Andrew Rosen
AT X) Chapter 12 - Functions of Several Variables (L E
Planes and Surfaces1 :
(x0 , y0 , z0 ) a(x x0 ) + b(y y0 ) + c(z z0 ) = 0
The equation for a plane that contains and has a normal vector
n = a, b, c
is:
This equation is unique because it is set to zero For an equation, the point on the plane and a vector normal to the plane are needed It can be arranged to make
ax + by + cz = d
and the coe cients of the variables are
Note: Every plane has an orientation determined by
Finding Equation of a Plane: 1) Create two vector segments via subtraction 2) Cross the two new vectors since the cross product is perpendicular 3) Plug into equation 3) Isolate constants and variables
Example: A plane through three points Find the equation of a plane that contains Step 1:
Step 2:
P (2, 1, 3), Q(1, 4, 0), P Q = 1, 5, 3 and P R = 2, 0, 2 i j k P Q P R = 1 5 3 = 10, 8, 10 2 0 2
and
R(0, 1, 5):
Step 3: Step 4:
10(x 2) + 8(y (1)) + 10(z 3) = 0 5x + 4y + 5z = 21
Angle of Intersecting Planes: 1) The two normal vectors of each plane produce an angle identical to the angle of intersection 2) Solve for
cos()
between the two normal vectors using the dot product equation
Planes are parallel if their respective normal vectors are parallel (scalar multiples) Planes are orthogonal if their respective normal vectors are orthogonal (dot product is zero)
Example: Intersecting Planes Find the equation of the line of intersection of the planes Step 1: Set
z=0
and
Step 2: Cross the two
Q : x + 2y + z = 5 solve for x and y (x = 3, y = 1, z = 0) normal vectors ( v = n 1 n 2 )
and
R : 2x + y z = 7
Step 3: Write an equation of a line from these two steps
Distance between a Point and a Plane: If given a point
and an equation for a plane, do the scalar projection of
plane) projected onto the normal vector of the plane,
n.
Therefore, this is
P Q (where Q scal n P Q.
is a point on the
1 It
is best to be familiar with how to to do all examples of planes in Chapter 12.1
Distance between a Point and a Line: If given a point
and the equation for a line, set
vector from the equation of the line,
v.
Then cross
t = 0 to nd another point, Q. P Q and v . Finally, divide this
Then nd the parallel by
| v|
Cylinders: Think of a cylinder as an extruded spline (with surfsculpt) If an equation is missing a variable, it is a cylinder (eg: Not all cylinders have this property though Cylinders extend in the dimension that is missing for in nity and negative in nity
z = x2
in
R3 )
Graphs and Level Curves:
Domain and range can be de ned as usual
f (x, y ) = 9 x2 y 2 D = {(x, y ) R2 |x2 + y 2 9}
Ex:
R = [0, 3]
Level Curve:
f (x, y ) = c f (x, y ) =
where
is a constant
Ex:
9 x2 y 2 = c
is between 0 and 3 (range)
x 2 + y 2 = 9 c2 c
Partial Derivatives:
A partial derivative ( ) simply is the computation of a derivative that is stated while the other variables are made as constants Ex:
z = 2x sin(y )
z = 2 sin(y ) x
Higher Order:
2f = fxx = (fx ) 2 x x
A partial derivative is dierentiable if all of its ( rst order) partial derivatives are continuous at a point
(a, b)
for continuous functions
fxy = fyx
The Chain Rule:
To do the chain rule, a tree diagram should be set up with all of the variables. From this, one can trace out the paths to get to the desired variable. Multiply partial derivatives down a chain, and add chains together.
Implicit Dierentiation:
dy dx = Fx Fy
To implicitly dierentiate, compute partial derivatives but be careful of implicitly de ned functions
Eg:
z x
of
x3 + y 3 + z 3 + 6xyz = 1
where
is implicit for
and
y
and is not constant
3x2 + 3z 2
z z + (6yz + 6xy ) = 0 z x x z 3x2 6yz = x 3z 2 + 6xy
is implicitly de ned for
Directional Derivative:
f = fx , fy , fz D u f = f u
Since Maximum gradient) Value of Maximum Ascent: (where
is a
unit vector
a, b, c
from
u |u|
f u = | f || u | cos(), = 0 is the largest value because | u |=1 f u is in the direction of maximum derivative (always ascent: u = |f| |f| x
and
in direction of the
To nd maximum descent, negate the is always
components of the unit vector
to level curves
Tangent Planes and Linear Approximations:
Tangent Plane for where
is dierentiable at the point
F (x, y, z ) = 0: Fx (x0 , y0 , z0 )(x x0 ) + Fy (x0 , y0 , z0 )(y y0 ) + Fz (x0 , y0 , z0 )(z z0 ) = 0, P0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) and z = F (x, y ) z = f (x, y ) : z = Fx (x0 , y0 )(x x0 ) + Fy (x0 , y0 )(y y0 ) + F (x0 , y0 ) L(x, y ) = Fx (x0 , y0 )(x x0 ) + Fy (x0 , y0 )(y y0 ) + F (x0 , y0 )
Tangent Plane for
Linear Approximation: Dierentials:
dz = Fx (x, y )dx + Fy (x, y )dy
Maximum/Minimum Problems:
Critical Point:
1) fx (a, b) = 0 and fy (a, b) = 0
Set both partial derivatives equal to zero simultaneously and solve (don't forget
with even roots)
2) Fx or Fy DN E
Discriminant: 1. 2. 3. 4.
D (a, b) = fxx (a, b)fyy (a, b) (fxy (a, b))2
If D > 0 and fxx (a, b) > 0, then f (a, b) is a local minimum If D > 0 and fxx (a, b) < 0, then f (a, b) is a local maximum If D < 0 then f (a, b) is a saddle point If D = 0 it's inconclusive
Closed Set: Set of points that contains all its boundary points Bounded Set: Set of points that is contained within some bigger nite circle Extreme Value Theorem: If
is continuous on a closed, bounded domain,
D,
then
attains an absolute
max and absolute min value for some point(s) in
Absolute Extrema: 1. Find the critical points of
in
(no need to do second derivative test) and see if it's inside boundary
2. Find extreme value on the boundary 3. The largest value of
from steps 1 and 2 is the absolute max and vice versa
Note: If the closed region is that of a circle (eg: and
x2 + y 2 25),
then it can be modeled with
x = a cos()
y = a sin()
where
is the disk's radius
Note: To nd the shortest distance between two regions, you can use the distance formula. Doing partial derivatives on it is nasty, so square both sides and then nd the critical points as usual. Then plug the and
values into the original function (not the squared one)
Lagrange Multipliers:
Find all
(x, y, z )
and
such that
f (x, y, z ) = g (x, y, z ) x, y, z )
If this is a physical problem,
usually cannot equal zero and thus can be divided (same with
Note: If the boundary is given as a function with an equals sign, do not compute the critical point inside the region. Only compute it on the boundary. If the boundary is given as an inequality, compute the critical point inside the region as well as the points on the boundary.
Quadric Surfaces:
