Competency Based Learning Material

Sector: CONSTRUCTION Trade Area: Construction Painting NCII Unit o Competency:

Prepare and Interpret Tec!nical "ra#ing

Module Title:
Preparing and Interpreting Tec!nical "ra#ing

Institution: Tec!nical $ducation and S%ills "e&elopment Aut!ority

Training center
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Unit INTRODUCTION Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

S'MBOLS
These symbols are located at the left margin of the module. These illustrate the actions that should be taken or resource to be used at a particular stage in the module.

LO

Learning Outcome

Sel (C!ec%

Resources

Ans#er )ey

Reading Acti&ity

Assessment

Use Computer

Remem*er+Tips

Practice Tas%

Sa ety

Module Introduction

Unit

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing

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Module

Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Tec!nical "ra#ing, also known as dra ting, is the practice of creating accurate representations of objects for technical, architectural & engineering needs. A practitioner of the craft is known as a draftsman, and recently, "drafter".
Figure 2: Perspective Drawing

Figure 1

Figure 1 is a pictorial cut-off view that shows the parts of any object. Although it shows the original feature of the object but how to construct it is another thing. This is shown in the technical drawing like in Figure 2. It may give the building details of the object.

Importance of Drafting Technical Drawing or drafting is known to be one of the basic languages of technology, namely math, science and drawing, Through this application a technology task can be performed correctly. E amples of it is the schematic diagram of a circuit for electronics technician & electrician, detailed plan of an object for carpenters and machinist, technical and floor plans for carpenters and construction workers. Although drafting is sometimes accomplished by a project engineer, architect ! or e"en by shop personnel such as a machinist ! skilled drafters #and$or designers% usually accomplish the task and are always in demand to some le"el. &ut basically it must be a common competency for all technical workers in order to interpret the task to be performed and could prepare one to describe other details of the task to be performed to other co!workers.

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Module Introduction

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Conditions:
Trainees must *e pro&ided #it! t!e ollo#ing:

'. (earning )aterials )odule* +repare & ,nterpret Technical Drawing )anuals of Tools -. Training .acilities /tudy area 0iewing Area Tool room$cabinets 1. Tools, /upplies and )aterials

Drawing Triangles Drafting Tape Erasing /hield (ettering 3uide +rotractor Drafting &oard /ample projects

2leaning +ad Dusting &rush ,rregular 2ur"e )echanical +encil /cale Drawing +late

2ompass /et Eraser (ead +ointer 4rdinary +encil 5D Template +rojection &o

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Learning Element 1
"ra#ing Tools - $.uipment

LO

Learning Outcomes

,n completion of this element you should be able to* ,dentify the basic drawing tools E plain the importance of the tools. Discuss the use of each drawing tools. E plain the safety of using drawing tools. ,dentify the different category of drawing tools. Apply the 6/ principles at the workplace.

Resources

To undertake this element you are re7uired to ha"e on hands the following resources* ,nformation sheet 8'* ,mportance of 5and tools /elf 2heck Answer /heet 9ob /heet

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!earning "cti#it$ 1

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Reading Acti&ity
(earning 4utcome ,nformation sheet '

Sel (C!ec%
Answer the 7uestions on the 7uestionnaire: ask for the answer sheet from your trainer. 2heck your answers by looking at the feedback sheets: ask for the assistance of the trainer.

Practice Tas%
;sing the 9ob /heet, perform the practices following the instructions. Ask permission from your instructor. 4bser"e safety practices )aintain cleanliness Ask for e"aluation if you are through with the practice.

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Module Introduction

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

TOOLS AN" $/UIPM$NT

UNIT OB0$CTI1$ After completion of this unit, you should be able to identify basic drafting tools, use and care for "arious drafting tools. 2ompetencies will be demonstrated by completing the assignment sheets, job sheets, and the unit tests with a minimum score of <6 percent. SP$CI2IC OB0$CTI1$S After completion of this unit, the student should be able to* )atch terms related to drafting tools and e7uipment with their correct definitions. ,dentify basic drafting tools. ,dentify the parts of a standard protractor head. /elect true statements concerning rules for maintenance and care of drafting machines. ,dentify types of compasses. ,dentify types of di"iders. ,dentify types of irregular cur"es. (ist types of common templates. Distinguish between types of drafting pencils. )atch types of leads with the de"ices used to sharpen them. ,dentify tools used for inking. (ist types of pen points. Demonstrate the ability to* a. )easure angles with the protractor on a drafting machine. 30o* S!eet 456 b. Draw hori=ontal and "ertical lines with triangles and a drafting machine. 30o* S!eet 476 c. Di"ide a circle into -> parts of '6? by using 1@?$A@? and >6? triangles. 30o* S!eet 486 d. ;se a compass to draw circle and arcs.30o* S!eet 496 e. Di"ide a line using a di"ider. 30o* S!eet 4:6 f. )easure angles with a protractor. 30o* S!eet 4;6

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De'inition o' Ter()

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Terms and "e initions "ra#ing Media ! Any type of drawing material upon which an object is graphically represented. <ori=ontal ! +arallel to the plane of a hori=on.
$>ample:

In% ! 2omposed mainly of carbon in colloidal suspension #late or solution of special shellac% and gum
#B4TE* The fine particles of carbon gi"e the deep, dark, black appearance to the ink, and the gum makes it 7uick to dry and waterproof.%

Lead ! made of graphite with kaolin #clay% added in "arying amounts in order to make the eighteen grades from the hardest #C5% to the softest #D&%
#B4TE* 3rade labeling "aries according to the manufacturer.%

Parallel ! Two lines or surfaces side by side, e7ual distances apart at all points.
$>ample:

Perpendicular ! At a C@? angle to a gi"en plane or line.

$>ample:

1ernier ! A measuring de"ice consisting of a main fi ed scale and a smaller graduated scale that slides to obtain fine measurements. 1ertical ! A line straight up and down, perpendicular to the hori=ontal plane.
$>ample:

?or%ing Sur ace ! Any surface such as a drafting board or desk used to secure drawing media.

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In'or(ation +heet 1

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Basic "ra#ing Tools Ad@usta*le Triangle ! used for drawing "ertical or inclined lines that is not at the standard '6? increments. Cleaning Pad ! A loosely wo"en bag of ground art gum eraser used to remo"e loose graphite from a drawing. Compass ! ;sed to draw circles and arcs. Compass Adapter ! A de"ice which holds a technical pen in a proper position in a compass "i&ider ! ;sed to transfer dimensions "ra ting tape ! A specially!prepared tape used to adhere drawing media to the working surface "usting *rus! ! ;sed to brush loose graphite and eraser dust from a drawing $raser ! ;sed to remo"e pencil lines and graphite smudges from a drawing $raser s!ield ! A metal plate with "arious slots and openings used to protect line work when a portion of a drawing is to be erased Irregular cur&e ! ;sed to lay out any noncircular cur"e Lead pointer ! ;sed for sharpening mechanical pencils Lettering guide ! ;sed to lay out guidelines for lettering Mec!anical pencils E ;sed to hold leads of "arious hardness Protractor ! ;sed to measure angles Scales ! ;sed to measure the length of a line Template ! A thin, flat, plastic tools with "arious si=e openings of different shapes used to e pedite the drawing of standard features Triangle ! A thin, flat, right!angled piece of plastic or metal with acute angles of >6?, or 1@? and A@? used for drawing "ertical or inclined lines that are multiples of '6?

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In'or(ation +heet 1

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

-a)ic Drawing Tool)

Adjustable Triangle

C mpass & Di!iders

Technical Pens

Dusting "rush

Dra#ting Tape

Cleaning Pad

$ead P inter

Irregular Cur!es

'rasing (hield

'raser

%echanical Pencil/ $ead & lder

$ettering )uide

Templates

Pr tract rs

$i+uid In, 'raser *egular Triangles (cale

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In'or(ation +heet 1

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

-a)ic Drawing /0uip(ent

Drawing -oard

Dra'ting Ta1le

T.(+uare

Parallel "ar Dra#ting %achine

'lb w Dra#ting %achine $.(+uare -.Trac, Dra#ter

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In'or(ation +heet 1

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Types o

dra ting mac!ines and !o# t!ey operate

A. Parallel *ar ! A parallel bar is a long flat bar similar to a T!s7uare that has a hollow area in its middle through which cable pass. These cables work through a series of pulleys, and the ends are attached to a tension bracket. The cables allow the bar to mo"e in a parallel motion up and down the working surface.

C"-!/ PU!!/3+ C"-!/ -"R T/N+ION -R"C2/T

&. $l*o# dra ting mac!ine ! An elbow drafting machine has a protractor head which can be adjusted to any angle measurement accurate to the nearest 6 minutes of a degree. The protractor head mo"es in any direction on the working surface. The head is mounted at the end of two arms hinged in the middle with an elbow swi"el joint. This allows the drafter to make parallel lines at any angle.
Clamp

'lb w

$ wer Arm

0pper Arm

-ertical (cale & ri/ ntal (cale

Pr tract r &ead

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In'or(ation +heet 1

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

2. 1(trac% dra ter ! The 0!track machine has a protractor head which can be adjusted to any angle measurement accurate to the nearest 6 minutes of a degree: this protractor head mo"es on a "ertical track which in turn mo"es on a hori=ontal track. This allows the drafter to make parallel lines in any directions.
% unting Clamp & ri/ ntal Trac,

-ertical Trac, Pi! t P int

-ertical (cale & ri/ ntal (cale Pr tract r head

& ri/ ntal/-ertical "rea,

Advantages of each type of drafting machines A. Advantages of a parallel bar '. -. 1. >. Easy to make hori=ontal lines )ore accurate than a T!s7uare 0ery little maintenance /imple to operate

B. Advantages of an elbow drafting machine '. -. 1. >. ,ncreases drafting output Fe7uires fewer tools to operate (ess e pensi"e than 0!track machine 2an be aligned to any base line

C. Advantages of a V-track drafting machine '. -. 1. >. 6. /imple to operate 0ersatile Accuracy is better maintained. All areas of drafting board are accessible. .ew working parts

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In'or(ation +heet 1

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Parts o

a standard protractor !ead

Rules

or maintenance and care o

dra ting mac!ines

A. Geep support clamps secured snugly to desk. &. Geep scales aligned and tight.
#2A;T,4B* Do not o"er tighten%

2. Geep scales clean D. Geep scales flat on working surface. Do not lift machines by scales. E. Geep band tension adjusted properly. .. +rotractor head should adjust easily.
#2A;T,4B* Do not force. 2heck protractor brake wing nut.%

3. Tighten baseline and protractor wing nuts snugly but nit too tightly.
#2A;T,4B* Do not force.%

5. (ift machine by handle to mo"e from position to position. ,. )ake sure scales are ne"er used to cut or tear paper. 9. Be"er use scales as straight edges for cutting with a knife. G. Be"er store drafting machine with scales protruding o"er the edge of drafting table.

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In'or(ation +heet 1

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Types o

compasses

"4 5riction

-4 -ow

"12

3'T "12

D*1P (P*I4)

(P''D "12

C4 -ea(

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In'or(ation +heet 1

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Types o

di&iders

"4 5riction

-4 -ow

C4 Proportional

Types o

irregular cur&es

5le6ible Cur!e &ips Cur!e 5rench Cur!e

*ule Cur!e

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In'or(ation +heet 1

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Types o

common template A. &. 2. D. E. .. 3. 5. ,. 9. G. 2ircle Ellipse ,sometric ellipse Architectural +iping /tructural steel shape 5e bolt head Thread +lumbing 2i"il Electronic

#B4TE* )any others may be added to this list.%

Rules A. &. 2. D. E. .. 3. 5. ,. 9.

or maintenance and care o

dra ting tools and e.uipment

Geep hands and e7uipment clean. Geep all instruments clean and dry. Do not bend templates sharply. Do not use templates or scales as edges for cutting tools. Do not use templates as eraser shields. Do not hit scales and triangle on edges. Do not o"ere tend compasses and di"iders. 2lean plastic tools with soap and water only. Do not stick compasses and di"ider points into scales and triangles. Be"er sharpen leads o"er drawing and table surface. Page 1& 03/08/2008

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Unit In'or(ation +heet 1 Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Types o

dra ting pencils

A. Mec!anical lead !older ! (ead re7uires sharpening

&. T!in(lead mec!anical sharpening

pencils

(ead

does

not

re7uire

C, Regular Pencil

#B4TE* )any styles of thin!lead mechanical pencils are a"ailable.%

Types o

leads and de&ices used to s!arpen t!em

A, Compass leads '. file -. /andpaper pad B, Mec!anical lead(!older leads '. /andpaper!cone lead pointer -. )etal!cutter lead pointer

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In'or(ation +heet 1

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Tools used A. &. 2. D.

or in%ing

Technical pen ,nk riser Triangles with inking edges ,nking erasers '. +lastic "inyl -. 2hemically!imbibed 1. (i7uid pen points

Types o

A. Stainless steel for hand use and programmed automated digital plotters! B. 0e#el for hand use and automated digital plotters!
"#T$% The jewel point can fracture if it is dropped& or if the point should meet with impact on a hard surface' therefore& do not top a pen with a jewel point on the desk top.!

C. Tungsten(car*ide for use with programmed automated digital plotters! D. Plotter pens available in li(uid ink plotting points& ball point cartridges& or felt tip pens.! ?ays to properly use and care or tec!nical pens

A. The proper way to hold the technical pen is "ertically, with a "ery light touch. &. Hhile drawing, always pull the technical pen: ne"er push it. 2. The air channel allows air enter the ink cartridge in order to replace the ink that has been used. D. The technical pen should always be capped when not in use, e"en if not used for a short period of time. E. The wire!weight should ne"er be remo"ed during cleaning, specially si=es 1@mm 8@@ or smaller. .. Hhen a technical pen is to be stored for an e tended period of time, it should be cleaned well and filled with pen cleaning solution.
"#T$% )heck the manufacturer*s recommendation.!

3. &efore using the pen that has been stored a long time, flush it with warm water, thoroughly dry it, and refill it with ink mmgsibal Page 1, 03/08/2008

6o1 +heet No4 1

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

OP$RAT$ AN A"0USTABL$ TRIANAL$ A. Tools and E7uipment Adjustable triangle +arallel bar$Drawing &oard Acti"ity +aper +encil Eraser &. +rocedure /et re7uired angle on triangle by loosening adjusting knob and setting the scale. #see figure below% Fead numbers on lower half of scale if re7uired angle is greater than >6?. The angle will be the actual angle made by the triangle. Fead numbers on upper half of scale if re7uired angle is less than >6?. The angle will be complementary to the angle.

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6o1 +heet No4 1

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

"#T$% Adjustable triangle can also be adjusted so that the long side can serve as the base line. This changes the direction the individual lines will run. +ee figure below.!

>. +ractice setting "arious angles and rotating triangle to get "arious line angle. 6. 2onstruct parallel lines by drawing along one edge of the triangle. /lide the triangle along working edge to knew position and construct the new line. #.igure 1%

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6o1 +heet No4 2

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

"RA? <ORIBONTAL AN" 1$RTICAL LIN$S ?IT< TRIANAL$ AN" "RA2TINA MAC<IN$

A. Tools and e7uipment '. -. 1. >. 6. Drafting machine$Drawing Table /tandard triangles Two sheets of drafting media +encil Eraser

&. +rocedure '. +lace the drawing media on the drafting surface. -. /et the drafting machine at the I@J mark with parallel scale appro imately hori=ontal to the drawing surface. 1. Align the bottom edge of the drawing media with the parallel scale. >. Tape the drawing in place. 6. Draw hori=ontal lines using the parallel scale as a guide.

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6o1 +heet No4 2

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

A. Draw "ertical lines by placing a triangle against the parallel scale and using the "ertical C@? angle side of the triangle to trace along.

2. +roblems* ;sing a new sheet of drawing paper, draw the following figures using the specifications noted. 2onstruct problem ' in the left half of the sheet and +roblem - in the right half of the sheet. +roblem '* (ine A!& is di"ided into A e7ual parts. (ine A!D is di"ided into C e7ual parts.
C D

B 4

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6o1 +heet No4 2

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

#B4TE* Accuracy is a ImustJ for a drafter. Hork on accuracy of spacing and keep all corners clean and sharp.%

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6o1 +heet No4 3

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

"I1I"$" A CIRCL$ INTO 79 PARTS O2 5:C B' USINA 8DC+;DC AN" 9:C TRIANAL$S A. Tools and e7uipment '. -. 1. >. 6. Triangles! 1@?$A@? and >6? Drafting machine or parallel bar Drafting media Drafting pencil Eraser &. +rocedure '. ;se the established center point and lines as a reference point from which two standard triangles can be used to find the first '6? angle. #.igure '% -. ;se one triangle to find the 1@? angle ne t to the '6? angle. 1. ;se one triangle to find the >6? angle ne t to the 1@? angle. >. ;se one triangle to find the A@? angle ne t to the >6? angle. 6. ;se two triangles to find theD6? angle ne t to the A@? angle. A. ;se one triangle to find the C@? angle ne t to the D6? angle. D. 2ontinue with triangles and drafting machine or parallel bar until the circle has been di"ided into -> parts and each angle has been correctly labeled.

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6o1 +heet No4 3

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

D. +roblem!Di"ided the circle below into -> parts of '6?.

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6o1 +heet No4 4

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

US$ A COMPASS TO "RA? CIRCL$ AN" ARCS A. Tools and E7uipment '. compass -. Eraser 1. Drafting )edia #IAJ si=e "ellum! < K >. Drafting pencil &. +rocedure
"#T$% A compass is used to draw circles or arcs that are too large or different in si,e from a circle template.!

''J%

'. /et the radius to be used.

)aution% Do not place the compass directly on the scale because this practice could eventually damage the scale.!

-. After radius is determined, start the circle by holding the compass handle between the thumb and the forefinger.

1. 2omplete the circle by rotating the compass in a clockwise direction.

>. ;se the scale to check accuracy of the diameter before darkening lines.

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6o1 +heet No4 4

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Pro*lem* 2onstruct a 1 '$-J s7uare centered on the "ellum and constructs a figure like the one shown below in that space. Draw ' 1$>J radius arcs at A, &, 2, and D, and construct small arcs so that they intersect as shown in the below. 2omplete the problem by adding center lines.
"#T$% #mit radius lines A& -& )& and D from finished drawing.!

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6o1 +heet No4 4

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

US$ A "I1I"$R TO "I1I"$ A LIN$ INTO $/UAL PARTS, A. Tools and E7uipment '. -. 1. >. &. Di"ider Eraser Drafting media #IAJ si=e "ellum% Drafting pencil

+rocedure

#B4TE* A di"ider is used to transfer a dimension from one point to another or to subdi"ide a line into a gi"en number of e7ual parts.% '. To di"ide a line into a gi"en number of e7ual parts, set one point of the di"ider at one end of the line. -. ;se one hand to adjust the di"ider to appro imately '$1 the distance of the line. #B4TE* Distance will change defending upon number of di"isions.% 1. /wing the di"ider clockwise to the second point on the line. >. /wing the di"ider counterclockwise to the third point on the line. #B4TE* ,f spacing is too short or too long, lengthen or shorten the di"ider spacing slightly and try again. This is a trial and error method, but a useful method to practice.%

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6o1 +heet No4 4

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

2.

+roblem! 2onstruct a >J s7uare in the center of the working space. ;sing the figure below as an e ample, di"ide lines A!D and &!2 into se"en e7ual parts locating the corners of the s7uares. 2onstruct the s7uares and complete the figure by adding center lines. -

"

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6o1 +heet No4

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

M$ASUR$ ANAL$S ?IT< A PROTRACTOR A. Tools and supplies '. +rotractor -. +encil &. +rocedure 1. +lace the base line or '<@? line of the protractor along one leg of angle to be measured with the "erte of angle at marked center point of the protractor. #.igure '% >. /tarting at =ero, read up the side of the protractor right or left depending on the angle being measured. .,3;FE '

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6o1 +heet No4

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

2. +roblems! )easure and record the angles shown in the blanks pro"ided.

14 7777777777777

24 7777777777777

44 7777777777777

34 7777777777777

4 7777777777777

%4 7777777777777

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+el' Chec8 91

Unit !earning /le(ent

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Drawing Tool) & /0uip(ent

'. )atch the terms on the right with their correct definitions. LLLL a. At a C@ angle to a gi"en '. Drawing )edia plane or line LLLL b. A line straight up and down, perpendicular to the hori=ontal plane LLLL c. )ade of graphite with kaolin added in "arying amounts in order to make the eighteen grades from the hardest to the softest LLLL d. A measuring de"ice consisting of a main fi ed scale and a smaller graduated scale that slides to obtain fine measurements LLLL e. Any type of material upon which an object is graphically represented -. 5ori=ontal 1. ,nk >. (ead 6. +arallel A. +erpendicular D. 0ernier <. 0ertical

LLLL f. Two lines or surfaces side by side, e7ual C. Horking /urface distances apart at all points LLLL g. 2omposed mainly of carbon in colloidal suspension and gum LLLL h. +arallel to the plane of the hori=on -. ,dentify the following basic drafting tools. a. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL c. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL e. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL g. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL i. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL b. d. f. h. j. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL

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+el' Chec8 91

Unit !earning /le(ent

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Drawing Tool) & /0uip(ent

'

: i

1. Distinguish among the types of drafting machines by placing the following letters ne t to the correct descriptions* E! Elbow Drafting )achine +! +arallel &ar 0! 0!track Drafting )achine

LLLL a. 5as a protractor head which can be adjusted to any angle measurement accurate to the nearest 6 minutes of a degree: this protractor head mo"es on a "ertical track which in turn mo"es on a hori=ontal track. LLLL b. 5as a protractor head which can be adjusted to any angle measurement accurate to the nearest 6 minutes of a degree. The protractor head mo"es in any direction of the working surface. The head is mounted at the end of two arms hinged in the middle with a swi"el joint. LLLL c. ,s a long flat bar similar to a T!s7uare that has a hollow area in its middle through which cable pass. These cables work through a series of pulleys, and the ends are attached to a tension bracket. The cables allow it to mo"e in a parallel motion up and down the working surface.

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+el' Chec8 91

Unit !earning /le(ent

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Drawing Tool) & /0uip(ent

>. (ist two ad"antages for each type of drafting machine. a. +arallel bar '% LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL -% LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL b. Elbow drafting machine '% LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL -% LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL c. 0!track drafting machine '% LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL -% LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 6. ,dentify parts of a standard protractor head. a. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL b. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL c. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL d. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL e. f. g. h. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL D <

"

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+el' Chec8 91

Unit !earning /le(ent

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Drawing Tool) & /0uip(ent

A. /elect true statements concerning rules for maintenance and care of drafting machines by placing an IMJ ne t to the true statements. LLLL a. Geep scales aligned and tight. LLLL b. /cales can be used as straight edges of cutting kni"es. LLLL c. /cales do not need to be kept clean. LLLL d. Tighten baseline and protractor wing nuts snugly but not too tight. LLLL e. /tore drafting machine with scales protruding o"er the edge of the drafting table. LLLL f. (ift and mo"e drafting machine by the scales. LLLL g. +rotractor heads are hard to adjust: force it necessary. LLLL h. Geep band tension adjusted properly. LLLL i. Geep support clamps loose when not in use. D. ,dentify the following types of compasses. a. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL b. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL

<. ,dentify the following types of di"iders. a. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL b. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL C. ,dentify the following types of irregular cur"es. a. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL b. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL

'@. (ist fi"e types of common templates. a. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL b. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL c. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL d. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL e. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL

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+el' Chec8 91

Unit !earning /le(ent

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Drawing Tool) & /0uip(ent

''. /elect true statements concerning rules for maintenance and care of drafting tools and e7uipment by placing an IMJ in the appropriate blanks. LLLL a. Do not bend templates sharply. LLLL b. Templates and scales can be used as straight edges for cutting. LLLL c. Geep all instruments clean and dry. LLLL d. A circle template can be used as an eraser shield. LLLL e. Do not hit scales and triangles on edges. LLLL f. 2ompasses and di"iders cannot be o"ere tended. LLLL g. 2lean plastic tools with soap and water only. '-. Distinguish between the types of drafting pencils by placing an IMJ ne t to the description of the thin!lead mechanical pencil and an I4J ne t to the mechanical lead holder. LLLL a. (ead re7uires sharpening. LLLL b. (ead does not re7uire sharpening. '1. )atch the types of lead on the right with the de"ices used to sharpen them. LLLL a. .ile LLLL b. /andpaper pad LLLL c. )etal!cutter lead pointer LLLL d. /andpaper!cone lead pointer '>. ,dentify the following tools used for inking. a. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL '6. (ist three types of pen points. a. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL b. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL c. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL b. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL '. 2ompass leads -. )echanical lead! holder leads

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2e$ to Correction

Unit !earning /le(ent

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Drawing Tool) & /0uip(ent

5,
a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

7,
a. cur"es f. drafting table c. erasing shield h. bow g. (!s7uare di"ider b. eraser d. protractor i. beam e. template j. T!s7uare

8,
a.

b.

c.

9,
Ad&antages o a parallel *ar Easy to make hori=ontal lines )ore accurate than a T!s7uare 0ery little maintenance /imple to operate Ad&antages o an el*o# dra ting mac!ine ,ncreases drafting output Fe7uires fewer tools to operate (ess e pensi"e than 0! track machine 2an be aligned to any base line Ad&antages o a 1(trac% dra ting mac!ine /imple to operate 0ersatile Accuracy is better maintained. All areas of drafting board are accessible. .ew working parts

:,
a. baseplate b. protractor c. handle d. adjusting screw e. "ernier plate f. chuck plate g. inde thumbpiece h. scale chuck

;,
a.

d.

h.

F,
friction bow beam

E,
friction bow proportional

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2e$ to Correction

Unit !earning /le(ent

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Drawing Tool) & /0uip(ent

H,
5ip 2ur"e .le ible 2ur"e .rench 2ur"e Fuled 2ur"e

5D,
2ircle Ellipse Architectural +iping /tructural steel shape 5e bolt head +lumbing 2i"il Electronic Thread ,sometric ellipse

55,
a.

G
a.

c.

e.

f.

G
b.

g.

57,

O
b.

G
d.

58,
a.

c.

59,
a. Technical pen b. ,nk riser c. Triangles with inking edges d. ,nking erasers

5:,
/tainless steel Tungsten!carbide 9ewel +lotter pens

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+el' Chec8 9 1

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Drawing Tool) and /0uip(ent

Answer the following Nuestions. 3et the answer sheet from your trainer$instructor. /atisfactory Nuestions Fesponse The trainee should answer the following questions '. )atching of Terms -. ,dentifying tools 1. Distinguishing drawing machines >. Ad"antages of drawing machines 6. ,dentifying parts E protractor heads A. Fules for maintenance E drafting machines D. Types of compasses <. Types of di"iders C. Types of irregular cur"es '@. Types of common templates ''. Fules for maintenance E drafting tools '-. Types of drafting pencils '1. Types of sharpeners '>. ,nking tools '6. types of pen points YES NO

The traineeOs underpinning knowledge was P Q /atisfactory P Q Bot satisfactory .eedback to Trainee*

TraineeOs /ignature* TrainerOs /ignature

Date* Date*

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Unit "))e))(ent Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Drawing Tool) & /0uip(ent

Per ormance $&aluation

Assessment 2riteria The trainee will be assessed through the following criteria: Answered all the inter"iew 7uestions clearly +erformed all acti"ities accordingly .ollowed all instructions in the acti"ities +erformed housekeeping after working 4bser"ed safety precautions

/atisfactory Fesponse YES NO

TraineesO +erformance is* P Q /atisfactory P Q Bot /atisfactory

.eedback to Trainee*

TraineeOs /ignature* TrainerOs /ignature*

Date* Date*

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Learning Element 2
S%etc!ing

LO

Learning Outcomes

,n completion of this element you should be able to*

)atch terms related to sketching with their correct definitions. /tate purposes of sketching. /elect true statements concerning rules in sketching. Arrange in order the steps in completing a drawing. Distinguish between types of sketches.

Resources

To undertake this element you are re7uired to ha"e on hands the following resources* ,nformation sheet 8-* /ketching /elf 2heck Answer /heet 9ob /heet

Unit

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing

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!earning "cti#it$ 2

Module

Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Reading Acti&ity
(earning 4utcome ,nformation sheet -

Sel (C!ec% 7
Answer the 7uestions on the 7uestionnaire: ask for the answer sheet from your trainer. 2heck your answers by looking at the feedback sheets: ask for the assistance of the trainer.

Practice Tas%
;sing the 9ob /heet, perform the practices following the instructions. Ask permission from your instructor. 4bser"e safety practices )aintain cleanliness Ask for e"aluation if you are through with the practice.

Module Introduction

Unit

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing

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Module

Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

S)$TC<INA
UNIT OB0$CTI1$ After completion of this unit, the student should be able to state the purpose and procedures for "arious types of sketching. The student should also be able to sketch straight lines, arcs, circles, ellipses and cubes and create a freehand digiti=ed drawing. 2ompetencies will be demonstrated by completing the assignment sheets, job sheet, and the unit tests with a minimum score of <6 percent. SP$CI2IC OB0$CTI1$S After completion of this unit, the student should be able to: '. )atch terms related to sketching with their correct definitions. -. /tate purposes of sketching. 1. /elect true statements concerning rules in sketching. >. Arrange in order the steps in completing a drawing. 6. Distinguish between types of sketches. A. /elect true statements concerning factors in center line usage. D. /tate ways to interpret the meaning of lies. <. /elect true statements concerning freehand digiti=ing on 2ADD. C. ,dentify types of coordinate entries. '@. (ist types of grids used for freehand sketching. ''. /ketch straight lines. #Assignment sheet 8'% '-. /ketch arcs. # Assignment sheet 8-% '1. /ketch circles. # Assignment sheet 81% '>. /ketch ellipses. # Assignment sheet 8>% '6. /ketch an isometric cube. # Assignment sheet 86% 'A. /ketch an obli7ue cube. # Assignment sheet8A% 'D. /ketch a cone. # Assignment sheet 8 D% '<. &lock in a "iew of a part. # Assignment sheet 8<%

De'inition o' Ter()

Unit

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing

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Module

Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Terms and "e initions A. Arc! Any portion of the circumference of a circle. A*C

&. Diameter! The distance across a circle passing through its center point. DIA%'T'*

D. Ellipse! A foreshortened circle ha"ing a major a is and a minor a is. %aj r A6is %aj r A6is E. .ocus #.oci% ! +oint#s% which lines come toward each other or mo"e away from each other. .. .reehand technical sketching! )aking a drawing without the use of instrument, yet with care taken to obtain the correct line widths. 9. ,sometric sketch! A sketch based on the object being drawn on three a is spaced '-@ apart. (. )ajor a is! The a is passing through the foci of an ellipse. B. )inor a is! The chord of an ellipse passing through the center perpendicular to the major a is. 4. 4bli7ue sketch! A sketch that shows the face of the object parallel with the plane of projection. +. 4rigin ! An M, R, or M, R, S coordinate from which all geometry is referenced. N. +roportioning! Drawing parts of an object in the same si=e relationship as the object itself. F. Fadius E The distance from the center point of a circle to the 4utside circumference. *adius

0. /ketch lines E .reehand connections between two or more points.

In'or(ation +heet 2 Unit Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing

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Module

Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Purpose o

S%etc!ing

+reliminary approach to a problem before going to the e pense of making an instrument drawing. To gi"e the drafter a better picture of the object to be drawn .or recording notes and technical information in the shop or field for the future use in the drafting department. As an aid to Ithink throughJ the solution to an engineering!type problem.

Rules in S%etc!ing
A scale is not re7uired. /ketches are drawn in proportion.#B4TE* 3ridded paper can be helpful to keep objects proportional.% /mall objects are sketched larger than their normal si=e. .reehand lines are rough, not rigid. (ine contrast should be used. A soft pencil should be used. .inished line work should be dark and conform to line alphabet standard. /ketches are dimensioned the same as machine drawings.

In'or(ation +heet 2

Unit

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing

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Module

Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Steps in completing a dra#ing

/elect necessary "iews. &lock in lightly the shape of the object. &lock in details in each "iew. Erase unwanted construction lines. Darken lines.

Types o

s%etc!es

Pictorial E A picture like, three Edimensional drawing of an object as it appears to the eye.

Multi(&ie# ! A drawing showing the separate "iews of an object, arranged so each "iew is related to the other "iews.

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In'or(ation +heet 2

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

2actors in center line usage

;sed to show a is of symmetry #B4TE/* 2enter lines are sometimes called symmetry lines.% ;sed to show the center line of both circles and paths motion. /ymbol for center line is The center line should be e tended TJ past the "isible line.

(ong dashes should begin and terminate center lines. #B4TE* 2enter lines for small holes can be thin solid lines.% A gap must be present when a center line is a continuation of a "isible or hidden line. #B4TE* 2enter lines need not be shown on filleted corners because they are self E locating.%

?ays to interpret t!e meaning o

A "isible or hidden line can mean #indicate% the intersection of two surfaces.

lines

A "isible or hidden line can mean #indicate% an edge "iew of a surface. A "isible or hidden line can mean #indicate% a contour "iew of a cur"ed surface. #B4TE* ,t is necessary to e amine all "iews carefully to determine their meaning since no shading is used on working drawings.%

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In'or(ation +heet 2

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Met!ods

or proportioning a s%etc!

Appro imation by eye method o 4bject is studied for its "arious shapes. o /i=e of each shape is compared to each other. o /i=e of shape is compared with o"erall width, height, and depth of object. #B4TE* ;se part of the object as reference point to compare against.%

+encil and eye method E The pencil is used as measuring stick to proportion height, width, depth and angels. #B4TE* This is commonly known as an artist techni7ue.% Actual measurement methods o /cale o +roportional di"ider o 2alipers Types o grids a&aila*le or ree!and s%etc!ing

3raph paper! >, 6, < or '@ s7uares per inch. ,sometric grid E 3raph paper with guide lines at 1@ angels from the hori=ontal. +erspecti"e grid! 3raph paper that pro"ides "anishing points and projection lines for one!two!point perspecti"e.

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6o1 +heet No4 %

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

S)$TC<INA ASSIANM$NT S<$$T 45( S)$TC< STRAIA<T LIN$S A. 3uidelines for sketching hori=ontal and "ertical lines +roperty locates end points of line. &y trial mo"ement from left point to right point, position arm without marking on the paper. Geep your eye on the point where the line will end and sketch short, light lines between points. 3NOT$: "o not permit your eye to ollo# t!e pencil,6

Erase unneeded lines with a soft eraser and darken the remaining line to form one uniformly wide, continuous line. #B4TE* At this stage, your eye needs to lead the pencil along the light sketch line.%

Draw straight lines that are parallel to the drafting table edge #border lines% by aligning the paper on the drafting board edge and letting the third and fourth fingers of the drawing hand act as a guide by sliding them along the edge of the board while drawing the line. #2A;T,4B* This should be done only on tables with proper edging material.%

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6o1 +heet No4 %

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

ASSIANM$NT S<$$T 45 &. 3uidelines for sketching inclined lines

Fotate the paper for inclined straight lines to a position that would make the hori=ontal or "ertical lines.

Estimate angles by sketching a right angle and a >6? angle, subdi"ide into '6? angles and then obtain the re7uired angle. Erase all unneeded construction lines.

"irections:
;sing the drawing papers to be pro"ided to you by your trainer, sketch the following lines by connecting points A to points &. +roblem A * 0ertical (ines +roblem & * hori=ontal (ines +roblem 2 * ,nclined (ines

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6o1 +heet No4 &

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

ASSIANM$NT S<$$T 47IS)$TC< ARCS A. 3uidelines for sketching arcs '. /ketch a bo corner.

-.

)ark off radius distance from corner point.

*adius

*adius 1. /wing a rough arc from center point.

>.

Darken arc.

&. +roblem* /ketch arcs in the following corners. #3et your drawing papers to your trainers.% mmgsibal Page 2 03/08/2008

6o1 +heet No4 *

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

ASSIANM$NT S<$$T 48IS)$TC< CIRCL$S A. 3uidelines for sketching circles. '. /ketch in center lines.

-.

&o

in circle at a diameter re7uired.

1. +ut in diagonal lines and marks radius points from center.

>. arcs.

Fotate wrist in a circular motion and connect

6.

Erase construction lines and darken outline.

&. +roblems* /ketch the three circles below using the gi"en appro imate measurements. KJ radius mmgsibal UJ diameter Page 3 'J radius 03/08/2008

6o1 +heet No4 ,

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

ASSIANM$NT49IS)$TC< $LLIPS$S A. 3uidelines for sketching ellipses )ark off major and minor a es on center

'. lines.

-.

&o

in outlines of the ellipse.

1.

/ketch in major and minor arcs of ellipse.

>. Fotate wrist in a cur"ing motion and connect arcs.

6. Erase construction lines and darken ellipses outline.

&. +roblems* /ketch three ellipses using the gi"en appro imate measurements. mmgsibal Page 4 03/08/2008

'. -. 1.
6o1 +heet No4 1.

UJ major a is, KJminor a is -J major a is, 'J minor a is -J major a is, K I minor a is
Unit Module Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

"++I;NM/NT +<//T 9 === +2/TC< "N I+OM/TRIC CU-/ A7 '. 3uidelines for sketching an isometric cube (ay out the isometric a es.

309

309 "A('

-. /ketch an isometric bo so the height, width, and depth of the bo , are the same as the object #cube%.
D'PT&

&'I)&T

2IDT&

1.

Darken all final lines.

87 'rase c nstructi n lines7

&. +roblem* /ketch an isometric cube using the dimensions ' KJ ' KJ ' KJ. mmgsibal Page 03/08/2008

1cm M 1cm M 1cm

6o1 +heet No4 11

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

ASSIANM$NT S<$$T 4; ((( S)$TC< AN OBLI/U$ CUB$ A. 3uidelines for sketching an obli7ue cube

'. /ketch the front "iew of the object #cube%. The height and width are the same as the object.

&'I)&T -'*TICA$ &1*I:14TA$

2IDT&

-. use.% 1. edges.

/ketch receding a is lines. #B4TE* >6V angle is a common angle to Estimate the depth. Then draw the back

8;9

>.

/ketch all details and darken final lines

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A. Erase construction lines. &. +roblem* /ketch an obli7ue cube using the dimensions -J -J -J and >cm M 1cm M >cm.
+el' Chec8 92 Unit !earning /le(ent Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing +8etching

'. )atch the terms below with their correct definitions. LLLLLLLa. A point at which lines come toward each other or mo"e away from each other. LLLLLLLb. A foreshortened circle ha"ing a major a is and a minor a is. LLLLLLLc. )aking a drawing without the use of instruments, yet with care taken to obtain the correct line widths LLLLLLLd. The chord of an ellipse passing through the center & perpendicular to the technical major a is. LLLLLLLe. The distance from the center point of the circle to the outside circumference. LLLLLLLf. The a is passing through the foci of an ellipse. LLLLLLLg. Any portion of the circumference of a circle. LLLLLLLh. The distance across a circle passing through its center point. LLLLLLLi. A sketch based on the object being drawn on three a is spaced '-@V apart. LLLLLLLj. Drawing parts of an object in the same si=e relationship as the object itself. '. Arc -. )ajor a is mmgsibal D. Diameter <. )inor a is Page & '1. Digiti=e '>. Ellipse 03/08/2008

1. 4bli7ue >. 3eometry 6. Fadius A. .reehand

C. .ocus '@. +roportion ''. ,sometric '-. Geyfile

'6. 4rigin 'A. 3rid 'D. /cale '<. Fepaint

+el' Chec8 92

Unit !earning /le(ent

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing +8etching

-. /tate two purposes of sketching. a. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL b. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 1. /elect true statements concerning rules in sketching by placing an IMJ ne t to the true statements.
LLLLa. An architect scale must be used in sketching. LLLLb. /mall objects are sketched larger than their normal si=e. LLLLc. .reehand lines are finished and rigid. LLLLd. /ketches do not need to be drawn in proportion. LLLLe. (ine contrast should be used. LLLLf. A hard pencil should be used. LLLLg. .inished line work should be dark and conform to line alphabet standards. LLLLh. /ketches are ne"er dimensioned.

>. Arrange in order the steps in completing a drawing by placing the correct se7uence numbers in the appropriate blanks.
LLLLLLa. Erase unwanted construction lines. LLLLLLb. /elect necessary "iews.

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LLLLLLc. &lock in lightly the shape of the object. LLLLLLd. Darken lines. LLLLLLe. &lock in details in each "iew.

6. Distinguish between the types of sketches by placing an IMJ ne t to the description of a pictorial sketch. LLLLLLa. A drawing showing the separate "iews of an object, arranged so each "iew is related to the other "iews. LLLLLLb. A picture like, three!dimensional drawing of an object as it appears to the eye.

+el' Chec8 92

Unit !earning /le(ent

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing +8etching

A. /elect true statements concerning factors in center line usage by placing an IMJ ne t to the true statements. LLLLLLa. 2enter lines are used to show a is of symmetry. LLLLLLb. The symbol for center line is W. LLLLLLc. The center line should e tend 'J past the "isible line. LLLLLLd. (ong dashes should be begin and terminate center lines. D. .ill in the blanks in the following sentence on ways to interpret the meaning of lines. A "isible or hidden line can mean LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLL 4rLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLL

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<. (ist three methods for proportioning a sketch. a. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLL b. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLL c. ! LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLL C. (ist three types of grids used for freehand sketching. a. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLL b. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLL c. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLL

2e$ to Correction

Unit !earning /le(ent

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing +8etching

5,
'. .oci A. )ajor a is -. Ellipse D. Arc 1. .reehand <. Diameter >. )inor a is C. ,sometric 6. Fadius '@. +roportioning

7,
+reliminary approach to a problem before going to the e pense of making an instrument drawing. Page %. 03/08/2008

mmgsibal

To gi"e the drafter a better picture of the object to be drawn .or recording notes and technical information in the shop or field for the future use in the drafting department. As an aid to Ithink throughJ the solution to an engineering! type problem.

8,
A scale is not re7uired. /ketches are drawn in proportion.#B4TE* 3ridded paper can be helpful to keep objects proportional.% /mall objects are sketched larger than their normal si=e. .reehand lines are rough, not rigid. (ine contrast should be used. A soft pencil should be used. .inished line work should be dark and conform to line alphabet standard. /ketches are dimensioned the same as machine drawings.

9,
a. 9 b. 5 c. 7 d. : e. 8

:,
b.

;,
a.

d.

2e$ to Correction

Unit !earning /le(ent

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing +8etching

F,
A "isible or hidden line can mean #indicate% the intersection of two surfaces. A "isible or hidden line can mean #indicate% an edge "iew of a surface. A "isible or hidden line can mean #indicate% a contour "iew Page %1 03/08/2008

mmgsibal

of a cur"ed surface.

E,
Appro imation by eye method +encil and eye method Actual measurement methods

H,
3raph paper! >, 6, < or '@ s7uares per inch. ,sometric grid E 3raph paper with guide lines at 1@ angels from the hori=ontal. +erspecti"e grid! 3raph paper that pro"ides "anishing points and projection lines for one!two!point perspecti"e.

+el' Chec8 9 2

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing +8etching

Answer the following Nuestions. 3et the answer sheet from your trainer$instructor. /atisfactory Nuestions Fesponse The trainee should answer the following questions '. Defining$)atching of Terms YES NO

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-. +urposes of sketching 1. Fules in sketching >. /e7uence of sketching 6. Types of sketches A. ;sing of center lines D. )eaning of lines <. )ethods of proportioning C. Types of grids

The traineeOs underpinning knowledge was P Q /atisfactory P Q Bot satisfactory .eedback to Trainee*

TraineeOs /ignature* TrainerOs /ignature

Date* Date*

"))e))(ent

Unit !earning /le(ent

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing +8etching

Per ormance $&aluation

Assessment 2riteria The trainee will be assessed through the following criteria: mmgsibal Page %3

/atisfactory Fesponse YES NO

03/08/2008

Answered all the inter"iew 7uestions clearly +erformed all acti"ities accordingly .ollowed all instructions in the acti"ities +erformed housekeeping after working 4bser"ed safety precautions

TraineesO +erformance is* P Q /atisfactory P Q Bot /atisfactory

.eedback to Trainee*

TraineeOs /ignature* TrainerOs /ignature*

Date* Date*

Learning Element 3
Alp!a*et o Lines

LO
mmgsibal

Learning Outcomes

,n completion of this element you should be able to* Page %4 03/08/2008

)atch terms related to technical drawing with their correct definitions. /tate purposes of different lines. ;se correct line representations in describing objects through drawing. Arrange in order the steps in completing a drawing. Distinguish among types of lines.

Resources

To undertake this element you are re7uired to ha"e on hands the following resources* ,nformation sheet 81* Alphabet of lines /elf 2heck Answer /heet 9ob /heet

!earning "cti#it$ 3

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Reading Acti&ity
(earning 4utcome ,nformation sheet 1

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Sel (C!ec% 8
Answer the 7uestions on the 7uestionnaire: ask for the answer sheet from your trainer. 2heck your answers by looking at the feedback sheets: ask for the assistance of the trainer.

Practice Tas%
;sing the 9ob /heet, perform the practices following the instructions. Ask permission from your instructor. 4bser"e safety practices )aintain cleanliness Ask for e"aluation if you are through with the practice.

Module Introduction

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Alp!a*et o

Lines

UNIT OB0$CTI1$ After completion of this unit, the student should be able to state the purpose and meaning of "arious types of drawing lines. The student should also be able to sketch objects using the correct lines to accurately graphically represent objects and. 2ompetencies will be demonstrated by completing the

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assignment sheets, job sheet, minimum score of <6 percent.

and

the

unit

tests

with

SP$CI2IC OB0$CTI1$S After completion of this unit, the student should be able to: ;se the correct line to describe an object. /tate purposes of the different lines. /elect true statements concerning rules in drawing. Arrange in order the steps in completing a drawing. Distinguish between types of lines. /elect true statements concerning factors in line usage. /tate ways to interpret the meaning of lines. /ketch straight lines. #Assignment sheet 8'% /ketch arcs. # Assignment sheet 8-% /ketch circles. # Assignment sheet 81% /ketch ellipses. # Assignment sheet 8>% /ketch an isometric cube. # Assignment sheet 86% /ketch an obli7ue cube. # Assignment sheet8A% /ketch a cone. # Assignment sheet 8D% &lock in a "iew of a part. # Assignment sheet 8<%

In'or(ation +heet 3

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

ALP<AB$T O2 LIN$S
There are se"eral types of lines used in drawing or graphical presentations, and each line has a meaning. To be able to interpret a print or drawing, the reader should ha"e knowledge of these lines. The table below identifies the description of each line, also note that each line deals with either the shape of the object or its dimension. mmgsibal Page %& 03/08/2008

T'P$ O2 LIN$

"$SC RIPT ION

PURP OS$
To show the "isi ble side s$sh ape of the obje ct To show the edge s$ou tlin e not "isi ble to the eye To show cent er of circ les, arcs , and symm etri cal obje cts and to aid in dime nsio ning this part

R$PR $S$N TATI ON

OB0$ CT LIN$

Thic k bold line

<I"" $N LIN$

&rok en line of medi um thic knes s

C$NT $R LIN$

A brok en line made of a seri es of shor t and long dash es alte rnat ely spac ed

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$GT$ NSIO N LIN$

(ine s that e te nd from the obje ct with a slig ht brea k in betw een (ine s with arro w head s, unbr oken e ce pt wher e dime nsio n is plac ed

To show dime nsio ning poin ts

#-.$)T

"IM$ NSIO N LIN$

Touc h the e te nsio n line s and show s the dist ance gi"e n by dime nsio ns

#-.$)T

#-.$)T
/.0

In'or(ation +heet 3

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

L$A" $R LIN$

A fine strai ght line with an arrow head or round solid dot

+oint s direc tly to the objec t for the purpo se

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CUTT INA PLAN $ LIN$

at one end. ,t is usual ly drawn at an angle . The prefe rred cutti ng plane line is hea"y , broke n line made up of serie s of one long and two short dashe s alter natel y space d. Arrow heads are place d at right angle s to the cutti ng plane line. Alter nate cutti ng plane lines are solid hea"y

To indic ate where an imagi nary cut is made throu gh the objec t. The arrow point s in the direc tion in which the secti on shoul d be "iewe d. (ette rs ne t to the arrow heads ident ify the secti on in cases where more than one secti on is shown

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line or a serie s of long dashe s.

on the drawi ng. These lines are orien ted "erti cally , hori= ontal ly or at an actua l angle at which the part is shown To indic ate the imagi nary cut surfa ce refer red to by the cutti ng plane line. To repre sent "ario us kinds of mater ials.

S$CT ION LIN$ S

/erie s of fine lines , solid , solid and broke n, arran ged in speci fic patte rns. They may be shown eithe r strai ght or cur"e d. Hhen shown strai ght they

+T$$1

)A+T I2#"& 3A11$A-1$ I2#"& 4$"$2A1 5+$ 6#2 A11 3AT$2IA1+

)#PP$2& -2A++& -2#"7$& A"D )#3P#+ITI#"

7I")& 1$AD& 89IT$ 3$TA1& -A--ITT A"D A11#:+

3A4"$+I53& A153I"53& and its A11#:+

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are usual ly drawn at >6? angle , howe" er this angle will "ary when appli ed to adjac ent part.

In'or(ation +heet 3

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

C<AI N LIN$

5ea" y brok en line made up of seri es of long and shor t dash es alte rnat ely spac ed

To indi cate line loca tion and e te nt of a surf ace area .

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S<OR T BR$A ) LIN$

5ea" y irre gula r line draw n free hand

LONA BR$A ) LIN$

Fule d ligh t line with free hand =ig= ags (igh t brok en line made up of a seri es of long and two shor t dash es

P<AN TOM LIN$

To show a shor t brea k #to cons er"e spac e on a draw ing% to show a part ial port ion To show a long brea k #to cons er"e spac e on a draw ing% To show alte rnat e posi tion of a part , to show rela tion ship of e is ting part to new part ,

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and to show mach ine surf aces .

In'or(ation +heet 3

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

DI%'4(I14 $I4'

1"3'CT/-I(I"$' $I4'

'<T'4(I14 $I4'

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('CTI14 $I4'

$'AD'* $I4'

C'4T'* $I4'

6o1 +heet No4 12

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

,llustrate the following objects as indicated in the instructions. A. Draw the object below using the obli7ue method. .ollow the metric measurements

.30

.30 .20 .30 .30

.30

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&. Draw the object below using the isometric method. .ollow the metric measurements.

.30 .30

.30 .30 .20 .20

+el' Chec8 93

Unit !earning /le(ent

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing "lpha1et o' line)

,dentify the .ollowing (ines, write the names of each line in the opposite blank bo .

#-.$)T
/.0

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#-.$)T

2e$ to Correction

Unit !earning /le(ent

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing "lpha1et o' !ine)

'. 2enter line -. /hort break line 1. 2utting plane line >. +hantom line 6. /teel A. Dimension line
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D. Hhite metal <. (eader line C. (ong break line '@. E tension line

"))e))(ent

Unit !earning /le(ent

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing "lpha1et o' !ine)

Per ormance $&aluation

Assessment 2riteria The trainee will be assessed through the following criteria: Answered all the inter"iew 7uestions clearly +erformed all acti"ities accordingly .ollowed all instructions in the acti"ities +erformed housekeeping after working 4bser"ed safety precautions

/atisfactory Fesponse YES NO

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TraineesO +erformance is* P Q /atisfactory P Q Bot /atisfactory

.eedback to Trainee*

TraineeOs /ignature* TrainerOs /ignature*

Date* Date*

Learning Element 4
Ort!ograp!ic 1ie#s

LO

Learning Outcomes

,n completion of this element you should be able to*

)atch terms related to orthographic drawing with their correct definitions. /tate purposes of orthographic drawing. ;se correct representations in describing the principal "ies through orthographic drawing.

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Arrange in order the steps in completing orthographic "iews.

Resources

To undertake this element you are re7uired to ha"e on hands the following resources* ,nformation sheet 8>* 4rthographic "iews /elf 2heck Answer /heet 9ob /heet

!earning "cti#it$ 4

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Reading Acti&ity
(earning 4utcome ,nformation sheet >

Sel (C!ec% 9
Answer the 7uestions on the 7uestionnaire: ask for the answer sheet from your trainer.
mmgsibal Page *. 03/08/2008

 2heck your answers by looking at the feedback sheets: ask for the assistance of the trainer.

Practice Tas%
;sing the 9ob /heet, perform the practices following the instructions. Ask permission from your instructor. 4bser"e safety practices )aintain cleanliness Ask for e"aluation if you are through with the practice.

In'or(ation +heet 4

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

ORT<O;R"P<IC >I/?+
Terms and de initions A. 2oincide! To match up identically.

&. .old line ! A theoretical line between two "iews where "iewing planes fold. #B4TE* This is used as a reference line on drawings.% 2. .oreshortened ! To appear shorter to the eye than it actually is D. (ine ! /traight element that is generated by a mo"ing point and has e tension only along the path of the point E. (ine of sight ! Direction from which an object is being "iewed mmgsibal Page *1 03/08/2008

.. (ine precedence ! (ines that are more important to show than others 3. )ulti!"iew drawing ! A drawing of a mechanical part that shows e act si=e by looking straight at the object from one to si positions. 5. 4rthographic projection ! Fight angle projection* projector lines are parallel to each other perpendicular to the plane of projection. #B4TE* This is one method used to create a multi "iew drawing% ,. +rojection lines ! (ines used to e tend from one "iew to the ne t "iew. 9. True si=e! in its actual si=e B. image. A surface or line that is shown

0isuali=e ! To form a mental picture or

In'or(ation +heet 4

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Pro@ection system '. All "iews are projected onto planes lying *et#een the object and "iewer -. ;sed in the ;nited /tates, 2anada, and other countries Planes o pro@ection

A. .rontal plane ! ;sed for front "iews &. +rofile plane ! ;sed for right and left side "iews frontal and profile planes are both

#B4TE* The "ertical planes% 2.

5ori=ontal plane! ;sed for top and bottom "iews

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Steps in &isuali=ing an ort!ograp!ic pro@ection A. 0isuali=e by looking at the actual object or picture of the object. &. To obtain "iews, project the lines of sight to each plane of projection from all points on the object. 2. Fotate all planes until they align with frontal plane of projection. D. 0isuali=e the si possible "iews of the object that are re"ol"ed into the same planes on a drawing surface. E. ,nspect "iews and determine those needed to ade7uately represent the object 1ie#s possi*le in ort!ograp!ic pro@ection A. &. 2. D. E. ..
In'or(ation +heet 4

Top &ottom .ront Fear Fight side (eft side

Unit Module Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Principal &ie#s in ort!ograp!ic pro@ection A. &. 2. Top .ront Fight side

#NOT$: 4ther "iews may be used if needed to show features that are hidden in the principal "iews.% Steps in selecting correct &ie#s o an o*@ect

A. /elect the number of "iews necessary to represent the object. This )ay re7uire only one "iew or as many as all si "iews. &. mmgsibal /elect the front "iew which* Page *3 03/08/2008

'. -. lines 1. >.

&est describes contour shape. 2ontains the least number of hidden ,s usually the longest "iew /hows object in normal position

2. /elect alternate position for right side "iew if drawing area is crowded. D. /elect "iew positions to a"oid crowding of dimensions and notes Basic dimensions o an o*@ect

A. 5eight E Distance between two hori=ontal planes #bottom to top% &. Hidth #length% E Distance between two profile planes #left side to Fight side% 2. Depth E Distance between two frontal planes#front to back%

In'or(ation +heet 4

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

PRO0$CTION BOG
The projection bo is an imaginary bo wherein the object shall be placed in to easily identify the three principal "iews needed the TOPJ 2RONT and SI"$ 1ie#s, 3shown in the figure $illustration below6

PERSPECTIVE

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Pro"e#tion $ine!

PR%&ECTI%' B%(

ST$PS IN PRO0$CTINA Step 5:

,dentify and illustrate the front "iew of the object from the base line and project all the lines of the drawn figure.

B !e Front View
In'or(ation +heet 4 Unit Module Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Step 7:

,dentify and illustrate the top "iew of the object lea"ing a space of at least fi"e centimeters from the front "iew and project all the lines of the drawn figure.

0.50

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Step 8:

)ake a >6= angle line from the corner of the front "iew. Then project the lines downward to the base line starting from the corners of the intersected lines of the >6X angle. Draw the figure of the side "iew.

In'or(ation +heet 4

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Step 9:

Hrite all the details needed #measurements and names of the figures%, write all the details outside, do not put it in the projection area then erase all the projected lines.
T%P 24 34

24 .4

34

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24 4. 14 FR%'T SIDE

/ome measurements are not written, since it may be included in the whole measurement of the object side. An e ample is on the front and side "iew. The whole measurement of the height is 6 centimeters: you can use your math for the measurement of the middle section. '.6 Y -.6 Z 9,DJ therefore 6.@ E >.@ Z 5,D which is the measurement of the middle section of the side "iew. This system is used to a"oid o"er crowding the area of the details like in the top "iew. ,f the area for writing in the detail of a section, instead of using the inside arrow line you may use the outside arrow line as shown in the top "iew.

In'or(ation +heet 4

Unit
TOP

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Module

ASS$MBLINA T<$ PARTS

/ometimes there are gi"en parts of an object using the orthographic illustration, your concern will be identifying the perspecti"e figure to complete a task. An e ample figure below is gi"en to find the perspecti"e.

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Steps in assem*ling t!e parts:

Step 5: .ollow the procedures of ,sometric drawing.
2reate first the isometric figures. 1@X angles used in creating

,.@ 3.@ 3.@

In'or(ation +heet 4

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Step 7: ,llustrate or draw the .F4BT "iew first,

following the gi"en measurements. +roject the side "iew after completing the front "iew.

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Step 8: ,llustrate or draw the /,DE "iew according

to the details or measurements gi"en.

In'or(ation +heet 4

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

Step

9: +roject the remaining lines that will

complete the top "iew. After completing the figure, erase all unnecessary lines or the projection lines.

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6o1 +heet No4 13

Unit Module

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Preparing & Interpreting Technical Drawing

A, ,dentify the 1 principal "iews of the object below. #T4+,.F4BT and right /,DE "iew%. All measurements are in centimeters.

3.0 ).0 3.0

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1.5 3.0

3.0

A, ,dentify the 1 principal "iews of the object below. #T4+,.F4BT and right /,DE "iew%. All measurements are in centimeters. T%P
2.0 2.0

3.0 3.0 4.0 FR%'T SIDE 1.5

"))e))(ent

Unit !earning /le(ent

Prepare & Interpret Technical Drawing Orthographic Drawing

Per ormance $&aluation

/atisfactory Fesponse YES NO

Assessment 2riteria The trainee will be assessed through the following criteria:

Answered all the inter"iew 7uestions Page ,1 03/08/2008

mmgsibal

clearly +erformed all acti"ities accordingly .ollowed all instructions in the acti"ities +erformed housekeeping after working 4bser"ed safety precautions

TraineesO +erformance is* P Q /atisfactory P Q Bot /atisfactory

.eedback to Trainee*

TraineeOs /ignature* TrainerOs /ignature*

Date* Date*

M"RC M32! ;4 +I-"!

+enior T/+D +peciali)t

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