPOI1OY

Aqnioordvrl oioKinpoilroro6 'Eorco n ouvdprnonf(t) F L{f(t)}(s)= F(s). loxfEr:

lFl r I irr"ro,lor= s
t'" I

(5.12].

8. Av n ouvdprnon f(t)/t pnop:{ vo perooXnpotrorei xord Laplace xot = L{f(t)}(s), F(s) 16reroxner:

r-illlli,r= in,ra,
9.

(s.13)

Av F(s)=L(f(tD(s)Kdr F(s)=oyros>0,16r f(t)=O vrq t>0. Auti n r6r6rnro pog ider 6rr pnopoupevo opioouperov ovr{orpoeo yeroolnyorrop6 Laplace oE e{igr r'{F(s)}(r)= (t) <f L{f(t)}(s)= F(s) flopotnprloer6 l. Av oe pto Vpopllxri A.E. pe oro8epod6ouvreieoriq ndpoupe tn noniaorovn rng, on6 rnv rsr6rnro(2) Bo o6nynBoupe o oivcprxi elfooon rn9 AonlooravrigF(s)rng ciyvoornq ouvtiprnong y(t). 2. Av pro ypopprxriA.E. ixr oulriorae noiuovuftkie popgriE,p ro perooXnporrotrro Laplacdvdvror oe vdo drogoprxrlsl(ooon ond tnv (3). 16r6rnro fro rnv egappoyri 3, (3)np6ro Bo 6pioxoupe rng rSrdrnroE rn Aonioorovi rn6 f(t) xor xor6nrvBo rnv nopovovi(oupE n-eopioS npoes. 4, Orqv ixoupr rn ouvdi{n 3r}o ouvopriroeov f{r), g(r), ouvriBcoE o oiokinpconkig ro6ors, Spioxoupnq Aonioorovi6 roug F(s),G(s) on6re ro Vtv6Fevo rou ivol n nonioolovri rnq ouviir[ng (on6 tnv 6r6rnro (4)).'Oncog Bo 6oipe mo xdrt: n rSr6rnroourri sivqr Xpliorpn 610vunoioVrop6 rou o!riorpoqou Laplace. 5. fro rnv qdppovdrn rdrdrnroqrng perur6nrong (5),Bo Gpioxoupe rn n onioorovti rn6 f(t) xorBo rn peroroni(oupe xord c Sniodi .rrnv F(s) Bo Beroupe 6nous ro s-o. 6. llpgova pe rnv ovoyxoio ouvOrixn (r6rdrnro (6)) ov dxourls rr Aonioorovi rng fit) oe popgri pnrri6ouvdprnons P(s)/Q(s), Bo npdnero BoBUoe rouQ(s)vo peyoirircpog eivor ondro Bo0po rouP(s)

METAIXHMATEMO' LNPLACE

189

7.

Av n Aonioorovir proEouvdprnong y(t) ivar n F(s), 6nou n F(s)dxr orov tino rns nopopirpoug, e{srd(oupe ov.limF(s}=O,ov 6r, r6re Kdvolusnriovi Tov nopopiTp{Dv dor va tkdvoflolsirolH Aonioorovir oioxinp6poroe (r5r6rnro (7)) o ouvSloop6 p rov oproF6rou gsrooXnporropori LaplaceXpnorponolirol orov unoioVrop6 (6idne oioKinpcDUdro)v mo k(1ror noptiSerypo). VvlKupdv(,)v Metoo;lngorropol Laplace 6qqrx6\, ouvoprioeov Euvdptnonf(t)

8.

t
t

l^ s
nl ^

I s-o
stn ot cosot -_:j-------i, s)u

s; -- -;' s>U s- + cl-;-----;'

q

sinh ot

s> o

t-

stl _---t, > lol

Iro tC,log roo 616iiou undpxoov6rlo nivoxeq pe rrg rSr6rnregrou psrooxnFonogol Laplace xor r6 Aoniooroveg6oorxrirv ouvoprioecov. flopd6erypo Bpeireng geroolnponoldvS KordLaplace r.Dv ouvoprrioolv: 3' (l) t'?e ( ) cos'?t ri sin'zt ( t) e3'cos2t (lv) te '?'cos3t (v) (1 + te ')'z (v0 1!]
t (l) nopqrnpoip 6l ro s3t eivqr noiioniooroopdvo pe t2, on6re pnopor-ipe va xdvoupe Xprion rng rSr6rnroq(3)yro f(t)=e3i.

190
AnioSri:

AIAOOPIKE EEAIEE

INXPOKOY

r-{tL-'}r"r=r u'i,(lt"-''tr.t)=
d'zi 1\ =.|-|-|.^|=_ ds'\s,3,/ dl &\ \ (s-3j',/ I

)2

(runoiov,o)
2 (s 3)"

(5) yto Enionq pnopoJge vo lpnolFonoliooup rnv l6t6tnro tng prerot6nronE f(t)=t2.Ani06il

"J"" r-{rrr)}(s)=r-{t'?}rst' {= j =rsr

tuvencDs r-{n-t'tt}t.1=11,+s1=-? " (s+3)"

(ll) And rov nivoxo rcov 6aorx6v Aoniootovrirv ixoul.l rls fEtooxnuo opivg Laplace npirovou, ouvnFlrovouvlo noiionidoto 16{o, yf outo qpovrifouyevo onorerpqvo)vioor.rFE to coszt. AniqSn: I . ,"r"=cos2t 7 = f] 1 I .t '' L i c o s ' r j ( s lL ={ : + : c o s 2 t } { s ) .

1- --:= lgJlyrl-!11.o,2,1r,r=
2 2 Oproro

2s 2ls'-4)

I - { r i n ' , } r lr/t1 - l " o r z t i r r t = I \2 2 )

2< 2ls'-4)

-'

(tll) An6 rn popqi rng ouvdprnoncrng onoioE(nrdpe rn Aanioorovi, (5)(peror6nton) rnv rSr6rnro 6rr gnopot'pe vo ypnorponornooupr noparnpoupe f(t)=cos2t.Anno6n: Vro eor=e3t, ' = L{cos2tXs) = =P1.1 L{f(t)}(s}

=rr. er -i.*z,Jr+ r-{"3'r1t1}1+ r-{"' (s

3)'+4

(lv) BpioKouFs xor orn ouvixeto egoprn n qnioorovfi rou e 2tcos3t=f(t) g6(oupa rnv 3n rSr6rnro(nopov<irvton AoniooroviE) ornv tf(t). AnioSi on6 yror"v l(r)ono cxoupr: rnv r5rornro rnsplToronrong Llcos3rih) -j s "+ 9

= I-{;"coss4b)= lL{r(t)}(s)

META'XHMATtrMO'L.APLACE

191

on6t: ' .l / Llte ''cos3tl(sl=L{tl(t)}{s)=-il (s+2)?-9 s+2 \ l= " / (t' ds\ {s+2)'+9 t

zf s)'

Eniong Bo pnoporioope vo Bpoipe rn Aoniootovrl rn tcos3t Kol orn rng a2t(tcos3t). ouvdyera (v) An6 (1+t-r)'z= I I t2e-2r+2te-r dxoutr 2 j1 2 -Lte-rizi(s), . . -:.i - : -:,t = L{l}(s) 2LieLt(l-re )'i{s) t}(s}= s (s+2)" (s +1)' (vl) An6 rn Fopg rne olvdprnonq sint/i nopornpoufe 6fl InopodFvo rnv r6tornro(81 6nlo6n: xpnorponorriooupe r{irll : L4-:f (sl= lF(u)du J ].tJ onouF(s)= L{f(t)}(s}

-+ Llslnt)$)=;!, poqdloupet1t;=sint lrnv neplnrcoori on6re s-+l n . fsintl.. : I .. arctanu-arclans=--arclans Ll-l(s)= J-- ;dtr=im

5.2 Avr{orpoqo6perooxnporlop6c rou Laplace

Opi(ouperov ovrlorpoeorou FErooXnponopori Laplace ond rn oxdon:

L1{F(.)}(t)=f(0 e L{f(t)}(s)= FG)

(5.14)

5.2,1 l6r6rnreg rou qvriorpoeou Laplace,L-r

An6 rov oprop6 rou ovriorpogou Laplace (fl) xor rrq rSr6rnregrou (L) noipvoulre: perooXnportoporj Laplace l. lpouprk6rnro

-. ..+c"F.(sJ}(r) (5.15) t I {c,F,(s) crLt{FrG)l(r)+...-c"rt{F.(s)Ir)

192 2. llopdyoyogAoniodrovrlc Eqv f{t)- r1{F(s)}(t), 16r

dIAOOPIKE EDO:Etr

IN KPOKOY

t"flr) r'{t rt"r'" t"r'{F(.)l{t}= I'l}ttt=

IuvnBoq ouvovrdpt rnv:

(5.16)

ifft) rr{-F1sD(t)= t rr {F(s))(t)=

3. frv6pevoAonioorov6v(Oe(6pnpo ouvEirEn) xo,G1slL{sk)}{s). rore Av Fh)- L[rk)]h)

(5.17)

11{F(s).cG)}(0= r'{F(t}ft)* r'tqs)){0=(frs)io

4. Merqr6nrqn Eoroofl {h)=L '[F{s})(rJ Tor roxrir:
= e'' r1{F{s))(tJ= r'{Fls - o)}(0 e"'{(t}

(5.18)

(5.19)

flopotnptloer5 1. Or rSrornreE eivor ypoppdve6 eror rirore vo rgoivovror ro 6rlporo nou dkoiouBodpornv 0ponrng ovriorpognEAonioorovng.fl.y. yro rnv r6t6rnro (4) rn6 perar6nrong,Bpioxoupernv ovriorpoen nonioorovn rnq F(s) (npoxunrer ono rnv F(s-o)ov Bdooup:6nou s o ro s), rnv f(t), on6re r1{F(s - a)}(t)=e'' f(t). 2, H eripeonrou ovriorpogou perooXn;ronopot rou Laplace pnopsi vo yivr pe rrE Boorxig Aonioorove6 yrori ov yvorpi(oupe rnv F(s),trnopodpe vo Bpoupe rnv ovriororxn {(t) (Biene nivoxo oi. 189) xor 6e6oicogpe rn Xpnorponoinon rt:v rdlorrirtov nou ypoUopnlo ndvo. Mnoporlpe vo noLlpe dt n "rgriooogio" ipeone rou ovriorporpou gtrooxnparropori Laplace pord(er p duriv rou oio<inpch;rorog. Avonrriooouge orn ouvdxlo lE oflopoirnrEpeBoS:ioerg.

3.

META'XHMATIIMOI LAPLNCE

193

5,2,2

yro rnv edpeon MeSoderloetg rou Lr {F(s}}(t)

1n) llpoosyoupeprinc,:g :ivor duvotovvo BpeBei o ovriorpo<pog rou Laplacepe egoptroyi rtov r6rornro:vnou npoovogipopa fro vo yiver xorqvonro o KdB lio npinroon Bo Scirooupr orn ouv6xlo XopokrnplonKd nopoSiyUoro. 2n) Av n Fh) eivorrrrspoprpisFG)= P(s)/Qs), 6nouP(s), Q(s)noiut:vupope yeyovos 6oBg6Q(s)> 6oBpdP(s), nou roXrier ndvro oqo0 lim F{s)=0,i6rs oxoiouBoupr rnv nopoxriro SroSrxooia (6pioxovros o) flopovovronoroif ro Q(s) rrepi(eSrou). 'Eorco 6n riXer rn popgri: (s- pr)is- p, )3 (s'z +bs+ c)! Q(s)= onou pr orv\n pi(o, p2 rprniri pi(o xor ro sz+bs+c dxr Sroxpivouoo opvnnxi (6nio6ri 6rnie6pi(egpryo6rxdg) rov noiurivuprov 6) An6 rn Becopio ovo,irior.,pe ro xiciouo P(s)/Q(s) oe onnd xidoporo r,:se{ns:

Ph)

A,

B,

Gj ' n-;;

B. r-s-A, f ,s-L, '1.B . p,1.'1. i1r',',u.-.-d-u.-.r,

Ano rnv reieuroio pe onoiorrgri rdv nopovofoor6v npoxunrer ro6rrrro noiurivuptov nou Vlo vo toXril VsR npdnr or ouvrisorig rcuv opo6dBprovop.,rvvo rrvor ioor.onore rXoupr ivo ondrnFo pE oyv';orouq ro Ar, 81,...,42, on'onou xor unoioy((ovror. 3n) Orov iXoupe orov nopovopoorn rprdvupo s2+bs+c pe 6roxpivouoo A=b2.4c 0. roTE ypo.poup. ro rpr;vuFo orn poprgri s2+bs+c=(s+dl?+e2 xol rpopp64oupE rnv rSrornro rne proT6nronq. n.x. s2+2s +5 = s2+2s - t +4 = (s+1)2 +4. 4n) Orov dloupe rnv F{s) oe ioyopr8prxn Fopqi n ovriorpoqn rprvcovo perprKi, 6pioKouF yro rnv nop6ycuy6 rnS F'(s) rnv ovriorpogn Aonioorovri g(i)= L, ' {F'(sU0, onor

-tf(t) =} f(t)= s(r}/t. rr {FIsD(t)= s(t)=

194 Ilopd6eryyo 1o

KPOXOY dIAOOPIKE EtrOIEE LN.

Bpeire rov ovriorporpo rou Laplace toovouvoprrioov:

(r) . -, " FG) s'+2s

<+|

2.+3 ----:;([] FG)= (s-l)(s'+2s t5)

rn (l) flopornpodpE 6n n F(s) sivor pnri duvoprnon on6re ergopprd(oupe 6eirepn ge866euon.Anio6ri:

S+I A B ) s - l = A ( s - 2 ) - B s= s r l = s ( A . B ) - 2 A F{s}=---r s(s+z) s s+2 ioo noi ucirvupo Slver: H reieuro{qon6ro ex'rour6rnro6 A+B=1, 2A=l ) on6r A=112,B=Uz 1 = 1* P1r1 2s 2ls+ 2) kol pE xpion rne lSl6rnrosrne flo{pvovrog rov ovriorpoqorou Laplace exoulre: vpouBlKornrqg,

I",' L.'rrarrr,r=1r'{1}r,r*11-'{-l }1,y=1, Lsi 2 2) 2 2

2 ls (10'Exouu rn pnrn ouvoprnonF(s)rnv onoio ondpeoe onid xiaoparo. on6re: 6r6rreler pi(egpryo6txig, To rprd:vupo s2+2s+5 6av nqpavovronolsirql 2<+3 A Bs,f Fls)=--#(s-l}{s'-2s+5) s- 1 s" 2s 5 - f 2s+3=A(s2+2s+5)+(Bs+f)(s-1) = 2s+3= s'z(A+B)+s(2A-B+f)+5A An6 ro ex rour6rnrogioo noiuo)vuFo noipvouFe: A+B=0 2A-B+l=2 = A=5/8 B= 5/8

5A-f=3

f=v8

luvcnd:g o ovriorpogoe Laplace rn F{s)ivor:

(1) r'rr,rrro=lr'{l}1a.]r'{.,-ul-t-}t) r2s+5J 8

8 Ls-li ls' Aiid Lr{--' i{0 l"l "' ls-1i sxoup s2+ +5=\s+1J2+4, Eniongegoppd(ovro rnv rpirn pB66suon perordnron ouvenc,5E egqovi(oupe xotd-1,6nio6d ro s+1.

METAIXHMATIEMOE T.APLACE

195

Apq

-k+1
xclr drol

-56+1

-5(s+1)+6

s'+2s+5 (s+1)'+4 {s+1)'+4 6,.,41 - _ ,f _ 5 s + 1 L . - _ , r 5 ( s . 1 ) + 6 ] r .Fl-,-: -- f (t)=r'{ #f(t) +4 J ts' .r2s+5i t {s+1)"

-P = = ' { +6}111= i-s-l- * o--l---}r,r "-,1 t s ' + 4 J ".r' I s ' + 2 " s ' + 2 ")

="-' sr'{ l },,,1= L ls'+2') ls'+z') J "=,}ro*sr'{-!=

c'[-5cos2t+3sln2t] n (1)6lver ro (nroripevo: An6 rnv rsiuroloxol rnv (2), +3sln2t) L.'(F(s))(t)= i e'+:e-' (-5cos2t
6d

flopd6erypo 2o BpE{r rov ovrlorpogo tou Laplace r<,rv ouvoprrioecov:

(0 ' ' F(s)= r--,

1s+3)'

(t0 rnl F(s)= 1+1l

\

1\

s,/

-"-:- , (rr)F(s)= " ls'+ l'

(tv)F(s)= . -2)-(s r (s 1)

(0 nopornpodps 6fl 6noudXoupe rn petoBlnrrl s,mv dloupeorn popgri s+3,ripo geroronrogdvn xorc -3.Aniq6i =c(s-(-3))=G(s+3) F(s) (2.6) on6reondrn oXdon dXotrpa:

=rr{qs+3)}(t) = t3t r' {qsx0= rr {F{s)X0

=;'' rt{ l-}1t1= (ono nivoxo ' vrotnFrF4) [s"]
=-

-",1.,f41 I L.{..:)=4! Ls"' i

e3'" I 4l

AIAOOPJKE EEOIEE

I.N KPOKOY

(ll) nopornpoUFe 6n orov nivqxo 5v ixouF n anioolavi p log. fro vo rnv F(s)(6iine4n FeB6Seuon): oncisigouFro iovdprBpoflopoyovidouF _l r I 'F,{s)= '-' 1+(1/ss ) 2 s(s+1.) Lnlon -1 -=-_+s(s+l) 11 s s+l

n ov orpoqnnoniooravnrnSF'(s)eivor:

. . r:1 ) } + r ' {. r r - _I ' -) r'1 lk L'{F'{s)}{r lh)= I e

tsj ls+ll (oxeon5.17)iXoupe: rSr6rnro Ano rn 6erirspn

(1)

= -tr(t) rt{Flt}(t)= -trr(F(sD{t)

(1), (2)dxouU: luvenrirq on6rteoXioele -r(0=-1- e l--1 f{()=
t

l2l

(ltl) flopornpoip 6fl ov oioKinpd)oouFs nposs ovov6poore rnv Fis)c,:E os dnioddrpngopeil,5ni06i: I s 1ld(s2+41 f-,.. f =G{s) (1) rns,.rs= r-^crs=r ; :'-;J J 1..+ 4). 2 t ls, - 41. 2\s.+4)
. ] I II L ' {qs)){r)=-L'1,--f{tl 2 l\"4)

-;sin2r 4

12)

Eniongon6 rn berirepn t6r6rnrooXion (5.17)iXoupe:

13 = !.*2, = t 11{ctst}ttt - t[-1,1n21) rr {clsD(t} \4 t 4

noipvoupe: luvsncig ond rnv reieuraio <ar rnv (1)peG'(s)=F(s)

L IF(s)l(0 Lr{G1s)l(t) I sin2r floporrlpnon vo unoiovlori xot on6 rnv O ovriotporpog rou LaplaceBo pnoporioe 6noD tSt6rnro rou yrvopivou Aanioorov6v, ov ndpootrF(s)=G(s)O(s)
(l

. Qs) , I xor Gpodpsrn ouvinrln r-v ovriorpog-v t '"+4 s'+4 Aoniaotovri,v rouq: G(s), @(s). Qs)-

META'XHMATEMOET-APIACE

197

(tu) nqpornpodp 6rr n F{s) elvor pnrn ouvdprnon,oiiri pa gerldie6 6uvoperg ouvencirg n ovdiuoti rn6 oe oni6 xidogord lvql 1povo66po 6to6rxoolo. Erol oKnr6poorrnv t6t6rnro tou VlvogdvouAqniqotov!5v (Oerirpnpo ouvdirlng). ': qs)=--i-, @droupe O(s)= on6re s_l ts+zl F{s)=c(s)O{s) Bpioxoupen6 ow{orpogeqndniodlovis tov G(s), O(s)yro vo erpoplr6ooufe rn dXidn (5.18).

=r'{#F} r-i'*1"'"''"-,, r'{c($no = r'{4}r,r

="'j''{*}ro=#,'=nn,
=r'{*}d r' rq"D(')
Ondte

=e'=q(t)

=;r 1q"1.6(s))(0 - u)du =s(t)*dr) =jg(u),e(r u 11r1s111ty =

0

=ill

t 3!"-,."*"

- "' iu,o,,ru 6u
3!i

Egoppri{ouge pdBo6o rnv napoyovrrxri oioxiipoone rpa eopdsxql dxoups:

198

AIAOOPIXE EEO:Etr IN KPOKOY

5.3 Bnponrrt - xpouorrxri ouvriprnon

5.3.1 Bnporrxrlouvdprnon(Heavtstde)
H ouvdprnonu" (t) = H(t - o) no'i oplgsror vs ivorion F lndEv vro t<o xot pe rn govoso Vld t>cq xoiirol gn|'|otrxi ri Heavblde i uovoStoio xirUoKC,)ri ouvdprnon. Ani06n:

t>o
H Aonioorovri rng Bnporrxrig eivor:

!" o)o

= = L{u"(t)h) +Jr;"at = Ju.(t)e-'dt Joe-,at

-,'.. . e - ' l = t i m ll_ -e - '_ "= \ _ e"o = , r, m lI e - d t : . l+ tim_l b,J b+6 _s lo b,\ s / s On6re dXouperov rrjno:
b -rtb , -."r

e' s

L{u"(t)}(s)='

(5.20)

An6 rov ovriorpogo rou Laplace, n (5.20)6iver:

t'{f}r'r='.r'r
Mro noiri Xpiorpn 6t6rnro rng Bnporrxrig oovtiprnong eivor: Av L{f(t)}{s)=F{s) sivol n prooxnpologivn xord ouvdprnong f(t) xor Ho(t) {voln Bnpoilxriouvriprnon, rdre: L{H.(t)f(t- o}}{s)= e *.F(s)

(5.2U

Laplace rng

(5.221

META'XHMATEMOI IAPLACE

799

m6 Ho(t)xot rov oprou6ms n onioolovti, llpriygofl, on6 rov rp6no optoFo6 dloupe:

) Jn"{r)t{t-o) L { H " ( t ) f-( o t } l ( s= "" at=

0

= l0 f(r o)e-dr+l1t(t o)e"dt

Oo

(1)

Kdvoup ro Flqoxnporlop6 oioxinp<irpotoc fro rov unoioyrop6rou mo novco t-o=u, on6re t=u+o, dt=du kol ro oKpooioKilipodng on6 t=o, t)o yivovrot 'Eror (1) n viverot u=0. u-rcc.

= = = L{ H.(t)f(t- o)l{s) J(,r)e-tu*ddu;' Jt1u1 "-"a.,

_ _-" t,,.\ _-'jt = e DL{t(t)}(s)= e-,.F(s)
0

nou ono6ellope{volliro noii dnou6dlol6l6rnro rn 6nfonxn > H o;1don orn irion A.E.pe Xprionperoo;lnportopo6 oovdprnon5pt noildg egopltoydg Laplace. tou Laplace rov ovrlorporgo ndpoupe nouono6El{op Av drn oxeon(5.22) dXouU:

- o1 u"11111s r'{;"- r1s1}1t1=

5.1 Ms066cuon
'Orov 6lverotn ouvdprnon:

(5.23)

6.<.t v ' ' ' ' - {sltl u,, -< [ 0, oniot]

vo gpoqiorn Foperi: r6ra n f(t) gnope{

6.v Be.xds oro8epde

(0 = s(r)us{t)s(r)uv(t)
ouvoprrloetg. Bnporrxdg 6nouus(t), \(t) Eivor Ilpoypott, vto t<6 yro 6<t<y vro t>V 0-s{t)0=0, dxoupe f(t)=g(r) 0=g(r)Kot dxouFe f(t)=g(r).1-g{t) l-s{t) 1=0 dxouFs f(t)=g(t)

AIAOOPIKE E[:O'EE

IN KPOKOY

n.x.rng gopqrlg levrxd ov 6ivsrot pro ouvdprnongexid6ouE,6nc,:g

l s r ( t ) 'o < t < o f ( t= ) Js r ( t ) ,o < t < B I s ' ( t ) '6 < t

16rpnopoife vo rn vpduouFe os E6ns: - sr(t)u6(t) (t)=9,(t)ue{t) gr(t)u"(t)+ + s3(t} u6(t) sr(t)u"(t) Me866euon5.2 'Onv Bdioupe vo Bporipe rov ovriorpogo Laplacegtog ouvdprnongrng gop<png rn dxdon G(s)e", 6nou G(s)pnrri ouvdprnonrou s, XpnoluonoroipE (5.23) o:se6is: rnv g(i): mv ovr{otpognAoniootovrl rns G(s), o) BpioKoup

r'{c(s)}(t) s(t)=
(5.23) noipvoupe: rnoxdong 6) ueeeopuovfi - o) L-'tG(s)e-"'J(t)= u.(t)s(t 5.3.2 Kpouonrrl ouvdprnon (Dlrac) 6 Av unoBdooupe drrundpxer n ui (t),r6renopornpodf u).{o)= sL L{u:(0}{s) s= L{u"{t)}(s 6nio6i r'{e-'}(i)=,r:(t) =;-

oro ongeio a,egdoov eivdr oouvsxris o' our6, v6vro H ui (t) 6evundpxet = (t) Lrl t+oEivor 0,t+o. un5dv,6nio5n vo ro, f'{"-'"}1t1, At.oup., flop'6ioourd enerdri Bdioupe opioougs 6 " ( t )= 6 ( t o ) = u ' ( t )
aB

'or:vciprnon" Tn 6o(r) rnv xoloripe xcouorrxri. Erixoiopnoporipr vo 60uF.6r roxUouv oroxosrq:

r)
l l')

= s(o) Js(t)6"(t)dt
0

o). vrot>o fq(t _ "' Vrot<o I U, 6nou g:(0,oo)-+R nopovcoyiorpn ouvdprnon FE lim g(x)= 0 Kor g(0)=0
lo*d lltl= <

META'XHMATEMO'TAPLACE

201

= e-'" rt|) L{5"(t)}(s) O Ayvio euorx6q Dirac (1902-1986) 6proernv 5it) oov ro lrovoSroio noiF6 o onoio Vlo noii grxp6Xpovrx6 Srdornpot=o 6xetnoiu peydin rrpri, ev6 yto t*a pn6evi(eror Me otrrnv iiuoa rpuotxri npo6iiporo e{ovoyxoopou (6rivopn, rdon).Anio6n:

,: t t =/ l ' o -^ r t t = s i

LU,

flopornporlpe6n yro t=0 n L[6(t)](s)=1 Srv ninpei rnv ovoyxoio ouvBikn odvKilone rns Aonioorovrig xol toiro 6t6fl n "ouvdprnon' 6^(t) eivor pro tntvonon nou opilerot ninpoq ono rnv ivvoro rnSxorovopri{ fro rnv xpouorrxn Bo yvcupi(oup fls oXdots:

L { 5 . ( r ) } ( st)*= , Ilopd6erypo

=0"(tt r1{e-*}it)

15.241

Ynoloyiore rn perooynponoUdvn Kord Laplace rcovouvoprioer,rv:

.')ft)=11;6,

12,

0<r<l 2<r<3 t>3

6) n(')= {.;:2'

0<t<n/6 n l 6t t

pe noi,lo06 xidSougxor lnopi vo vpoei oov o) H f(t) eivorouvdprrron ypopptxog ouvSuoop6g (64 pBd3uon 6nporrxcirv ouvoprnodv 5.1, oi. 199) - l-2t +6)u3(r]l+(r - 3)u3(t) f(t)= [2uo(t)-2u,(t)]+ll-2t + 6lv2lt) lrov rpiro xiti6o 6ev oqorpoiFs5r6fl n f(t) vivrorion F t-3 Vrot>3. fro vo vo e<poppdooupe rnv nponvou!vn t8l6rnro,Feovi4oup rn FnopiooupE popqrl H,(t) f(t-o). Snno6rl Tn Bnponxn oro o cni pro ouvoprno.l Kardo.'EXoupE: Proronrofdvn f ( t ) = 2 u o ( t ) - 2 u r ( t ) - 2 ( t - 3 ) L r , ( t ) +3 2)(u t 3(t)+(t-3)u3(t)= = 2 u o { t ) - 2 u r ( t ) + 2 u z (2 t )( t - 2 } u r ( 0 + 3 ( t - 3 ) u 3 ( t ) Av ornv riuroio oXion ndpoupero prooxnlo opd Laplacexor xdvoupre iyoup,e: i5.20),15.221, Xpion rorvoXdoeov L{r(t)}(s) =2L{uo(t)}(s}2L{Lrr(t)}(s)r2L{u,(r)}(s}-

- 2 L { u r ( r ) (2 t ) } ( s )3 +1 { u 3 ( t ) (3 r) l { s ) =

AIAOOPIKE EIIIOIEII I.TTKPOXOY

=2"
2

a 0'

o-2. 2e .+2=--2e-2'Lltl(s)+3e-3'L{t}(s)=

^e-'

^ s-2'

^ e-2'

^ e-3"

ssssouv6uoog6g 6) flqpornpo0pe6rr n g(t) pnope{vo Vpoqsioov ypopprxog (6idnepaB66euon 6nparrxd:v ouvoprrioeov 5.1, oei. 199),6nio6rir - uq6(t)cos2t g{t)=uo(t)cos2t fro vo lpnorponoriooulrern oxdon (5.22) ov6ioyo pe rnv u"(t),speoviaouF rn peror6nron l-o orn oovriprndnpe rnv onoio sivol noiidnldolooFivn n .nuortxri Euven6e: f / -\ -.1

_u,, :uo{r)cos2t s(t) 6(,)"..fl,,_;J--l

Ailoond cos(otG)=coso cos&slndslnB nolpvoupe:

| - nt .,6 ...^( - n\ .1 uo{t)cos2t s(t)= iud6(t)cos2lt;J.;u,, 6(i)sin2 lt ;./

H reieumlo pe ro perooynporrop6 Laplace Siver: / n\] -; I L r 6{t)cos2lt -;JJ(s) = L{rro(t)cos2t } L{s(i)}(s) }(.) 1,,

. v c , i 6 ( t ) s /h 2 . l-t\ ] ;Jj(s)= iaLtuI.n

t;

s2t4

2-

s2+4

2-

s2+4

META.EXHMATEMOILAPLACE

203

5,4

Eqopgoydq rou Uerooxnporlopoi Laplace

5.4.1 Afon 6rogoprxcirve(toriroeov pe oroDeporigoovreieordg

fia va inooupre pro ypopprxi A.E. pe oroBeporlg ouvreieoris oro 6tdornpa (0,m) pe rn 6onBero rou psrooXnporropori Laplace, oxo,lou8o6pe ro

elfi6 6nporo: B ri pro 1o OdTouF

L(v(t))(s)= F(s)

lrn ouviyeroe9opp6(oufero FrooxnFonop6 Laplacexor oro Sriopein (2) xqr rov unoiovlop6 rcov Tne 4.E., on6rs p rn 6oi1Blo rn6 lSt6Tnrog (6' peioue) noipvoupepro oiye6prxn eliocoon o:s npoe F(s). Aon.loorovcirv Inper6voupe6rr oro Biporo ouvriBo:g y(0),y'(0) 6ivovroror opyrxd6 ouv8rixes xin. Av 5ev SivovrotBo Biroupey(O)=cr, y'(O)=cz, on6rixoupErn yEvrKri irion rn6 A.E. Blrpo 2o nivoup rnv liooon nou npoexuge on6 rn Aonioorovi rng AE. xot no{pvoup rnv Fis}.tro dnpsio ou16npooixoupov txovonolsiroln ovoyxoio ouvBixn yro rnv F(s),5nno6ri limF(s)=0. Av ouri 6ev rKovonoriror, ro'rs 6ro,lt1ou;re rrqoroBepie nouunopxorr\ i rol uiorE vo loxUrr. Bn po 3o Bpioxoupe rnv ovriorporpn Aonnoorovri rnS F(s) ouprtrcovo Fe rre preBoSerioerg noo ovogipop one nopovpdqou 52 xor 5.3 on6reiyoupr rn iuon rnqA.E.

= r'{F(s))(9 v(t)
flopornprloerg 1. H onouSorornro rou Laplace6pioxerororo 6n Kdvr rnv A E. oiyBptKn xot 6rt Xpnorponorei rrSopxlkdE oulBiKE6 ono rnv opXnyro rnv eupeon rnEidong. Merovdxrnpd rns ivol 6 6ivl iion povoyro t)0. 2. Orov or opxrKisduv8ixeg oro Bipo ;rog6ivovror orn Beorrt9, 5nio6i y(i6), y'(te), y"(to), 16r erpopp6(oupe ro xldor*d rdlvoopo rns peror6nrong.OEroupE t-to=Lr - t=u+toKoriror n A.E.ro! y{t),y'(t),y"(t) yiv:tor A.E. rorv v(t)=w(u), y'(t)=w'(u), y"(t)=w"(u)pe opxrxeqouvBrlxeg w{0)=y(t6), w'(0)=y'(tj, w"(0)=y"(to} rnv onoio irivoupexor 6pioxoupe tnv w(u), on6rp rnv ovflKcrdoroonu=t-toixolge rn (nronpevniuon y(t).

204

AIAOOPIXE EEOIEE

LN KPOKOY

llopd6erypo Na iuBel pa geraoXnponop6 Laplac ro npo6inpo opXrx<iv rrp<irv: (1) Y" -3Y'+2Y=2tt

v(0)=1, v'(0)=2.
nqipvou! rn n oniqorovrirng A.E.{1).

L(v"){s) 3-L l v ' } h ) . 2 L l v } ( 'L )= {"u }t')

Odroupe F(s)rn Aonioorovri rnEy(t): F(s)= Lty(t))(s)
An6 flg 1516rnreg rouLaplace dXolFi - 2 -s'?F(s)-s y'(0) L(y" )(s)- s'zF(s)-sy(o)= sF(s}y(0) L{Y'}(s)=sF(5) 1

l2l
(3)

r-{"5'}is)lls-s
And ng noponrivoo;doergn (2)yiverol s'zF(s)-s-2-3sF(s)+3 +2F(s)= l/s-5 {s I Js + z,l.tsr- s- l - -----= s-5 =

s2-6s16 -.. r(s)=(s-lJts-zr(s.5,

Bpioxorrps rnv ovriorpoqn ndnioorovi rng F(s). Ilopornpo0pe on n F(s)eivor pnrfi dovdprnonxol Unopei vo ontioer oe onid xidoporo. AnioSi:
Fl.l-_:

{ s - l } ( s - 2 X s - 5 )s - l s - 2 s 5 - 2 X s -5 ) + B ( s - l x-s 5 ) + f ( s -l X s - 2 ) s "- 6 s + 6= A ( s pnopoJ;.re An6 rnv reieuraio vo 6podpe ro A, B,f erixoio ovBiooupe oro s rrg rtpdq 1,2,5.AnioSic yro s=l ') 1-5+6=A(-1)G4) = A=1i4 -+ yro s=2 4-12+6=811)(-3) - 8=213 yro s=5 -+ 25-30+6=fl4)l3l-.> l=U12 ApoyroroA, B,f nou6pnKoFq on6rnv (4)xorrnv (3)dxouFe rn A6on rneA.E. , r . f '.1t,)-:r-,1__' r 1 2 ,f 't 1 r . f i l ,1__:_

''

.2 6 '" . - 6 -

=__:_:r__--__1

r
.:=

r,1 v(i)=r,{F(s)xr)=-: +'s_l,J's-z'12.s.5,

| 42,, 3-

| _'^1 }(t)

f(t}=

1,, 12-

META'XHMATEMOE L-APIACE

5.4.2 A6on ypopprx6v quorngdrov Us oroSportc ouvriordg

Av oe dvo ypopprx6 ouornpo p oroBEpo6s ouvrieorag ndpou1r ro Laplace 6A<ov r<ov e{roriroe6v rou xor Bdoou;re FrooxnpqfloU6

q{s)= L { v( t ) } ( s ) . i = 1 . 2 , . .n .,
rls nonioorovds rov dvv(oorov ouvoprfioov,r6re ro VpopFlkoSloqoptxo ofornlo ovdvror de vo VpopFlKooiyE8prxd oiornuo p ovvd]orouerouq FJs). Inpercivoupe 6rr yro vo BpeBorjvor nanioorovig rorv nopoytiryov rcov y,(t) npiner vo r,rvt:pi(oupt nq opxrkds duvBfixse yJ0). Av ourdq 6rv Sivovror, r6re rtg 6d(oupe ioe6 pe oroBepeq. Me iiyo i6yro oxoiou0oite rn psBo6o.loyio nou ylo nS Vpopprxig A.E. pe oroBepougouvreieorrig. nplVpogoF H irion rou ypopprxo$ oiy:Gprxor-iouorriporog rov FJs)pog Siver rrg FJs)nou rou perooXnporropori Laplacepog5(vouv116 Fe rov ovriorpo.po

= r ' { E ( s ) } { r )i , y(t) =1,2,...,n

flopd6erygo BpirE rn i6on rououorri[droe x'(t)+2v'(r)2y(t)= t x { t ) +y ' ( t ) - y ( t ) = I
nourxovonori fle opXlxde ouvBfikE x(0)=y(0)=0. Oncog ovogdpope nro n6vo,Orirou;re F1(s), F2(s) rtg Aoniootovi6 oyv<oorov ouvoprioe<lv.
rcov

(1)

= F,{s),L {vlt})(s) = F,(s) L (x(t))(s)

6iov rov 6pov rov 6do elrociroecuv.

l2l

Ilprv nopoupe ro Ferooxnlo oud Laplace oto (1)6pioxoupe flg Aonioorov6E

L{x'(t)}{s)= sF (s)-x(0)=sFrh) L{Y'(t)Xs)= sFr(s)x{0)=sFrls) L{tNs)-11e'?, L{UG)=1/s O perooXnporrop6g Laplace ornv (1)xoror nponyofUsve oXioer 6ivouv:

-2Fr(s)= sFr(s) +2sFr(s) j

l Fr(s)+ sFr(s)-Fr(s)=
s

=] rf,t.l*Zt. rtfrt.t

l E(s)+(s 1)Fr(s)= 5

(3)

206

AIAOOPIKE EEOEEE LN KPOXOY

noudxeridon: flpoixuge aiye6prx6o6ornFoog npo6Ffs),F2(s)

F, ' (s) _j.---::. s'(s- 2)

2c

F"(s)= -" s'ls-2)

o onio KiAoFqro rls

c.]

flo rnv sdpon i(,)v ouvoprioov x(t), y(t) ovqiiolf F{s), F2(s) xot no{pvouperov ovr{otporpoLaplace.

l2s =A f _ ! - , rB + h-( s ) - ' s'(s-Z) s s_ s-z

Apq

^ l-Zs:s-(A I tlts\-zA+61-zb =)

A+f=0, -2A+B=-2, -28=1 = 8=-112, A=314, f=-314 I .frl f 1l r .f r l - + l { r }r) :1 L '. j x ( t= ) r t { F ( s } k t.) ;+r.rs ,j2:'}. ( + l ( r ) ;rr1 .'+.s-2.
y ' 'l ' = -- ---e-

'Oporct s+1 A r 'o l s , - = s'(s 2) s B s' f s-z

s-l=s2(A, f) | s( 2A+B)-28

noipvoupe: ioo no,luuivupo on'6nouFro ex rourorrrroq

8=-112, A=.JI4,r=314
Apo

- ;? r ' 1.:fl r ( 'rl ) v(t)=r'{F , .(s s.) -4 2l.(st-). + ' s . z -

:L'1-ti{t)+;l-'1

.f 1l

.f

I I

^i{t)

-)

3 y.\.r ) = - - ,r + 43 e '" ', floporrtpnon

on6 ro oJdrnFo (3) rr,:v npdE(,)v fro ouvr6trreuon unopoiFva 6poUpE Kora ouvinro ue rov ovriorpoeo Laplace rnv y(t), Kor F rnv F2(s), rnv x(t). ovrlxordoroonornddrepneliooronrou ouord[oroe(1)aXouFe

5.4.3 A6on ypopprK6vA.E.us quvreieordg noiuovuptxfg Fop9fic

nlo ndvo) To Bnporonou oxoiouBorige e{vorl6ra pe ourd nou neplvpdgops yro rn irion ypopgtxrivA-E.pe oroBepoiE oovreidric, pe rn 6ragopo drr Bo Laplacexot Bo ndpe rnv rSr6rnro {3)rou Fsrooxngorropori XpnolgonolioooF o: vdo A.E.toqnpoqF(s).

META:XHMATI'MO'

LAPLACE

Av Bpoipern Vsvlxniidn rng vdosA.E.roE npogF(s)npooExougE ov rxovonore{rorn ouvSrtxn llm F(r)= 0. Av 61r, r6reemidyoupe trgoroBepdg pn6dv). rngVvlKig iiong kdrd-iinio(ouvriBcog Ilopd6erypo y" +ty' -2y=2 Noiu8eln A.E. peopXrxig y(0)=y10)=0. ouvBrlxes Oiroupe:
r<ovopov rng. Anio6i:

(1)

L(v(t))(s)=F(s)

(2)

(1)kor Bpidkoups nonidorovsq llolpvoupe rn Aonioorovri rnEA.E. 6iov L(v")(s)rl{tv'}(s)2l(v}h)= L{2}(s) = s'zF(s) y'(O) L{y"){s)= szF(s)-sy(O)= sF(s) L{Y'}(s)= sF(s)Y(0}
t,613)) A A = -rt(l{v'}{s)) =-}tsF(s)) =-p15;-.s'1.; L{ty'}(s)

(3)

ylveror: Euven6sn oxeon{3)on6 flq nponyoripaveg

s ' F ( . )F ( . )s F ' ( s ) - 2 F ( s J - =? r1.t-"-

3r(r)=-3

(4)

H{4) e{vqrVpofprxi A.E. npdrrngrd{ng, pe i on nou6iveror on6 rov rino:

, "', r [J-ilJ " "* I F(s)="1 '\ s-./ l (" )

Aind
ouvend)s
"2 "2 J s ds=Jls--Jds=:-3lns=; rln:, ..2-? ,, ?\ 1

t.24. (

^.

rr*2.

s>0,

="',1''if rr.r . rt5 i..,'*'l=4f .-rt*;*..]= ,s' .-l

rs' / )
"a -t'|'.''";'[ ;:)-J='5-,1

(5r

204

E:EOTEEtN KPOKOY AIAOOPIXE

tn ouvBrixn lim F(s)=0. Elerd(oups ov n F(s)yvrKi ifon rn (4) rxovonori IlopornpodFs 6 ]imc"": =m .2 y r oc r O xor .lim.i =0

c=0 ylo vo ixoupelim F(s)=0 on6rnpnr vo ndpoupe rnv nopdperpo luvencirE elvot; Vroc=0 on6 (5)n F(s)

F(')=3
s3 xor n irjon rng A.E.(1)ono rn oxdon(2){vqr:

L ' { F h ) } ( tL )= Ll4lttt r'i4 v(t)=

fttt=tz

5.4.4 Atlon A.E.nou neprdlouvrnv 6nporrxf fi rnv xpouorrxi ouvdprnon

H peBo6oioy{oeivor i6ro pe tn irion rov vpoppu(ovA.E.pe oro8eporig vo peierrloer npooexrrxddin tnv ouweiordg. Koi6 e{vor o ovoyvcirorng yro rn iuon xor to nopo6e{yporo nopoypogo5.3, r6to{reporls pBo6Edoels rerortov A.E. flopd6erypo No unoioyrororiv ro y(n/2) xor yllnl2)+2) yro rn ouvoprnon y(x) nou lxdvonoliro np66inFo opXrk6vflp6v y"(t)+y(t)=(t-2) H(t-2) pe y(0)=e'(0)=0. Odroup F(s)=L{y(i)}(s), on6re n n onidorovir rns y"(t)eivor: (U

- v'(0) =s'?F(s)-sv(o) -s'zF(s) L{v"Xs)

(5.22) npokinrsr: Enidnon6 rnv 16r6rnro rns BnForxis ouvdprnon6 = e-" L{rXs)=e4',ls'z L{(t - 2)H{t- 2)}(s) And ng nopondvo oxiore Kor ro perooynpronop6 Laplace otnv A.E. (1) s ' F ( s)F ( s ) :" rF(") s/

s / ( s /_ l )

METAIXHMATI'MO!

IAPIACE

rn oXdon(5.23) [.o rnv edpeon rng ovriorpogngAoniootavn6Xpnolponolodps (pe866euon 5.2,oei. 200).Iloipvoutre oov G(s) rnv: G{s;- ,. -l . =A s'(s'+1) s f:-a > ?s ' s "+ 1 r=s3{AFf}.sz(B.a)+sA-B --

B=1, A=0, a= 1, f=0 H ovriorpogn Aonioorovri rng G(s)e{vot:

=L'{1 },,r, =t .s,nr =stt} L I {c(s)}(t) t' {;11,t} _ s -+ l - z) = 11{c(s)"t'}ltt= Htt- ztstt 11{r(s)}(0
Fe s(t-2)=(t-2)-sin(t-2),
on6rc n irion eivot

- 2)] - H(t-2)[t - 2 -sin(t v(t)

fro t=n/2 dxou! y(n/21=0, 6tdr H((n/2)-2)=O,lnl2)<2. 6t6t\ Hllnl2)+2-2J=1, fro t=lnl2l+2 exoupey((n/2)+2)=(n/2)-stn\nl2)=lnl2)-1, lnl2)+2>2. 5.4.5 A6on oioxlnporrxolv elro6oeov 'Orov oe pro oioxinp<,:rrxn eliooon nopouord(erol 6pog oE l.ropgn (i lidoon6) ouveitlnqouvopnioatov, rnA.E. 16re noipvoupe rn Adnioorovn (4) (Oerirpnpo xor p xpion rnq 1616rnrog ouvdirlns)xor 6oorv diiov
lperd(eror, 6pioxo0p rnv L{y(t)}{s)=F(s). lrn ouvdxerq gc ovriorpogo perooxnporrop6 Laplac, iXoupe rn idon y(t)= l.t {F(s))(0. Ilopd6arygo No iuBei n oioxinporrxn e(iotoon
vitl = +I J lv{LrjsrntrujdLr
0

(1)

nopornpodpedn ro oioxiripopo eivorn ouvditln rov ouvoprio.ov y(t) kol sint,6nioSi: J

0

- 'r)du. y(t)*sinl y(u)sin(t

AIAOOPIKE! EEO:EE IIl KPOKOY

@droupeF(s) m Aonioorqvn rng tiyvoorng ouvriprnong y(t), on6re ot AonioorovdEdiorv rov 6pov rns e{ooons 0) elvqt:

L{Y(t)Xs)=Fh) 4 -7 L{4t}(s)
- 'r)d'r LjJ v('ilsin(t L{y(t}'}sint}=L{y(t)} L{sint}=F(s) , . l(sl= Lo J

Ql

tt

An6 116 nponyoripevegoldoet5 xql Fa FarqdxnUqrlolrdLaplace ornv (l) nolpvouu: oioxinpo>nxrie{loo.ron

(3) = p1.1= rr"r= 1-ss" lb) + F(s)r1*-L')=+ t(.l+tt -l +4) \ s. -1./ s" s. s.{s.
rneF(s)Bo rnv ovoiriooupe fro rov unoioyrop6 rngdvrlorpoqn n onioorovric
o qniq xioolrdrd"

* r t .' t =t ( i ' , I ' l= A * 9 * T * 1

s'{s' + 4) s s'

s' +4

= 4s2+4=s3(A+f)+s2(B+a)+s4A+

And to ex raurdtnrog{oo noiu<i:vupo nolpvoup: A=0, f=0, B=1, A=3, on6re n (nroripevnouvdprnony(t)ondrn oxdon(2)xotrnv F(s)e{vor:

r'{F{sl}(t)= r'tj-itrt*; r'1"-r{t) =r+;sin2t v(t)=

-r1l

-f

11

META'XHMATEMO!

LAPLACE

2rl

NYMENA OEMATA
gpo I
No iu8el pegerooXnporrop6 Laplace ro np66lnpo opxrx<irv rrp<,iv Y "+ 2 Y ' + 2 Y = r 2 t y'(0)=0. uey(0)=1, A$on Brlpo 1o odrouF (1)

l2l orn Bpioxoupe trq Aonioorovdg 6iov rov 6pov rne A.E. {1)yto vo ndpoope (1), y'(0)=0. ouvdxro rn n onioorovi rnsA.E. dxovrog un6un o y(0)=1, -sv(o}-v'(o) -s = s'zF(s) =szF(s) L{v"(t)Xs) - Y(0)= L{9'(t)}(s}= sF(s) sF(s)1
-Llte,' l(s)= -:l | - ---:ds\s+2./ l s_ 2 1 .
,t/ 1 \r5,3)t 1

L{v(t)Xs)=F(s)

yivror: on6re n (1)on6 rrg nponyodpavs ^ 1 "3-r"z-tz.-q -s-2sF(s)-2.2F(s)=---i(3) s.F{s) + F{s)--" t -2s +2)ls +2)" 2)" ls ls" Bipo 2o flopornpo0pe 6n limF(s)=o, 516rr o 6oBu6e rou nopovouoord elvot peyoi0repogon6 ro 6oB;rorou oprBpnrri. Mnopoipevo noripe6r n ouvBrlxn = 0 eivol dvo xprrripro yro ro ov xdvoFeo<ooro lim F(s) rs npri{ers, eg6oov6ev Dndpxouv oro8spdg. Bipo 3o An6 rn olion (3) napornpoips6r o ov orpogogrou LaplaceBo BpeBei ov ovofuiooupe ro xioofo o oniri Kidopord(6idnepe8oSoioylo ovriorpogou Laplace), 6nio6i: ' s3+6q'-l2s+9 ls'+2s12)ls+21' As+B s' +2s 2 f s+2 A ls+21'

s3+6s2+1a+9=s{A+[+s2(44+B+4f +48+51+2L)+48+41+2L +A)+s(4A

2r2 Arr=r I

KPOKOY EEO'EI! I.TI. ATAOOPIXE

I- f =rl2 4 A + B + 4 f + a= 5 l _ ^ 4 A + 2 f = 3 4 A - 4 8 + 6 f - 2 L = r l2 \ -B=sl2 " .B 0= 2L = 7 6=112 4 2 I 4B-4f+2L=s ]

A'r-1

I -A'V2

On6re

t'i##}'u= t'{!9}ro' = t'1tpy'-'']r,r* ,,,,

= n' t,r. = {-L} }'' } |'' {#* l'' iS*#),.

= cll]1o *f,;" = f,;" |"'''{}f}t,r.
= ;e-r ! * L ;2" +zsint]+ lcosi "+'

2 @tto - - tN-o-iuBri

ro np66inpo opxtr6v npcirv Laplace p, lr"rooxnporrop6 (r) = 1oe2r Y"'(t)+Y'(t)

v(o)=v'(0)=v"(0)=0 A6on
Odrouu

F(s) L{v(t)}(s)-

l2l

xor ro runoi6yrodxoupe: rou Laplace An6 rrg tSr6rnteg

= CF(s) - sv'(o)s'zv(o) v"(0) s3F(s)L{y-(t)}(s)= = sF(s)-Y(0)= sF{s) L{Y'(t))(s)

u{"''}r.r=$
nponYoitlvEoXsolevivrcll: H(1) ge ro perooxnporlopo Laplace Kol tle

- oO,=*ftu,'F{r1*rr1.1={
tn F(s)ovoi6oupe-ro fro rnv eupeonrnq ovricrpoqnq Aonioorovn xidopo

"r1.ii

5nlo6i Laplace) -iu"*,oiSorine seBo6oiovioovriorpogou

19--:4' 'Fkr:'-' s(s-2)(s'-1) s

s-z

Br,-!1, 1 s -+ I

- 2) +1)+(fs +A)s(s 1)+B6(s2 10=AG - 2)(s'z+

METAEXHMATEMO'L-APLACE

2I3

fros=0 xotvtos=2no{pvoupe A=-5xotB=1ovr{orotXcr. En{ong 10=s3(. AB - f ) . s 2 ( 2 A + A - 2 f ) r s ( A + B -2 d l 2 A = t A-B+f -0 I f -4

A.B 2A=0J
'iJ

L= -2

Apo ond rnv nponvofpevnovdiuon rng F(s) xqr rn oXdon(2)n y(t)elvor

. , s-21.. ' t s r +4 +---:ilr)= v ( r )= L ' { F ( s' l } ( t ) = L 1 + : ( -: s

s-Z s.+ll f 1l .f 11 .f .] f 1l - 5 r '.1 : I(r)- :: l(r) ,:- i(r). | L ' , 4 L ' , 1 2 r ' , 1 - 5 -i ( r = 1 ) .s,'s-2'.s.+1,.s.+1,

= 5 +e2t+ 4cost- 2slnt

86po 3
6e{lre6fl f'(t)* 9(t) = (t),ts'(t). c) Av f(0)=s(0)=0, rn i6on rng Srogopu<rig a{lor,:ong 6) Bpe{re

tY'{t)0 Y"(t)+ Y(t)= ouvBiixe y(0)=0 noulKovonoll rtopxrxdq Koly'(0)=1. A$on dxoupe o) An6 rov oplof6rnEouvdil6nq ( t ' r s ) ( t= ) t ' ( ' rg u l (t-u)d= J
0

0l

, ,u.) s , ( t - uF - [r ( = ( u ) s { r _Ju ) )r{t_u)a -u J

0

= f(rls{o)= f(o)s(t}+ J f(u)q'{t u)du f(t)'ts'{t)

0

616n f(0)=s{0)=0. 6) Odroupe L{y(t)}{s)= F(s) An6 ng t6t6rnreg rouLaplace dxoup: = s'zF(s)L{y"(t}Xs)= s'zF(s)-sy(o)y'(O) l L {y'(t))(s)= sF(s)y(0)=sF(s) = -*GF(s))= -F(s)-sF'(s) L{ivlt)}(s) l2l

274

AIAOOPII{Et EEOIEE IN (POKOY

An6 rn Aonioorovri rns (1)|<ol flS nponvofuv oxdoae dXoups:

-1 s2F1s;-1 F1s1-sF1s1rlry=9.r p'61*?-{p1.1=

ypcpgtxriA.E.1ng flpodxuge rri{n6 og npogF(s) rng onoiogn irjon eivor:

'J6.)= j"'..']=" ''.*f.,,,,="-l',""f"' [-U' I'1""'

\ J s / ( ,. )

=#("-11"-' = f (".1-''.(-*)) ";=

F(s)=ic+j
An6 rov oprop6rou Laplacedxolp d ioyco rou 6rr fim le"'z=o,
r'6 S'

(3)

npdnr vd rox6s| lim F(s) = 0. 'Op6)S

no{pvoupe c=0 vlo vo ovolpdooupE rov

onrprop6 xor drorond rn oxdon{3)d;oupe: = 1/s'? F(s) Fpo n idon rng A.E.(1)elvor:

= =1 '{l}111 Y t t= tI - ' 6 1 ' 1 Y t;1 Odpo4

No iuBe{peXprionrou perooynpororriLaplacen ox6ior,n eliocoon v lrl=srnt+ |vlt-ulcosuclu pe y(0)=0.

A60n
OdroqrE L{v(t)}(s)= F(s) (21 '<dlorn ouvixElo6p{oxoupE 16 n onioolov6ic,)vrov 6pov rnSA.E.(1.). flopornporipe 6r d;oupern ouveir{n rov y(t),cost: cos t JY{t u)cosudu Y{O*
0

ouvendrg

L{yh}t.ost)(s}=L ly(t))(s).L (cost }(s) F(s)-,s s' +l

META>XHMATEMO: I-APIACE

215

Eniong L { y ' ( t ) t ( s ) - . F { sy ) { 0 ) = s F ( s ) .L S i n t } ( s ) = , 1s_+l (1) Ano rn Aoniootovri rng A.E. xotrtqnponvoiF.vs oXiors ixoupc'
qF(s)= s"',l
1c1

F(s) ,s'rl

> F(s)= ,

xat rdiog ye avrtorporgirxord Laplace rng F(s), eXoupetn idon: , ,f 1 1" ' "'11 1 .' f1 2 r I y{r)=L'{Fh)}(t)=L l{tj=:L ;., l(r)= : r"

96po 5
No iuBei ro np66irrpoopxrKci)v nFdv 4Y'+4Y=tPk) Y" y(0)=1, y'(0)=0 (1)

ll, 0<r<2 ( , ) o vn e ( t l o p i l r o , e ( t ) = 1 02 , st<3 12. t>3

nrion
oroup L{y(t}}(s)-F(s) = s'F(s) sv(0) v'(0)=s"F(s)s L {v"(t)Xs) L{Y'(t)}(s)= sF(s}sF(s)1 Y(0)= (6iine H rp(t)Vpdqetoroov vpopprk6g ouv6uaopdE Bnporrxrivouvoprioer,.:v peBd6euon 5.1oei.199 elie: ) r,:e e(t)=uo(t)-ur(t)+2u3(t) Kql n n onioorovri rns ivol: l2t xorond rrgr6r6rnreg rou Laplace eXoupe:

Ltq{r)}(s}-L{uo(r)l{q) Liu,(r}lhr 2Llu3h)lh) : -+-r+

An6 rt6 nponyoupevegAoniooroveg, o perooxnponop6E Laplace ornv A.E. (1)

6iver: .4 4F(s) 1{1 e-'-2e-"1 ',> . 4sF{.; s'?F1sy

' r(')= -* ls,2J'

.'*2" ') .'^.,(t sls 2l'

tsr

216
(3): Ynoioytop66tou Ll rnq o16ong

ALAOOPIKE EDOEEE tN KPOKOY

''{$}ro=''{ff}o
.
's "2,c1 l!-+ ll s'

iord 2) -

lo l -ztt -rl >'L rL\ s L t-----tlL/

- e 2 ' l t2 t )

Bp{oxouperov ow{orporpoLaplace tou ouvreieorri rclv exBenx<irv, yro vo , , -1 r^. . --.1 erpoppdooupe rnv t6rornr o L-^iG(s)e-"'J(t)= u.{t)S(t o).
.( r'i 1 I(c(s)Xt)= l ^ . ,If 1 1 1 = g /t tr.rL. r s ( s - zJ , lcs as-z 2ls-21'zJ"'rrr ! r \

Apo

1 1.,, 1,, 4 42-' I t,. 1,. sltl=: _;e., +;e.. r

xoton6rnv t6tdrnro rnqBn;rorrxrig ouvriprnons nounpoovoqipops dxoupE: -( 2t ) F t c ( s ) - .J ' (i)_ur(t)s - 3) r'{c(s) en' }(t)= u3(r)s(t
Tdioq pe rov ovriorpogo Laplace ornv (3) xor 116 nponyoripeveE oXdoer6 i;oupe

- 3} =.'z'{1y(0 20+s(t)ur(r)s(t2)+2u3(t)s{t 96po 6

Me rn BorlBero tou perooxnpdlopodlnplac vo iuBelro odornpo: dx^ ^ --1Zx- JY, dv= .' V Zx

nou rxovonorei y(0)=3. rrEotrv8nxe x{0)=8,

Afon
Odrorpe L{x(t))(s)= F'(s), L {v(t)}(s)= F,(s} on6tsor noniaorovie ro)v nopovovov Tou alvot: - x(0)-sFr(s)L{x'(i)}(s)= sE(s) 8 -3 =sFr(s)L{v'(t)Xs) sFr(s) Y(0)=

METAIXHMATEMOX LAPLACE

2r7

floipvoupe petooXnpo oF6 Laplace oro oiornFoxot on6 ne nponvoUpve oXaorS npox0nrar sF,{s}8 = 2F,(s)3Fr(s} _ sFr(s)-3= Fr(s)zf,S)
61

(s_2)FrG)+3Fls) 8 zqg)-ts-ttf rst S

An<! ro nopondvo oiyeBptx6 oiornpo61oupe: . s+l s_4

r l

dpo

.f 1 I .f t )r= . 1 ' { F , G ) l {s x(r) ,t*J(t)- 3r,t-

"Jl

=s;'_:".

And rnv np6rn a{io(,.)on rou ouoriporoq dxouI:

- x1t1 = 1(se-'+eea' vft) - | x(r) ) - jJ (-s;, - tzea')= y{t)- 5' - 2eq' i J'

t,

Odpo7
Me tn BoriBero rou perooynponoporj Laplace (ov eivorSuvordv) vo Bpe8ei n yevrxi irion rng6rogoprxrig e{ioc,rong:

Arion

x"(t)-zx'(t)+ = sint 2x(t)

(r)

OeroupeL{x(t)}{s)=F(s) xdr no{pvoup rrg opXrxdg ouvBrixeq x{0)=c1, x'(0)=cz, <inou cr,cz ruxolag oro8epd6. Av ndpoufeio prooxnponopd Laplaceornv (1), dXoupr: L {x"(t)}(s) 2 L {x'(t}}(s)+ = L {sin 2 L (x(t)}(s) i )(s) =, s'zF(s)sx(O)-x'(o)- 2sF(s) = -! + 2x(O) + 2F(s) = s'+1 F(s)(s'?2s+2) = 5s,16, -2.r+ j=->

F(s),-+

..- lz-2'' s ' - 2 s 2 ' s "- 2 s . 2

. l ) l s ,- 2 s , 2 ) ls?

To teieutoioxidopocvoirieror <oE elrig: I As+B fs+A { s ' - I ) G " 2 s -2 ) s . - t s , - 2 s . 2 on'onou 6pioxoupa dtr: A=2t5, 8=115, f=_2ts, a=3t5

AIAOOPME E-IEOIEIE LN KPOKOY

F(s) n ovoyxo{oouvBrixnvro rn Aqn_iooravti flooornpo0ueort txovonole{rot = y{t) eivot: xor n yrox6Berrpn rrovoroBpdvcl, c? 6nio6n Im F{s) 0,

-2',)r1{- 1-}(t)+ ,{,)= ",t'{(,-+ r,}(t)+(",

*}''{#*},, .]u'{${}o
rnv r6t6rnro ylo vo egopg6ooupe p: rn poprpri ros2-2s+2 {s-1)2+1 onouyprigolre EuuEnd)g: roo lnplace. orov ovriorpoQo rns urot6mons

r-1{+}(t)+ r'{$f}rt)+(c,-2c,)e' ,1t1=","' +f r'{j',-,1Jrtl + "o.t+]sint+]"'

- zcr)e'slnt + y(t)= cret(cost+sint)+{c2

*f

"o.t*f

- t) snt*|"'t-2cost+sin

+tcost +Jsrnt+;e'(-2cost}sint) = crer{cost-slnt)+ cze'sint y(t)

Oduo8

Me rn BonSero rou geroolnporolroi Laplace vo unoioyrorei oioKi6pouo

e_ir_e_pr.,

Jr

A6on
Oo xdvoulre lprion rngt6r6rnrog flrll ?_. .. L1 1 1" ,1l(s)= JF(u)du = L{f(t)}(s). 6nouF(s) l(t)=e-h' e-er,on6rt Bdroups fto ro Bdgo (r)

--lr-{;^,-" ,.'}t.t= .1,0, F(s)=L{r(t)}(s)

META'XHMATEMO'

LAPLACE

279

ro BiFoSivei: luvendrgn (1)Vro

= =i(;-#)"='l#lll[ 'tfls
-"dt "-'^':n-o' t{!:l}r'r=T 'o
JI

e' =.e'"l#i#l-'lsi+l="1*H
Enlonond rov oploFdro! LaplacedxouFe

(3}

pdin' nou yro Or olcoer6 (2),{3) dlouv ro npdrropdin loo, dpo xot ro 6erhepo s=06{vouvro (nro$Fevo:

T e - ^ ' - e - 'dt=rnlil '

J o

llopot{pnon 1!1ar = rpdnoFnoporlve opo':'1re;n Me6poro i !' "o o'

Oduo9
No ir,e{ ro nP66lnPo

4tv =s(t-o)
y{b)=0 6nouO<o<b. pe9(0)=0, Afdn dlouge: ror:Laplace = L{y(t)Xs)An6lE l6rdrnres F(s) odtouFe - sv(0)-v'(0)= s'F(s)-c s'zF(s) L{v"(i)}(s)=
6nouBdoope y'(0)=c ylo anl6rnto rc,:vnopdordoE nv Enionq ono rnv xpouorlxli ouvdPrnon loxnEl'

* L{6tt-o)}{s)=e L{6.(tD(s)= Laplace ornv (1) pe 6aon rrg nponyoipevag o parao;lngorrop6g EuvencirE oxdoerg6iver:

+ F(t)= F(s)=e-" s'?F(s)-cr ril Apo v(r)= .s._I, "r'{-+}(t)-rr{fi f{t) ts-r iJ

**"l2l

o) -.sinr+u.{t)'in{t-

AIAOOPIKE E:EO'EI'

LN KPOKOY

y(b)=o,on6ren oxion (2)Sivet An6 ro Bdgopog66BnKE +u"(b)sin(bo) 0= csinb Aiiri , rpq u"{b)= I 6rdn b>c - o) sin(b c -------:--srnb

Kdrn i0on ond rn (2)ivol: _ o) . sin(b , . = --+sht-u.(i)sln(t -o) Y{tJ lloportlpnon E6drovrlvo po66oBeirc y'(0),UoeS6Bnxe ro y(b)=0, on6regsiEBdoqFe y'(0)=c nou n oroBtpd c unoioylornKsqn6 rn i0on nou BpdxopVro y{b)=0.

96uo 10
No iuBeln oioxinpo:rrxri 6rogoprxri e{{ooon -ulx(u)du = er[x'(t)+ 5Je" cos2(t x(t)]-I
0

(1)

6noux{0)=0.

ndon
=e'[x'(t)+x(t)]ondreov Beooupe flopornporlpe y(t) = e'x(t), 6r (erx(t)) n (1)vivrdr: - u)y(uldu = y'(t)- 1 5 J cos2(t
0

(21

6nou &(O)=0. e(0)= = L {y(t} oerouFsF(s) dn6r s r6rdrnrsE rouLapla ceix oupe: }(s)Kdr rr ) - u)v{u)du = y(t)l(s) L,{lcos2(t L(cos2t' }(s)=

t;i

- Llcos2r){s),} L{y(t)}(sl _ = -r-F(r} s'+4 = sF(s) L {Y'(t)Xs)= sF{s)v(0) XuvendrE on6 rrgnponyoipeveg perooXnlronop6 ov ndpouge ornv (2) Laplace
naipvoupe: 5 s -,. -,. I -,. :+ f(sl l.{s,-sf[s]-" s s'14 s2.4 --;-----; s'-s'

META:XHMATEMO' LAPI.ACE

221

fro vo 6psBei o ovriorpo<pog Laplace rng F(s) rnv ovoiiolF o onid s"+4 A B f A

Jb ltl*1)=;'P*'

r*'+1

Mero exrour6rnroq ioo noiurirvupo Gpioxool.r x:A=0,P,=-4,1=512, L= 512, dpo '' rrr-r{-s rr , , r{,t,,. rL r f s2 . _Ii - Z ;5 y ), t(r t, )- 'LII - s , , rJ(tt L ; uii1- + .. ;;-;e Tdiogn {nro0pevn ouvriprnon x(t)eivor: -41s' a9 -9e a x(t)=e-'y11;= 2 2-

O6po11
No unoioyrororivro peUpo I(t)nou Stoppislro nnvlo xqr rr r<ionV(t) oro dxpo rou nuxvornrou noponieipoq oXriporog ov (0)=10Amperes, V(0)=1Volt. Aivovrot: C=(1/2)F, R=lOhm xor L=1H.

n 6on
O v6poq rou Ktr"hoff eEooqoii(er orr to oOporopotrov rdoerovoe ivo 6p6Xo eivor pn6iv. no rc Bpdxo(l) tnipvaup:

-V"+\R-lzR=0 6nouV. n rdonrounuxvcuri

IR n nrriron roong oro oxpo ovrioroon6 R nou 6loppirol on6 peipo ivroons I C n Xopnnk6rnro rou nuKvorri. V.=Q/C, ouvnos

Op(DsC=Q/V. -

-,,10 =o !c ' * 1',

na rc 6p6xo (ll) naipvoupt: 12R-lrR+Vt=0 6nouV. n rdon rou nnviou. 'OF.,)s VL=Ldl2/dt, dpo

(1)

- L d l ,- o {lr t,)R

l2l

AIAOOPIXE! EEOTEE LN. KPOKOY

EnlonEdloupe6tr l, = -dQi dt (ro pfUo\ nopoyror rou gopriouQ). o Sdpo (1) Me nopoyriryron rng {or rnv nponyoipEvn oxion noipvoup: I. * + ( 1 , - 1 , ) R- 0 Apo npodKug ro odornpcr I, r l r 2= - E F r l

r,=i(rr_r,)
Xpnorponorrirvroq ro prooxnForlou6 Laplace iivouge ro (3).Odrouge:

.R{3}

L{rr(r)}{s)=rr(s), L{1,{t)}(.)= L(s)

ouvBrlxe5 Ir(0)=2 ;reopyrxdE yro t=0, V"(0)=1,R=1nolpvoupe En{ongon6 -V"+(11-12)R=0 11(0)-12(0)=1 = 12(0)=1 (3)6ivouv: On6reot Aoniootovdgr<ov

-+-l,b)l sir(s)rr(0)-sL(s),r,(0)=
s[(s).t,(0]=f(l(s)-[(s))
(Bdtoupe ro 6e6opdva rou npoBirigorog)
R.| -

) s-l

{ s + 2 } i r ( s ) - s l { sI) = 3 ; , , 2s-3 I i Ilsl-l r { s ) i ( s - l ) t ( s ) = l) ' Merov ovriorpotpo Laplace iXoul.tE:

s' 2s-2

L ' lsl= ^-

s"-2s-2

=I-'{itst}(tt =rri-+3;}(,) = t,trr

= r'{ffi}r,r = "-'L'{${}r,r= "'[z-,(ra)-f.'(r:,)] Eniong

= = = r,(t) r'{d+r}(,r r'{ffi }ro

l-.n(Jat) f."4ra)]

=;'r'{}{},r=;'

META'XHMATIIMOI

TAPIACE

223

g61to 12
No iuBeiro np66inpa opxrKd)v nud)v 1) Y" 2Y'+3Y=H(2-0-H(t 0 l0)=v10)=
pe yprion rou perooynponopouLaplace.

A$on
Odroupe = F(s) L{ylt)}
(1)

perooyngonopori An6 rrgrSr6rnreg ror-r Laplace dXoupe: = sF(s)= sF(s) L{Y'(t)} Y(0) = s'zF(s)-sy(o)= s'zF(s) L{v"(t)} y'(o) An6rovoprop6 rnq6nuon\ne ouvdprnonS dXouFE [o, t>2 H(2 ' _ t)= i [1, t<2 on6te n H(2+)pnope{vo ypogei: H(2-0=1-H(t-2)' luvenrirg n Aanioorovi e{vor: I = L { H ( 2 - 0 } = L { U - L { H ( r - 2-)s }s enions: LtH(t-1)]=I s e1

H A.E. geraoXnpotropdvn '<ord Laplace VivErol:

.2F{r2 l . F { . ) * 3 F (!s -) 9 ^'

tt"l=

"^" e-')

_2s_ 3) s(r.

,_(l-e':"

(21

Bpioxoupe rov ovriorpoqo Laplace rn6c(s)l u t sl

!uven<iE:

1 . - -A +- Bsrf " ' s s "- 2 s - 3 "{s'-2s 3} 1=s'?(,{+B)+s( 2A+f)+3A + B= 1/3, l-2t3

1=Als2 2s+3)+(Bs+fb = > A=1/3,

A|AOOP|KE!EattQlElr Ln KPOI(OY

,,, ror,rr=,, {}l*i _*? }=*,, {}}.}.{jrr,# }=

=*,*o,'{#}=;4,''' {;p;y}.+,,-, {"6}=

=1-i .*(Jz,)) G*(o,).'f ",
fro ouvroploypogrlE Bdroupe:

= = r'tcart sro ][r-a-. {-"lz,;.*C4fl

Djpgcovopern oldon (5.23) xor rn peB66euon 5.2n ouvdprnony(t)ivol:

-2)H(t-2}-s(t -1)H(t -1) . r' {c(.)(t-"r' -e-')} = g(t)H(t)-g(t v(t)=

Odpo 13
ty"(t)+y'(t)+ty(t)=0 V(0)=1 =L{ y(t)} ono6i{Ted Av F{sl F(s)= c(1+s2 )-t/'?,ceR oroBepd. 'Eoro n A.E. (1)

Aion
An6 rnv 16l6TnTo ro! prooXnponopoU Laplacenoipvoupe:

= -r'(s) I-{tv{t)} = sF(s)y{0}=sF(s)L{v'{t)} 1 L{v1tD=s'F(s) y'(o)= sy{o)s'zF{s)s- y10) = -(.'r1"1-s-y,(0)) = -2sF(s)-.,p,(.)+r r-1ty1t1;
An6 rrgnponvoiFevS oxdoleo Laplace ornv(1)6iver: FerooxnForropdg -2sF(s)-s'zF'(sl+1+sF(s)-1-F'(s)=O + -(s'z+1)F'(s)-sFk)=O

Apo

J.*0" = =."-+'n".', r(.)=." ""-ll7.i rr,r=pfp

METAIXHMATI'MOE hPT.ACE

Odgo 14
rin n irionrng A.E Ano6e(lre p6(t-to),to>o, ,4pR my,,(0= pe r{o}=0, y'(0)= k, 31er m gopqi !,(0=kt+*H(t-ro)(l-ro) A6on gdroqre L(y(t)= F(s,
= s'zF(s)L(y"(tD = s'zF(s)sy(o)-y'(o) k Oulllougedrr n 6(t-to) E{vdn Kpouor<d (Bilne o11Con ouvdprnon (5.24), oei. 201)peAoniaorovd L(qt-to)I=c-h On6rn A.E(1) v{verdr

(1)

P:,

An6 ng t6r6rnteg tou perooxnpouogorl Laplacedloupe

c'rpdnog And ft oxdon(a FELaplace no{pvouFa

n'("'n(")-r.)*-" = oH=* +,+

(s)

t *r;',. F(s)=L{e(tD=Ltkt}+L{}nt,-r.Xr-,.,1-u {r111y=}*e

Apo ond n oldon (3) xor nv reiewolo npoxrlnrer 6n n y(t)e{vor idon rng (1). 8'rpdno6 Bp{or(oulrerov ovrfdrpoeo laplace mS (3):

v(o=t;'{F(.D=L'{3 +.+}(m s' s"J

=r g-' r' { l"-"}+k

6dpo 15

-u,n-,",*u,. LaJ=*r,,

Av F(s)= L{(0) xqr lim tf(t)=0,9s{11s61.

J0

["+,tr{r)=-Rgt-sr1g) '.*,

ALAOOPIT(EE=EOEEE IN KPOKOY

n6on
pd8o5o ixoupe: oioxiripcoong And rnv napoyovrtxri
J00

tr) (t) at '(t)dt le 3'tf - . - ' = lime-3'tf(t)- f (n*' - s"

,,;
f -i,-.^l -1' = 0f{r)dr +3J e-' t(0dr= -F(3)-3F13) e ", J

00

rou Laplace: At6rt on6 rrEr6r6rnte

= -F'(s) = e-"tf(t)dt L{tf(tD J

o

Oduo 16
Ae{lre 6n nouvdornon u{g=L,t{ , 's" e{vor i,ionrns A.E. -2t,1 - , } -s' - 25s 25' (1) y"'+y" -25y'-25y=O

A6on

undplery(t): ouvBrixe6, Apxel vo6e{louye6r pkotoiinig opxr,<ds

tzs:J s- +s- - z5s zb rou Laplacedxoupe: An6 ng t6tdrnreg

=sF(s)-(0) L{Y'{t)}

= F(s)= L{v(t) i

--

e)

= szF(s)sv(o)Y'(o) L{v"{t)} = s3F(s)sv'(0)s'zv{o)L{v"'(t)} v"(0)

on6ren (1) 6ivet: 25F(s)=0=' s3F(s)-s2d0)-sy'(o)-y"(0)+szF(s)-sy{o)-y'(0)-25sF(s)+25y(o) F6{s3 +s'z-25s 25)=s'zy{o)+s(/(0)+lo))+y"(0)+y'(0)-25v(0) noipvouu: rnv nponvoigsvn An6 rn oxdon{2)rot 25y{0)=2s-1 + s'zy{o)+sG'(o)+loD+e"(0)+y'(o) 1 d0)=0, v'(0)+r'{0)=2,v"(0)+v'(0)-25v(0)= Apo = 0, v(0) v'l0l=2, v"(0)=-3

KEOANAIO 6

6.1Fevrxd
'Onds {6ous oto 3o xegdioro, yto vo 6poripem Vsvlxi l6on Flog opoyevoriEypopprxrl6 6togoptxri6 ellooong 6e6repng ri(n6, npdnet vo yro pro gdBo6o yvr,rpl(oupe gro i6on rn6.I' our6 ro xegdioto Bo ovonrrlloupe y<opiE vo yvr,lpl(oupepto irion. n irion tdrot<ove{toriloe<ov ornpl(erororo yeyov666rt nou Bo ovoflri{ouuc orn ouvdxlcq H pdSo6oq 6i<ov r<,:v td{eov ol nsploodtpeqouvopr{oer5 nou dxouv nopoyd)VouS pnoporivvo avanruySoriv oe 6uvoyooapd Taylor, 6nio6ri ov n f e{vot pto ouv6ptnon ;.re f: {x6.q xg+e)-)R, r6re pnopoiFe vo 6po0geouvteieord5 o, oore Vlqx(xo-, xo+d vo lox0r: (xr= zq.tx - xoJ uEd" = f'"'(*o) n!

(6.U

Euvendlsn f(x) pnope(vd ypogsi drn troperi: ,, . ,, . k -x").,, {x-xn)2, f ( x ) =( x o ) + * 3 f ' ( x o ) + : j f ! f " ( x o ) + . . .

lx-r")' +'' j;'' t-ko)- .

(6-1) Or dovoprioae nou pnopoJvvo Vpoqo0vorn popqri m6 6uvolrooorpog yrjpo iiyovrot ovoiurrxdg on6 ro xg.

AIAOOPIKE E-IE(DEELN (POKOY

6.1.1 Axt{vo orlyx. ong 6uvopooerpdg

(6.1) !e xri8a6uvolrooerpd rng poprprlE ovrrorory:idvogBerrxdq opp6g R, nou ovopd(eror oxrivq odVKrllonC, dno! (l)ov Re (0,m), r6re yro lx-xg <R nSuvopooelpd ouvkiivr, vdr Vro x-xo >B n6uvoloolpdonoKiivl (ll) ov R=.c,r6rs n ouvopooerpo ouyxiiveryro6la ro xe R ov R=0, rorEn Suvopooapri ouyxiiverp6vooro onpeioxg {lll} Av dxoup m 6uvopooerpd pnopelvo I o,,(x xn )', n oxrivo oriyxAronq BpeBel on6 ra 6prcr ^ ", | , "" ,|Tl^ | t-^.rl I
1 /t - . I

orov n oxoiouBioo. ixer I Xpnotponorelror xor 6uvopere. Inopoyovrrxd

Xpnorponorelror orov n oxoiouBioo. iler n-oordg 6uvdpag.

M ilyo i6ylo n oxrlvo oiy(itdn R pog xo8opi(erro 6rdotnyo nou ov Bploxerot ro x n 6uvopooerpd ouvkil\rlnposdva npoyponx6 opr8p6.

6.1.2. Avonr$yporoSoorx(6vouvoprfoov
2"

1. e'-1."+|+...r
-.2 -.4

i+...
2"

ouvKiiv vr r o6 i o r o x e R o u y x i i v cyrr o< i i or o x e R

2. cosx-l-;-i
x3

. F(-tf
-."

EnX....

J slnx x-5!'

.+(-rJ
-2

x2'*l

(zn.r t)l+.
^

ouvxiivcryro<iioroxeR

4. In(l+x)=x-L-... F(-lI'-t'? f... o. oto-1) , ulxJ =rrox!-2':x-+,.,J

ouvxiiv vrr ox , . l

oto . l). . .(o_ k _ t)_-_ -_ kl yrolxl<t ouyxiiver

AY:H AIAOOPIKONEEO'EON ME 'EIPF:

229

6.1.3. Opo.ld xor ovdrgoio onpeio 6rogoprxfg e{iooong

'Eoro n 6rogoprxi e(iooon: r(x)y"(x)+ p(x)y'(x) =0 +q(x)v(x) dnour(x),p(x),q(x)ouvirBosnoiuc,lvupo rou x. To onpeio xgeR idyeror: o) opoi6 orou r(xd,0 n roo6rivotro 11*),.9(*) ,,,., or ouvoprnoers r(x) '{x) ovo^u.Ka oro on!ioxo

16.21

6) ov6pcio, ov r(xo)=0 xorSroxpiveror oe: 61) xovovrx6 ovt5goio orov r(xo)=O, oiid undpxouv ro 6pro

=0. pepo,qoeR ,9.(.--")#= 0", ,,11,,(.-.")'#

q({ ri rooSrivollo ov r(xe)=0 xoror ouvoprrioerg (* xn1{f ' rlx' ,1"-*^1, " r{x) .iuo, ovoiurrxdq oro xo 62) ouorti6e6 ovr,ipoio otov eivorov6Foio onFio Kor6v ivolkovovlx6 ovrirpoio, 6nio6ri ivo ri xor todrlo on6 ra nopondvco 6pro5ev undpXouv. flopo6eiypoto (1+x2)y"+xy,+(x2+1)y=0. o) fra rnv e{ioaron To xo=oivor oFoi6 onpeio Sro r(x)=l+xz xqr(O)=1+0 6) fro rnv e{iooon x(x-1)3y"+(x-l)y,+y=0. To_xo=o ivor xovovrx6 ovcirpoio onpeio 616rr r(x)=x(x-t)3 r(0)=O Kor Fs undpXouv ro 6pro: ,-0

ri'*pf-]- ri-* 1"*=t, flx) \ ,o x(x .1)"

. ,o

ri.",qj*] ri'n*'--l-

r(x) . ;o x(x I)r

o -

evri ro xo=l eivorouor<ir6eE ovripoio orrpeio 6rdrtr(1)=0 xor ro 6pro

- l)p1*) tim(x - t)-ll- lltim(*

rrxr ,,r 5ev undpXer.

x(x_l),

. - x ( x_ l )

tim -l

V) No XopoKrnproroiv ro ovclpoio onpeio rngdrorpoprxri6 elioroon6 xlx I)2lx + 2)y,' + x2y, - (x3 + 2)(_ 11y= O

AIAOOPIKEI E'EO'EE IN KPOXOY

ora onpio x=0, x=1, nopornpouu6rr n r(x)=x(x-1)2(x+2) FnSsvi(rcr rrc rousnoipvoupr fro ro yopoxrnptopo x=-2 nou iivovror ov.ipoio onll.icL p(x) x'? q(x) -(x3 +2x -;(1)

'(,.) -[rfk.r)'

'(,.)

1fk-r)

ov undpxouv ro 6prq 6nio5n: xor e(erd(oupe unopxouv ro opto ovdrpoio onueio. Srorr To x=0 eivor xovovtxo
i+0

*!E1 = 9, 1,.'.
rlxl

tJo

11. *'-9[l = g.
r{x)

fro ro x=t, ro

rlxl x-r ouol65q ovcbFoio onFio.

limk 1)pjxl-li.---+

' i r x { x - r I x _ z ^. l

opo rivor 6ev unopxu.

- ,,:l:i ,lim2(x = -*

To opro ovulpoio onpio SroTr To x=-2 e(vorKovovrKo lim (x+2)z u=0 rlxl x)-2 un<ipxor:v

rn ilon A.E. pe oerp69orn Bdon xo=0 orrq > Ern oovixero Bo pBoSEioouu onFiou. nplni6oEtg rou oFdioi onpeiou xor rou xovovlxoi qvcl)po,lou Orov 6pr,rqpog SoBe{Bipo orn Beon x=xofO, qopF6(o0p rnv rEXvrKi rn pmr6nlone Kol ovay6loore orn Bon Fn6iv.

Me866euon 6.1 Taxvrx{ rns Fsror6nronc dn6ro x=xooto dnFeiot=to=o 16rE iXoupl Av Biooutre x-xo=t xory(x)=y(xo+t)=u(t), y'(x)=u'(t),y"(x)=u'10
Korol apxlxdeouv8ikeoro x0 yivovrol: y(xe)=u(o), y'(xq)=Lr'(0) oxdoere n A.E.(6.2)vivror: Me rs nopondv.o +t)u'(t)+q(xo + t)u{t)=0 r(xo + t)u"it)+ p(xo BpioKouFe rnv u(t)=u{x-xp)=y(x). rnv onolo iivoulrs oro onFsiot0=0,<or flopd6erypo No iuBei pelprion oerptivro fl.A.T. y" +lx-2J2y llx 2)y_O pey(2)=0,y'(2)=10 oro opoi6 onFiox0=2.
(1)

E=IIOIEON ME 'EIPEE AYIH oIAOOPIKON

231

tiprprovo ge rn ps866euon, n (1)Bo Odroupe x-2=t Kqr y(x)=y(t+2)=u(t). Vlvl: u"+t2u'-7fu=0 pe opxrKsouvBrixeq u(0)=0, u10)=10. O rp6nos i6ong rns reieuroios A.E. Siverorornv en6pevn napdypogo.

6.2 A6onA.E.pe orpdc oe ouoi6 onueio

'Eoro n 6rogoprxri e{io<,ron + p(x)y'(x) + q(x)v(x)= r(x)y"(xJ 0

(6.3)

6nou r(x), p(x),q(x) noiuri,vu;ro xor r(0)*0 Snio8ri ro 0 elvor opoi6 onpe(o. (6.3)e{vor y(x) irion Oopoipon n rne ovenruyFivn oe popgn Suvotloosrpde yripor ond ro pn6ev,6nio6n:
y ( x ) =) o 4 x =oo +orx+o2x'+...

(6.4)

M nopoV.ovlolE no{pvoufE: y { x ) =z n o n x _= o r + z o 2 x + J o 3 x +-. . .

(6.5)

y (x)=zn(n- ljoix -=zo2+60rx+...

^=2

(6.6)

Ouorx6 yro vo 6peBei n irlon rnE A.E. (6.3),opxi vo lnoiovrorodv or ouvriords q i=0, 1, -.., n,... rng (6.4), npoqroriro oxoiouBoripe ro e{riE 6riporo: Bripo 1o (5.6)(orn Avrrxo8toroipe rrE y(x),y'(x), y"(x) ond rre oxeoers(5.4),(6.5), popqn rng oerpdg)ornv 6rogoprxrieliou:on (6.3)xor xdvovrog rtg npdlerg tlroi rov noild)vufov,<or ro)voslpdv,xoroiiiyouFs o Flq dXsonp orpiS 6nouro x eivotugc,:pivo oe 6loqopnxdq 6uvdpa. Birpo 2o Me rnv re;vrxn rnE psror6nrdngrou 6eiXrn onq oerpig(6line en6pevn etrqovi(outos 6ie rE oErps ro x ugto;rvo ornv i6ro drivopnm, FeB6Seuon)

232

AI,\OOPIKEI EEOEEE I.N.XPOKOY

on6r unopoig vo ndpoup Blcl vloio oelpd 6nou ro x'Bo : =O nopoyovtoq. 5nio6n ).-*'

eivor xorv6q

Bipa 3o An6 rn oerpd nou 6nproupyrioope,pe ro ex rour6rnrag ioo noilurirvupo noipvoup rous ouvriords c.=0, m)mo nou sivol ornv oloio vos (ovoytoytx6q) ovoSpoprx6g rrinog rcovouvreieorclv on, n=0, 1, ..., n,... rnE (nroripevnq Suvogooerpdg.'Orov Sivovror or y(0), y'(0) on6 ro ovonriyporo rov yix), y'(x) (olioers (6.4),(6.5) noipvoupe 6r oe=y(0),o1=y'(0).!e ov Oern 'Eror nepintoon Bo Brroupe oo=c1, o1=c2 ruxoiE oroBpig. on6 roug opoug oo, cl1 Kor rov qvovcoVlK6 rdno BpiokouFrous duvrsiEori on, ouvnc.ls xol r11

irlon y(x)=lo" x". Bipo 4o Orov pog (nrn8ei n ox vo oiyxironE R yro rn i6on rng A.E. y(x)=lo"x", Bo <dvoupe Xp on rov oxdoeovnou pog 6ivouvro R, 6no

ovoqipop drnv nponVoiFvn nopdVpogo. 'Oio yivouv ro 6nporoBo Korovonrd oro nopoxdronopoSelyproro. Me866euon6.2 Te;vrx{ petordnrongtou 6afurn orrg oerpd6 . OrovBiouFs vo peroroniooupe rn peroBinrri rn5 oerpdg neN xordkeN npo ro epnp6q,r6re 6nou undpyero quolx6g n orn otpo Biroup n+k (k-UnpoS), evdrn opiBpnon(lerpnrnq)rne oerpdgov dpXr{eon6 ro no r6po opxi<s'on6 ro no-k(k-nio(,)). n.X. tn(n fevrxd = I(n +2)(n 1)o" x"-'? + 1)o.+ x2 ' = 2 1orx0 +3 2o.xr...

Io^x"= Ia"_rx..'

'Ototo . xdvoupern Fror6monnpo6 ro nioarxord k, SnioSri o rpuorxd6 opr8p66n Bo yiver n-k (k-nioo), evcbn opiBpnon(perpnrrl$ rng oerpdEov dpXr(sond ro n6rcipoapXi(er on6 ro ng+k(k-pnpog). n.y. - Z)o.-rx" = orx3+2arx4+3a.x5+... ln""*'*'? = l{n
f:vrxd:
\_^ -nl^ -n-k

E:EOIEONMEEEIPEE AYIH AIAOOPIKON

233

6fl F rn Xpion rov olpcov Kol rng r8xvlKngrns A{i(el vo onpad'oouF pror6nronsnou nplvpdvoFE, n ni^uon yivrol noii oivropo Kol 6Koio ovonriyFord Xop{svo pnid{outro LroKpooxEi'1 MeSo6oiovrk6 dx6iro AEi{srvo onpl6ooup 6 6rov EXouu d8poloFoorp(ivonou n opiBFnon qn6 qlolx6 vo nd ro! dixrn {skrvd Sloqopsrr(6 oprBud, 16rFnopoJFs poupUloolponoLr vo lKlvdon6 rn FVoi0tepn trpri rou <puorxori oprBpoi orn ouvixlo.n-X. xor 6oougdpoug6ev nnpopevo rougnpooBdooul.l " 3 o r x+ 3 o r x 2 3 l o " x ' + 2 1 n o . , x ' = l ( 3 o " + 2 n o ^ - , ) x+
^=l n=3 i:3

rlopd6erygo 1o No iuBei n 6rogoprxi e{iooon Y"-x9'-29=0 pe;prion oerp6v,ov y{0)=0, v'(0)=1. r(x)=1. Ilpoeovr,r ro xo=Oe{vqrofoi6 onpe{o,6t6rt (1)eivor: e{iocoong Oecoporlpe 6rr n irion rng6ro9optx66 (1)

y(x)= to" x"

i=0

l2l

rn5 orro rtq oxeoetq Me ovrrxordoroonrnq y(x)(oxdon(2))xorrov nopay.,iyc,:v (1) (6.5), ornv noipvoule: {6.5}

-x!no"x"-r - 2 lo"x' = 0 :r I n(n-l)o,,x'-'

n=2 f=l i=0

- lno.x' ln{n-1)o.x'-'?
n=2 i=l

2f,o"x' =0
i=0

flopotnpodpeorr o g oerprlg eyoupero xn xol ro xn'2nou pe trrv relvrxri 1116 pEror6mone rou dixrn pnopoiuvq ro xdvoup x'. AnioSn ro n vivrorn+2 (2 epnp6q) xor n opiBpnon on6 ro n=2opxilsr on6 n=0 (2 nioo).Euventire: = l(n + 2Xn+1)o.+2x" I n(n- 1)o"x"-'?
n-2 i=0

on6re n nponyo6pevn oXion yiverot

+1)o"* x,"- | n a " x " 2 ! o " x ' = 0 I{n +2){n

i=0 .=1 i=0

>

2oo=0 I[(n+2){n+l)o"+r-(n+2)q.]x'+2.1o2

AIAOOPIKE EtrO'EE TNKPOKOY

noipvouF: on6 rnv ofloio Frq Krour6rnrosioo noiuc,)vuFo -(n + 2)o"=0 Vn>1 (n+2)(n+1)o,+2 2or-2ao=O y'(0)=1 opo dxoup 6rr o0=y(0)=0, ot=y'(0)=1 An6 rtg opxtrdeouvBixesy(0)=0, o9=0, or=1, oz-0 Kqto ovovovrx6s rdnogEivor:

I"., o "' , -,=

n+l

vn>r

onXcopl(ovrot oe EnetSri o ovoyroyrx6g rdnogeivotovd 2 6poug, ot ouvreieoreg d1, 03, 05, flporpovrirg ov 2 xidoerE,r<ov opr{ov o0,02,04,... xor r@vnplrr6v ... kdnolog6poivorpn6dv, 16rKoldior ot en6pevot rng xidong Ba eivorpn6dv. I'our6 ro nopd8erypo Exoupoo=0, on6t oz=0,oq=0 xin- En{ons:

o r - .ro ,r ori

i,

"t-i,

..., az"-t= ii

npor<inrl floiionloord(oupexordudln,onor l1 = " 2 " - t z . q . _ . l n l =z m

Apon i0on y(x)eivot: y ( x ) = ( o o+ d r x 2 " *.r ..)= + . . .+ o r " * ' " + . . . ) + ( o ,+ * o , t 3+ . . . + o r " * r x 2 + =".*'+...+I____..=t x- -=txlx-) ytlr ] j!=xeJ?

2'nt

ft 2"nt ft 2'nt

?i\ 2 ) nl

2o flopd6erypo
ps Kvrporo 0 n yevrxn .iion rn6 oe popgi 6uvopooerpdg No BpeBei e{ior,ron6 6rogoprxrig (1) y"+2xy'+4y=O r(x)=1+0flpogov<igro xo=0:ivor opqid onFeio,6r6rt O(,)poi!6fl n iion dxrrn fopgri

u1*t= f o"x.
i=0

y'(x)=lno"x"-r,

y"(x)= ln(n

1)o"x^'?

AYIH dIAOOPIKONEEOIEON ME IEIPE

235

Me ovtrxotdoroon rcovnponyoripev<,:v oerpcirv ornv (1),sXoup:

n=2

' r 4lo.x'. o =,: ln(n l)o.x' z^1r,".*

n=t n=0

+21no"x'+ 4lo"x" = 0 ) n(n 1)a.x'-'?

"=2 i=l n-0

Egopp6(ovrogrnv rexvlxn rne prdr6nlon rou Seipn ornv npclrnorpdrou --) sBpoioporos, ,<dvoup to x*2 xn (2 eUnp6g) xor rnv opiBpnonan6 n=2 ox n=0(2 nioo)Kor idp6dvovrog un6gn 6l

l n o . , , "= l n o . * "
i=0

n nponVodpsvnoXion yivEroll

+1)o"*rx +" 2 l n o " x ' + 4 ) o " x "= 0 + t(n +2Xn

i=0 "=0 i-0

=0 + 1)o"-, +2(n + 2)o.lx' Il(n + 2)(n

i-0

fto vo to;rietn reieuroio Vxe R npdner: ( n + 2 ) ( n + 1 ) q+ .+ =0 Vn>o 2, 1+ n2)o" rpo o"*z=n+l,

-t

Vn>o

(21

O avoyc,rytxd6 rdnog eivor ovd 2 6pou6 on6 on o on+2,on6r Xorpi(ougeroug duvrsiordg on o 2 kidolS: d l i o v o p d o v o O , 0 2 , c r 4.,, , a 2 d . . 6) r<ov neprnrlv o1,o3,cr5, ..., o2n+1, ... En:r6i 6porq 5ev eXouv do8:i opxrxs ouvBnxs,noipvoup oo=y(O)=ct, o1=y'(0)=c2 P cl, c2 ruxoi oroBepeq, on6re on6 rnv (2)dxouFe: d) rous dp ous dpousoo+O,o'2, a4,..., azr,...

. . . , o 2 " =- T ; - 1 a 2 ^ 2 5oa, nou ov toug noiioniaordooupe xord pdin poESivouv: or--ioo,a4= ao2, 05=

2222

(-2f
" ' z " I . 3 . 5 . . . 1 2 nI ; - o

AIAOOPIKF' EEO'Etr

IN KPOKOY

6) roug neprrrodgopoue olto, 03,cl5,. . ., o2*1, .. .

_3 2= 222 2o 1 s ,.., az^t= a , 5 = - a o 3 ,q 7 = - e o 5 .

nou ov roug noiianioordooupe xord pdin poEdivouv:

hoz^ r

\-21
[[.6*12"1ot
irpo n yevrxnidon y(x)elvor: y(xJ . - . . ) . ( o , x+ o r x r' o u " 5 , . . . ) = . ooxa lo.x- = (oo q2x2

-^

"r /, 1 . 3 . . . ( 2 -n 1)

\'

\-21

,u*",iuffi*"*,

flopornprtoerg 1. O ovoyr,:yrxdE rrinoqnou Bo Siverroug dpor-rg o" 8o elvor ouviBtogovd 6rio 6pouE,on6r Xopi<ouFrous on oe Srjo xidoerg .ru opii"r_ nEplrrdv, 6ncoS i5op dro nponyodpevo nopd6.iVporo. nro ondvto lnopi vo ixoup ovd rpreopous n.X o.{3=l{n)o,, p f{n) pnrnxqpoon rou n.on6re oro" yropi(ovror o rprr Ki(ioclq
o) oO, 03,06,09,,,., o3n, ,., 6) ol, 04,oz,..., o3.+1, ... C18, ..., o3n+2, ... V) oZ,oS, T:iog pnopei vo eyoutE xor ovd ivov dpo n.X.on=f(n)on-r, ondre dyoupe Inpercir_voupe on ov evoq opoe Flos Kidone fn6svlorei, pn6evi(ovror dior or en6pevor6por rng i6ra6 xicionE. 2. 16r

fra Upeon rou yevrxoi 6pou o,, ouvoprioer rou n, ouvnBr,rg -rnv noiionioord(oupe xorti pdin rrg oxdoerE nou exoupe on6 n=0 peypi n=2n (ri on6 n=l pdxpr n=2n+l). floiidg eopig 6sv ivol erixoio vo Bpoipe rov rino rou Vsvlxou 6pou proEiriong yf our6 orov xaBopropd rn6 oepdg-i6onE nepropr(6poore oe pprxo6e6poue qn6 rnv opxri xor orov yevrx6 ovoycoyrx6 .rLino_ Av (nrelror n iion o popgri ouyxexprpivng oDvdprnons opxEi vo Bporige norog ouvdprnong onoisisi ovdnruvpo n 6uvopooarpa nou dXouF(6idn ornv 6.1.2. nopdyporpo ro 6oorxd ovonr6ypdro).

3.

4.

N \2H AIAOOPIKONE:EO'EON IVIE EEIPE!

237

6.3 A0on A.E,oe xqvovrx6qv6uoio onuefo MdSo6og Frobenlus

Ernv nepinrcoon nou ro xo=o 5v sivor opoi6 onpsio, n nponvoipvn piBo6og ouvriBog 6e 6{vsr idon. Orqv opo ro xo=0 eivor xovovrx6 ov<6|loio onFeio, 16r pnopor-l;rs vo sqopU6oouFsrn pdBoSoFrobentus. !uyxexprpiva yto rnv A.E.:

=0 p(x)y'(x)+ q(x)v{x) r(x)v"(x)+ av r(0)=0xol qdoovundpyouv ro 6pro:

(6.71

lg"H=0., 19.'?ffi=eo
r6re Bo Eloupe,\ion oe popgi yevrxeopdvnq 6uvctooerpdqt
Y ( x J = xZ o i x

(6.8)

(6.9)

6nou r xor<ii,lnio6 npovponk6g optBpog,o onoiog unoioyi(eror on6 rnv el{ooon 6erxrr6v ri 6eixrprd ei{oroon:

r(r-1)+por+qo=Q

(6.10)

Avdioyo pe ro eiSog rcov pr(civ rn6 elioroong 6erxrdrv r1, r2R fs r1>r2 6roxpivoupe ng neprnrcioerg: (l) Av n 6rogopd rov 11, 12 ivor 6rdgopo6 rou pn6ev66 xor Serrxod oxdporou, 6nio66: rfrito,l,2,... lWtpt2l t6r n A.E. (6.7) 5dleror Srlo iuoer6 o popqi yvrxeupivng SuvopooerpdE ypol.rprxd ave{dprnreg, rrg e{riq:

yrlxl=x zo,x y2(xr= xuzbix-i

, peoo+u

(6.11)
FtJo+u

238
fTpoo8toptopdgrav yr(f yr(x)

AIAOOPIKE EEOIEE

LN.KPOXOY

AvnxoBror<irvrog rn yevrxri popgri y r x , = xz v , x

o r n v A.E. {6.7) xor

oi1rgova pa rn FBo6oioviorns nponyoiFvnsnopoypdgou Gpioxoup:rov avo6poprxd rino nou rKovonoloiv ol Vn. On6r Vlq r=rt dxouproueouvriori on ins yt(x)xol Vlo r=r2 eXouye rouq ouvreieoreE 6nrng y2(x). tDuorxd pios or yt(x),y2(x)pnopoivvo 6pBoivKolp avlKorddrodn rng KoBe (tl) Orov or p(feg nS eliooone 6erxr6v rr, rz eaedr aoeg { d;oov 6roeopd ,vo puorx6opr0p6(rt>rr), 6nioSri t\-r2=0,1,2,... r6ren A.E.(6.7) eyerpro iion rns foperis:

16,Lzl
povnxordoroonornv A.E.(ot qoplrovn nou BpioKrqr rns UBo6oiovioq rns nponvoupEvns noPovPo9ou. Mto diin irion ypol.rprKd ovsldprnrn rnq yl(x) pnopeivo BpeBei on6 rov rfno:
y 2 l x l= c y l l x ) r n x + x' zoix
i=0

Ylox>u

(6.13)

pe r5rt (yro6rniri pi(o),i 12n prxpdrepn pi(o ov rl-r?N. Or ouvreieoregc, 6. npoo6ropi(ovror ornv Fs ovnxorooroon rnE {5.13) 6roqoprxri eliooon {6.7)ofprpovo pe rn praBo6oioyio nou ovoqdpolrornv nponyodpevn nopdyparpo. :nper6vouFe6n n 60rEpn peprknirion y2(x)pnope{vo BpeBei on6 rnv yr(x) Fe eeoppoyn rn F866ou uno6r6aouori rne rd{ne rng opovvois ypoplrlxng A.E.(6iine Ksadioro3). Ener6i or pd8oSornou ovogdpopeVro rnv sdponrns yz(x) onorroiv noiidg npd(erE ornv nspinr.lon rfrgN, iivxouF Finog Fnopivo 6pBi idon y2(x) rnEpopgis:

(6.14)

EE(DEON ME IEIPE AYEH AIAOOPIXON

239

Koi6 Bo e{vor6rov rfr2 N Kdroro SdpoFoq(nrelror n yevrxi irion o uopeii oapdq, vo no{pvooprnv y(x)=x'tv"x"
i=0

p ovnxordoroon ornv A.E. vo

Bploxoope rov ovoycovu(6 rdnor(.v ouvreiorci)v on6rJ'<oio 6pio,<oup Vn, rnv y1(x) xor sidvloope qv Vrqr=r2 ylverorva Bpe8oriv ouvreieorig6n rng 9axl' flopotnprloer5 'Orov Sploxoupe 1. rn A0ony(x)=!o,x' Bo npinern oerpdSelro vo ndprordouvdprnon. nura oupeoiiS, nor:opi(ern udoooro 6r{iorngo
oxrlvo odyx,\ongrnE6uvopooelpds. 2. Orov ro 0 {vdl opoi6 dnpio,r6rs pnopofps vo sxouprn i6on rns stioo)ong dro 6tciornpo (-R, R) 6nou R n oxrivo oriyxitong rng 6uvogooeipdg rng iton5. Orov ro 0 e{votxovovlK6ovd)poioony{o,rdr n iJon opl(rol o ivo (0,R),R>0. 6rdornpotng poptprig 'Orov Bdioupe vo Bporipern irlon rnE A.E. (6.7)oro x0=0 Kcrvovrx6 ovcirpoioonpeloyro x<0, xdvoupe ro gerooXn;rorop6 x=-t xor irivoupe rnv A.E.nou npoxUnrEl Vrot>0. Orov ro 0 Eivdrouord6ssov6pqio onpio,xdr 6$ xovovrk6,16r6sv undpxelovrlorolxn FdBo6oS.

3. 4.

5.

Ilopd6erygo 1o (vrip<,r No 6peBoriv or ndvrenpdror6porrng orpds-irironE on6 ro xo=O) rns 6rogoprxriE e[iocoonE

_2xy, 2x2y" +l3x+2)y=O nouovrrororXel orn pl(a rnqelioroong Serxrrirv

(r)

To xo=o lvql Kqvovlx6 ovd)foio onuio rng A.E. (1) 616rrrlxJ=2xzpe r(0)=0. Enion

p{x) ,. .. llmx-=llmx-= ,-o r{x) .-o

-2x 2x'
1= D^= 1

AIAOOPIKD EEO'EE

TN I{POKOY

Frobenius yro rn irion rng A.E.pe oetpdg Ba eqopp6ooupe rn pdBoSo luven<irg popgri5 idon tng ovo(nrr,.:vrog ylx'-x zonx H (iooon nou npdnr!o lkqvonorei;", t,. r" sxoupeirion rn nlo ndvo) popgirg(el{ooon 6errrtirv) eivor: _> (r-r)-= v => \=tz=r ornv nspinroon ll dnou dler 6rniri p{lo, ooventig{Poor H ellor,ron6etxrrirv proirlonBo e{votrnq popqng r(r-l)-p0r!qo=U ) r--r-r!l=u
n _ \-^ u . x vn+l Yrtx,=xzo-x -Z
n'0 i=0

\trr 't

n nponyoipvnoXdon6{v[ Me nopoyciryton

yi(x)= I(n + l)o.x",

n=0

yilx)= + 1)o. x'-' I n(n

n!0

(3)

(1): (3)ornvA.E. AvrxoBtorodpe rtq(2), - 2x + 1)o2x2I n(n x"-1 I(n* I)o-x- +{3x+ 2)lo. x"'r = 0 >
n=0 i=0 i=0

- 2 f ( n -1 ) ox . ' - r- 3 l o - x ' * 2 + 2 I o " * ' * t = 0 2 ! n ( n + 1 ) ox -- - r

n-0 n=o f=0 n-0

Anid
\ - ^ - . - 2 -- \ Lu"x La*tx nr1

rou6{'<rn, on6rnv rexvrxir rnggror6nron -+ dn6n=0 -+ n=1(1epnp6E). 6nid6n ro n n-l(1 nio(,)) xol n opiBpnon aiooon ,bo n rsieuro{a vivror: I [ 2 n ( n + l ) q - - 2 ( n - l ) d . , 3 0 , r | 2 a " f x " ' + 2 o - 2 o 6 xr 2 o o x - 0 + .,r ^ S fr-t^ ,? ^ , rr Ju lx = u
nou yra vo roxrier VxeR npiner 2n'o^ r 3o" 1 0 > o. 3 ^"r o" r. Vnll zn-

N Y!t'

AIAOOPIKON EEOIEON

ME f,EIPE

241

Bprixoperov avoyraytx6 rrjno vlo rols oDvrtieordgon rns oelpdsnou ivol irion tnE A.E.(1). rov 6pov rns oslpdgnoipvoupe oo=1ondr: ho rnv 0pEon 3339 o t =- ' a o = -

"z=-r7"r=7 "+=-r4"s=F
+

3339

" 3 = - L 3 2 o 2 =f tuvnd)s n opd-iion

on6 rn oxdon {2) Kol ro nponyodpevoe{vot

91(x)=oox+6r*21or*3 +o,x4 +oox5+...

.. 3, 9. 3. 9 . y1\xl=x--x+-x- +'6x- - ... rx Ilopd6crypo 2o ypotrrlrhd idoer No 6pe8o0v6rio ov{dprnre opopqi derpdg rnA.E. (1) a2y,,a4xy,+lx2+2ly=O yvoordrv xorvo exgpoororiv oe6poug ouvoprrioeorv. per{0)=0. To xo=0e{vor xovovrx6 ov(i)poio dnplo,616rr r(x}=xz En{ong
!+0

[-**i=tr,,,*9=q
r(x) r,o xG

=, po=+
-a 9a=2

+2 . r o{x) 'x2 .;=2 ltmx_r!1= limx" \-o r{x) .-o H eliooon 8erxrrirv elvor: r(r-l)+4r+2=O 12+3t+2=O =

\=-1,

12=-2

IoXder dtr 1115-1-(-2)=1 N dpo siFoorornv nepinrcoon Il yl Mog (nroivrot 2 ypopprxd ove{dprnreq irioergrng A.E.{1)oe popgri oeiptig, our6Bo ndpouFE:

- x'I v.x" y(x)

l2l

nou vrq r=! Bo pog 6rioer rnv yfx) xor vlo Er2 Bo ily{oup ov 6ivl rn peplKri 6drEpn idon y2{x). flopoy<oyi(ovrog rnv (2)noipvoupe: v'(x)= I(n+r)v. x'*'-t, y"(x)= l(n+r)(n+r-1)y"x"*'-2

242

AIAOOPIKE EE(DED

LNKPOKOY

ornv A-E.(1)xor noipvoupe: AvnxoBroroigernv (2)xot rrEnponyoripeveg

''z 4*l(n+')y.*'' 'r{*' 2)Iv,*' x'zl(n-r)(n'r-1)v.x

n=0 n=0 n=0

o -r

=0 x't' +4I{n +r)v" x'*' + 2lv^"'t' + )y" x"''*'? l(n+'11n+' 1)y"

i=0 n=0 n=0

AAi'i
n=0

ly" *"*'*' = l v"-, *"+'

"=2

(rexvrxfi rou6e{xrn), Feror6nrong

opo

- 1)vox' + + r - 1]y" +4(n+r)y" + 2y"+y"-2]x"*'+r(r l[(n + r)(n =o +4rvox' +2vox'+(1+r)ryrxr*'+411+r1yr*1*'+21r*l*' VxeR npdner: nouyrovoroyrler = lln+r)(n+r-1)+4(n+r)+2 ]yy , "-r, Vn>2 vr(r(r+1)+4(1+r)+2)=0 vo(t{r-1)+4r+2)=0
r1=-1,r2=-2txovonotelrqt. [TpooStoptopdgng y/x) (3)xorpe ondnouroyn, fro r=rr=-1ondns oxeoers(4), dxoupe: 01(0+0+2)=0 = ( { n 1 ) { n 2 ) r 4 ( n l ) r 2 ) o " = o " --2 or=0 > o"= Vn>2 -2 no in +,l , ),

(3) (4) (5}

nou vto Ilopornporige 6r n oxion (5)yro y9+0eivotn eliooon tr,:v6etxrdrv,

EnerSrior=0 kol o ovdvc,)vlxds rrlnoEeivar ovd 2 6pous,6iol ol nplrroi (oy, o3,o5,...) Ba eivarpn6:v. fro ao;tOo ovoyoyrxo6 rrinogSivet

",

on

2.3

*4

..' "2. 4.5'

or

4,"_t

2nl2n.t)

nou qv ro noiionioor{ioolg

noipvolge

, - (lf _ "," (2n-1)r"o

AYEH AIAOOPIKON EEnIEON ME'EIPE

243

) x' io"*' = l(oo*or*'-...+"r.*t'-...) = A p o y , ( x+ - lG , x r o . x 3 . . . )

_ 9 s_ + oof (-_!]_"2 {-t)' ,^. -, = o oIx 2 s i n x =" V * * f i l z nr r l klz^*|t*

gropeprxri Euven66 i0on eivor n yr(x)=(1/x2)sinx. llpoo6 toprog)s nE y, (x) (4),(3)xorpe6.6nou ro yn,iyoupe: fro r=r--2 on6 ns oXeoerg

Arl2(2+11 +412 +1) +21=0 dr Vq R) hox = -- 6 - - 2= O ,- - f . z - , [ ( n - 2 ) ( n - 3 )4 rln-21-2]6

O ovoyoyrx6q runoEclvor ovd 6rio opougonore: o) or oprror 6por yro 6o*0 elvor:

vn>Z

rou6onoiougov noiionioordooupe,gog6{vouv: 6u=

l-1t'

u,=-h. u"^=-fu ..",=-h,

lznlt8o (6)

8) or neprrroi6porlro 6r+0 e{vor:

s,=-#, 6,--#t a,^-,=-#ffi ...,

^ l- 1)' 6'-'=#lf6'

po66lvouv: rougono{oug ov noiion.lootdoou1're,

l7l

Apo n i0on ylx) eivor:

y r { x-) x ' z! 6 ^ x " . , .*3+.... )] l [ ( 4 " + a , l + . . . ) + ( e , *6

r6,4sin* x2'*, +16. l=6"-"."s* ' ;t i !,;'i.I' r Br ' .t; -l-ll - x' (zn+l)l x' L tznJ! I
qndrnv Ener6ir n yr(x)=(1/x2)sinx eivor pnopi ition rngA.E. vo nopoinqBei riuroio kdrou{snd)s ypopprrd peprxri n 6erirepn ove{dprnm irion e{vor n , ' =--cosx Y2(xJ 1

rf

244

E=EOIEEIN KPOKOY 6IAOOPIXEI

NYMENAOEMATA
9duq 1
No 6oSoriv orrdooeprg nproror dpor rouovonrfvporoE Taylor, Vipo ond0 , mg iions rnsA.Ey'=x2+y2 pE y(o)=l (r) A6on H i|Jon y(x) rn6 {1)ovdnrDvplvn xdrdTaylorypdgeror: .
onou

!,Iry= iarxr
l=0

q r = -ufr\o) k-

Anio6ri ovoiunxdtepc

=v(0)-f , -#x, r,(d

- v'1(0)x3 - v'1(ol*4

el

flpotpovr,ig ro np66inpoovdyeror orov unoloyrop6 rcov nopolTciy<,:v rng y(x) oro onpioxo=0, y'lxl=x2 +92 = y'(o)=o+y'(o)= I

y"lxl=2x+2yv' - y"lo)=2.o +2.1 1=2 = 2 +zy'y'+zyy" -t y"'l0l=2+2.1.1+2.1.2 y"'lx) =8 = 4u'u" gtntl*) *"r'r" *zyy"' > R,2A l x ) = I + x + x '" t r i x " - f r x ' + . . 'Jat1o1=+.t.2+2.1 2+2.8=28 ,4. ? x ) = I - x + x z + - : x ' + ; , x" ",...

An6 nEnponyoripeveq oldoerE n (2)ylveror: =?

O6va2
No iuSel peXpnon6uvogooerpdg rou x ro f'l.A.T.

(1+2xly"-5*U'*3r=O y(0)=1, y'{0)=1

0)

E:E(DEON ME EEIPEE AY'H AIAOOPIKON

245

A6on

'EXouFe ouvendrg ro 0 r{x)=1+2x2, on6re om Bdonx=0 rdx er r(0)=1+0, eivatopoi6 ongaio. 'Eorco iorn6v 6n n ir.ioneivorrng popgrig

. r - r- \ - ^ - " rorc ytx)iznonx -,

iel

(21

y {x,-zn(n-r,q.x n=2

Meovrrxordoroon rov nponvodFEv(ov dXoupe: oelpdv ornv(1), - l)d.x'-'z - 5x (l + 2x'z)t n{n !no"*"-t +31o" x' = 0 =
n=2 i-! '-O

^=2

- 1)o" + 2l n(n x" - 5lno" x" +3lo" x" = 0 ! n(n 1)o"x^-'z

F2 i-l "-0

li;rrpovo pemv re;vrki rnsperor6nrons rou6sikrn roxtsr: ln(n - 1)o" = l(n + 2}(n x"-'z + l)o"+2 x"
n=O

n-2

on6c n nponyo0pvn oxdonVivror:

n=0

+ 2 l n ( n - 1 ) ox ""- s l n o " x "+ 3 ! o " x " = 0 = + I { n + 2 ) ( n + 1 ) d "x *^ 2

n-2 n=l h=0

-5no. +3o"]x" + t[{n+2)(nt1)q"., t2n{n 1)o. +2.1(j2 +3(ra+3.2d3x- Sorx+ 3orx= 0 fto vo ro10er n reieuroio VxeR, an6 ro ex rour6rnrosloo noiud,vupo ixoupe 2o, +3oo = Q 6 a ,- 2 o t = 0 rn-qV2n-tl o"+2= " :=:::" a., - vn > 2 tn+z](n+r) (31

AIAOOPII{EE EEO'ED

LN KPOXOY

p ovovcovl'<d H teieuroio oldon pog 6iver rouq 6pou6an rng 6uvo;rooelpdq rino ovo 2 6pou6 xor yro o6=y(0)=1, or=y'(0)=1 noipvoupe: o) rousripnoue6pous as=\, a;-312, ao=-31a,au=-?130,... dpousdr=1, 03=1/3,os=0,6Aor or diior pn6dv. 6) rouEneprrrorlg Apo n irironrne A.E.(l) vro y(0)=1,y'(0)=l eivor: y(x)=(oo+orx2+ooxa+ . J +(o,*+o.*3 + .) = (,3z 3 q -30.' 7 s. -s' =('-t\./.1:\

)'\''3./

Oduo3
KdvovrogXprlonoerpdg, vo 6peBorlv or riooeptnpd)roldpot rns VvtKrig iriong rng A.E.: (1) Y"+(x-l)Y=ex ornv nEploxri ro! x=1.

A6on

'Exouu r(x)=l, <iporo x=1 eivor opaid onpelo.Ener6rin peBo6oioyio AriongA.E. U orpsivol yro rnv naprolri rou Fndevd, xdvoupe oiioyr'i pero6inri6 (6idne pe86seuon 6.1oei. 230). Oirovrog x-1=t {21 pe nopoy<iryton xot y{x)=y(t+l}=u{t), noipvoupe Korn (1)Viverol y'(x)= u'{t), v"{x)= u"(t) u" +tu = e'*1 EnerSr'i n (1')dXer ro gn6evopoi6 onpelo, Bo dXer ir)on tng pop<prig: u{t) = Iq,,t' ^=n Me nopoy<iryton dxoup. u"(t)= ln(nl)o, t'-'z, (3) (1.)

nions roxit

"'

= i:,
i=0

'

AY'H AIAOOPIKONEE(DEON ME 'EIPE

24'7

dpo n (1')vivror:

In{n-1)o^r''z'lo.t'
n=2 n=0

r el',
n=0 @ Lnz

->

I n { n 1 ) o . r ' ' zI "".t -3

n=2

-'
"l

"1,
"2"

-''

0 >

:f

+ " - - .'e )l n(n 1)". uj,lt'-'

-2o.- e 0

An6 ro K rour6rnros iod noiudvupd sXoupdz=e/2 '<ol

o' -,.1n.l ,o'-r" n*i;'r,'

n>s

(4)

(Xopl(oupe H oxion (4) eivordvdvr,:yrx69 rrinogovd 3 dpoug rou66poug onoe 3 xidoer6),on' 6nou yro oo,o1+0ixouu rols oo,<r3, cr5, , . , kor ol, 04,o7,. . . Kor qr, q6, rou6or, ... 6nioSir: Ytoo2=e/2 lele 03=-5do+5,.,. a4=-12ar+24',..

iqpon vvlKri ilon on6 rn oxdon(3)elvor: + o . t 3 + . . . ) + ( o , t + o o t a + . . . ) + ( o r t ' z + o u t 5++ ...) u(t)=(oo \ /1 , I . \ u{') oofr-;t'r...J+o,lr + I " t...) . or' ) "l;{ Zt %t"
TdioE yro vo Bpe8ein (nrodpvn Vvrxi iion rn5 (1)avnxoBroroips ro t pE ro x-1,6nio6ri /t"\/1 \ -t, -,* u(t)=oo11

1 ^

1 .

t)' t J-ojl{x-l)- 12{x-

'

*,(]t,.-u'.|t"-rr'*fit,. rt'* )
9dpo 4
No iuBei peXprionSuvapooerpdq rou x n6ragoprxi elior,;on: (1+4x2)y"-8y=0 (1)

A$on
To xo=o eivoropoi6 onFeio616rr r(x)=1+4x2 xol r(0)=1+0.

244

AIAOOPIXE EDO'Etr

LN KPOKOY

rn6poptpng Eorodrrn irionrng(1)r{.or y(x)= Io"x"

on'onou F ndpovcivlon noipvouFs:

v1x)=Zno-x

r,

y . . ( x )) n ( n _ l ) o . x . ,

ornv(1): AvrrxoBtororips rtgnponyoripsveg {1-4x,):n{n-l)o.x",-81".x

\=2 i-0

-0 =

n=2

" I n ( n 1 ) ox

- ' z - a f , n { n - 1 ) o .-x 8 I o , x " =o

i=2 i=0

:rnv npd)rndrpdprdroni(oupe ro 6eiXrnon6 n-2-+n(2 pnpoq): xq Z n ( n - l l o . x - b z o . x L \ n + z l l n L ) , ) o . + 2+

,=0 ,=2 .=0

=u -

)f4(n'

-n-2)o. -(n+1)(n - 2 l a . . r ) x ' - 2 a , - 8 o o- 5 o . x - 8 o , x = 0

fia vo toXriet n rsieuroio Vxe R, on6 ro ex rqur6rnrosioo noiu6vupa dXoups ar=tloo,o3=(4/3)o1 xor o " '' '' = - 4 - o . n+2
^t

v r on : 2

O avoycoyrk6S rdnoivoravd 2 6pou5, onorean6 rougdprroug Ba dloupe pro inon y1(x) xot an6 rou6neptroig pro6erirepn iuon y2(x) rng A.E.{1). Apflor 6pot Vrooo+0 noipvouFs o2=4o0, o4=0,dpa 6ior or diior 6porBo eivar pn6ev. nplrroi 6pot vlo ot*o noipvougs o3=(4/3)o1, ou=(-4l5)o3, . . ., o,^,.,= 42! 1o,,,.

Apo n Vvlki iion rng A.E.(1)yroog=cr,ot=c2ruxoieqoroBspisivol: '\/ y(x)= r "., t o or o r x ' - o a x '- . . . ) + l o r x+ o 3 x '+ o q x "

= . .,( t 4 * ' )' " , ("-!"'-f*'*..) .\

3 la

.)

., y( x ) +*c , y , t * ) '-

AY'H AIAOOPIKONE=IIOIEON ME EEIPE

249

Odpo5

'Eorco n 6toqoprxriel{oc,:on 2\x-2)2xy" +3xY'+lx-2)Y=O (1)

xor doro dn BdAoupevo xgpdoouprn yevtxri rng irion und popgri (xo-e, 6uvqpooslpds d vsvlKsuFdvnq 6lvoFoorpds oe ;Io neproxri xg+e)rou x9 (x9, av eivor oroStoorri;roro xg+e). ri our66ev 6uvor6 x9), {xg-e, Elerdore ov ourd eivolSuvor6drov x0=0, xo=1, xo=2.

A6on

'E;oupe r\x)=2lx-2)2x,

q(x)=x-2 P(x)=3x, r(U=2,ro xo=1luorolioi6 onFlo,on6ren (l)6exerorirlon un6 poprgn Ener8ri oe dvo 6roornuomq popqrie(1-e, 6uvopooerpog 1+).lro x0=0 dxouFe r(0)=0 on6re ro 0 eivot ovcirpoio onFeio.Oq e4erqoouF ov i\rotKovovtK6 ovripraio. 'EXoutr: "-o r(xj ,-a2lx-2],'x ifpo to 0 elvorxovovrK6 ovopoio onps{o,on6ren (l) 6dxerorirlon un6 popgri yevrxeupivng (0,). 6uvolroolpde o6roorriforo rns FopqnsC,0), lro x9=2 exopp6r{2)=0ondrero 2 e{votovcipoio onpeio. E[erd{ovro6ro 6prodxou1're: ,-o

*3*, =6. x'(x-?J 1 ; ,*n !j4 = 1;,n 11,n*2!i4=,, o

r(xl ,-02(x 2)'x

lT'*-'r 't',t lT)zi-2j;= :\2t^-21

nou6ev undpxer oov npovponx6s oplBp6s. Apo ro 2 lvot oudld)5eg ovcirpoioonpelo,on6re6ev e{vot6uvor6 vo dXoupe i0on un6 gopgri vsvlKEofivns 6uvopooerpdE oe 6roorrlporo rng lopqis

..

^. p(x)= ..

(x-2)3x

..

l2-e,2),12,2+e).

9duo 6
Elerriore ov n elio<,:on x2y"+1s'y'+(x31)y=0 pnopei vo iuBei pe rn Frobenious ornv neproXri rou x=0. FdBoSo eqioorn6; flordgeivorot pi(egrns Selxrpros

Arlon 'Exouge
r(x)=x2, p(x)=xex, q(x)=x3-1 Erp'6oov r(0)=0, ro 0 eivotovtirgoioonpeioyromv elioroon.

AIAOOPIKEI EEOlEtr IN KPOKOY

ndipvovroe ro 6prd BploKooFs: P(x) ,. xxe' = , p . = l l.. mx". ': llm: 1 llme'-1 rr0 rlxj r+0 x" r-0 q ( x ) . . x ' 7 { x t- t ' .. x , =,rm---=--j1 qo=[m r ( x) x? tim(xJ-l) =-l ' "t

Agori xot ro 6rio 6pro eivor npovUonKol oplBpoi, ro 0 ivol kovovlk6 ovdFoio onulo, ofi6r n {looon pnope{vo iuBel pe rn pdBoSoFrobenious. H 6e{xrpto e[iotoon eivor n r(r-1)+por+qo=0. AvnxoBrordrvrog 116 rrpig r<ovp6, r(r-l)+Fl=0 nou dxr oov pl(e l r;1, r2=-l 12-1=0

Oduo7
No 6pe0oriv 60o irioetg oe pop96 6uvopooctpd F xdvrpo ro pnSdvkor x>0 rng Sroqoprxri6 eliooong (1) 2xy"+y'+xy=o

A6on 'Exouge per(0)=0 r(x)=2x xor

,q(x) o^ = llmx -= ltmx-u " . r(x) .' 2x " 'Erot ro x6=0 e{vor xovovlk6 dv6poio onpeio rng A.E. (1),ondr ourn 6sXrol i6on rne popg : p(x) x I .. =-. D' " - l r m x - = l l m . r 2 x ,r(x) 2

x'lo"x" v(x)=
f=0

l2l

onou ro r unoloyi(eroron6 rnv c{iooon 6rrxrtirv:

qo-O= r(2r l)=O > t=+. r, -0 r(r-l)-porz

Enedri r1-rp1l2 Srdgopog rou pn6evdq KqrBflxorioKporou Bo dXoupe 60o i6orgVpopprKd dvs{aprnreg nou6ivovroron6 rn oXion (2)yro erfU\ t=t2=0. O unoioyrolr6grr,:vi6oer,rvy/x), y2(x) Bo Viva on6 rn Vevui oldon rng y{x), Snio6ri ond rn oXion (2)xorp nopov6yron rn6 noipvouFe: = l(n +r)o"x'+'-1, y'1x) y"(x)= I(n +r)(n+r - 1)o^ x^*'-2

AY'H AIAOOPMAN E:IlOlEON

II,IE'EIPE

251

(1) xotnoipvoupe: otnv A.E. rnv (2)xorrtgnponyoripeveE AvnxoBtororige = x'*'-'z+ 2xt(n tr)(n+r- 1)o. !{n +')o"x"*'-1+x!o.x'*' 0 +
n=O n=0 n=0

+2r- 1)o. x'*'-r+ Io. x'*'*r= 0 l(n r rX2n

,=0 i=0

dXoulre: rou6lxrn rnv reXvtKii Edgrprovo;re Usror6nldns )o" x"*"1=lo"-, x'*'-'

"-0 n=2

ox6on n nponvo[Uvn on6rE Vivror: = + 2 r- 1 ) ox " '*" + lo" rx"+'-L=0 l(n +rX2n
i=0 n=2

=0 -1)o" + o^-r]x"*'-r+ r(2r-1)oox'-r +(r+1)(2r+1)o,x' t[{n+rX2n +2r H riurdio npdnavo ro1ietVxeR dpo (l) r(2r-1)do=0 {ll) (r+1)(2r+1)or=0 (lll) (n+r)(2n+2r-1)o"+on 2=0,n>2 (H e{{ooonSelxr6veivorn r(2r-1)=0). (l) H lxqvonots{tot vlo r=0, v=1/2. novro n np6rn ouvBrixnBo eivor n :{iooon 6erxrtirven{ ro oo, ondle Bo on6 rrqp{(egrng. rxovonore{rot o ) E r j p e o nt n e y r ( x ) v r o f = r 1 = 1 / 2 n (iii)6.= H oxion (ii)6iva6rr dt=oKor '' n>2 -!::2-, nlzn+l)

r0no ovd 6rio 6pouqxol or=0, 6iol ol neplrroi 6pol Ener6ridyoulreovoy<oyrx6 ol dpflol6PolVlooo*0 eivdl: e{vorpn6dv,6nio6ri or=or=... =or"*r=0,evcir

o z -- i i ,

o.

oq= a,s=T.qis

07

rn prprxi irion y1(x): fro os-I naipvouye

," ,,r( -l , yrtx)=x r -;=+--+

\

-'

2.5 4 5 e

)-.,urf, -i l=t
/

{-l)'x'?'

\ - 3 2 ' n ! 5 9 r 3 . . . ( 4 nr]) J

252

AIAOOPIXD ED()'Etr

IN KPOKOY

dxet Erixoio 5ronrorcirvoupe on6 ro xprrriprorou i6vo! 6n n 6ovolrooerpo oKrivooivKirons R=co, onoren iion opi(eraryro dio rax>0. 6 ) E r j p e o nr n e y 2 ( x ) V r o r = 1 2 = 0 'Ouoro Fero (o)noipvouue or--0, o, - --5-1, ntzn r)
onor

n22

,o

od =--.

"

2.3

'

2.4.3.7

Av Bdooupe oo=l nolpvouue Ulo6irePn FPr(tli'idn yz(x): ,, .

"'"

x2

x4

.3

2.3 2.4.3.7

(-1)'x"

? _2 ' n t 3 . 7 . 1 1 . . . t 4 n - 1 1

pe ro xprtriptorou i6you 6t n 6uvolrooetpd Elxoio 6e{xvoupe ouyr(iivsryra 6io ro xe R, on6ren iion opi<erdr vld 6id ro x>0.

96po 8
No GpeBoiv ol riodeplg npcirrot6pot rng yvlKrigilong-oetpdE rng 6rogoptxri6 e{{ocoon6 (1) 12y,,412y,-xy=! , Q41<co ond ro onpio xo=o. Vipo

A$on
To onpelo x9=0 lvol Kqvovlxd ovd)uoio onFelo, 6r6rt r(x)=x2 ue r(0)=0 ,. D,, jllmx-p{x)
mX--u, q":llmx

z q(x)

,.

" r{x) H 6ei<rpro eliooon eivor: r(r-1)+por+qo=0

"

r(x)

'"

x'

(F1)=0 <? r1=1, r2=0

(lI) rng FB65ou Ensr6i( rl-rf1eN, eXoupe rnv nepinrc,:on Frobenious. H iion Bo eivol rns Bopqris

,1x1-la,x'*
i=0

pe

I, y'(x)= l(n rr)o,x"''

v " k ) =I ( n

r){n I r l)o,x' 'z

YIH AIAOOPIKON E=IEOIEON ME 'EIPE

253

AvrrxoSrorodpe ng nponyoiFevsg ornvA.E. nolpvouF {1)Kal zln+rj(n+r-l,o.x +ztn+r)o.x

i=0

_-zq.x
^=o

_.u -

r=0

= I(n-vXn+r- l1o.x""+l{n- r 2)o.-,x--'=0

i=0 n=1

- 2 ) o . - , ] x ' * '+ r ( r- l ) o o x '= 0 ) [ ( n + r ) { n + r 1 ) o .+ ( n + r no! vlo vo rox0er VxeR npinr (i) r{r-1)oo=0 Vro oo+0 :a r(r-1)=0 elooon 6eu(r6v
^L. -t

(ii) o-=--o--,, [n+rjtn+r-lJ

'

n>l

fvcopi(oupe 6rr yo r=rr=l noipvoups i6on rng A.E.(1),6nio5i: l.uo yrtx' = zq'x pe o, = -;:-;:o.,, (n+ l)n
n-l

n)l

on6r dr=-0o0, ouvend)so.lol ol dilol 6pol ivdl pn6dv Kqr dror dxoulre v1{x)=o6x nou Ytooo=1y1vs1q1 yl(x)=x (21
^-t 6p88{n y2(x)6rdTr o"=---o"-r,

nopornpoiFe orl dn6 rov nopondvco ovoycoytxd trino Vtor=r2=05 pnopivo

n(nu -'

n}1 nou yro n=l 6ev opi(eror

An6 rn oldon {6.13) dXoupe rnv yr(x)vo6iverorond rov rino: ,^ ^ = y2(x )c v r l x r r n+ xx ' z o - x "y2{xJ: cxhx + z 6ix n-o nou pe nopoycolioerg6{ver: onor

vrox>u

y!(x)= c l n xt ' c + ! n 6 . x ' - r ,

n-l

y i : i x )c 1 - l n ( n - l ) 6 " x ' ' ?

' ^=2

254

AIAOOPIKEX E:EAEEIE tTLKPOKOY

Avrtxo8rorclvroE lg nponyoripeveg ornv (1)no{pvoupe:

-1)6" cx+ t n(n x" +cx2 + In6" x"*1 lB" x*t = O = n=2
n=l n=o

"x-cx'
|

* l { n r 1 ) n 6 "x *",r - l
n=l

n 6 . x " --' 1 6 " * " t = 9 - t

,=O

, ( n - 1 ) 6 " ] x " '+ r ( c- 6 u ) x =O + lc + 2Br)x2 [ n { n+ 1 ) 6 " , +

nouyrovo ro;1ier yrcdio ro xeR npdnar: (t) c-60=0 a 6o=" (lll c+26"=O+
h-l

B2=-cl2
n>2

{lll) 6"*1=---8-, r|tn+1,

fto n=2 nofpvouFeQ=-8216=cl!2,onore Vro6t=0 (quBolpern rrpri Srdrr6av npdnr vq ninpel Kdnoto oydon)xor c=1,noipvouge mv diin prprxriirjon +6rx+6rx2+6rx3+...) = 92(x)=cxlnx+(60 v r { * ) =x l n x + t - } x 2 - 1 x 3 + . . . (3}

Apo or reooepr6 np<iror 6porrng yevu<rig iriong mS otpri6 rn6 A.E.ond n6 (2), (3)e{vor: . t' l ,, l. \ -l; x y(x)=crx+c2lxtnx+ + . . t2x )

KEOANAIO 7

'Evo popgrigr

orlornpo 6ra<poprxci:v Ilo6osov koiirol our6vopo ov ivol rng

(7.1)
6nou x=x{t),y=y(t) s{vorot 6rio dyvoortg ouvoprrioerg G(x,y}elvor xor F(x,y), ouvoprrioerg 6rio psro6inrriv. pnopoipvo rn SoipE oov Tn iion (x,y)=(x(t),y(t)) ouroi rou ouoiriporoE glo Kdun6in rou mni5ou.Mro opXrxn y(i0)=y0 ouvBrikn x(t0)=x0, onpoivsl 6 n xopmjin SrdpXeror on6 ro onpeio(xe,ye)rou emnd6ou. 'Evo onpelo (xo,yo) vro ro onoio rox!r F(xo,yo)=0xor G(xo,yo)=O ovopo(sror kpidrFo onyeio i dnF{o @opponio6 rou ouorriparoq. y(t)=yo ndpornpoips r6rs 6 ol ordBpse ouvoprnosrg x{t)=xo, eivoridoergrou ouorriporog, on6ren xopniin EKeo,li|sror o 6voonpio. Av 6vo Kpiolfo onpio Eivol rdroro riore oE plo nploxri rou vo pnv unripXer d-iAoxpiorpoonpeioieyerorpegovropdvo xpiorgo on|leio. 'Evo xpiorpo onuio (x0,y0) rou ouorigoroq (7.1) Koiirol onleio euord8erogdrov yra rd8e >0 undpXer 5>0 ciore Vroxrl8eidon (x(t),y{t))rou

256

AIAOOPIXE ESEO'EE IN KPOKOY

(7.1)nou rxovonolirnv (x{t0)-x0}2+(y(t0)-yq)2<62 vro KdnolotoR ixoup 6n (x(t)-xd2+(y(t)-y6)2<e2 y'o roxrier t>ts.
fe<operptxci o nopondvor optop6g onpoivei 6rr ondpXouvSrio xrixior pe xdvrpo ro (x6,y6)xor oxrlvo 6 xol ovriororxo, 05ors ov ivo ongeio (x{to),y(to)) rng xopndine 6pBi !oo orov np6ro xrixio, r6ra yro t)t9 6no ro onpe{o (x(t),y(t)) BpioKovrarpddq orov 6erirepoxrixio. Av mniov oupBoivsrva loxisl y

lim x(t) = x,,,

lim y(t) = y,,,

(xO,yd ror ro onFe{o xoAEiror onpEio oouynrrorrxfgeuordBcro6. Av svo kpiorpoonFe{o 6ev elvoronpe{oeuordBerog, r6re xoieiror onge{o oordOerog. O xoiJrpoe rp6nos Vlo vo {Erdooul ivo Kpiollo onpio v6s ouoriporoE cDe npoe rnv uordBlq, ivot vq iioouF ro oiornuo xol vo Elerdooupe n xdvouv or idoErs rou yro E 6rdrpopeg opXrxigouvBrixeg. Auro yiverotntivro 6rov ro oriornpoeivorypopprx6. 'Eoro ro ypopprrd oriornpo

Ilpogovcig ro (0,0) eivor dvo xpiortio ontEio. Av i1,i2 eivor or r8rorrpd6 rou nivaxo rou ouorriporoE, rdrs ro xpiolpoonFsio(0,0)eivqr: 1. ooupnrortrxd euoro8dg ov ot rSronpEg i1,i2 eivornpoyporrxdg opvnnxdg pt opvnrrx6 ri pryoSrxrig npovponxo lipog 2. euoro8dg, oiia 6Xr ooupnrorrxri euoroBdg ov or rSrorrgeg ,11,i2eivor xoBopci tpovroorrxig 3. ootoOdg ov fro rSronpri iXer npoyporrxd pipog Berrxd, 5nio6n oe npovl.roirxi r6loTrlrsE n Fio vo lvolB ki. H on66er{n rov nopondvr,: rn lJon rou ouorriporoq ViverotBpioxovrog xor e{:ro(ovro6 rn oupn:prqopti rcov i0oerov. Avriioyo pe rn yec,:yerprxri etx6vo nou 6iver n )rjon (x(t), v(t)) rou olorriporoq (2) orrg 6rdqopegnprnrdrore, pnopoupavo rolrvopriooup: ro xpiorpoonpeioro6elrig:

(;:)=(t l)(;)

l2l

EYETAOEIA AYTONOMON EYXTHMATON

l.

Enpc(qqouunrotrrxrlgauotdgerog

lo) Av ir<iz<0, rore dyoupe gn xovovrx6 x6g8o. (To E1,. Eq^:lvor ro rotoolovrioFcro nou ourrbror{oriv orrg ldlorrFe il,i2.)

18)Av n=)r=iz<O
l) Av dXoup 6do VpoFprKdov8;dprnrc 16ro6rovdoporo E,,El, or rpolrdg r{vo. uoalE xot EXot,F x6tl8o.

ll) Av eXoupe dvo ove{tiprnro r5ro_ _ oldvrrdpo Ei, rdr dxouF. ndil uh xovovrx6 x6F6o. (To Hr eivor ro yevrxeupdvo 16ro6rdvuopo)

258

AIAOOPIKE EtrOEEE IN KPOKOY

1y) Av i1=s+iv,i2=ir-iv,6noup<0,r6re sxo!u edr{o.

2,

euoto066 Euoro0d6, ohid 61t oougntorrrxd

6no! ll=iv, iz=-iv Eivor n nep{nrroon r.dvrpo. Kol 16rdxoup

3.

Entelo oord8erqc

3o) i1>iP0 Eivar n iSro nepinroon oov rnv (1o),pdvo nou or rpoxrdsnove ovdno6a Anio6ri on6 Adpedt dXoupe ooroSrl ro (0,0)oro dnerpo. yn xovovrx6 x6g6o.

EY'TAOEIA AYTONOMON'Y'THMATAN

259

36) Av i1<0<i2 r6re 6xoup onteio odiisg.

3y)i=it=1r19 pe rnv (16), p6vo nou or rpoyri6 sivoron6 ro (0,0)npoq Eivqrn i610nepinrcoon ovoprnlo 610vioporo dxoup ro onrpo, 6nio6n ov dXoupe 60o vpopl.llko dvo16r ixoupdotd8i un xovovrK6 vd ov 6XouF xd[8o. odro8i xdu6o, pP0 36) it=p+iv,iz=p-iv, (1v), Eivor n i6ro pe rnv nepinrcDon F6vo nou ol onopokpuvovrol on6 ro {0,0). rpoXrds A6yerorooro8rl6 eor{a.

'Eot<,rr<irpoto o6otngo x'=F(x,Y)Y'=G(x'Y) onpio rou. xor(xo,yo)6!o xpidrpo G(x,y)xoroTaylor,exoups Av ovonruloufe nq F(x,y), "6u-(xo.vo)iv-v o*),-y ) ft F(x.y)F - (xo.y )o -;{xo,yo )(x xo)t
(-)

(3)
AG AG F - ( x o-," x o ) C(x,v)-G( x n , v o ) { x 0 , y 0 ) { . y o )( y -"y o | )q(x,y) ' "'" av ox "-"

260

AIAOOPI(EE E:EQlEtr TNKPOKOY

Eq6oov ro (xo,yo) ivar,<piorpo onpE{o, xoupe F(x9,y9)=G(x9,y9)=0 on6re qn6 rouEnirnous (3)ro oiornpo (+)ypdgerot

aF' aF ' = :j ' xo)+i:lxe.vo)lv . I(x.v) x' ko.yo)(x v6)

dG' ' - xo)+ ' c ' y ' =;;{xo.yo}(x 6V{xo,yo)ly-yo)+S(x,y) Oerovrog X=x-xg, Y=y y0 Kor Beotp6vrosrtg f(x,y), g(x,y) 'qlrinrsq", xorqiivoup oro odornlo
X' = i(xo,yo)X+il(x,.yolY
(**)

+;;(xo,yo)Y Y' = =(xo,vo)X

no! koi{rol VpoUIrKonojnon rou (*} Kolixl oov Kpiolpoonue(oro (0,0). Enet6riro oriornpo (*'t) ivol Vpoptltxd, Fnopoipixoio vo e{rdooufrnv euorriBeto rou (0,0)tognpoeouro. H euordBero tou {0,0)oq npog ro (,r,r)dyer ror:(xo,yo) UVoinoXdonoe npo1nvauorri8ero Vroro (*). t0VXkplpdvo ldXJslro Becirpngo: et6pnpo (f popprxonoinong) 1. Av ro (0,0) elvot ooupnroxxd uoroBds s{vor vlo ro (**), 16r ro (xo,yp) ooupnrortxcruoroBegvlo ro (*) xol dxel rov 1610rdno ooulnronxng euoroBerog, yro ro (**), r6re ro (xo,y.)ivorooroBe 2. Av ro (0,0)eivotooroBdg vro ro {*) xol axliov 1610 r6noooroBros. Irnv neplnrc,:onnou ro (0,0) eivol uoroBie Vro ro (**) oiid 6Xr dougnrorl(d euoroBdg, r6re 6e pnoporipe vo Bydioupe oupnepaopayro ro i6ocrn udrdBeros rou (xe,ye)<,>6 npoqro (*).

Me066euon
Av pog (nroiv vo eleroooufro odornpo

x'=F(x,y)

y'=c(x,y)

(*)

og npoErnv euoro8erq r6re xavoupe ro e{rlg; 1. Arivovrog ro oiv6prx6 ofornlrd F(x,y)=o, G(x,y)=o Bploxoupe ro xpiorpo on[{o. 2. fto kd8 xpiolFo onueio (xg,yg) Beopo'jle rn ypogprxonoinon tou (*)

EYETAEEA AYTONOMON IY:THMATON

26L

X,= fr(xo,yo)X+f(xo,yo)y
Y' = +6(xo,vo)Y ;(xo,yo)x

(..1

nou dxet xplolFo onFlo ro (Q0)xot eleni(oqre rnv eudra8etorou 3. Av ro (0,0) e{vor ooqrnronxd euoto8d6yro ro (**), r6le ro {xs,yo)e{vor ooupntonxd euotoodg Av ro (0,0)elvqrddroSle yto (**), r6te Rol vlo ro (r,). ro (xqyd elvot oomSdg yro ro (,*).To el6og rn5 ooupnronxig euorri8erogri ine oord8eroge{vdl rou i6rou ninou yto ro 660 ouoriForar

262

EtrOlEE IN XPOXOY AIAOOPIKE

NYMENA @EMATA

96po 1

Yld ro Pn Mnopei vo v{vl Xpion rou Betopriporog VpoFulKonoinong lpouFlxo duornpo (1) x'=Y-x3, 9'=x2+92 yipr,:on6 ro (0,0);

nfon

Bo npdnst vd VivlXpIidnrou B.rPnlorog flq vo Unopsl Vpopprxono{nonE (0,0) (1) i onPio vo Xl ro an6 ro ro VpopFlx6o ornUo nou Bo npoxriger euordBeroE ri onpeiooordBerog. ooupnr<oflxig uxoio rn IeB66uon, *ot oKoiooBd)vros G(x,y)=x2ayz Oirovrog F(x,y)=y-x3, ro odornpo ror.r(1)eivot orl n 6p{oxouFE vpoFprxonoinon x'= y l2l Y'=o x(t)=clt+c2. Or irjoergroo (2)elvoty(t)=c1, rou flopornpodpe6rr lx(t) = o, on6rero (0.0)6v ivol onpEiouoro8los "lim ro Beripnpo rou (2),on6rexor rou (1).Apa (2).Apo onpeioaoroBerog ro (O,O)ivqr (l). to pnopl vo goploori Vlo Vpdtlplxonoinons

2 @61to
ov n iJon x=0.y-0 rououornpotoc Elerdore x, =7x+Zsiny ya q _ 3 y _ 1 + ; x, e'=e. rou t, t>0 ivorsuoroBEig 6noux,y eivorouvopnioErs (r)

nrton
To oriornpoypdrperot x'=F(x,yl p F(x,y)=\x+ iny'ya, y'=C(x,y) G(*,v)=." 3v-1+**'z
2

xoB6oovF(0,0)=C(0,0)=0. ro (0,0)eivorxpiorpoonpeio, flpogovr.6g

EY'TAOEIA AYTONOMON'Y'THMATON

on6 ro (0,0)dxoupe: G(x,y) xqro Taylorvripor trs F(x,y), Avonr0ooovrog

- *1o.oly - r,(x,v) rc.vr= I frro.ox

c(x,y)f Anid . ?c + m.^^. {0.0)x {{0,0)v.s'

..f (x,v)J

t2l

:E 'l.G or= r. to.ot= s z , t * ,0. .y ;{o.ot=7, into.o)

ov orl (2)opEindoufErou 6Pous ro! (1)nou npoKdnrel Apo n VpoFFu(ono{non e{uotn lr(*,y)gr(x,y) x'=7x+2v

, = *-sv

(3)

ro oiornfo (3) Ot dronldg rou rou (0,0)os npoE rnv uordBeto Oa s{srooouF nivoxo rou ouoniporosivol ol iioas rng {iotoon:

'l=o r-i I I -3-^l

Anio6n

-{7- i){3 -l}-2, o <r i'z- 4i- 23= o .t t !:@

on6rro 6tr n prol6lotlPtiivolBsrtkrixdl n diln opvnrtKri' Ilopornpo0ge yto ro (3)xot pdiroro onpeioodiioq Apo ro (0,0) (0,0)eivotonpe{ooordSerog on6ren irion x=0, y=0 eivotooroBie eivoronpe{oodilog xot vto ro (1),

O6po3
ro ouornpo npogrnv euordBeto No elerooral r,:g

A6on
eivaror iriolq roDouoriuoro 1-y=0, onpiorou ouorriporog Td Kpioruo drr y=1xorx=tl noipvouFa x2-y2=0. ErixoAo (-1,1). onpoioeivorro(1,1), ,lpo ro KpiorFo (1,1). E{:rri(oupe nptixoro onpeio o6 elel on6rernv orpivoupe H npdrmeliooon rou ouoriporoEeivotVpopprxri, 6rr naipvou;re OdrovrogG{x,y)=x2-y2 ,1'l tn - 1) . 1) - "J-(1,l)k r s(x.v) + G(x,v) E(l,1)(y

AIAOOPIKE EEO'EE TNKPOKOY

Kor EnErSn

'G

-(1,1)
dx

2,

AC

id) -(I,Il=

2,

Beopcivrag rnv g(x)apennrdo,n denrepne(iooron yiverar:

y'=2\x-1)-2lc-1) Odrovrog X-x-1. Y=y-l n ypopprxonoinon rouor.rornporoq rivorro v'v

v, 2x-2Y
@anpinst vo elerdooup TnveuordBlo rou (0,0) orgnpoE ro otiornpo(2). Or rSrorrpig rou nivoxorou(2)Bpioxovrot on6rnv e(ioc,:on:
i -l

l2l

= O < - A 2t 2 A 2 = 0 e .- '

i=-l:i

Enet6rixqt ol 6io l6ronpdedxouv npoyportx6ldpoe opvnnxo,ro (0,0)eivor yraro (2)xol ouVKKplpi!o onp{oooulrnronknsuordBerog oriq. (1) pdilord orio. Apo ro 11,1) e{voronpeioooupntoflkriquoroBElog ro kol Vlo (-1,1), fto ro onpe{o oxonou86vrogrnv iSro 6ro6rxooioBploxoupe 6r n ypopFlKonolnon rou(1) ivor ro X'= -Y (3) Y'= 2X 2Y Or r6rorrpd6 rou n{voxotou (3)eivoror oprBpoi i = I t 16. Enerdri o svo6on' ourois Eivor Berrx6g, ro (0,0) eivor ooroBi5 Vro ro (3) xol Fditoro onpio oiiio6.Apo xot yto ro (1)ro (-1,1) e{vor onpelooeiioE.

Odpo4
No 6peBei ro s{6oq rns euord8eroE tov kpiolpo)v onpiov rou pn ouornpqroe vpopFrKou x,=-3y+xy 4 (1) y, = y" *"

n 6on
fro va 6poripe ro xpiorFqonFioBo npnsl vo i0oou[ ro o orn]ra -3y+x9-4=O y2-x2=0, y=lx. An6 rnv npc,5rn noipvouFe I.o y=x n 6erlrepn Sivsr -3g+y2-4=0 <> y2 3y-4=0 <a 9=-7,-4 (-1.-l). (.4 4) civor Onorro onpio xpiorFo onpia.

AYTONOMON'Y:THMATON EYETAOEI,A

yiveror: fto y=-x n 6erirepn -3y-y2-4=O<+ y2+3y+4=0. Enei6ri n 6toxpivouoo eivor 9-16=-7<0, n riuroio (iooon 6sv ixl nP(lVFonKd iJon. (-4,'4). Apo rd xpiorFoonpioeivorro (-1,-1), peB66er.ron: AxoiouBoige rripo rn Odrovroq F{x,y)=-3y+xy-4, G(x,y)=y2-x2 dXor:pe

aF = Y ' ''F = - r ^+ x ' ,ry &

x'=-x-4y

r'lG = ^ zx. "

ac ^ fu=zY

lro onpeio(-1,-1) n ypopprRonolnon rou (1)lvorto oriornpa y'= 2x-2y fl1!! O nivoxogrou ouornporoqdxEtr6ronFigrou6opr8potig
.,.1;

l2l xor rnsr6n

auroi dxouv opvnrrKdnpovFqflx6pdpos,ro (0,0)Elvql onFsio croofnro KiE yro ro (Q,on6rero (-1,-1) euord8eroq eivoronpeioqoulnro)nKris uordBtqe Vtq ro {1). Iro onpeio(-4,-4)n ypouprkoflolnon rou (l)eivorto odorngo x = .+x - /v

v'- sx-sv

(3)

-6 I i1Gt. O n{voxo6rou ouoripdro dXel lSroflpds rouEoprBporlg Apo ro (0,0)alvoronpeioooupnrr,rrrxng yro ro {3)xor poiroro eo o, euordBeroE onore ro (-4,-4) lvol onFsio ooupnro K{e euordBerog yro ro (1) xor ouVkKPlPdvo eor{o.

gduo 5
| /L -2\ No iuBti ro o0ornpo x'= l" -4./ rou I lx xor vo lEroori n euordBero \6

{0,0). A6on
Oerovrog x(t)-(x,(t).x2(t))ro odornpo ypdgeror xi(t)= 4xr{t)- 2xr{t) xi(t) = 8x,(t)- 4xr(i) floiionioorri(ovrag rnv np6rn pe 2 xor ogotprirvroE on6 rn 6etlrepn noipvor-rpe =x2'ft),Ap 6r\ zxr'(tJ o 2x1(t)=x2(t)+c.

AIAOOPIKEE E:EO'Etr LN KPOKOY

AvrrxoBrorci:vrogornv6erlrepn no{pvoupex2'(t)=4c, on6TE

= 4ct +cr x2(t)

xor

xJt)=Za+|+|

Ilopompo0pe6rr or irioergrou ouorriporo6 ypoppdg, vlo 0 sivot npreuBeieg nou dxouvxiion 4cl2c=2 To onpeio(0,0) e{voron!io oordBroe. Aur6 gaiverotorge{ri6: 'Eoro e>0.ov Bdooupe ct. 0 xorc=s,n iion rououornForos VivErol x2(t)= 4t xqr xlll)=2xt+lEl2)

(xr(0lxr(0))=G/2,0) fro t=0 ro onueto

6ploKror ldoo orov xrjxAopE oxrivo E. AiAo 6rov ro t pyoidvr, n nprer,eio (xr(t),xr(t)), t>0 onofoKpivror nposro "dnlpo". iApo6e pnopoipe vo dxoup5>0 ddre ourn vo BpiokrqlFdoo orov KiKio Fe xdvrporo (0,0)xoroxrivo 3, dnoEonorrel o oprop6g rng euordBetog

O6uo5

'Eorco n A.E.x"(0-3x'(t)+2x(0=0. No Ferooxnporldrs{ os svo loo6$volo odornFokol vo E|srooriour6 oe npoe rnv euordBero. Oerovrogy(t)=x'(t) n sqiooonVivror:

A$on
v,(0=3y(t)_2x(r) iApo ro oriornponoue(vorroo6ivopopernv e{io<loneivor: Y'= 3v -2x x,=y Epogav6q ro p6voxpiorpoongeiorou ouorrlForo6 ivorro (0,0). fro vo 6poip ro ei6o6 rng euordBloe, Bo npdner va unoioyiooup: rrEr6torrpdg rou nivoxo (3 2\ rououorriporoq. SnioSrirounivoxo | , ^| 0 J

\r

'Eyoupe

]-, tr

. ll o < ' i 2 . 3 i r 2 - o i = r n i - 2 ^

Or rSrongdE eivor Serrxoi npoyporrxoioprBpoi,on6re ro (0,0) eivor onueio yro oorriBsroq ro orlornpoxor pd- oro ontrreio pn xovovrxoixdU6ou-

KEOANAIO 8

np68inpo rSrorrpo)v eivolro lhg: No BpeBel ouvdprnony(x)cirore:

'Evo

y"{x) + p(x)y'{x) + i{x)y{x)= 0 q<x<b =0 A,y'(ol+Brflo)= 0, Ary'(b)+Bry(b)

(8.1)

lAll+ lql* 0, b,l+lB,l*0

dnou p(x),q(x)e{votou\,xis oovoprridcls oro [qb]xot i Fto nopdlerpoe. pn pn6eurKildon vro konoro pi rnE Av ro nponvo$peuo npd6inpo dXer nopolrdrpou i, ourn idyeror r6rorryrl.H iion rnq 6rorgoprxrig elior,ron6nou ovnororxEiornv r6rorlfi i xoiiror t6rooovdprnon. Av noiiqnioordoouF rnv e{looon rou npo6iriporogU rn ouvdprnon Jploal , idrE outli ypdqrol: V(x)=e " (v(x)y'(x))+iqlx)Y(x)v=0 xol iiF 6fl rnv dxou}qdper ornvxovovrxi rnq yopgrl.

AIAOOPIXE EEO'Etr

IN KPOKOY

flopornpoipe 6n 9(x)>0Vrox[o,b]. l6rorrpd'v: flo rn vio popqn rou npoBinparog

(v(x)y'(x)) +nqk)v(x)y(x)= 0 x e(o,b) = 0, Ary'(b)+Bry(b) =0 A'y'(o)+B'y{o) 41 + Br +0, lA, + B, *0

roxi1ro 6fs BdlpnFo:

18.21

OE6pnpo 8.1 okoiou8io npovAv v(x)>0xor q(x)>0 vrox[o,b],T6reundpxslFrqdnrpn (8.2). portxrivoptBg<irv rounpo6inporoE i1<iz<...<in<...nousivol16rorlFdg H ouvoprnon (x)=q(x)y(x)Koishor qovdprndn Sdpoua.Or tSroouvop.i1, rnoerg u1(x), u2(x), v orrgr6torrpdg i2, ..., in, ... ..., u"(x), ... nouovtrororXo xoiouvror xovovrxonolngavf ov toXril n oXaon
4

=I I u:{x)r(x)dx

(8.3)

rou npo6iriporoE(8.2), Eivar qovepd 6fl av u(x)e{vorFro rdroduvdprnon r6rE xor n cu(x)ivor.Mnoporipe iorn6v ndvrovo 6roid(oupernv xortii,lnin c iror 60r vo roxier n (8.3), 6nio6n vo xdvouFE rnv rSloouvdprnon xovovlKonolnFivn. Me866euon8.1 (8.11 Av pog Sivouvro np66inpo rdronprirv xor Fos (nro v vo BpoiFe116 rou,xdvoupe ro elfr6: rSrorrpig xor 16roouvoprnoerg 1, Oecup6vrog ro i oroBep6Bpioxoupe rn idon rng Srogoprxng e{iooonE. Ener6rin:{iooon eivor6er-rrepn6 rd(nE,n irlon Bo nprsxr 5uo oroBspiE cr,c2. i, Bo eXer rn poprgn: Etp'6oov n iion EEoprdTol on6 rnv nopdperpo

y(x)= crtplan)+crqr(x.n)
2. AnorrcirvroE on6 rn iuon (8.4) vo rxovonorei n6 ouvBnxeg A1v'{o)+81v(o)=0, A2y'(b}+B2y(b}=0

(8.4)

onoieiqoupe rrg oroBepe6xar Bpioxoupepro elioo:on nou npdnervo rKovonoli ro i Vlovo ivarrSrorrui.

NPOBAHMATA IAIOTIMON

269

3. AvnxoBrorr6vrcg ms FS rou i noo ivdrr6rorrgeg ornv (8.4),BpioxouFs 116 16roouvoprioerg. flopornpr{oerg 1. nonidg eopiq xorqiivouFs ornv e[ioroon 9"+iy=0. 1-ro ,o Utt 6rqKp{vouF nplmdroslS rn idon Vlqro i, Bopo{U +"r"-f* -i emrpinovrogoro vo lvol KoldpvnlK6. En{ong8ugl(oupe: e=cos8+isrnB, cosS=&e-'8 2 ' ^ e'0 e- 0 stno= 2i y(*) =","f,*

=! o z=zkn|zec e"
2. Av po6 (nrollv vo GporlFe g xovovu<onornpdveg r6roouvoprrioetg, r6re perooXnlrc (oupe ro np66inpq (8.1)orn popgri rou (8.2)xor on6 rn oXdon(8.3) npoo6roplloupe rn oroBepric1 tiroren clyp(x)vo rnv ninpe{, on6raol xovovlkonolnFdvs 16loduvopiriols Bo eivor u1=cpyp(x).

no

AIAOOPIXE EDO:EE IN.KPOKOY

NYMENA OEMATA

9dpo 1
No 6peBorivor xovovtxonornpdvegrStoouvoprrioetg rou npoBiriporoq

n60n

y"+iy=O, v'(0)=0,y'(1)=0

H yevrxriirion rng y"+iy=o e{vorn y(x)=cr e'-o' + c2e-u-^opo crJ-le'-^' -crJ-ie'-^* Y'(x)= y'(0)=0nolpvoupe Ener6n J-i (c, - c/) 0cr=c2ri i=0

(1)

Av i=0 n elior,ron Vivrol y"=0, on6rs y(x)=dx+6 xol Vtd vo rox0er y'(0)=y'(1)=0 pa rdroouvdprnon pro npenet o=0, on6rsro i=0 ivorFrordrorrpn oro8epriouvdprnony(x)=6. 'Eotro i*0. T6re,dnog 6prixope, c1=c2=c o1i1e n y'(1)=0 Siver: .J-a("'tl Qg yvr,:or6vez=7e 2Ji n'tt)=0 "'-r-"-'-" = e2'-^=l

z=2kni,kez, on6re 4l-Al= -4k2n2 .-> A=k2n2, kez

=2kni -

Anio6ri or i=k2n2, kZ rivor or r6rorrpdE rou npo6iiporoE. @drovraq rtirpo ornv (1) i=k2n2 xor cl=c2=c'noipvoufe Er6roouvoprioerE rou npo6iriparog: c'ekd* + c'e k* = ccos kn* 9u(x)= 6nouc=2c'. Enet6rin ouvoprnonBdpous eivorn r(x)=l, Vrqvo EivorxovoulKonorn[dve ol l6loouvoprioelenouBpnxofq npdner
1

r + J Y:(x)dx 0oo-

. =I r c-J(cosknx)-dx
cl -

1.

^.

c2ffcoszknxdx=l 'tz

_)

'-'=t

>

'

NPOBN HMATAIAIOTIMON

271

flo i=0 npogoeci)sn KcrvovrKonorngivn l6lodovdprndn Eivdl n yo(x)=l, dpo ol xovovrxonornpdve61610ouvoprrioElS rou npoBiriparo6 elvot ot:

= J7 cosknx, k=1,2,.. Ye(x)=l, Y*(x)

2 @Evo
Aiverorro np66inpo ouvoproxrirv nprdrv {fl.!.T.) y'!2y'+(hi)=0, y(o)=y(1)=0 y(x)=w(x)u(x), u psocrrng oXdonE Etodyovrog xotvoipto e{oprnpdvn;rero6inrn 6rogoprxri e{iocoon vo pnv vo npoo6roploere rnv w(x)drorcirore n npoxrjnrouoo d;er rov dpo rng u'. lrn oovdxro vo iiotrs ro fl.Ll cog npogu xot e{ ouronvo npoo6rop{oere nq r6rotrpigxor rrg r6toouvoprrioerg rou opltxo6 npo6iiporoq (uno8dore 611 6ieg or r6rorrlrds eivororo R).

Arton
Bd4ovros y=wu dXoufe y'=w'u+n'w xot y"=w"u+w'tt'+tt'w'+Lr"w ornv 6lo(,)on Av KoBrord)vros nolpvoup: :> w"u+2w'u'+u"w-2w'u-2u'w+(1+i)wLr=0 u"w+u'(2w'-2w)+u[w"-2w'+(l+i)w]=0 fro vo ieinero 6po6 u'npdner 2w'-2w=0::s w'=w = w=er T6re n (1)y{veror: u,,ex+u[_ex+U+i)er]=0f u"+lu=0 (e,+0) (21 (1)

An6 rnv y{x)=exu(x) xor nS y(0)=y(1)=0, noipvouFsrr opxrKseouvlnkq ylq u(0)=u{1)=0 166p66inpo nou npoir<uge, ee6oov ex+o Vx e R. 'Eror dxoupe vo iriooupro npdBinpo:

u"+nu=o,u(0)=u(l)=0
H u'+nu=o dxslvro vevlxi idon rnv *"roJ-r" u(x)=cr"tr-;i* u(0)=u(l)=0, E.pdoov noipvouFs cl+c2=O Kol c,eJ-i+c,e -q=O ylverot: H npcirnSiverc1=-cr=c on6ren Sedrepn .["'t "-G^)=O -> r=l "2J 2.n 2 k n i> i=k2n2. k. Z (3)

AIAIDOPIKD E=EO'EE IN KPOKOY

Apo or r6tortpdE ror.r npo6iigorog eivar or oprBpoi A=k2a2, keZ. noipvoup 6rl ct=-c2=c ornv (3)xordxovraer:n6grv AvnxoBrorrirvrog ,.ru{x)= c(er'r"- ea"'")= 2icslnknx rou npo6ligorog elvqt Apo or r6roouvoprrioer uk(xJ= srnknx To dpxrkonp66inuo dxroov r6rorpders i6reE,5nio6i A=k2n2,keZ,ev6 or =e'sinknx, yrorl y(x)=exu(x). rSroouvoprriors ivoror y1(x)

g6po 3
A l v e r arro n p o . , i n p o ll,_Icx<0 y(-1)=0, y(1}=0 y"+i{I-q(x))y=0, ue o(*)={ r, O<*.1 yro rrg r6ronpig xot vo 6oBouvyporprxd or rpergnp<irreg No 6peBe{ n e{{ocoon (elerdorep6vo rnv neplntoron 6nouiS0). r6rorrFdg

A$on
flo 0sx<1 n el{ooronypdgerory"=0 nou exetoov irlon rnv y(x)=ox+6. y(1)=0 Ener8ri npener o+6=0,ondr y=o(x-t) I.o -1<x<0 n qiooonvpdgrol v"-2 Y=O (1)

Egooov i(0,66(ovrog 2i=-m2, m>0 n {1)yiveror9"+m2y=6no, ixer yvrkri 'EXoupe iotn6v: y{xJ=ctcosmx+c2sinmx 0(x<1 ,. Jo(x-l), Yl*)=] -1<x<o ", "o..**"rrinmx, rxovonorirnv s{iooon rou npo6idporo5 xor rn ouvBrixn

Ener6rin:y(x)

y(1)=0, pnoponpe yroy(x)rnv va napoope

, . fy(x)' ' I Icrcosmx+crsinmx, 1<x<0

Ena6i y(-1)=0 noipvo0pE 6 clcosm-c2sinm=0

t,

0<x<1

l2l

IIPOBAHMATA I,AIOTIMNN

n3

oro Fn6dv Kor Eq6oov undpxern y"(x) Bo npdneln y(x) vq s{vol ouvXri fro uo civorouveliE npdna -1=crcosm.0+czsinm.0

6nio6n
KorYld vo lvol nqpqvc,)V{drpn npdnel l=-mctsinm.0+mcZcosm-0

6nio6ri c2m=l Avnxo8rorcirvroq ng nponvoiFsveg ornv (a ndpuoutl: I cosm--sinm = 0 m ondr n sUoolon nou npdnr vo ninpel ro m Vld vo dxl ro np66in;ro irlon {vcrr:

(3)

H [iooon dxeldnapsplaee, 6noe gnopodFE vo 6otrpskdvovrdng VpoglKds nopodrdoslgrov duvqprido)vy=tanm, y=-m, KoB6dovsurds rdlrvovroto rinarpaonpe{cr. Mdiroro, unripXer oxpr6oi6pro pl(o oe xdBe 6rdornpo rng n. n\ , (. k=u,t, 2,... uop9ns Kn-t,krH 2 ), f [t.-i,*-i,) k=0, 1,2,..., r6re eg6oov 2i=-m2,ot t6torrFi rou npo6inFarog elvor or oprBpoi i* = - -1, k=0,1,2, ... Av pe m1 oug6oiiooupe tn pi(o rnq (3) nou Bpioxetor oro

n4
O6uo4

AIAOOPIKE EEOIEE IN. KPOKOY

rounpo6iriporog Av or.\loerg (xY')'+.lxzY=0, 0<x<2

e\21+Y'12)=o
o, yrox xovrdoto 0 ly(x)l<

(*)

ninpoiv rn oxion limxy'(x)=0, vo dsrxti 6n 6ise or r8rortpdesivor npoyporrxo{ optBgoi.

A$on

}ro irion rou (*). noilonioord<ovros rnv e{{ocoonrou nolpvoupe: npoBiriuoroepe y(x) (ou(uyig tng y(x))xotoiox.lnpdrvovrog,
22

'Eorc,: y(x)

o +aJ*'zv(x)lx)a*= v{*)a* J(*v'(*))

00

(11

Krivovrog oioririp<oon xoro nopdyovregoro npd)ro oloxlrip<,:lrq rnq (1) dxoup:

200

- xy rxJylx, (xy {x,, y{xJ dx = xy rx,ylx,lo ox J J

,_

_..

2.

t.,

= 2(-yl2l)y\2) Ey' xv'(x)v(x) . = 2v'l2)vl2l- ltrn \ElylE)

riO

(nrlpope6pro yro ro Fn6dvVtori 6ev [dpoupeov opi(erot n itjon oro 0) Vrori gpoypevo xovrtir oro 0. eivor limey'{e)y(e) 0, xoBooovlimy'()= O xor ly(x)l '
.-O .)O

Apo
xor n {2)V{vror:
2-2

xe'lxlylxll;- -2lvl2l' = -2lv(2)l' v(x)dx J(xv'(x)) Jxvtx)'dx

0o

AvrrxaBtot<irvros ornv 11) dXouFe:

22

zlylz)-- Jxlylx)dx+^J*- vt"ll-0"-u

00

oprBp66 xor priiroro Berrx6qon6rero i ovoyxoonxriBo eivotnpovuorrx6e

nAPArOrOt BAEIKONEYNOETON EYNAPTHEEON

= lru-'(*) (ru(*)) t'(*)
(Jf(x))= --+ f'k)
/11
l l=-\ -rlxt,/

1
t-(x)

r {xl

.,,.

(lnf(x)) =;:.

f (x)

(sinf(x))= f'(x).cosf(x) (arcsinf(x))=

,1

(cosf(x))'=

f'(x).slnf(x)

1 r/1-f'(x)

,,, .

( a r c t a n f ( x= ) ).

r +r txj

,-.f

'k)

AIAOOPIKO EYNAPTHEHE
df(x)= f'(x) dx
fro ro 6ra9optx6 ouvdprnong loxiouv rd ovriorotXa pe rouq kov6veg

n6
Xpr{oruodroeoprrd otnv oioti{poon
d(x+c)=dx d(qx+6)=odx d(xl=2v6*

AIAOOPIKE EEO'EE

LN KPOKOY

dlnx=(1/x)dx

OAOKNHPOMATA
oioxiiPoons flopo8drougero Bdolxd oioKinp6Foro xor rtg pe866oug vd idoer xdBeonopiooe oxdonpa ro duvonrrk( dloreo ovdvv6drnsvo unop{ oioxinprirporo nou epgavl(ovrotoe roriroro 6t6iio.

Bcorxd oioxinp<6pcro (1) o+-I Jx'dx=i .,

f&

tzJ J-=rnlxl' J-=,nl**ol' (3) (4) Je'dx=e', Jcosxdx=slnx,

.^. fdx.,,

=rn (x)l | +)+dj(

= i, I o*dx o0, o*l

sln xdx = -cosx

.-. f dx ib) l-----=tanx,

,_. tb) .-. f/) dx I l--= arcstnx'

fd x | -:--- = - corx
l-=aIcslnJ ,Jo2 -*2

ldx

I dx = l:------t arctanx

f&1x | ; -=-arctanJd"+xo o

'to"
oioxinpr,:ong, oioKinpd)uoronopdisinrorn oroBepri lro nponyoripavo novoug, on(De ,<ol orn ouvexalqvrclnPqkflKoos

Md0o6ot oioriripoong 1. MdSo6ogrng ovrrxordoroong

Avnxar6oroon ri oiioyd peraGinrrig XpnorponotodF oro 6rjoxoio , "onpefo" tou oioxinpd'Forog,drol d,orsvo ovoy8orige oe yv<oorir poprpri.

nopd6eryuo lo

= J1(tn'*+tn*+z)a^

@ircupe lnx=t on6te dlnx=dt + (1/x)dx=dt

=J(.' { * , r,= *\t * r^== *,*z)at f, \:

flopd6etypo 2o
@Croupe 3x+1=tonote a-=Jft,$= d(3x+1)=dt $ 3&=dt J<:-*rf =]j{,' -,')a, -frrs*=}rs*-rr' rf

flopd6erypo 3o t x'l2x-9

!.

=J =tat t
l";9-,

Jzi-e =t= I or,"uye

2 o rd x = t a t I x = ( t ' ? + 9 ) /x

_ . f d t Z t 2 ^= 12*-9 ='J Tr g, Sarctans: 3arctan-Ilapd6erypo4o x.l f l_-ox= , x+(l/2)=t > dx=dr I Osroups

J x'+x+1

I (,lFG;;

,.

t ]+r

-+dt= "dt-J.t+:

n8
f t lf
,

AIAOOPII(E E:I!Q!EE tN KPOI(OY

dt

J#"tJ-l r -;

3) 2 2l = l . / . , +a arcranJS z thl,r- J1-J3 -i

2x+L -r I IntxI x I Il I'JTarctan-J3 x+!=t fa -vrxd ov I uA**B a* pe A=p2-4q<0, Bi.oupe J x"+px*q 2 (2)xor oioKinpopdrovovol6poore ortEneptnroloers {7)rov6oolKd)v xor

2. nqpqvovtrxfiud0o6oc
ouvoptioecov Fe oiokillpcoon An6 rnv t6l6rnro rne nopovr,:vrons nolpvoup:
tl

J
o)

= {(x)g(x)f(x)g'{x)a* l'{r)s(x}dx J

ytvol.tivtov: ortgelrlg neprntt;oetg EuvrlB<,rg Xpnorponore{ror Er0errxr{ eni nolluovuprxrl rnv axBettxti. Odroupe oe nopdyroyo flopdSarygo x'e'.lx = x'(e')'dx x'e' J J )2xe'dx= *'..' - 2l x\e.)'dx = *2e' - 2xe' + 2e' 6) Tpryolvogerprxrienlroiuovuulxri OdrouF o nopdv(,vo rnv rprv(,)vopTprKn nopd6ery1.ro sin2x. cos2x sin2x f ^ f (slnzx)', - Jl s l n 2 x . ' q dx=x-2 Jxcoszxdx Jx-2 2 "*-^-Z V) ExOerrxi sn( rplVovoUerprxrt { yrvdpcvo 6rlo tptyrovoperprxtlv 6rio 6noroBeoporips mo edxoin. Oo eqopp6ooupe Oiroupe oe nopdyr,lyo rpopd6 rnv nopayovrrxiBdrovrosndvro rnv l6ta ouvdprnonoe napdycoyo (enrpdvouFe) xor orn ouveyero iivoupe rnv ellooon. Ilogd6erygo -x ["'sin*dt= f{e')'sinxd [n'.o.*d*= J J' "'sinx-J = e'sinx= = e"sinx- e"cosx+ Je'(cosx)'dx J(e')'cosxdx

n9
- cosx)-Je'sinxdx = e-(sinx
lo'

= e'slnxdx

;(sinx

- cosx)

6) (noiuovuprxf ri 1=(x)'rt drlrln)!n{ (ovr{otpogn tpryovogetprrrl 6 ?toyopr0grxrl) @dtoupe oenopdyo.:yo rnv noiucovuptxri ri ro 1=(x)' i rnv diin. fiopd6erypo 1o
x xlnx-J x:dx = xlnx-x l n x d x= ( r ) ' l n x d = J J Ilopd6eryyo 2o r1 = (x)'arctanxdx = xarctanx- x1r]Zdx = arctanxdx J J J I = arctan x -:ln(l
I t 11

+ x'?)

3. Md0o6ogolloxi{poong pnr<6v oovqprlosov

6nou p(x), q(x) Q{x) Fro pnrn oovdprnon pe Q1;1= 4Il, q(x) noiutirvupoT6re q(x)xdvoupe o) Av 6o8p6qp(x)> BqBpdg m 6rolpeon xor nolpvoupe ^ , ' P{x) -. '. U(x) LalxJ = -;-: = I llxJ + --;-qtx, q(x/ onou fl(x)ro nniixo xql U(x)ro undiorno. q(x) 6l ov 6oBpdsp(x)< 6o8y6eq(x)rdr nopovovronororipe rov nopovopaorrl '!ovriio": xol ondpro xidolo oe onid xidolroro origgovof ro 'Eoror

'--r,'t*_pF*7 f q)=,.-pt ' p*; G-p,t--tuTGtG,.

6nou rd A,qf,A,E npoo6ropl(ovror Fe ro er( rour6rnrqs ioo noiurirvupo(or ouvriotds r<,rvopo6oBptov riporv Bo elvor iooo q6dov xdvou! rnv onciotrpi nopovopoorrirv.

p(x)

ABIAx+E

2ao
ndpd6srvpo , 'Exouue +I3x-9 , t 4x2
Jx t 2x' 3x

AIAOOPIKE EE(DEE

IN I{PO(OY

- 3x= x3 +2x2 x(xz +2x-31=x(x-1)(x+3)

ouvnd)S ro xiooBo qvoi0rol oS ;iS: 4x'z+13x 9 A + _ +B _ x x-1 f

x'+2x"-3x

x+3

4x2+13x-9=A(x-1Xx+3)+Bx(x+3)+f x(x-1) + 4x2+13x-9=x2(A+B+n+x(2A+38-f )-3A on6r on6 ToKrouT6rnrog ioo noiuuivuuo noipvoup A+B+f=4 2A+38-f =13 e -3A=-9 A=3 B=2 f=-1

Apo 4

I= ll :+ i;--i;ldx=3lnxl+2lnlx-Il-lnx-31
J\X X-r X+J/

r/7,

MdSo6ogoiorl\dpoong rpryovoprprKd)v ouvqprioov

'Eor<,: 6rr {nrdpe ro oiot(inpopo rng pnrngduvoprndng rov cosx) sinx,cosx:R(sinx, Avdioyo pe tn popqrirne R(sinx, cosx)dxoup: cosx)eivorneprrri os npoe slnx,6nioSi o) Av n ouvdprnonR(sinx, R(-sinx, cosx)=-R(sinx, cosx) r6re Bdroupe -sinxdx=dt on61 xot ovoydpoore oe oioxiipopo pnrig ouvdprnone. 'Oporo ov eivorneprrr{ arS npoecosx,r6re Biroupe
on61e

281
ndpdSsry}lo fdx f sinx. l-=l -crx= J Slnx J sin'x

OdroulEcosx=t ondIs -sinxdx=dt 1 . lcosx I z lcosx+ I

1 - 1 \ . . =l . l t I f - d t =7 =J I u:pl tJ t- r t+rJdt zrnl

slnx) elvot dpro oe rgoe slnx xot coax, 6) Av n ouvtiprnon R(cosx, 6nio6ir -slnx)=R(cosx, R(-cosx, sinx)

rdre8drouye
on6rE noipvoufE: ,l12tdt cos-x=_. Sin-x=_,

tonx=t
S|nxCOSx=_, dx=_

1 +r '

1+r'

1-t'

1,r'

pnrrlgouvdprnon6. xor ovoy6poore oe oioxiripco;ro ndpd6eryrd

, f zslnxcosx . l=t------------;-clx=
J l+cos'x
t ,r-* r 2 dt f J r, L 1-t. 1+t'

npogoioxiripr,ron ouvdprnon eivor lH onor8 xovoupa xpnon rov loprro oxoov. I nponvoupev@v
2rdt t f d(t'-l) J ( t . + 2 X t ,+ 1 ) J ( t . + 1 ) { t + . 2)

. l t a n ' z xt ,l = I d w = t ( l - r \ . . l * |='nl;7;;1 * rl J*(,,*1)Jl; *. l lo*='nl*

y) Av n ouvdprnon R(sinx, cosx) 6ev txovonotelrtg npoiino8ioer5nou ovogipogeoro o),B)rore Beroupe:

tsn(x/2)=t 2t 2dt 1-t' . smx= cosx= ' dx= 1+t'z' 1+f 1+t'z
xot cvoydgooc oe oioxiripopo pnrrlqouvdprnong. flopd6er4ro ,t dx I J 1+sinxcosx J
e - 'tr ' 1+ t2 t -t2 ' l+t2

I 't

#=l#o^'.l=hlt"";+1]

242

AIAIDOPIXEI EDOEEE LN KPOKOY

f ENIKEYMENA OAOKAHPOMATA
'Eotor f: lQ+o)-+R pro owExig ouvdpmdrr

Av llm lf(t)dt undpxEr xqr lvdrdvdnsnepooudvo opFds A, t6re Slrou;re

MrEr

. o0 ioo p A.

i. . lf{i)dt=A

(,^ox^npc)uo t(lrdr unqpxtxdl etvcu r(al idue dfl ro vErrfiuudvo J

?.. ..

flp6roon I

i,.. undpleq Av ro Vurrupdvo oioxn p{,rlrolf(t)ldt rdreunriplet xorro J

0

J
0

'" rtr'l dr

Ilp6roon 2
^ f.,.. ,,.... t,.,.. ,.... Av rq J f(t)g'(t)dt, f'(t)g(t)dtundpxouv xqt im f(t)g(t)=o,rdre dloupr J 00 6rl |

,^, |,,,., ,.... = -f(0)s(0)-J (0s'(0dt f'(t)g(r)dt.

BIBAIOTPAOIA
1. ARNOLD VG.ROTAG.C. Z BIRKHOFF 3. AAtlOtf. OnOYnOt A. 4. AAEKAA W. 5. HUREWICZ 6. KAnnOtA. 7. KYBENTIAHTO. 8. NTINOEA. 9. flANTEAIAHEf., KPABBAPITHT A., XATZH'ABBAE N, 10.nOn YPAKHEI 11. TPAXANAI E. 1L XAINFE t ordinaire. Equatiorc differentielles Moscou 1974 Ordlnary Dfferential Equations. Lexlngton 1959 drorpoprxd eho<i'oerg. Euvri8ets 1983 fl<irPo Arorgoprxd6 Elroc6oet6, rerixog 6erirepo. ASrlvo 1985 Differential Equatlons. Lectures onOrdinary Cambridge, Mass. 1975 Arogoprxol e{tocioet6. ASnvo 1956 Aroeopuds {1060r, r6poE rpiroq. Oeoooiovlxn 1985, ex66oeq Zrirn luvriBerg 6rogoprxdg efro<ioerg. ASivo 1988, ex66oerg Euper,iv 6rogoprxdq e{ro6oerq. luvn8er6 ABrlvo 1990, ex66oer6 Zrirn Euvri8etg 6togoptxdg elro<ioer6. 1992 ABrivo Arogopr(dg earddd8rg, r6}roe L x660re Hprixiero 1989, flov/xds Kpirn. Mc8ripon Avotdprov MoBnFonx<irv, 1983 ASrivor

NINAKAEBAEIKON IAIOTHTON TOY METAEXHMATIEMOY LAPLACE

Euvdprnonf(t)
c,{,(t)+ crfr(t)+... + c,f"(t) f(ot) (o0) e"'f(t)

F(s) MeroolnporropCvn
+ c2Fz(sJ+... clFr(s) +c"F"{sl -1 rtfs - \j F(s-o)

- o)= 0 , n.it)r{t i f(t

f(i)

o<t<q
o), t>o

e ''F(s) sF(s) f(0)

f"(0
f(")(t)
rrl,dr

.'p(s)-s(o)f'(o) - y'-'r(o) s"F(s)s"-Y(o)-...

F{s) s

J
0

-t(9
t2l(t)

F'(s) F"(.)

(-1).t.(0

f(0
t

j.r.ro-!jr"',r,lo,
. G(s) F(s)
lim F{s)= Q

f(t)=(t+T)

l { t ) *o { t )= l t { u 1 0 { t - u l d u

(0

NINAKAEMETAEXHMATIEMENON BAEIKON EYNAPTHEEON

f(t) Euvdprnon

Aqniqorqvfl

= F(s) f(t)dt Je-"t

o
1^ s

ti

(nI!)

nl s'

tm (m>-1)

f{m+1)

I s-o Srnot

s'+o''

s>0

cosot
o
n'

slnhot

S>o

l,
10.0<t<d H^(t)= i_

.t 1o

e"sinBt

B
(s-o)'z+6'z'

e" cos6t