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Understanding Data Consistency in Apache Cassandra: Cassandra Essentials Tutorial Series

This document provides an overview of data consistency in Apache Cassandra. It discusses how Cassandra writes data by writing to a commit log, memtable, and SSTable. It reviews the CAP theorem and explains that Cassandra offers tunable data consistency for both reads and writes. The document describes different consistency levels that can be chosen for writes, such as ANY, ONE, QUORUM, LOCAL_QUORUM, EACH_QUORUM, and ALL. It also discusses consistency levels for reads. The document provides CQL examples and describes where to download and learn more about Cassandra.

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Dinh Brave
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29 views15 pages

Understanding Data Consistency in Apache Cassandra: Cassandra Essentials Tutorial Series

This document provides an overview of data consistency in Apache Cassandra. It discusses how Cassandra writes data by writing to a commit log, memtable, and SSTable. It reviews the CAP theorem and explains that Cassandra offers tunable data consistency for both reads and writes. The document describes different consistency levels that can be chosen for writes, such as ANY, ONE, QUORUM, LOCAL_QUORUM, EACH_QUORUM, and ALL. It also discusses consistency levels for reads. The document provides CQL examples and describes where to download and learn more about Cassandra.

Uploaded by

Dinh Brave
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cassandra Essentials Tutorial Series

Understanding Data Consistency in Apache Cassandra

Agenda
!! Overview

of reading/writing data in Cassandra !! Details on how Cassandra writes data !! Review of the CAP theorem !! Tunable data consistency !! Choosing a data consistency strategy for writes !! Choosing a data consistency strategy for reads !! CQL examples of data consistency !! Where to get Cassandra

www.datastax.com

Reading and Writing in Cassandra


Cassandra is a peer-to-peer, read/write anywhere architecture, so any user can connect to any node in any data center and read/write the data they need, with all writes being partitioned and replicated for them automatically throughout the cluster.

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Writes in Cassandra
Data is first written to a commit log for durability !! Then written to a memtable in memory !! Once the memtable becomes full, it is flushed to an SSTable (sorted strings table) !! Writes are atomic at the row level; all columns are written or updated, or none are. RDBMS-styled transactions are not supported
!!
INSERT INTO
Commit log memtable

SSTable

Cassandra is known for being the fastest database in the industry where write operations are concerned.
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Writes in Cassandra vs. Other Databases

Cassandra is up to:
4x better in writes! 2x better in reads! 12x better in reads/updates!
Sept, 2011: http://blog.cubrid.org/dev-platform/nosql-benchmarking/

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Review of the CAP Theorem

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Tunable Data Consistency


!! Choose

between strong and eventual consistency (All to any node responding) depending on the need !! Can be done on a per-operation basis, and for both reads and writes !! Handles Multi-data center operations
1 6 2

Writes
!! !! !! !! !! !!

Reads
!! !! !! !! !!

Any One Quorum Local_Quorum Each_Quorum All

One Quorum Local_Quorum Each_Quorum All

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Selecting a Strategy for Writes


Any a write must succeed on any available node !! One a write must succeed on any node responsible for that row (either primary or replica) !! Quorum a write must succeed on a quorum of replica nodes (determined by (replication_factor /2 )+ 1 !! Local_Quorum - a write must succeed on a quorum of replica nodes in the same data center as the coordinator node !! Each_Quorum - a write must succeed on a quorum of replica nodes in all data centers !! All a write must succeed on all replica nodes for a row key
!!

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Hinted Handoffs
Cassandra attempts to write a row to all replicas for that row !! If all replica nodes are not available, a hint is stored on one node to update any downed nodes with the row once they are available again !! If no replica nodes are available for a row, the use of the ANY consistency level will instruct the coordinator node to store a hint and the row data, which it passes to the replica nodes when they are available
!!
Replica 1

Replica3

Replica2

Hint for Node5

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Selecting a Strategy for Reads


One reads from the closest node holding the data !! Quorum returns a result from a quorum of servers with the most recent timestamp for the data !! Local_Quorum - returns a result from a quorum of servers with the most recent timestamp for the data in the same data center as the coordinator node !! Each_Quorum - returns a result from a quorum of servers with the most recent timestamp in all data centers !! All returns a result from all replica nodes for a row key
!!

www.datastax.com

Read Repair
Cassandra ensures that frequently-read data remains consistent !! When a read is done, the coordinator node compares the data from all the remaining replicas that own the row in the background, and if they are inconsistent, issues writes to the out-of-date replicas to update the row to reflect the most recently written values. !! Read repair can be configured per column family and is enabled by default.
!!
Replica 1

Replica3

repair reque st

Replica2

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CQL Examples
SELECT total_purchases FROM SALES USING CONSISTENCY QUORUM WHERE customer_id = 5 UPDATE USING SET WHERE SALES CONSISTENCY ONE total_purchases = 500000 customer_id = 4

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Where to get Cassandra?


!! Go

to www.datastax.com !! DataStax makes free smart start installers available for Cassandra that include:
!! The

most up-to-date Cassandra version that is production quality !! A version of DataStax OpsCenter, which is a visual, browser-based management tool for managing and monitoring Cassandra !! Drivers and connectors for popular development languages !! Same database and application !! Automatic configuration assistance for ensuring optimal performance and setup for either standalone or cluster implementations !! Getting Started Guide
www.datastax.com

Where Can I Learn More?

www.datastax.com
!! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!

Free Online Documentation Technical White Papers Technical Articles Tutorials User Forums User/Customer Case Studies FAQs Videos Blogs Software downloads

www.datastax.com

Cassandra Essentials Tutorial Series Understanding Data Partitioning and Replication in Apache Cassandra Thanks!

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