1

Module2: One-dimensional gas dynamics

Lecture7: Governing Equations (Contd.)

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

2
Pressure and particle velocity in a sound wave

The pressure disturbance accompanying the density wave for a perfect gas is

p = 1+ s p1

p p1 = s p1

Pressure wave has the same shape as the density wave, differing by a constant factor .

As the wave progresses through the fluid, the pressure disturbance sets the fluid in motion, giving it a velocity u which is called the particle velocity and, in general, is much smaller than the wave speed a1 . A simple wave s = F ( x a1t ) , propagating to the right, produces a velocity disturbance

u = a1 F ( x a1t ) = a1 s
In a left ward propagating wave u = a1G ( x + a1t ) = a1 s . The various parts of the wave are called condensation and rarefaction depending on whether the density is higher or lower than the undisturbed density 1 .

The effect that the wave produces on the fluid depends on the gradient of this density and pressure distribution and on the direction of motion of the wave. Thus the portion of the wave that increases the density as it passes is called a compression and that which decreases the density is called an expansion. The corresponding distributions of particle velocity are

u = a1 s
for left and right propagating waves respectively. It may be seen that a compression accelerates the fluid in the direction of wave motion, whereas an expansion decelerates it. The non-simple wave is a superposition of two simple waves and the relation between particle velocity and density is

u F G . = a1 s F + G

In the limit of vanishingly small disturbances the perturbation quantities may be written in differential form with u and s replaced by du and d

1 . The relations then become

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

3 du = a1 d 1 p1 d = 1a1du dp = dp d 1 = p1 1

Linearized Shock Tube

Shock tube is a simple device consisting of a tube that is divided by a membrane or diaphragm into two chambers in which pressures are different. A wave motion is set up when the diaphragm is suddenly removed or broken. If the pressure difference is very small, the wave motion may be approximated as isentropic and can described by the acoustic equations. The shock tube in such a case is called acoustic or linearized.

At t = 0, immediately after the membrane is removed the wave has a shape of step distribution. The particle velocity at this instant is zero everywhere. The wave at t = 0 is described by

s ( x, 0 ) = F ( x ) + G ( x ) = s0 ( x )

s = 4 0

( x > 0)
x<0

u (x,0) = a1 F ( x ) a1G ( x ) = 0
1 Simultaneous solution gives F ( x ) = G ( x ) = s0 ( x ) 2
Hence, the motion at any subsequent time is given by

1 s = 2 4 0 x > a1t a1t < x < a1t x < a1t

x>0 x<0

s ( x, t ) =

1 1 s0 ( x a1t ) + s0 ( x + a1t ) 2 2

s4 1 = s4 2 0

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

u ( x, t ) =

1 1 a1s0 ( x a1t ) a1s0 ( x + a1t ) 2 2

0 1 = a1s4 2 0
s = s4

x > a1t a1t < x < a1t x < a1t

s =0

1 s2 = s4 2

a1

a1

t = t1

A compression wave is propagated to low pressure side and an expansion wave of equal strength to the high-pressure side.

Finite Amplitude Isentropic waves

The simple acoustic waves as seen above have constant wave velocity and permanent shape. These properties are due to the linearization of the equations achieved through the assumption of infinitesimal amplitudes and gradients. When such an assumption is not possible, the conditions at a given point in the wave cannot be approximated by those in the undisturbed fluid. The wave velocity varies from point to point and the simple wave becomes distorted as it propagates. To describe such finite disturbance, the complete non-linear equations need to be solved.

Consider a right moving plane compression wave. At two adjacent points, as shown in the figure below, the fluid properties differ in magnitude by du , dp, d , da, etc. The respective parts of the

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

5
wave passing through these same points differ in wave speed by the amount dc . Since a finite wave may be thought of as a succession of infinitesimal pressure pulses, each element of the wave may be analyzed as an acoustic wave. As long as the velocity and temperature gradients are moderate, the viscous and heat conduction effects are negligible. Hence, each part of the wave travels at the local speed of sound with respect to the fluid in which it is propagating. The propagation velocity of a part of the wave with respect to fixed coordinates is then,

c=u+a
The propagation velocity of an adjacent part of the wave is

c + dc = u + du + a + da dc = du + da

dc du da = + dp dp dp

Now for a right ward wave

du 1 , = dp a

dc da 1 = + dp dp a

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

6
Since the entire fluid was originally at rest with uniform pressure and temperature and each particle of fluid undergoes isentropic changes, the increments in pressure and density between adjacent fluid-particles obey

a2 =

dp da d dp d d dp 2a = = d dp dp d dp d d

d dp 1 d dc d = 1+ dp a 2 dp d s
Replacing density by specific volume =

d d d d 1 d = = 2 = 2 d d d d d
d2p 2 d dc s = 2a dp dp d s
2

For a thermodynamically stable fluid,

( ) ( dp d )

must be negative. Hence, the isentrope must have

a negative slope on the p diagram. Consequently, the sign of dc

dp

depends only on the sign

2 of d p

, i.e., on whether the isentrope on the p diagram is concave upwards or d 2 s

concave downwards. Hence, higher-pressure parts of the wave overtake the lower-pressure parts when

dc is positive. Consequently, a compression wave steepens as it progresses and an dp dc is negative. dp

expansion wave flattens as it progresses. Opposite happens if

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

7
Compression waves steepen and expansion waves flatten when d 2 > 0 , or the s isentrope is concave upward. This is the usual case for all real fluids. (ii) Compression waves flatten and expansion waves steepen if isentrope is concave downward.

(i)

d2p

d2 p < 0, or the 2 d s

For a gas with straight line isentrope waves of finite amplitude propagate through the gas with unchanged shape. In a perfect gas, p is constant and

d 2 p ( + 1) p = > 0 . Hence, compression waves 2 2 d s

steepen and expansion waves flatten in a perfect gas.

From the point of view of an observer moving with the local particle velocity the acoustic theory applies locally. Relative to an observer moving with the local fluid velocity, the wave at that point

dp propagates with the local acoustic speed a =

1 2

whereas relative to the fixed frame of

reference in the undisturbed fluid, it propagates with the speed c = a + u . Considering both left and right moving waves, the local wave speed at any point is given by

c = a + u
The wave speed is no longer constant since a is a variable and

may no longer be neglected.

To evaluate these in terms of the density, the acoustic theory is applied locally. Using the isentropic relation for a perfect gas

p1

to eliminate p from a 2 =

a = a1 1

1
2

The particle velocity is evaluated in terms of the density by applying locally

d du = a
This becomes integrable if a is replaced by above

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

8
1 2a1 2 = 2 (a a ) 1 u = a = 1 1 1 1 1

or

a = a1

2
2 2

u u

c = a1 +

+1

1 +1 2 1 or c = a1 1 + 1 1

where a1 is the speed of sound in the undisturbed fluid and 1 is the density of undisturbed fluid.

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering