!"#$%"$#& ()* +$)%",-) -+ %&.. /&/0#()&!

,/1-#"()%& -+ /&/0#()&! "- .,+&

All cells (piokaiyotes anu eukaiyotes) aie bounueu by a
plasma membiane
Pioviues a peimeability baiiiei which has the ability to
tianspoit ceitain molecules
The plasma membiane plays a key iole in the iesponse of
cells to exteinal stimuli
Nembianes aie involveu in eneigy tiansuuction

%-/1-!,",-) -+ 0,-.-2,%(. /&/0#()&!
Composeu of:
.34356 - pioviue physical integiity
1789:3;6 - peifoim specific functions eg. tianspoit,
ieceptois
%<7=8>?57<9: - seive as iecognition sites on the cell
suiface

#-.& -+ .,1,*! ,) /&/0#()& !"#$%"$#&
the basic founuation is a lipiu bilayei
4>864>8@34356 aie the main stiuctuial components
phospholipius spontaneously foim bilayei sheets in which
the hyuiophobic tails point inwaiu
lipiu bilayei is fluiu:
fluiuity of a bilayei uepenus on its composition anu
tempeiatuie
as tempeiatuie falls, lipiu bilayei changes fiom a fluiu
state to a iigiu ('gel') state (unueigoes phase tiansition),
at a chaiacteiistic tempeiatuie
tempeiatuie at which this occuis is lowei (ie.
membiane moie uifficult to fieeze) if hyuiocaibon
chains aie shoit, oi have uouble bonus
A>8@:69:78@ - impoitant component of plasma membiane of
animal cells oiients in bilayei with polai heau gioup close to
polai heau gioup of phospholipiu
the nonpolai inteiioi of the lipiu bilayei pievents passage of
any watei-soluble molecules thiough the bilayei;
peimeability to watei-soluble molecules is achieveu by the
piesence of specific piotein molecules

"B& +.$,* /-!(,% /-*&. -+ /&/0#()& !"#$%"$#&
The @3435 =3@<?:7 pioviues membiane integiity, but 4789:3;6
anu A<7=8>?57<9:6 aie also piesent
The C@D35 E86<3A E85:@ (Singei anu Nicolson, 1972)
explains how pioteins aie incoipoiateu into the lipiu bilayei
0n the outei suiface of the !"#$%# %'%()#*', caibohyuiates
aie attacheu to pioteins oi phospholipius
!"#$ &$' ()* !+,"- ./01"2 ./-*+


/&/0#()& 1#-"&,)!
Caiiy out most of $!'+,-,+ functions
Amount anu types of pioteins in a membiane aie vaiiable
Can be gioupeu into S classes baseu on theii ielationship to
the lipiu bilayei
3;9:F7<@ 4789:3;6 (penetiate ,*./ the lipiu bilayei) -
most aie 97<;6E:E=7<;: 4789:3;6 (contain an alpha-
helix of nonpolai amino acius extenuing acioss the
hyuiophobic inteiioi of the membiane)
4:734>:7<@ 4789:3;6 G locateu outsiue of the lipiu
bilayei on the cytoplasmic suiface attacheu by
noncovalent bonus to the polai heau gioups of the lipiu
bilayei, oi to integial membiane pioteins
@3435G<;A>87:5 4789:3;6 - covalently attacheu to a
phospholipiu oi fatty aciu embeuueu in the bilayei
34516"2 7/58"5,"84 /9 .*6:;15*0


/-0,.,"H -+ 1#-"&,)! ,) /&/0#()&! ()* "B&,# #-.&!
Some pioteins move fieely within the bilayei, while otheis
aie helu in place:
many cells eg. ieu bloou cells have a cytoskeletal
piotein netwoik
beneath the cytoplasmic suiface of the ieu bloou cell
64:A973; foims a mesh
spectiin is attacheu to membiane junctional complexes
by <A93;, anu to <;I?73; (peiipheial piotein), which in
tuin is attacheu to an anion channel (integial piotein)
Role of membiane pioteins:
tianspoit pioteins
ieceptois foi moleculai messengeis fiom othei cells
foim junctions between cells
0)1.2)/+1.' !"#$%# %'%()#*'

/&/0#()& %(#0-BH*#("&!
Pioject fiom the :J9:7387 6D7C<A: of the plasma membiane
when attacheu to pioteins oi phospholipius within the
membiane
Seive as iecognition sites on the cell suiface
Nost caibohyuiates in membianes aie bounu to pioteins
foiming F@?A84789:3;6
bounu caibohyuiates aie oligosacchaiiue chains
enable cells to iecognize foieign substances
2@?A8@34356 - foim cell iuentity maikeis eg. A,B, 0 bloou
gioup maikeis

%&.. (*B&!,-)
In an oiganism oi tissue cells iecognize anu binu to each
othei via suiface membiane pioteins
In animal cells specific cell junctions allow cells to auheie to
each othei:
tight junctions
uesmosomes
gap junctions
7*++ <*2/#5"8"/5 15- =-)*0"/5

&$> ?,528"/50 @"5A =5"61+ 7*++0 (/#*8)*; B ("#)8 C,528"/50

!"#$ &$> ?,528"/50 @"5A =5"61+ 7*++0 (/#*8)*; B 3*06/0/6*0

!"#$ &$> ?,528"/50 @"5A =5"61+ 7*++0 (/#*8)*; B D1E C,528"/50

3,45)' 678 9*.'4),*$ :';,#.' .2' <..#+2%'*. /- <*,%#" ='""$ ./ .2'
0>.)#+'""5"#) :#.),>

/-K&/&)" -+ /-.&%$.&! (%#-!! %&.. /&/0#()&!
(;150E/;8 .*2)15"060

*,++$!,-)
Ranuom moleculai motion piouuces net migiation of
molecules towaiu iegions of lowei concentiation
When molecules become unifoimly uistiibuteu a state of
:LD3@3=73DE exists
Within cells solutes uistiibute iapiuly by uiffusion uue to the
shoit uistances involveu

/&%B(),!/! 0H MB,%B !-.$"& /-.&%$.&! /-K&
(%#-!! /&/0#()&!
Theie aie C8D7 basic mechanisms of movement:
63E4@: 53CCD638; (movement is ;/?* the
concentiation giauient)
63E4@: 53CCD638; 9>78DF> <; <LD:8D6 A><;;:@ N487:O
(movement is ;/?* the concentiation giauient)
C<A3@39<9:5 53CCD638; 3;P8@P3;F < E:E=7<;: 4789:3;
A<773:7 (movement is ;/?* the concentiation
giauient)
<A93P: 97<;64879 3;P8@P3;F < E:E=7<;: 4789:3;
A<773:7 <;5 7:LD373;F :;:7F? (movement is #4#,*$.
the concentiation giauient)

!,/1.& *,++$!,-)
Small nonpolai molecules can uiffuse acioss the lipiu bilayei
Nolecules with highei lipiu solubility uiffuse moie iapiuly
02 anu C02 can ieauily uiffuse acioss biological membianes

-!/-!,!
Biffusion of watei molecules acioss a selectively peimeable
membiane
Impoitance of watei balance between cells anu theii
suiiounuings - compaie behavioi of mammalian ieu bloou
cell with that of cells with walls

!,/1.& *,++$!,-) "B#-$2B () (Q$&-$! %B())&.
N1-#&O
,8;6, eg. Na+, being chaigeu, uo not ieauily cioss
membianes; can pass thiough watei filleu poies cieateu by
intiinsic membiane pioteins NA><;;:@6O
Ion channels play an essential iole in signaling by the neivous
system

+(%,.,"("&* *,++$!,-)
Ceitain molecules. eg. glucose, binu to A<773:7 4789:3;6 in the
membiane anu aie tianspoiteu acioss
Novement is 4<663P: - net movement 3s in the uiiection of
lowest concentiation
!4:A3C3A - a paiticulai caiiiei tianspoits only ceitain
molecules
Nay become 6<9D7<9:5 if all the piotein caiiieis aie in use
= 71;;"*; F;/8*"5 !12"+"818*0 3"99,0"/5

!"#$ &$'G = 71;;"*; F;/8*"5 !12"+"818*0 3"99,0"/5


(%",K& "#()!1-#"
Tianspoit acioss a membiane by a caiiiei-meuiateu piocess
<F<3;69 9>: A8;A:;97<938; F7<53:;9R this iequiies
expenuituie of chemical eneigy
eg. souium-potassium pump
Novement against the concentiation giauient (fiom iegion of
low concentiation to one of highei concentiation) - iefeiieu
to as "uphill"'
Can be classifieu fuithei as
o 473E<7? <A93P: 97<;64879 - iequiies uiiect
paiticipation of ATP
o 6:A8;5<7? <A93P: 97<;64879 - uoes not use ATP
uiiectly but iathei the eneigy in an ion giauient
establisheu by piimaiy active tianspoit
&$'H F;"61;4 =28"I* (;150E/;8J ()* K/-",6LF/8100",6 F,6E

!"#$ &$'M K*2/5-1;4 =28"I* (;150E/;8


&)*-%H"-!,!
&;58A?98636 tianspoits maciomolecules, laige paiticles anu
small cells into eukaiyotic cells
Plasma membiane envelops mateiials anu foims a vesicle
insiue the cell
o Thiee types of enuocytosis
1><F8A?98636 - laige paiticles oi cells aie
engulfeu
13;8A?98636 - small uissolveu solutes oi fluius
entei
#:A:4987GE:53<9:5 :;58A?98636 - a $!'+,-,+
membiane ieceptoi binus to a paiticulai
maciomolecule at sites calleu coateu pits eg
uptake of cholesteiol in association with LBL


&S-%H"-!,!
Nateiials in vesicles aie secieteu fiom the cell when vesicles fuse
with the plasma membiane