COMPUTER GRAPHIC (ME-105)

B. TECH. –1st & 2nd SEMESTER

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT

UDAY VIR SINGH RANA

E084111
 80904114110

INTRODUCTION OF CAD
SOFTWARE AND ITS UTILITIES IN
ENGINEERING FIELDS.
COMPUTER GRAPHICS: -It refers to the
generation of graphical outputs using
computer. Computer graphics techniques are
being applied to the making of cartoons.
Drawing a series of action sequences which
when run at high speed, creates the illusion
of moving pictures, appear to move. This is
known as animation.

CADD- Computer Aided Design and Drafting.

CAD- Computer Aided Design .

CAM- Computer Aided Manufacturing. CAM

uses results of CAD.

CAD is not a substitute for design/ drawing

concept. It’s only a tool that can be used to

supplement traditional methods. It’s parallel

to use of calculators. They are used for

solving mathematics problem but still

knowledge of mathematics is required by

user to solve it. What is eliminated is the

tedious task of performing long hand

mathematical manipulations.

Applications of CAD: - An engineer

designing a new car body can see the design

on the screen. Whenever he needs to make

changes he can do it easily and the change

can also be stored. He can reduce or enlarge

any partof design, change of colors and

check pluma. Overall, the design cycle time is

reduced drastically. The new car comes on

the road in a remarkably shot span of time.

Application in various fields: -

a) Mechanical: - design of machine

elements, CNC machine tools.

b) Automotive: - kinematics, Hydraulics

& Steering systems.

c) Electrical: - circuit layout, panel

design & control system.

d) Electronics: - schematic diameter of

PC’s, IC’s etc.

e) Communication: - communication
network, satellite transmitting
pictures, T.V. telecasting etc.
f) Civil: - Mapping, contour Plotting,
Building drawing & Structural design.
 g) Architectural: - Town planning,
Interior decorations, Modeling, and
multistory complexes.
h) Aerospace: - Design of spacecraft,
Flight simulator etc.

Advantages of CAD:-

a) Combination of human brain and

machine speed produces better
results in less time.

b) More accurate, it leads to better

quality drawing.

c) Drawing can be stored in database.

d) Faster and easy correction/

modifications of a design is possible
and drawing errors can be visualize on
screen.
 e) Visual modeling of any object /
engineering component is possible.

SOFTWARES: -Auto-CAD-2004, Auto-CAD

2007 (Mechanical), AutoCAD 2007(Electrical),
Auto-Desk, Inventor PRO –11,Pro-E, STADD,
CATIA,I-DEAS etc.

TOOLBAR

GRID: - It is a rectangular pattern of dots

that extends over the area you specify as the

drawing limits. Using the grid is similar to

placing a sheet of grid paper under a

drawing.

SNAP: - Snap mode restricts the movement

of the crosshairs to intervals that you define.
 When Snap mode is on, the cursor seems

to adhere, or "snap," to an invisible

rectangular grid. Snap is useful for specifying

precise points with the arrow keys or the

pointing device.

LINE: - With LINE, you can create a series of

contiguous line segments. Each single line

segment can be edited separately from the

other line segments in a series. You can close

a sequence of line segments so that the first

and last segments are joined.

OSNAP (Object Snap): - This is used to

make proper connection / attachment of lines
with the other diagram or lines when it
reaches to the nearest point. It facilitates to
identify the required co-ordinate points such
as mid point, center, end point, tangents etc
which are otherwise very difficult to track
and make proper connection of lines or to
complete a drawing. It has following
features. End point, Midpoint, Center, Node,
Quadrant, Intersection, Extension,
Perpendicular, Tangent, Nearest point,
apparent intersection and parallel.

POLYGON: - It enables us to draw a

polygon consists of more than four sides of
regular size. Creating polygons is a simple
way to draw equilateral triangles, squares,
pentagons, hexagons, and so on.

RECTANGLE: - A rectangle is a polyline

based on two opposite Corner Pts called
diagonal points.
ELLIPSE: - Two axes that define its length
and width determine the shape of an ellipse.
The longer axis is called the major axis, and
the shorter one is the minor axis.

ZOOM: - You can change the magnification

of a view by zooming in and out, which is
similar to zooming in and out with a camera.
ZOOM does not change the absolute size of
objects in the drawing; it changes only the
magnification of the view.

When you work with minute parts in your

drawing, you may need to zoom out
frequently to see an overview of your work.
Use ZOOM Previous to return quickly to the
prior view.

PAN: - It is used to move all the drawing on

the screen at a time. Click on Pan icon on
menu bar and go to screen and move the
mouse by pressing left button. All the
drawings will move together.
LIMITS: - The LIMITS command controls the
drawing area covered by the grid. As an
option, you can override the limits to make
the grid cover the entire XY plane of the user
coordinate system (UCS). You can access this
option in the Drafting Settings dialog box or
use the GRIDDISPLAY system variable.

TRIM: - We can shorten or lengthen objects

to meet the edges of other objects. We also
can trim objects so that they end precisely at
boundary edges defined by other objects.
Cutting edges can be lines, arcs, circles,
polylines, ellipses, splines, regions, blocks,
and rays.

To trim an object: :
1. From the Modify menu, choose Trim.
 2. Select the objects to serve as cutting
edges.
To select all objects in the drawing as
potential cutting edges, press ENTER
without selecting any objects. Select the
objects to trim.
AutoCAD converts a circle to an arc by
removing a piece of the circle starting
counterclockwise from the first to the second
point.

REGEN:- REGEN regenerates the entire

drawing and recomputes the screen
coordinates for all objects in the current
viewport. It also reindexes the drawing
database for optimum display and object
selection performance.
ARRAY: - You can create copies of objects in
a rectangular or polar (circular) pattern
called an array. For rectangular arrays, you
control the number of rows and columns and
the distance between each. For polar arrays,
you control the number of copies of the
object and whether the copies are rotated. To
create many regularly spaced objects,
arraying is faster than copying.
Create Rectangular Arrays
A rectangular array is built along a baseline
defined by the current snap rotation angle.
This angle is zero by default, so the rows and
columns of a rectangular array are
orthogonal with respect to the X and Y axes.
The default angle 0 direction setting can be
changed in UNITS.

Create Polar Arrays

When you create a polar array, the array is
drawn counterclockwise or clockwise,
depending on whether you enter a positive or
a negative value for the angle to fill.

The radius of the array is determined by the

distance from the specified center point to a
reference or base point on the last selected
object. You can use the default reference
point (usually an arbitrary point that
coincides with a snap point), or you can
specify a new base point to be used as the
reference point.
FILLET: - You can change objects to meet in
rounded or flattened corners. You can also
create gaps in objects. Filleting connects two
objects with a smoothly fitted arc of a
specified radius.
To set the fillet radius
1.From the Modify menu, choose Fillet.
1. Enter r (Radius).

1.Enter the fillet radius

Select the objects to fillet:

OFFSET : - OFFSET creates a new object

whose shape parallels the shape of a
selected object. Offsetting a circle or an arc
creates a larger or smaller circle or arc,
depending on which side you specify for the
offset.
ARC: - You can create arcs in several ways.
With the exception of the first method, arcs
are drawn counterclockwise from the start
point to the endpoint.

DONUTS: Donuts are filled rings or solid-

filled circles that actually are closed polylines
with width.
To create a donut, you specify its inside and
outside diameters and its center. You can
continue creating multiple copies with the
same diameter by specifying different center
points. To create solid-filled circles, specify
an inside diameter of 0.
OBJECT TRACKING: - Use object snap
tracking to track along alignment paths that
are based on object snap points. Acquired
points display a small plus sign (+), and you
can acquire up to seven tracking points at a
time. After you acquire a point, horizontal,
vertical, or polar alignment paths relative to
the point are displayed as you move the
cursor over their drawing paths.

POLAR: - It is used to draw lines at an angle

to the reference line either clockwise or
anticlockwise depending upon the
requirement of drafter.

LINE TYPE: - A linetype is a repeating

pattern of dashes, dots, and blank spaces
displayed in a line or a curve. You assign
linetypes to objects either by layer or by
specifying the linetype explicitly,
independent of layers.
LT SCALE: - Sets the global linetype scale
factor. The linetype scale factor cannot equal
zero. This system variable has the same
name as a command.
LINE WEIGHT: - Using lineweights, you can
create heavy and thin lines to show cuts in
sections, depth in elevations, dimension lines
and tick marks, and differences in details.
For example, by assigning varying
lineweights to different layers, you can easily
differentiate between new, existing, and
demolition construction. Lineweights are not
displayed unless the LWT button on the
status bar is selected.
MIRROR: - You can flip objects about a specified
axis to create a symmetrical mirror image.
Mirroring is useful for creating symmetrical objects
because you can quickly draw half the object and
then mirror it instead of drawing the entire object.
You flip objects about an axis called a mirror line
to create a mirror image. To specify this temporary
mirror line, you enter two points. You can choose
whether to erase or retain the original objects.
MATCH PROPERTIES: - Match Property: It is
used to adjust same dimensions and color of a
drawing or a part of drawing with existing one. Go
to the match property icon and click on it, select
the original drawing with whom you like to
match and then, click on the drawing to
which you like to match. The types of
properties that can be copied include, but are
not limited to, color, layer, linetype, linetype
scale, lineweight, plot style, and 3D
thickness.

CHAMFER: - It is a fast way of creating a line

between two nonparallel lines. It is usually
used to represent a beveled edge on a
corner. CHAMFER can also be used to bevel
all corners of a polyline. You can chamfer
lines, polylines, and rays

PLINE: - A polyline is a connected sequence

of line and arc segments. It has feature to
change the line width.
XLINE: - Creates an infinite line. It can be a
vertical xline passing through a specified
point. It can be a horizontal xline passing
through a specified point. It can be an
angular xline passing through a specified
point.

RAY: - A ray is a line in three-dimensional

space that starts at a point you specify and
extends to infinity. Unlike construction lines,
which extend in two directions, rays extend
in only one direction.
MLINE: - Creates multiple parallel lines.

MLSTYLE: - You can use MLSTYLE to edit

multiline styles to change the properties of
multiline elements or the end caps and
background fill of subsequently created
multilines.
Multiline styles control the number of line
elements in a multiline and the color,
linetype, lineweight, and offset of each
element. You can also modify the display of
joints, end caps, and background fill.
MOVE: - You can move objects without
changing their orientation or size. By using
coordinates and object snaps, you can move
objects with precision.
To move an object using two points

1. From the Modify menu, choose Move.

2. 2 Select the objects to move.

Specify a base point for the move; .Specify a

second point, the point of displacement

HATCH: - Hatching that conforms to its

bounding objects such that modifying the
bounding objects automatically adjusts the
hatch. Many drafting applications use a
process called hatching to fill an area with a
pattern. The pattern is used to differentiate
components of a project or to signify the
material composing an object. You can use a
predefined hatch pattern, define a simple
line pattern using the current line type, or
create more complex hatch patterns.

JOIN: - Use JOIN to combine similar objects

into a single object. You can also create
complete circles and ellipses from arcs and
elliptical arcs. You can join
 Arcs
 Elliptical arcs
  Lines
 Polylines
 Splines
The object to which you want to join similar
objects is called a source object. Objects to
be joined must be located in the same plane.
REVSION CLOUDS: - Revision clouds are
polylines that consist of sequential arcs.
They are used to call attention to parts of a
drawing during the review stage.
If you review or redline drawings, you can
increase your productivity by using the
Revision Cloud feature to highlight your
markups. REVCLOUD creates a polyline of
sequential arcs to form a cloud-shaped
object.

ROTATE: - You can rotate objects around a

specified point. To determine the angle of
rotation, you enter an angle value or specify
a second point.
To rotate an object: -
1.From the Modify menu, choose Rotate.
2.Select the object to rotate.
3.Specify the base point for the rotation.
4.Enter the angle of rotation.
SCALE: - With SCALE, you can make an
object uniformly larger or smaller. To scale
an object, you specify a base point and a
scale factor. Alternatively, you can specify a
length to be used as a scale factor based on
the current drawing units.

STRETCH: - With STRETCH, you relocate the

endpoints of objects that lie across or within
a crossing selection window.
 Objects that are partially enclosed by a
crossing window are stretched.
 Objects that are completely enclosed
within the crossing window, or that are
selected individually, are moved rather
than stretched.
To stretch an object, you specify a base point
and then a point of displacement.

BREAK: - Use BREAK to create a gap in an

object, resulting in two objects with a gap
between them. BREAK is often used to create
space for block or text.
To break an object without creating a gap,
specify both break points at the same
location. The fastest way to do this is to
enter @0,0 at the prompt for the second
point.

EXTEND: - Extending operates the same way

as trimming. You can extend objects so they
end precisely at boundary edges defined by
other objects. In this example, you extend
the lines precisely to a circle, which is the
boundary edge.

You can trim objects without leaving the

EXTEND command. Hold down SHIFT and
select the objects to be trimmed.
LENGHTHEN: - You can resize objects to
make them longer or shorter in only one
direction or to make them proportionally
larger or smaller.
With LENGTHEN, you can change the included
angle of arcs and the length of the following
objects:
 Lines
 Arcs
 Open polylines
 Elliptical arcs
 Open splines.
PEDIT: - Edits polylines and three-
dimensional polygon meshes. You can edit
polylines by closing and opening them and by
moving, adding, or deleting individual
vertices. You can straighten the polyline
between any two vertices and toggle the
linetype so that a dash appears before and
after each vertex.

EXPLODE: - Breaks a compound object into

its component objects.

SPLINE: - A spline is a smooth curve that

passes through or near a given set of points.
You can control how closely the curve fits the
points.
The SPLINE command creates a particular
type of spline known as a nonuniform
rational B-spline (NURBS) curve. A NURBS
curve produces a smooth curve between
control points.

You create splines by specifying points. You

can close the spline so that the start and
endpoints are coincident and tangent.
Drawing aids:
These are the helping tools used to assist
drafter to draw complicated

drawing but not a draw tools. These are very

helpful to make a drawing easy. These are
SNAP, GRID, ORTHO, OSNAP, OTRACK etc.

Snap: It is useful for specifying precise points

with the arrow keys or the pointing device.
Grid: It is a rectangular pattern of dots that
extends over the area you specify as the
drawing limits. Using the grid is similar to
placing a sheet of grid paper under a
drawing.

Ortho: - This aids to draw horizontal and

vertical lines when it is on.

Polar: - It is used to draw lines at an angle to

the reference line either clockwise or
anticlockwise depending upon the
requirement of drafter.

OSNAP (Object Snap) and OTRACK (Object

Snap tracking): - This is used to make proper
connection / attachment of lines with the
other diagram or lines when it reach to the
nearest point. It facilitates to identify the
required co-ordinate points such as mid
point, center, end point, tangents etc which
are otherwise very difficult to track and make
proper connection of lines or to complete a
drawing. It has following features. End point,
Mid point, Center, Node, Quadrant,
Intersection,

Extension, Perpendicular, Tangent, Nearest

point, apparent intersection and parallel.

LWT: - Used to give required thickness of

lines as defined in Engineering drawing. e.g.
Border line, Title block line , Center line etc.

Model: -This is used to set the drawing sheet

as required by the designer to follow
standard procedure of drawing.
 Toolbars:
These are Draw tools, Modify tools, Layers
Blocks, Properties Dimensioning tools etc.

Draw Tools: These are Lines, Arcs, Circles,

Poly-lines, Polygon Rectangle, Ellipse, Text
Elliptical Arc, Hatch, Blocks and Region.
Details of each of them will be discuss in
Exercise no. 05.

Modify tools: These tools are used to

modify existing drawing. Commonly used
commands are Trim, Cut, Extend, Copy,
Move, Erase, Mirror, Offset, Rotate, Chamfer,
Fillet and Array
Layers: These are organizing tools, which
are used to print drawing as per required
dimension. Such as if we do not required
certain types of lines like hidden line, we can
take a copy of the existing drawing in
required model. These are; State, Name,
On/Off, Freeze, Lock, Color, Line type, Line
weight, Plot Style and Plot.

On/Off: This is used to put the Layers active

or inactive. Click on ‘On’ icon, it will be
active, and click on again it will be inactive.

Name : It give name of the defined layer.

State: It used to set the selected layers as
current layers.

Freeze: It is used to freeze selected layers

of drawing to make it invisible so that it can
speed up rendering processes / Zoom/ Rotate
speedily. When Thawed layers are put on it
will be active for all type of operations.

Lock/Unlock: Used to lock the drawing

when it is ‘ON’ . Unlock it for movement.

Colour: To give different Type of colour to

different lines, as required. Such as green for
centerline, Blue for dimensioning lines etc.
Line Type: Diffferent types of lines (e.g
.thicknes) with different profile can be made
in this tools.

Plot Style: Changes the plot style

associated with the selected layers.

Plot: Control whenever the selected layers

are plotted.

Drafting Modify Commands

ERASE: You can remove objects from your
drawing using several methods, including
• Erasing them with ERASE

• Cutting them to the Clipboard

Pressing DELETE

COPY: We can create duplicates of objects

at a specified distance from the original. You
specify the distance and direction by two
points, a from point (1) and a to point (2),
called the base point and the second point of
displacement, respectively. These points can
be located anywhere within the drawing.
Select the objects to copy, right-click in the
drawing area, and choose Copy Selection.

ARRAY:- You can create copies of objects

in a rectangular or polar (circular) pattern
called an array. For rectangular arrays, you
control the number of rows and columns and
the distance between each. For polar arrays,
you control the number of copies of the
object and whether the copies are rotated.
To create many regularly spaced objects,
arraying is faster than copying.
Command : Array

MOVE: You can move objects without

changing their orientation or size. By using
coordinates and object snaps, you can move
objects with precision.

To move an object using two points

1. From the Modify menu, choose

Move.

2 Select the objects to move.

Specify a base point for the move;

.Specify a second point, the point of
displacement
TRIM: We can shorten or lengthen objects to
meet the edges of other objects. We also can
trim objects so that they end precisely at
boundary edges defined by other objects.
Cutting edges can be lines, arcs, circles,
polylines, ellipses, splines, regions, blocks,
and rays.
To trim an object: :
1. From the Modify menu, choose Trim.
2. Select the objects to serve as cutting
edges.

To select all objects in the drawing as

potential cutting edges, press ENTER
without selecting any objects. Select the
objects to trim.

AutoCAD converts a circle to an arc by

removing a piece of the circle starting
counterclockwise from the first to the second
point.

FILLET:- You can change objects to meet in

rounded or flattened corners. You can also
create gaps in objects. Filleting connects two
objects with a smoothly fitted arc of a
specified radius.
To set the fillet radius
1.From the Modify menu, choose Fillet.
1. Enter r (Radius).

1.Enter the fillet radius

Select the objects to fillet:

CHAMFER: It is a fast way of creating a line

between two nonparallel lines. It is usually
used to represent a beveled edge on a
corner. CHAMFER can also be used to bevel
all corners of a polyline. You can chamfer
lines, polylines, and rays
Command: chamfer
(TRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1 =
current, Dist2 = current
Select first line or [Polyline
/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/multiple]:
Select the second line:----------------------;
The object will be chamfered at the given
distance:
 DIMENSIONING IN 2D AND 3D
ENTITIES

Type of Dimensioning:
○ Linear Dimensioning
(a) Horizontal Dimensioning (b)
Vertical Dimensioning
○ Angular Dimensioning
○ Aligned Dimensioning
○ Drawing leader Line
Dimensioning
Command : DIM or DIMLIN

DIM: HOR
Specify first text line origin < select object
> : select with mouse

Specify second text line origin < select

object > : select 2nd ext Pt.

Specify dim line location or [ ntext / Text /

Angle ]:

select location away from

the object

Enter dimtext <by default > : type a rounded

dim or press enter

Command : DIM: ANGULAR

Leader Line. If we want to draw a

dimensioning of a number of object of same
size, then we use the Leader Line. For
example, there are 10 holes in a block of
10mm diameter, then the dimensioning of
that case for a hole is considered for all
holes.

DIM: LEADER or lea

Start point of a line

Endpoint of line

Type the text according to size of object.

SECTIONING OF SOLID PRIMITIVES
AND RENDERING IN 3D

With SECTION, you can create a cross section

through a solid as a region or an anonymous
block. The default method is specifying three
points to define the plane. Other methods
define the cross-sectional plane by another
object, the current view, the Z axis, or the
XY, YZ, or ZX plane. AutoCAD places the
cross-sectional plane on the current layer.
With SLICE, you can create a new solid by
cutting the existing solid and removing a
specified side. You can retain one or both
halves of the sliced solids. The sliced solids
retain the layer and color properties of the
original solids. The default method of slicing
a solid is to specify three points that define
the cutting plane and then select which side
to retain. You can also define the cutting
plane by using another object, the current
view, the Z axis, or the XY, YZ, or ZX plane.
To create a cross section of a solid
1.From the Draw menu, choose Solids
&select Section.
1.Select the objects to cross-section.
 1.Specify three points to define the cross-
sectional plane.
The first point defines the origin (0,0,0) of
the cutting plane. The second point defines
the X axis, and the third point defines the Y
axis.
Command line: section

RENDERING: Creates a photo realistic or

realistically shaded image of a three-
dimensional wire frame or solid mode
To render a model
1.Display a 3D view of your model.
1.From the View menu, choose Render.
1.In the Render dialog box, set options or
accept the defaults.
2.Under Rendering Options, select Smooth
Shading to smooth the edges between
the polygon faces.
Related to Smooth Shading is Smoothing
Angle, which sets the angle at which
AutoCAD interprets an edge. The default
angle setting is 45 degrees. Angles less than
45 degrees are smoothed; angles greater
than 45 degrees are considered edges.
 1.To render the image to the screen, make
sure that Destination is set to Render
Window or View port.
1.Select a named scene or the current view.
1.Choose Render.
Depending on the size of the drawing, after
a short or long pause AutoCAD displays a
rendered image of your model.

After creating a rendering, you can save the

image for redisplay at a later time. Rendering
can be a time-consuming process, but
redisplaying a previously rendered image is
instantaneous.
To save a rendered image, you can render
directly to a file, or you can render to the
screen and then save the image

INTERSECTION OF SOLID
PRIMITIVES
Intersection Creates composite solids or
regions from the intersection of two or more
solids or regions and removes the areas
outside of the intersection
Intersecting faces in a model occur
when two faces pass through each other.
While intersecting faces are unrealistic in
real-world terms, it's sometimes easier to use
them in an AutoCAD model than to ensure
that the faces are modeling separate objects.
However, they can render incorrectly unless
the renderer explicitly checks for them. The
photo realistic renderers always check for
intersections; however, rendering artifacts
can appear at the intersection points,
particularly with low-resolution renderings.
Faces that overlap and lie in the same
plane can produce ambiguous results,
especially if the materials attached to the
two faces differ. Faces that self-overlap due
to a 180-degree twist can also produce
ambiguous results, because the normal for
the face is not well defined. Avoid this
problem by not allowing boundary lines to
intersect.
Command line: Intersect
Select objects: Use an object selection
method
You can select only regions and solids for use
with INTERSECT.
INTERSECT calculates the overlapping
area of two or more existing regions and the
common volume of two or more existing
solids.. You can redisplay (replay) these
images at any
time.