0% found this document useful (0 votes)

219 views71 pages

Micro Controler 8051

This document provides an overview of embedded systems and microcontrollers. It defines an embedded system as a combination of hardware and software designed to perform dedicated functions. Characteristics of embedded systems include reliability, maintainability, availability, safety, security, energy efficiency and being dedicated to a specific application. The document also discusses microprocessors and microcontrollers, noting that microcontrollers integrate more peripherals onto a single chip. Key criteria for choosing a microcontroller include meeting application needs efficiently and cost effectively, availability of development tools, and availability of the microcontroller. The 8051 microcontroller family from Intel, including the 8051, 8052 and 8031 models, is also overviewed.

Uploaded by

Bhanu Prakash Yadav

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

219 views71 pages

Micro Controler 8051

Uploaded by

Bhanu Prakash Yadav

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 71

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . .

by Krest Technologies

MICRO CONTROLLER 8051

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
What Is an Embedded System?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

An em edded system is a unit 'a*ing $om ination o+ so+t)are and 'ard)are along )it' me$'ani$al parts. A general#purpose de+inition o+ em edded systems is t'at t'ey are de*i$es used to $ontrol, monitor or assist t'e operation o+ e,uipment, ma$'inery or plant.

An embedded system &s des&'ned to (er)orm a ded&cated )*nct&on+ Most em edded de*i$es are primarily designed +or one spe$i+i$ +un$tion. de*i$es su$' as personal data assistant -P.A/0$ell p'one 'y rids, )'i$' are em edded systems designed to e a le to do a *ariety o+ primary +un$tions. digital 12s in$lude intera$ti*e appli$ations t'at per+orm a )ide *ariety o+ general +un$tions unrelated to t'e 3123 +un$tion ut 4ust as important, su$' as e#mail, )e ro)sing, and games.

Character&st&cs o) Embedded Systems:

Reliability: pro a ility o+ system )or&ing $orre$tly Maintainability: pro a ility o+ system )or&ing $orre$tly time units a+ter error o$$urred. Availability: pro a ility o+ system )or&ing at time t Safety: no 'arm to e $aused Security: $on+idential and aut'enti$ $ommuni$ation Energy e++i$ient C !e"#i$e e++i$ient -espe$ially +or systems on a $'ip/ Run"ti%e e++i$ient &eig't e++i$ient C #t e++i$ient (e!icate! to)ards a $ertain a))licati n! 5no)ledge a out e used to minimize resour$es and to ma6imize ro ustness. (e!icate! user interface -no mouse, &ey oard and s$reen/. e'a*ior at design time $an

MICR,-R,CESS,R
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

A Mi$ropro$essor is +undamentally a $olle$tion o+ on0o++ s)it$'es laid out o*er sili$on in order to per+orm Computations.

C'aracteri#tic# f a Micr )r ce## r: Hig' $ost, Hig' speed, on t'e order o+ 188 MHz 9 :Hz Hig' Po)er $onsumption, lots o+ 'eat ;arge ar$'ite$ture, <7# it, and 69# it ar$'ite$ture ;arge memory size, on oard +las' and $a$'e, )it' an e6ternal us inter+a$e +or greater memory usage. ;ots o+ I0= and perip'erals, t'oug' Mi$ropro$essors tend to e s'ort on :eneral purpose I0=.

MICR,C,.TR,LLER
A mi$ro$ontroller is an entire $omputer manu+a$tured on a single $'ip. 1'ey 'a*e a 'ig' $on$entration o+ on#$'ip +a$ilities su$' as serial ports, parallel input0output ports, timers, $ounters, interrupt $ontrol, analog#to#digital $on*erters, random a$$ess memory, read only memory, et$.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

C'aracteri#tic# f a Micr c ntr ller: ;o) $ost ;o) speed, on t'e order o+ 18 5Hz 78 MHz Small ar$'ite$ture, usually an ># it ar$'ite$ture Small memory size, ut usually enoug' +or t'e type o+ appli$ation it is intended +or =n oard Flas'. ;imited I0=, ut again, enoug' +or t'e type o+ appli$ation. ;o) Po)er, e6tremely lo) po)er in sleep mode.

Choos&n' a m&crocontro//er
1'ere are +our ma4or ># it mi$ro$ontrollers. 1'ey are! Frees$ale?s 6>11, Intel?s >8@1, Ailog?s A>, and PIC 16B +rom Mi$ro$'ip 1e$'nology. "a$' o+ t'ese mi$ro$ontrollers 'as a uni,ue instru$tion set and register setC t'ere+ore, t'ey are not $ompati le )it' ea$' ot'er. Programs )ritten +or one )ill not run on t'e ot'ers. 1'ere are also 16# it and <7# it mi$ro$ontrollers made y *arious $'ip ma&ers. (it' all t'ese di++erent mi$ro$ontrollers, )'at $riteria do designers $onsider in $'oosing oneD 1'ree $riteria in $'oosing mi$ro$ontrollers are as +ollo)s! -1/ meeting t'e $omputing needs o+ t'e tas& at 'and e++i$iently and $ost e++e$ti*ely, -7/ a*aila ility o+ so+t)are de*elopment tools su$' as $ompilers, assem lers, and de uggers, and -</ )ide a*aila ility and relia le sour$es o+ t'e mi$ro$ontr ller. Ee6t )e ela orate +urt'er on ea$' o+ t'e a o*e $riteria. Cr&ter&a )or choos&n' a m&crocontro//er
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

1'e +irst and +oremost $riterion in $'oosing a mi$ro$ontroller is t'at it must meet t'e tas& at 'and e++i$iently and $ost e++e$ti*ely. In analyzing t'e needs o+ a mi$ro$ontroller# ased pro4e$t, )e must +irst see )'et'er an ># it, 16# it, or <7# it mi$ro$ontroller $an est 'andle t'e $omputing needs o+ t'e tas& most e++e$ti*ely. Among ot'er $onsiderations in t'is $ategory are! 1/ S(eed+ ('at is t'e 'ig'est speed t'at t'e mi$ro$ontroller supportsD i. Pa$&aging. .oes it $ome in a 98#pin .IP -dual inline pa$&age/ or a FFP -,uad +lat pa$&age/, or some ot'er pa$&aging +ormatD 1'is is important in terms o+ spa$e, assem ling, and prototyping t'e end produ$t. Po)er $onsumption. 1'is is espe$ially $riti$al +or attery#po)ered produ$ts.

ii.

7/ 1'e amount o+ GAM and G=M on $'ip. </ 1'e num er o+ I0= pins and t'e timer on t'e $'ip. i. ii. Ho) easy it is to upgrade to 'ig'er#per+orman$e or lo)er po)er $onsumption *ersions. Cost per unit. 1'is is important in terms o+ t'e +inal $ost o+ t'e produ$t in )'i$' a mi$ro$ontroller is used.

,0ER0IEW ,1 T2E "3%! 1AMILY A br&e) h&story o) the "3%!! In 1H>1, Intel Corporation introdu$ed an ># it mi$ro$ontroller $alled t'e >8@1. 1'is mi$ro$ontroller 'ad 17> ytes o+ GAM, 95 ytes o+ on#$'ip G=M, t)o timers, one serial port, and +our ports -ea$' ># its )ide/ all on a single $'ip. At t'e time it )as also re+erred to as a 3system on a $'ip.3 1'e >8@1 is an ># it pro$essor, meaning t'at t'e CPI $an )or& on only > its o+ data at a time. .ata larger t'an > its 'as to e ro&en into ># it pie$es to e pro$essed y t'e CPI. 1'e >8@1 'as a total o+ +our I0= ports, ea$' > its )ide. Alt'oug' t'e >8@1 $an 'a*e a ma6imum o+ 695 ytes o+ on#$'ip G=M, many manu+a$turers 'a*e put only 95 ytes on t'e $'ip.

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

,ther members o) the "3%! )am&/y! 1'ere are t)o ot'er mem ers in t'e >8@1 +amily o+ mi$ro$ontrollers. 1'ey are t'e >8@7 and t'e >8<1. "3%4 m&crocontro//er! 1'e >8@7 is anot'er mem er o+ t'e >8@1 +amily. 1'e >8@7 'as all t'e standard +eatures o+ t'e >8@1 as )ell as an e6tra 17> ytes o+ GAM and an e6tra timer. In ot'er )ords, t'e >8@7 'as 7@6 ytes o+ GAM and < timers. It also 'as >5 ytes o+ on#$'ip program G=M instead o+ 95 ytes.

1'e >8@1 is a su set o+ t'e >8@7C t'ere+ore, all programs )ritten +or t'e >8@1 )ill run on t'e >8@7, ut t'e re*erse is not true. >8@1 +amily mem ers -e.g, >J@1,>HC@1, >HC@7, .S>HC968/
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

Ha*e 98 pins dedi$ated +or *arious+un$tions su$' as I0=, #G., #(G, address, data, and interrupts Come in di++erent pa$&ages, su$' as .IP-dual in#line pa$&age/, FFP-,uad +lat pa$&age/, and ;;C-leadless $'ip $arrier/ Some $ompanies pro*ide a 78#pin *ersion o+ t'e >8@1 )it' a redu$ed num er o+ I0= ports +or less demanding appli$ations 1'e >8@1 is t'e original mem er o+ t'e >8@1 +amily. Intel re+ers to it as MCS#@1. 2o5 to 5or6 on embedded system? (e $an di*ide our re,uirements on t)o di++erent sets. !7 2ARDWARE: 1/ Cir$uit .esigning 7/ Cpu sele$tion </ PCB manu+a$turing 9/ Assem ly @/ .e*i$e Programmer 47 S,1TWARE: 1/ Programming language sele$tion 7/ Programming tool ! .epending on $pu sele$ted .e ugger or Simulator.

Some W&de/y 8sed Data Ty(es )or "3%! C!

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

INTRO(*CTION O+ AT8,C51
A Mi$ro $ontroller $onsists o+ a po)er+ul CPI tig'tly $oupled )it' memory, *arious I0= inter+a$es su$' as serial port, parallel port timer or $ounter, interrupt $ontroller, data a$,uisition inter+a$es#Analog to .igital $on*erter, .igital to Analog $on*erter, integrated on to a single sili$on $'ip. I+ a system is de*eloped )it' a mi$ropro$essor, t'e designer 'as to go +or e6ternal memory su$' as GAM, G=M, "PG=M and perip'erals. But $ontroller is pro*ided all t'ese +a$ilities on a single $'ip. .e*elopment o+ a Mi$ro $ontroller redu$es PCB size and $ost o+ design. =ne o+ t'e ma4or di++eren$es et)een a Mi$ropro$essor and a Mi$ro $ontroller is t'at a $ontroller o+ten deals )it' its not ytes as in t'e real )orld appli$ation. Intel 'as introdu$ed a +amily o+ Mi$ro $ontrollers $alled t'e MCS#@1. The Ma9or 1eat*res: Compati le )it' MCS#@1 produ$ts 9& Bytes o+ in#system Geprogramma le +las' memory Fully stati$ operation! 8HA to 79MHA 1'ree le*el programma le $lo$& 17> K > it timer0$ounters Si6 interrupt sour$es Programma le serial $'annel ;o) po)er idle po)er#do)n modes.

Why AT " C%! 1'e system re,uirements and $ontrol spe$i+i$ations $learly rule out t'e use o+ 16, <7 or 69 it mi$ro $ontrollers or mi$ropro$essors. Systems using t'ese may e earlier to implement due
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

to large num er o+ internal +eatures. 1'ey are also +aster and more relia le ut, ># it mi$ro $ontroller satis+a$torily ser*es t'e a o*e appli$ation. Ising an ine6pensi*e ># it Mi$ro$ontroller )ill doom t'e <7# it produ$t +ailure in any $ompetiti*e mar&et pla$e. Coming to t'e ,uestion o+ )'y to use A1>HC@1 o+ all t'e ># it mi$ro$ontroller a*aila le in t'e mar&et t'e main ans)er )ould e e$ause it 'as 9 5 on $'ip +las' memory )'i$' is 4ust su++i$ient +or our appli$ation. 1'e on#$'ip Flas' G=M allo)s t'e program memory to e reprogrammed in system or y $on*entional non#*olatile memory Programmer. Moreo*er A1M"; is t'e leader in +las' te$'nology in todayLs mar&et pla$e and 'en$e using A1 >HC@1 is t'e optimal solution. AT" C%! MICR,C,.TR,LLER ARC2ITECT8RE 1'e >HC@1 ar$'ite$ture $onsists o+ t'ese spe$i+i$ +eatures! "ig't it CPI )it' registers A -t'e a$$umulator/ and B Si6teen# it program $ounter -PC/ and data pointer -.P1G/ "ig't# it sta$& pointer -PS(/ "ig't# it sta$& pointer -Sp/ Internal G=M or "PG=M ->J@1/ o+ 8->8<1/ to 95 ->HC@1/ Internal GAM o+ 17> ytes! !+ Four register an&s, ea$' $ontaining eig't registers 4+ Si6teen ytes, )'i$' may e addressed at t'e it le*el :+ "ig'ty ytes o+ general# purpose data memory 1'irty t)o input0output pins arranged as +our ># it ports!p8#p< 1)o 16# it timer0$ounters! 18 and 11 Full duple6 serial data re$ei*er0transmitter! SBIF Control registers! 1C=E, 1M=., SC=E, PC=E, IP, and I" 1)o e6ternal and t'ree internal interrupts sour$es. =s$illator and $lo$& $ir$uits.

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

1*nct&ona/ b/oc6 d&a'ram o) m&cro contro//er The " C%! osc&//ator and c/oc6: 1'e 'eart o+ t'e >HC@1 $ir$uitry t'at generates t'e $lo$& pulses y )'i$' all t'e internal all internal operations are syn$'ronized. Pins B1A;1 and B1A;7 is pro*ided +or $onne$ting a resonant net)or& to +orm an os$illator. 1ypi$ally a ,uartz $rystal and $apa$itors are employed. 1'e $rystal +re,uen$y is t'e asi$ internal $lo$& +re,uen$y o+ t'e mi$ro$ontroller. 1'e manu+a$turers ma&e >HC@1 designs t'at run at spe$i+i$ minimum and ma6imum +re,uen$ies typi$ally 1 to 16 MHz.

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

,sc&//ator and t&m&n' c&rc*&t Ty(es o) memory: 1'e >HC@1 'a*e t'ree general types o+ memory. 1'ey are on#$'ip memory, e6ternal Code memory and e6ternal Gam. =n#C'ip memory re+ers to p'ysi$ally e6isting memory on t'e mi$ro $ontroller itsel+. "6ternal $ode memory is t'e $ode memory t'at resides o++ $'ip. 1'is is o+ten in t'e +orm o+ an e6ternal "PG=M. "6ternal GAM is t'e Gam t'at resides o++ $'ip. 1'is o+ten is in t'e +orm o+ standard stati$ GAM or +las' GAM. a7 Code memory Code memory is t'e memory t'at 'olds t'e a$tual >HC@1 programs t'at is to e run. 1'is memory is limited to 695. Code memory may e +ound on#$'ip or o++#$'ip. It is possi le to 'a*e 95 o+ $ode memory on#$'ip and 685 o++ $'ip memory simultaneously. I+ only o++#$'ip memory is a*aila le t'en t'ere $an e 695 o+ o++ $'ip G=M. 1'is is $ontrolled y pin pro*ided as "A. b7 Interna/ RAM 1'e >HC@1 'a*e a an& o+ 17> o+ internal GAM. 1'e internal GAM is +ound on#$'ip. So it is t'e +astest Gam a*aila le. And also it is most +le6i le in terms o+ reading and )riting.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

Internal Gam is *olatile, so )'en >HC@1 is reset, t'is memory is $leared. 17> ytes o+ internal memory are su di*ided. 1'e +irst <7 ytes are di*ided into 9 register an&s. "a$' an& $ontains > registers. Internal GAM also $ontains 17> its, )'i$' are addressed +rom 78' to 7F'. 1'ese its are it addressed i.e. ea$' indi*idual it o+ a yte $an e addressed y t'e user. 1'ey are num ered 88' to JF'. 1'e user may ma&e use o+ t'ese *aria les )it' $ommands su$' as S"1B and C;G. 1LAS2 MEM,RY: Flas' memory -sometimes $alled 3+las' GAM3/ is a type o+ $onstantly#po)ered non *olatile t'at $an e erased and reprogrammed in units o+ memory $alled blocks. It is a *ariation o+ ele$tri$ally erasa le programma le read#only memory -""PG=M/ )'i$', unli&e +las' memory, is erased and re)ritten at t'e yte le*el, )'i$' is slo)er t'an +las' memory updating. Flas' memory is o+ten used to 'old $ontrol $ode su$' as t'e asi$ input0output system -BI=S/ in a personal $omputer. ('en BI=S needs to e $'anged -re)ritten/, t'e +las' memory $an e )ritten to in lo$& -rat'er t'an yte/ sizes, ma&ing it easy to update. =n t'e ot'er 'and, +las' memory is not use+ul as random a$$ess memory -GAM/ e$ause GAM needs to e addressa le at t'e yte -not t'e lo$&/ le*el. Flas' memory gets its name e$ause t'e mi$ro$'ip is organized so t'at a se$tion o+ memory $ells are erased in a single a$tion or 3+las'.3 1'e erasure is $aused y Fo)ler#Eord'eim tunneling in )'i$' ele$trons pier$e t'roug' a t'in diele$tri$ material to remo*e an ele$troni$ $'arge +rom a fl ating gate asso$iated )it' ea$' memory $ell. Intel o++ers a +orm o+ +las' memory t'at 'olds t)o its -rat'er t'an one/ in ea$' memory $ell, t'us dou ling t'e $apa$ity o+ memory )it'out a $orresponding in$rease in pri$e. Flas' memory is used in digital $ellular p'ones, digital $ameras, ;AE s)it$'es, PC Cards +or note oo& $omputers, digital set#up o6es, em edded $ontrollers, and ot'er de*i$es. 1eat*res Memory Ty(e 1LAS2 ;o)#$ost, 'ig'#density, 'ig'#speed ar$'ite$tureC lo) po)erC 'ig' relia ility Mature, 'ig'#density, relia le, lo) $ostC time# $onsuming mas& re,uired, suita le +or 'ig' produ$tion )it' sta le $ode

R,M Gead#=nly Memory

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

SRAM Stati$ Gandom#A$$ess Memory E-R,M "le$tri$ally Memory Hig'est speed, 'ig'#po)er, lo)#density memoryC limited density dri*es up $ost Hig'#density memoryC must Gead#=nly ultra*iolet lig't +or erasure e e6posed to

Programma le

EE-R,MorE4-R,M "le$tri$ally yte#erasa leC lo)er relia ility, "le$tri$ally "rasa le Programma le Gead# 'ig'er $ost, lo)est density =nly Memory

DRAM .ynami$ Gandom A$$ess Memory

Hig'#density, lo)#$ost, 'ig'#speed, 'ig'# po)er

Techn&ca/ ,;er;&e5 o) 1/ash Memory Flas' memory is a non*olatile memory using E=G te$'nology, )'i$' allo)s t'e user to ele$tri$ally program and erase in+ormation. IntelM Flas' memory uses memory $ells similar to an "PG=M, ut )it' a mu$' t'inner, pre$isely gro)n o6ide et)een t'e +loating gate and t'e sour$e -see Figure 7/. Flas' programming o$$urs )'en ele$trons are pla$ed on t'e +loating gate. 1'e $'arge is stored on t'e +loating gate, )it' t'e o6ide layer allo)ing t'e $ell to e ele$tri$ally erased t'roug' t'e sour$e. Intel Flas' memory is e6tremely relia le non*olatile memory ar$'ite$ture.

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

-&n d&a'ram o) AT" C%!

-I. DESCRI-TI,.
0CC: Supply *oltage. <.D: :round.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

-ort 3: Port 8 is an ># it open#drain i#dire$tional I0= port. As an output port, ea$' pin $an sin& eig't 11; inputs. ('en oneLs are )ritten to port 8 pins, t'e pins $an e used as 'ig' impedan$e inputs. Port 8 may also e $on+igured to e t'e multiple6ed lo) order address0data us during a$$esses to e6ternal program and data memory. In t'is mode P8 'as internal pull#ups. Port 8 also re$ei*es t'e $ode ytes during Flas' programming, and outputs t'e $ode ytes during program *eri+i$ation. "6ternal pull#ups are re,uired during program *eri+i$ation. -ort !: Port 1 is an ># it i#dire$tional I0= port )it' internal pull#ups. 1'e Port 1 output u++ers $an sin&0sour$e +our 11; inputs. ('en 1s are )ritten to Port 1 pins t'ey are pulled 'ig' y t'e internal pull#ups and $an e used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins t'at are e6ternally eing pulled lo) )ill sour$e $urrent -II;/ e$ause o+ t'e internal pull#ups. Port 1 also re$ei*es t'e lo)#order address ytes during Flas' programming and *eri+i$ation. -ort 4: Port 7 is an ># it i#dire$tional I0= port )it' internal pull#ups. 1'e Port 7 output u++ers $an sin&0sour$e +our 11; inputs. ('en 1s are )ritten to Port 7 pins t'ey are pulled 'ig' y t'e internal pull#ups and $an e used as inputs. As inputs, Port 7 pins t'at are e6ternally eing pulled lo) )ill sour$e $urrent -II;/ e$ause o+ t'e internal pull#ups. Port 7 emits t'e 'ig'#order address yte during +et$'es +rom e6ternal program memory and during a$$esses to e6ternal data memories t'at use 16# it addresses -M=2B %.P1G/. In t'is appli$ation, it uses strong internal pull#ups )'en emitting 1s. .uring a$$esses to e6ternal data memories t'at use ># it addresses -M=2B % GI/, Port 7 emits t'e $ontents o+ t'e P7 Spe$ial Fun$tion Gegister. Port 7 also re$ei*es t'e 'ig'#order address its and some $ontrol signals during Flas' programming and *eri+i$ation. -ort :: Port < is an ># it i#dire$tional I0= port )it' internal pull#ups. 1'e Port < output u++ers $an sin&0sour$e +our 11; inputs. ('en 1s are )ritten to Port < pins t'ey are pulled 'ig' y t'e internal pull#ups and $an e used as inputs. As inputs, Port < pins t'at are e6ternally eing pulled lo) )ill sour$e $urrent -II;/ e$ause o+ t'e pull#ups. Port < also ser*es t'e +un$tions o+ *arious spe$ial +eatures o+ t'e A1>HC@1 as listed elo)! Port < also re$ei*es some $ontrol signals +or Flas' programming and *eri+i$ation

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

-ort (&ns and the&r a/ternate )*nct&ons RST: Geset input. A 'ig' on t'is pin +or t)o ma$'ine $y$les )'ile t'e os$illator is running resets t'e de*i$e.

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

ALE=-R,<: Address ;at$' "na le output pulse +or lat$'ing t'e lo) yte o+ t'e address during a$$esses to e6ternal memory. 1'is pin is also t'e program pulse input -PG=:/ during Flas' programming. In normal operation A;" is emitted at a $onstant rate o+ 106t'e os$illator +re,uen$y, and may e used +or e6ternal timing or $lo$&ing purposes. Eote, 'o)e*er, t'at one A;" pulse is s&ipped during ea$' a$$ess to e6ternal .ata Memory. I+ desired, A;" operation $an e disa led y setting it 8 o+ SFG lo$ation >"H. (it' t'e it set, A;" is a$ti*e only during a M=2B or M=2C instru$tion. =t'er)ise, t'e pin is pulled 'ig'. Setting t'e A;"#disa le it 'as no e++e$t i+ t'e mi$ro$ontroller is in e6ternal e6e$ution mode. -SE.: Program Store "na le is t'e read stro e to e6ternal program memory. ('en t'e A1>HC@1 is e6e$uting $ode +rom e6ternal program memory, PS"E is a$ti*ated t)i$e ea$' ma$'ine $y$le, e6$ept t'at t)o PS"E a$ti*ations are s&ipped during ea$' a$$ess to e6ternal data memory. EA=0--: "6ternal A$$ess "na le "A must e strapped to :E. in order to ena le t'e de*i$e to +et$' $ode +rom e6ternal program memory lo$ations starting at 8888H up to FFFFH. Eote, 'o)e*er, t'at i+ lo$& it 1 is programmed, "A )ill e internally lat$'ed on reset. "A s'ould e strapped to 2CC +or internal program e6e$utions. 1'is pin also re$ei*es t'e 17#*olt programming ena le *oltage -2PP/ during Flas' programming, +or parts t'at re,uire 17#*olt 2PP. >TAL!: Input to t'e in*erting os$illator ampli+ier and input to t'e internal $lo$& operating $ir$uit. >TAL4: It is t'e =utput +rom t'e in*erting os$illator ampli+ier. ,sc&//ator Character&st&cs: B1A;1 and B1A;7 are t'e input and output, respe$ti*ely, o+ an in*erting ampli+ier )'i$' $an e $on+igured +or use as an on#$'ip os$illatorC "it'er a ,uartz $rystal or $erami$ resonator may e used. 1o dri*e t'e de*i$e +rom an e6ternal $lo$& sour$e, B1A;7 s'ould e le+t un$onne$ted )'ile B1A;1 is dri*en. 1'ere are no re,uirements on t'e duty $y$le o+ t'e e6ternal $lo$& signal, sin$e t'e input to t'e internal $lo$&ing $ir$uitry is t'roug' a di*ide# y#t)o +lip#+lop, ut minimum and ma6imum *oltage 'ig' and lo) time spe$i+i$ations must e o ser*ed.

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

Inder steady state -non#transient/ $onditions, I=; must e e6ternally limited as +ollo)s! Ma6imum I=; per port pin! 18 mA Ma6imum I=; per ># it port! Port 8! 76 mA Ports 1, 7, <! 1@ mA Ma6imum total I=; +or all output pins! J1 mA I+ I=; e6$eeds t'e test $ondition, 2=; may e6$eed t'e related spe$i+i$ation. Pins are not guaranteed to sin& $urrent greater t'an t'e listed test $onditions. Minimum 2CC +or Po)er#do)n is 72.

E>AM-LE -R,<RAM
!+ Wr&te an "3%! C (ro'ram to send ;a/*es 33 ? 11 to (ort -!+ Nin$lude Oreg@1.'P *oid main-*oid/ Q unsigned $'ar zC +or -zR8CzOR7@@CzSS/ P1RzC T

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

4+ Wr&te an "3%! C (ro'ram to to''/e b&t D3 o) the (ort -!@-!+37 %3A333 t&mes+ Nin$lude Oreg@1.'P s it MUBI1RP1V8C *oid main-*oid/ Q unsigned int zC +or -zR8CzOR@8888CzSS/ Q MUBI1R8C MUBI1R1C T T :+ Wr&te a -ro'ram to s5&tch ,11 and ,. the LEDBs 6ee( &t *(to % *s *s&n' by de/ay )*nct&on? Nin$ludeOreg@1.'P *oid .elay-*oid/C *oid main -/ Q P7 R86FFC .elay -/C 00Ma&ing P7 port to get 'ig' logi$ 00&eeping P7 to @ us as a 'ig' logi$ y generating delay 00using y delay +un$tion P7 R 8688C .elay -/C 00Ma&ing P7 port to get lo) logi$ 00&eeping P7 to @ us as a lo) logi$ y generating delay 00 using y delay +un$tion
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

00adding >8@1 ar$'ite$ture support +ile to sour$e program 00delay +un$tion de$laration at start o+ program

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

T *oid .elay-*oid/ Q unsigned int iC +or -iR8C iO@C iSS/C T

RE<ISTERS
In t'e CPI, registers are used to store in+ormation temporarily. 1'at in+ormation $ould e a yte o+ data to e pro$essed, or an address pointing to t'e data to e +et$'ed. 1'e *ast ma4ority o+ >8@1 registers are > it registers. In t'e >8@1 t'ere is only one data type! > its. 1'e > its o+ a register are s'o)n in t'e diagram +rom t'e MSB -most signi+i$ant it/ .J to t'e ;SB -least signi+i$ant it/ .8. (it' an ># it data type, any data larger t'an > its must e ro&en into ># it $'un&s e+ore it is pro$essed. Sin$e t'ere are a large num er o+ registers in t'e >8@1, )e )ill $on$entrate on some o+ t'e )idely used general#purpose registers and $o*er spe$ial registers in +uture $'apters. DC D# D% D$ D: D4 D! D3

1'e most )idely used registers o+ t'e >8@1 are A -a$$umulator/, B, G8, G1, G7, G<, G9, G@, G6, GJ, .P1G -data pointer/, and PC -program $ounter/. All o+ t'e a o*e registers are ># its, e6$ept .P1G and t'e program $ounter. 1'e a$$umulator, register A, is used +or all arit'meti$ and logi$ instru$tions.

S1Rs @S(ec&a/ 1*nct&on Re'&sters7 Among t'e registers G8#GJ is part o+ t'e 17> ytes o+ GAM memory. ('at a out registers A, B, PS(, and .P1GD .o t'ey also 'a*e addressesD 1'e ans)er is yes. In t'e >8@1, registers A, B, PS( and .P1G are part o+ t'e group o+ registers $ommonly re+erred to as SFG -spe$ial +un$tion registers/. 1'ere are many spe$ial +un$tion registers and t'ey are )idely used. 1'e SFG $an e a$$essed y t'e names -)'i$' is mu$' easier/ or y t'eir addresses. For e6ample, register A 'as address "8', and register B 'as een ignited t'e address F8H. 1'e +ollo)ing t)o points s'ould noted a out t'e SFG addresses.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

!7 1'e Spe$ial +un$tion registers 'a*e addresses et)een >8H and FFH. 1'ese addresses are a o*e >8H, sin$e t'e addresses 88 to JFH are addresses o+ GAM memory inside t'e >8@1. 47 Eot all t'e address spa$e o+ >8H to FFH is used y t'e SFG. 1'e unused lo$ations >8H to FFH are reser*ed and must not e used y t'e >8@1 programmer. Gegarding dire$t addressing mode, noti$e t'e +ollo)ing t)o points! @a7 1'e address *alue is limited to one yte, 88#FFH, )'i$' means t'is addressing mode is limited to a$$essing GAM lo$ations and registers lo$ated inside t'e >8@1. @b7 I+ you e6amine t'e l st +ile +or an assem ly language program, you )ill see t'at t'e SFG registers names are repla$ed )it' t'eir addresses as listed in ta le. Symbo/ ACC B PS( SP .P1G .P; .PH P8 P1 P7 P< IP I" 1M=. 1C=E 17C=E 17M=. 1H8 1;8 1H1 1;1 1H7 1;7 GCAP7H GCAP7; SC=E SBIF PC=E .ame A$$umulator B register Program status )ord Sta$& pointer .ata pointer 7 ytes ;o) yte Hig' yte Port8 Port1 Port7 Port< Interrupt priority $ontrol Interrupt ena le $ontrol 1imer0$ounter mode $ontrol 1imer0$ounter $ontrol 1imer0$ounter 7 $ontrol 1imer0$ounter mode7 $ontrol 1imer0$ounter 8'ig' yte 1imer0$ounter 8 lo) yte 1imer0$ounter 1 'ig' yte 1imer0$ounter 1 lo) yte 1imer0$ounter 7 'ig' yte 1imer0$ounter 7 lo) yte 10C 7 $apture register 'ig' yte 10C 7 $apture register lo) yte Serial $ontrol Serial data u++er Po)er $ontrol Address 8"8H 8F8H 8.8H >1H >7H ><H >8H H8H 8A8H 8B8H 8B>H 8A>H >HH >>H 8C>H 8CHH >CH >AH >.H >BH 8C.H 8CCH 8CBH 8CAH H>H HHH >JH

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

"3%! S(ec&a/ )*nct&on re'&ster Address

A @Acc*m*/ator7 Re'&ster:

1'is is a general#purpose register )'i$' ser*es +or storing intermediate results during operating. A num er -an operand/ s'ould e added to t'e a$$umulator prior to e6e$ute an instru$tion upon it. =n$e an arit'meti$al operation is per+ormed y t'e A;I, t'e result is pla$ed into t'e a$$umulator. I+ a data s'ould e trans+erred +rom one register to anot'er, it must go t'roug' a$$umulator. For su$' uni*ersal purpose, t'is is t'e most $ommonly used register t'at none mi$ro$ontroller $an e imagined )it'out -more t'an a 'al+ >8@1 mi$ro$ontroller?s instru$tions used use t'e a$$umulator in some )ay/. B Re'&ster: B register is used during multiply and di*ide operations )'i$' $an e per+ormed only upon num ers stored in t'e A and B registers. All ot'er instru$tions in t'e program $an use t'is register as a spare a$$umulator -A/.

.uring programming, ea$' o+ registers is $alled y name so t'at t'eir e6a$t address is not so important +or t'e user. .uring $ompiling into ma$'ine $ode -series o+ 'e6ade$imal num ers re$ognized as instru$tions y t'e mi$ro$ontroller/, PC )ill automati$ally, instead o+ registersL name, )rite ne$essary addresses into t'e mi$ro$ontroller. R Re'&sters @R3-RC7:

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

1'is is a $ommon name +or t'e total > general purpose registers -G8, G1, and G7 ...GJ/. "*en t'ey are not true SFGs, t'ey deser*e to e dis$ussed 'ere e$ause o+ t'eir purpose. 1'e an& is a$ti*e )'en t'e G registers it in$ludes are in use. Similar to t'e a$$umulator, t'ey are used +or temporary storing *aria les and intermediate results. ('i$' o+ t'e an&s )ill e a$ti*e depends on t)o its in$luded in t'e PS( Gegister. 1'ese registers are stored in +our an&s in t'e s$ope o+ GAM. 1'e +ollo)ing e6ample est illustrates t'e use+ul purpose o+ t'ese registers. Suppose t'at mat'emati$al operations on num ers pre*iously stored in t'e G registers s'ould e per+ormed! -G1SG7/ # -G<SG9/. = *iously, a register +or temporary storing results o+ addition is needed. "*eryt'ing is ,uite simple and t'e program is as +ollo)s! M,0 AA R:D Means! mo*e num er +rom G< into a$$umulator ADD AA R$D Means! add num er +rom G9 to a$$umulator -result remains in a$$umulator/ M,0 R%A AD Means! temporarily mo*es t'e result +rom a$$umulator into G@ M,0 AA R!D Means! mo*e num er +rom G1 into a$$umulator
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

ADD AA R4D Means! add num er +rom G7 to a$$umulator S8BB AA R%D Means! su tra$t num er +rom G@ -t'ere are G<SG9/ "3%! Re'&ster Ban6s and Stac6: RAM memory s(ace a//ocat&on &n the "3%! 1'ere are 17> ytes o+ GAM in t'e >8@1. 1'e 17> ytes o+ GAM inside t'e >8@1 are assigned addresses 88 toJFH. 1'ese 17> ytes are di*ided into t'ree di++erent groups as +ollo)s! !+ A total o+ <7 ytes +rom lo$ations 88 to 1FH 'e6 are set aside +or register an&s and t'e sta$&. 4+ A total o+ 16 ytes +rom lo$ations 78 to 7FH 'e6 are set aside +or it#addressa le read0)rite memory. :+ A total o+ >8 ytes +rom lo$ations <8H to JFH are used +or read and )rite storage, or )'at is normally $alled S$rat$' pad. 1'ese >8 lo$ations o+ GAM are )idely used +or t'e purpose o+ storing data and parameters use >8@1 programmers. Re'&ster ban6s &n the "3%!: A total o+ <7 ytes o+ GAM are set aside +or t'e register an&s and sta$&. 1'ese <7 ytes are di*ided into 9 an&s o+ registers in )'i$' ea$' an& 'as registers, G8#GJ. GAM lo$ations 8 to J are set aside +or an& 8 o+ G8#GJ )'ere G8 is GAM lo$ation 8, G1 is GAM lo$ation 1, and G7 is lo$ation 7, and so on, until memory lo$ationJ, )'i$' elongs to GJ o+ an&8. 1'e se$ond an& o+ registers G8#GJ starts at GAM lo$ation 8> and goes to lo$ation 8FH. 1'e t'ird an& o+ G8#GJ starts at memory lo$ation 18H and goes to lo$ation 1JH. Finally, GAM lo$ations 1>H to 1FH are set aside +or t'e +ourt' an& o+ G8#GJ. Fig s'o)s 'o) t'e <7 ytes are allo$ated into 9 an&s. 1'e an& 1 uses t'e same GAM spa$e as t'e sta$&. 1'is is a ma4or pro lem in programming t'e >8@1. (e must eit'er not use register an&1, or allo$ate anot'er area o+ GAM +or t'e sta$&. De)a*/t re'&ster ban6: I+ GAM lo$ations 88#1F are set aside +or t'e +our register an&s, )'i$' register an& o+ G8#GJ do )e 'a*e a$$ess to )'en t'e >8@1 is po)ered upD 1'e ans)er is register an& 8C t'at is , GAM lo$ations 8, 1,7,<,9,@,6, and J are a$$essed )it' t'e names G8, G1, G7, G<, G9, G@, G6, and GJ )'en programming t'e >8@1. It is mu$' easier to re+er to t'ese GAM lo$ations )it' names su$' as G8, G1 and so on, t'an y t'eir memory lo$ations. 1'e register an&s are s)it$'ed y using t'e .< W .9 its o+ register PS(.

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

RAM A//ocat&on &n the "3%!

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

-SW Re'&ster @-ro'ram Stat*s Word7

1'is is one o+ t'e most important SFGs. 1'e Program Status (ord -PS(/ $ontains se*eral status its t'at re+le$t t'e $urrent state o+ t'e CPI. 1'is register $ontains! Carry it, Au6iliary Carry, t)o register an& sele$t its, =*er+lo) +lag, parity it, and user#de+ina le status +lag. 1'e A;I automati$ally $'anges some o+ registerLs its, )'i$' is usually used in regulation o+ t'e program per+orming. - - -ar&ty b&t+ I+ a num er in a$$umulator is e*en t'en t'is it )ill e automati$ally set -1/, ot'er)ise it )ill e $leared -8/. It is mainly used during data transmission and re$ei*ing *ia serial $ommuni$ation. - B&t !: 1'is it is intended +or t'e +uture *ersions o+ t'e mi$ro$ontrollers, so it is not supposed to e 'ere. ,0 ,;er)/o5! =$$urs )'en t'e result o+ arit'meti$al operation is greater t'an 7@@ -de$imal/, so t'at it $annot e stored in one register. In t'at $ase, t'is it )ill e set -1/. I+ t'ere is no o*er+lo), t'is it )ill e $leared -8/. RS3A RS! - Re'&ster ban6 se/ects b&ts+ 1'ese t)o its are used to sele$t one o+ t'e +our register an&s in GAM. By )riting zeroes and ones to t'ese its, a group o+ registers G8#GJ is stored in one o+ +our an&s in GAM.

RS! 8 8 1

RS4 8 1 8

S(ace &n RAM Ban&8 88'#8J' Ban&1 8>'#8F' Ban&7 18'#1J'

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

1 1 Ban&< 1>'#1F'

13 - 1/a' 3+ 1'is is a general#purpose it a*aila le to t'e user. AC - A*E&/&ary Carry 1/a' is used +or BC. operations only. CY - Carry 1/a' is t'e -nint'/ au6iliary it used +or all arit'meti$al operations and s'i+t instru$tions. D-TR Re'&ster @Data -o&nter7: 1'ese registers are not true ones e$ause t'ey do not p'ysi$ally e6ist. 1'ey $onsist o+ t)o separate registers! .PH -.ata Pointer Hig'/ and -.ata Pointer ;o)/. 1'eir 16 its are used +or e6ternal memory addressing. 1'ey may e 'andled as a 16# it register or as t)o independent ># it registers. Besides, t'e .P1G Gegister is usually used +or storing data and intermediate results )'i$' 'a*e not'ing to do )it' memory lo$ations.

S- Re'&ster @Stac6 -o&nter7:

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

1'e sta$& is a se$tion o+ GAM used y t'e CPI to store in+ormation temporarily. 1'is in+ormation $ould e data or an address. 1'e CPI needs t'is storage area sin$e t'ere are only a limited num er o+ registers. 2o5 stac6s are accessed &n the "3%! I+ t'e sta$& is a se$tion o+ GAM, t'ere must e registers inside t'e CPI to point to it. 1'e register used to a$$ess t'e sta$& is $alled t'e SP -Sta$& point/ Gegister. 1'e sta$& pointer in t'e >8@1 is only > its )ideC )'i$' means t'at it $an ta&e *alues o+ 88 to FFH. ('en t'e >8@1 is po)ered up, t'e SP register $ontains *alue 8J. 1'is means t'at GAM lo$ation 8> is t'e +irst lo$ation used +or t'e sta$& y t'e >8@1. 1'e storing o+ a CPI register in t'e sta$& is $alled a PISH, and pulling t'e $ontents o++ t'e sta$& a$& into a CPI register is $alled a P=P. In ot'er )ords, a register is pus'ed onto t'e sta$& to sa*e it and popped o++ t'e sta$& to retrie*e it. 1'e 4o o+ t'e SP is *ery $riti$al )'en pus' and pop a$tions are per+ormed. -*sh&n' onto the stac6 In t'e >8@1 t'e sta$& pointer -SP/ points to t'e last used lo$ation o+ t'e sta$&. As )e pus' data onto t'e sta$&, t'e sta$& pointer is in$remented y one. Eoti$e t'at t'is di++erent +rom many mi$ropro$essors, nota ly 6>6 pro$essors in )'i$' t'e SP is de$remented )'en data is pus'ed onto t'e sta$&. As ea$' PISH is e6e$uted, t'e $ontents o+ t'e register are sa*ed on t'e sta$& and SP is in$remented y 1. Eoti$e t'at +or e*ery yte o+ data sa*ed on t'e sta$& and t'en SP is in$remented only on$e. Eoti$e also t'at to pus' t'e registers onto t'e sta$& )e must use t'eir GAM addresses. For e6ample, t'e instru$tion XPISHY pus'es register G1 onto t'e sta$&.

-o((&n' )rom the stac6 Popping t'e $ontents o+ t'e sta$& a$& into a gi*en register is t'e opposite pro$ess o+ pus'ing. (it' e*ery pop, t'e top yte o+ t'e sta$& is $opied to t'e register spe$i+ied y t'e instru$tion and t'e sta$& pointer is de$remented on$e. The *((er /&m&t o) the stac6 As, mentioned earlier, lo$ations 8> to 1FH in t'e >8@1 GAM $an e used +or t'e sta$&. 1'is is e$ause lo$ations 78#7FH o+ GAM are reser*ed +or it#addressa le memory and must not e used y t'e sta$&. I+ in a program )e need more t'an 79 ytes -8> to 1FHR79 ytes/ o+ sta$&, )e $an $'ange t'e SP to point to GAM lo$ations <8#JFH. 1'is is done )it' t'e instru$tion XM=2 SP, NBBY. -3A -!A -4A -: - In(*t=,*t(*t Re'&sters
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

In $ase t'at e6ternal memory and serial $ommuni$ation system are not in use t'en, 9 ports )it' in total o+ <7 input#output lines are a*aila le to t'e user +or $onne$tion to perip'eral en*ironment. "a$' it inside t'ese ports $orresponds to t'e appropriate pin on t'e mi$ro$ontroller. 1'is means t'at logi$ state )ritten to t'ese ports appears as a *oltage on t'e pin -8 or @ 2/. Eaturally, )'ile reading, t'e opposite o$$urs *oltage on some input pins is re+le$ted in t'e appropriate port it. 1'e state o+ a port it, esides eing re+le$ted in t'e pin, determines at t'e same time )'et'er it )ill e $on+igured as input or output. I+ a it is $leared -8/, t'e pin )ill e $on+igured as output. In t'e same manner, i+ a it is set to 1 t'e pin )ill e $on+igured as input. A+ter reset, as )ell as )'en turning t'e mi$ro$ontroller =E, all its on t'ese ports are set to one @!7. 1'is means t'at t'e appropriate pins )ill e $on+igured as &n(*ts.

-C @-ro'ram co*nter7: 1'e important register in t'e >8@1 is t'e PC -Program $ounter/. 1'e program $ounter points to t'e address o+ t'e ne6t instru$tion to e e6e$uted. As t'e CPI +et$'es t'e =PC=." +rom t'e program G=M, t'e program $ounter is in$remented to point to t'e ne6t instru$tion. 1'e program $ounter in t'e >8@1 is 16 its )ide. 1'is means t'at t'e >8@1 $an a$$ess program addresses 8888 to FFFFH, a total o+ 69& ytes o+ $ode. Ty(es o) &nstr*ct&ons .epending on operation t'ey per+orm, all instru$tions are di*ided in se*eral groups!

Arit'meti$ Instru$tions Bran$' Instru$tions .ata 1rans+er Instru$tions ;ogi$al Instru$tions ;ogi$al Instru$tions )it' its

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

1'e +irst part o+ ea$' instru$tion, $alled ME"M=EIC re+ers to t'e operation an instru$tion per+orms -$opying, addition, logi$al operation et$./. Mnemoni$s $ommonly are s'ortened +orm o+ name o+ operation eing e6e$uted. For e6ample! I.CR1: In$rement G1 -in$rement register G1/ LJMP LAB5: ;ong Zump ;AB@ -long 4ump to address spe$i+ied as ;AB@/ JNZ LOOP: Zump i+ Eot Aero ;==P -i+ t'e num er in t'e a$$umulator is not 8, 4ump to address spe$i+ied as ;==P/ Anot'er part o+ instru$tion, $alled =P"GAE. is separated +rom mnemoni$ at least y one empty spa$e and de+ines data eing pro$essed y instru$tions. Some instru$tions 'a*e no operandC some 'a*e one, t)o or t'ree. I+ t'ere is more t'an one operand in instru$tion, t'ey are separated y $omma. RET -return +rom su #routine/ JZ TEMP - -i+ t'e Eo. in t'e a$$umulator is not 8, 4ump to address spe$i+ied as 1"MP/ ADD A,R3 -add G< and a$$umulator/ CJNE A,#20,LOOP - -$ompare a$$umulator )it' 78. I+ t'ey are not e,ual, 4ump to address spe$i+ied as ;==P/ Ar&thmet&c &nstr*ct&ons: 1'ese instru$tions per+orm se*eral asi$ operations -addition, su tra$tion, di*ision, multipli$ation et$./ A+ter e6e$ution, t'e result is stored in t'e +irst operand. ADD A, R1 - 1'e result o+ addition -ASG1/ )ill e stored in t'e a$$umulator. Ar&thmet&ca/ Instr*ct&ons Byte .*mber 1 ,sc&//ator -er&od 1

Mnemon&c

Descr&(t&on

A.. A,Gn

Add G Gegister to a$$umulator Add dire$tly addressed G6 Gegister to a$$umulator Add indire$tly addressed Gegister to a$$umulator

A.. A,G6

A.. A,%Gi

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

A.. A,NB A..C A,Gn Add num er B to a$$umulator Add G Gegister )it' Carry it to a$$umulator 7 1 7 1

Branch Instr*ct&ons: 1'ere are t)o &inds o+ t'ese instru$tions! 8ncond&t&ona/ 9*m( &nstr*ct&ons: A+ter t'eir e6e$ution a 4ump to a ne) lo$ation +rom )'ere t'e program $ontinues e6e$ution is e6e$uted. Cond&t&ona/ 9*m( &nstr*ct&ons: I+ some $ondition is met # a 4ump is e6e$uted. =t'er)ise, t'e program normally pro$eeds )it' t'e ne6t instru$tion. Branch Instr*ct&on Mnemon&c Descr&(t&on Byte .*mber ,sc&//ator -er&od

ACA;; adr11

Call su routine lo$ated at address )it'in 7 5 yte Program Memory spa$e Call su routine lo$ated at any address )it'in 69 5 yte Program Memory spa$e Geturn +rom su routine Geturn +rom interrupt routine Zump to address lo$ated )it'in 7 5 yte Program Memory spa$e Zump to any address lo$ated )it'in 69 5 yte Program Memory spa$e

;CA;; adr16 G"1 G"1I AZMP adr11

< 1 1 7

9 9 9 <

;ZMP adr16

Data Trans)er Instr*ct&ons

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

1'ese instru$tions mo*e t'e $ontent o+ one register to anot'er one. 1'e register )'i$' $ontent is mo*ed remains un$'anged. I+ t'ey 'a*e t'e su++i6 XBY -M=2B/, t'e data is e6$'anged )it' e6ternal memory. Data Trans)er Instr*ct&on Mnemon&c Descr&(t&on Byte .*mber 1 Cyc/e .*mber 1

M=2 A,Gn

Mo*e G register to a$$umulator

M=2 A,G6

Mo*e dire$tly addressed G6 register to a$$umulator

M=2 A,%Gi

Mo*e indire$tly addressed register to a$$umulator

M=2 A,NB

Mo*e num er B to a$$umulator

Lo'&ca/ Instr*ct&ons 1'ese instru$tions per+orm logi$al operations et)een $orresponding its o+ t)o registers. A+ter e6e$ution, t'e result is stored in t'e +irst operand. Lo'&ca/ Instr*ct&ons Mnemon&c Descr&(t&on Byte .*mber Cyc/e .*mber 1

AE; A,Gn

;ogi$al AE. et)een a$$umulator and G register

AE; A,G6

;ogi$al AE. et)een a$$umulator and dire$tly addressed register G6

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

AE; A,%Gi

;ogi$al AE. et)een a$$umulator and indire$tly addressed register

AE; A,NB

;ogi$al AE. et)een a$$umulator and num er B

Lo'&ca/ ,(erat&ons on B&ts Similar to logi$al instru$tions, t'ese instru$tions per+orm logi$al operations. 1'e di++eren$e is t'at t'ese operations are per+ormed on single its. Lo'&ca/ o(erat&ons on b&ts Cyc/e .*mber 1 7 1 7

Mnemon&c

Descr&(t&on

Byte .*mber

C;G C C;G it S"1B C S"1B it

Clear Carry it Clear dire$tly addressed it Set Carry it Set dire$tly addressed it

1 7 1 7

CP; C

Complement Carry it

CP; it

Complement dire$tly addressed it

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

TIMERS
=n#$'ip timing0$ounting +a$ility 'as pro*ed t'e $apa ilities o+ t'e mi$ro$ontroller +or implementing t'e real time appli$ation. 1'ese in$ludes pulse $ounting, +re,uen$y measurement, pulse )idt' measurement, aud rate generation,et$., Ha*ing su++i$ient num er o+ timer0$ounters may e a need in a $ertain design appli$ation. 1'e >8@1 'as t)o timers0$ounters. 1'ey $an e used eit'er as timers to generate a time delay or as $ounters to $ount e*ents 'appening outside t'e mi$ro$ontroller. -R,<RAMMI.< "3%! TIMERS The "3%! has t5o t&mers=co*ntersA they can be *sed e&ther as 1imers to generate a time delay or as "*ent $ounters to $ount e*ents 'appening outside t'e mi$ro$ontroller

BASIC RI<ISTERS ,1 T2E TIMER: Bot' 1imer 8 and 1imer 1 are 16 its )ide. Sin$e >8@1 'as an ># it ar$'ite$ture, ea$' 16# its timer is a$$essed as t)o registers o+ lo) yte and 'ig' yte. Accessed as /o5 byte and h&'h byte 1'e lo) yte register is $alled 1;8 0 1;1 and 1'e 'ig' yte register is $alled 1H8 0 1H1. separate

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

TIMER 3 RE<ISTERS 1'e 16# it register o+ 1imer 8 is a$$essed as lo) yte and 'ig' yte. t'e lo) yte register is $alled 1;8 -1imer 8 lo) yte/and t'e 'ig' yte register is re+erred to as 1H8 -1imer 8 'ig' yte/.1'ese register $an e a$$essed li&e any ot'er register, su$' as A, B, G8, G1, G7,et$. For "6ample, t'e instru$tion YM=2 1;8, N9FYmo*es t'e *alue 9FH into 1;8,t'e lo) yte o+ 1imer 8.1'ese registers $an also e read li&e any ot'er register.

TIMER ! RE<ISTERS 1imer 1 is also 16# it register is split into t)o ytes, re+erred to as 1;1 -1imer 1 lo) yte/ and 1H1 -1imer 1 'ig' yte/.t'ese registers are a$$essi le n t'e same )ay as t'e register o+ 1imer 8. TM,D @T&mer Mode7 RE<ISTER Bot' timers 1IM"G 8 and 1IM"G 1 use t'e same register, $alled 1M=., to set t'e *arious timer operation modes. 1M=. is an ># it register in )'i$' t'e lo)er 9 its are set aside +or 1imer 8 and t'e upper 9 its +or 1imer 1.in ea$' $aseC t'e lo)er 7 its are used to set t'e timer mode and t'e upper 7 its to spe$i+y t'e operation.

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

M,DES @ M! A M37 : M8 and M1 are used to sele$t t'e timer mode. 1'ere are t'ree modes! 8, 1, 7. Mode 8 is a 1<# it timer, mode 1 is a 16# it timer, and mode 7 is an ># it timer. (e )ill $on$entrate on modes 1 and 7 sin$e t'ey are t'e ones used most )idely. (e )ill soon des$ri e t'e $'ara$teristi$s o+ t'ese modes, a+ter des$ri ing t'e reset o+ t'e 1M=. register. <ATE :ate $ontrol )'en set. 1'e timer0$ounter is ena led only )'ile t'e IE16 pin is 'ig' and t'e 1G6 $ontrol pin is Set. ('en $leared, t'e timer is ena led. 1imer or $ounter sele$ted $leared +or timer operation -Input +rom internal system $lo$&/.set +or $ounter =peration -input 1B input pin/. Mode it 1 Mode it 8

C=T

M! M3

M! 8

M3 8

M,DE 8

,(erat&n' Mode 1<# it timer mode ># it timer0$ounter 1H6 )it' 1;6 as @ # Bit pre#s$aler 16# it timer mode 16# it timer0$ounters 1H6 )it' 1;6 are Cas$adedC t'ere is no pres$aler ># it auto reload ># it auto reload timer0$ounterC 1H6 Holds a *alue t'at is to e reloaded into 1;6 ea$' time it o*er+lo)s.

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

1 1 < Split timer mode

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

<ATE:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

T&mers o) "3%! do start&n' and sto((&n' by e&ther so)t5are or hard5are contro/ In using so+t)are to start and stop t'e timer )'ere :A1"R8 1'e start and stop o+ t'e timer are $ontrolled y )ay o+ so+t)are y t'e 1G -timer start/ its 1G8 and 1G1 1'e S"1B instru$tion starts it, and it is stopped y t'e C;G instru$tion 1'ese instru$tions start and stop t'e timers as long as :A1"R8 in t'e 1M=. register 1'e 'ard)are )ay o+ starting and stopping t'e timer y an e6ternal sour$e is a$'ie*ed y ma&ing :A1"R1 in t'e 1M=. register I+ :A1" R 1, t'e start and stop o+ t'e timer are done e6ternally t'roug' pins P<.7 W P<.< +or timers 8 and 1, respe$ti*ely. 1'is 'ard)are )ay allo)s to start or stop t'e timer e6ternally at any time *ia a simple s)it$'

C=T @c/oc6=t&mer7 1'is it in t'e 1M=. register is used to de$ide )'et'er t'e timer is used as a delay generator or an e*ent $ounter. I+ C01R8, it is used as a timer +or time delay generation. 1'e $lo$& sour$e +or t'e time delay is t'e $rystal +re,uen$y o+ t'e >8@1. As yo* 6no5A e;ery t&mer needs a c/oc6 (*/se to t&c6+ What &s the so*rce o) the c/oc6 (*/se )or the "3%! t&mers? I+ C01R8, t'e $rystal +re,uen$y atta$'ed to t'e >8@1 is t'e sour$e o+ t'e $lo$& +or t'e timer. 1'is means t'at t'e size o+ t'e $rystal +re,uen$y atta$'ed to t'e >8@1 also de$ides t'e speed at )'i$' t'e >8@1 timer ti$&s. 1'e +re,uen$y +or t'e timer is al)ays 1017t' t'e +re,uen$y o+ t'e $rystal atta$'ed to t'e >8@1.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

Alt'oug' *arious >8@1# ased systems 'a*e an B1A; +re,uen$y o+ 18MHz,)e )ill $on$entrate on t'e B1A; +re,uen$y o+ 11.8@H7MHz. 1'e reason e'ind su$' an odd num er 'as to do )it' t'e aud rate +or serial $ommuni$ation o+ t'e >8@1. B1A; R11.8@H7MHz allo)s t'e >8@1 system to $ommuni$ate )it' t'e PC )it' no errors. 1imers $an also e used as $ounters $ounting e*ents 'appening outside t'e >8@1 ('en it is used as a $ounter, it is a pulse outside o+ t'e >8@1 t'at in$rements t'e 1H, 1; registers. 1M=. and 1H, 1; registers are t'e same as +or t'e timer

1'e C01 it in t'e 1M=. registers de$ides t'e sour$e o+ t'e $lo$& +or t'e timer. ('en C01 R 1, t'e timer is used as a $ounter and gets its pulses +rom outside t'e >8@1. 1'e $ounter $ounts up as pulses are +ed +rom pins 19 and 1@, t'ese pins are $alled 18 -timer 8 input/ and 11 -timer 1 input/.

E>AM-LE -R,<RAMS
!+ Wr&te an "3%! C (ro'ram to to''/e a// the b&ts o) (ort -! cont&n*o*s/y 5&th some de/ay &n bet5een+ 8se T&mer3A !#-b&t mode to 'enerate the de/ay+

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

Nin$lude Oreg@1.'P *oid 18.elay-*oid/C *oid main -*oid/ Q )'ile -1/ Q P1R86@@C 18.elay-/C P1R86AAC 18.elay-/C T T *oid 18.elay- / Q 1M=.R8681C 1;8R8688C 1H8R86<@C 1G8R1C )'ile -1F8RR8/C 1G8R8C 1F8R8C T 4+ Wr&te an "3%! C (ro'ram to create a )reF*ency o) 4%33 2G on (&n -4+C+ 8se T&mer !A mode 4 to create de/ay+

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

Nin$lude Oreg@1.'P *oid 11M7.elay-*oid/C s it my itRP7VJC *oid main-*oid/ Q unsigned $'ar 6C )'ile -1/ Q my itR[my itC 11M7.elay-/C T T *oid 11M7.elay-*oid/ Q 1M=.R8678C 1H1R#1>9C 1G1R1C )'ile -1F1RR8/C 1G1R8C 1F1R8C T

EEerc&ses
1/ Find t'e *alue +or 1M=. i+ )e )ant to program 1imer 8 in mode 7, use >8@1 B1A; +or t'e $lo$& sour$e, and use instru$tions to start and stop t'e timer.

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

7/ Assume t'at B1A; R 11.8@H7 MHz. ('at *alue do )e need to load into t'e timer?s registers i+ )e )ant to 'a*e a time delay o+ @ ms -millise$onds/D S'o) t'e program +or 1imer 8 to $reate a pulse )idt' o+ @ ms on P7.<. </ Assuming t'at B1A; R 11.8@H7 MHz, )rite a program to generate a s,uare )a*e o+ 7 &Hz +re,uen$y on pin PI .@. 9/ Assuming B1A; R 11.8@H7 MHz, )rite a program to generate a s,uare )a*e o+ @8 Hz +re,uen$y on pin P7.<. @/ (rite an >8@1 C program to toggle only it PI.@ $ontinuously e*ery @8 ms. Ise 1imer 8, mode 1 -16# it/ to $reate t'e delay. 6/ (rite an >8@1 C program to toggle all its o+ P2 $ontinuously e*ery @88 ms. Ise 1imer 1. mode 1 to $reate t'e delay. J/ (rite an >8@1 C program to toggle only pin PI.@ $ontinuously e*ery 7@8 ms. Ise 1imer 8, mode 7 -># it auto#reload/ to $reate t'e delay. >/ (rite an >8@1 C program to $reate a +re,uen$y o+ 7@88 Hz on pin P7.J. Ise 1imer 1. mode 7 to $reate t'e delay. H/ A s)it$' is $onne$ted to pin PI.7. (rite an >8@1 C program to monitor S( and $reate t'e +ollo)ing +re,uen$ies on pin PI.J! S(R8! @88 Hz S(R1! J@8 Hz Ise 1imer 8, mode 1 +or ot' o+ t'em. 18/ Assuming t'at $lo$& pulses are +ed into pin 1l, )rite a program +or $ounter 1 in mode 7 to $ount t'e pulses and display t'e state o+ t'e 1;1 $ount on -4+

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

11/ Assume t'at a 1#Hz e6ternal $lo$& is eing +ed into pin 1l -P<.@/. (rite a C program +or $ounter 1 in mode 7 -># it auto reload/ to $ount up and display t'e state o+ t'e 1;1 $ount on PI. Start t'e $ount at =H. 17/ Assume t'at a 1#Hz e6ternal $lo$& is eing +ed into pin 1= -P<.9/. (rite a C program +or $ounter 8 in mode #1 -16# it/ to $ount t'e pulses and display t'e 1H= and 1;= registers on P7 and PI, respe$ti*ely. 1</ Assume t'at a 7#Hz e6ternal $lo$& is eing +ed into pin 1l -P<.@/. (rite a C program +or $ounter 8 in mode 7 -># it auto reload/ to display t'e $ount in ASCII. 1'e ># it inary $ount must e $on*erted to ASCII. .isplay t'e ASCII digits -in inary/ on P=, PI, and P7 )'ere P= 'as t'e least signi+i$ant digit. Set t'e initial *alue o+ 1H= to 8. 19/ Assume t'at a 68#Hz e6ternal $lo$& is eing +ed into pin 1= -P<.9/. (rite a C program +or $ounter 8 in mode 7 -># it auto#reload/ to display t'e se$onds and minutes on PI and P7, respe$ti*ely.

SERIAL C,MM8.ICATI,.
Computers $an trans+er data in t)o )ays! parallel and serial. In parallel data trans+ers, o+ten > or more lines -)ire $ondu$tors/ are used to trans+er data to a de*i$e t'at is only a +e) +eet a)ay. "6amples o+ parallel data trans+er are printers and 'ard dis&sC ea$' uses $a les )it' many )ire strips. Alt'oug' in su$' $ases a lot o+ data $an e trans+erred in a s'ort amount o+ time y using many )ires in parallel, t'e distan$e $annot e great. 1o trans+er to a de*i$e lo$ated many meters a)ay, t'e serial met'od is used. In serial $ommuni$ation, t'e data is sent one it at a time, in $ontrast to parallel $ommuni$ation, in )'i$' t'e data is sent a yte or more at a time. Serial $ommuni$ation o+ t'e >8@1 is t'e topi$ o+ t'is $'apter. 1'e >8@1 'as serial $ommuni$ation $apa ility uilt into it, t'ere y ma&ing possi le +ast data trans+er using only a +e) )ires.

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

Ser&a/ ;ers*s -ara//e/ Data Trans)er I+ data is to e trans+erred on t'e telep'one line, it must e $on*erted +rom 8s and 1s to audio tones, )'i$' are sinusoidal#s'aped signals. A perip'eral de*i$e $alled a modem, )'i$' stands +or Xmodulator0demodulatorY, per+orms t'is $on*ersion. Serial data $ommuni$ation uses t)o met'ods, asyn$'ronous and syn$'ronous. 1'e syn$'ronous met'od trans+ers a lo$& o+ data at a time, )'ile t'e asyn$'ronous met'od trans+ers a single yte at a time. In data transmission i+ t'e data $an e transmitted and re$ei*ed, it is a duple6 transmission. 1'is is in $ontrast to simple6 transmissions su$' as )it' printers, in )'i$' t'e $omputer only sends data. .uple6 transmissions $an e 'al+ or +ull duple6, depending on )'et'er or not t'e data trans+er $an e simultaneous. I+ data is transmitted one )ay at a time, it is re+erred to as 'al+ duple6. I+ t'e data $an go ot' )ays at t'e same time, it is +ull duple6. =+ $ourse, +ull duple6 re,uires t)o )ire $ondu$tors +or t'e data lines, one +or transmission and one +or re$eption, in order to trans+er and re$ei*e data simultaneously.

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

S&m(/eEA 2a/)-A and 1*//-D*(/eE Trans)ers Asynchrono*s ser&a/ comm*n&cat&on and data )ram&n' 1'e data $oming in at t'e re$ei*ing end o+ t'e data line in a serial data trans+er is all 8s and 1sC it is di++i$ult to ma&e sense o+ t'e data unless t'e sender and re$ei*er agree on a set o+ rules, a proto$ol, on 'o) t'e data is pa$&ed, 'o) many its $onstitute a $'ara$ter, and )'en t'e data egins and ends. Start and sto( b&ts Asyn$'ronous serial data $ommuni$ation is )idely used +or $'ara$ter#oriented transmissions, )'ile lo$&#oriented data trans+ers use t'e syn$'ronous met'od. In t'e asyn$'ronous met'od, ea$' $'ara$ter is pla$ed et)een start and stop its. 1'is is $alled framing. In t'e data +raming +or asyn$'ronous $ommuni$ations, t'e data, su$' as ASCII $'ara$ters, are pa$&ed et)een a start it and a stop it. 1'e start it is al)ays one it, ut t'e stop it $an e one or t)o its. 1'e start it is al)ays a 8 -lo)/ and t'e stop it -s/ is 1 -'ig'/.

Data trans)er rate 1'e rate o+ data trans+er in serial data $ommuni$ation is stated in ps - its per se$ond/. Anot'er )idely used terminology +or ps is aud rate. Ho)e*er, t'e aud and ps rates are not ne$essarily e,ual. 1'is is due to t'e +a$t t'at aud rate is t'e modem terminology and is de+ined as t'e num er o+ signal $'anges per se$ond. In modems a single $'ange o+ signal, sometimes trans+ers se*eral its o+ data. As +ar as t'e $ondu$tor )ire is $on$erned, t'e aud rate and ps are t'e same, and +or t'is reason )e use t'e ps and aud inter$'angea ly. 1'e data trans+er rate o+ gi*en $omputer system depends on $ommuni$ation ports in$orporated into t'at system. For e6ample, t'e early IBMPC0B1 $ould trans+er data at t'e rate o+ 188 to H688 ps. In re$ent years, 'o)e*er, Pentium ased PCS trans+er data at rates as 'ig' as @65 ps. It must e noted t'at in asyn$'ronous serial data $ommuni$ation, t'e aud rate is generally limited to 188,888 ps. RS4:4 Standards 1o allo) $ompati ility among data $ommuni$ation e,uipment made y *arious manu+a$turers, an inter+a$ing standard $alled GS7<7 )as set y t'e "le$troni$s Industries Asso$iation -"IA/ in 1H68. In 1H6< it )as modi+ied and $alled GS7<7A. GS7<7B AE. GS7<7C )ere issued in 1H6@ and 1H6H, respe$ti*ely. 1oday, GS7<7 is t'e most )idely used serial I0= inter+a$ing standard. 1'is standard is used in PCs and numerous types o+ e,uipment. Ho)e*er,
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

sin$e t'e standard )as set long e+ore t'e ad*ert o+ t'e 11; logi$ +amily, its input and output *oltage le*els are not 11; $ompati le. In GS7<7, a 1 is represented y #< to #7@2, )'ile a 8 it is S< to S7@2, ma&ing #< to S< unde+ined. For t'is reason, to $onne$t any GS7<7 to a mi$ro$ontroller system )e must use *oltage $on*erters su$' as MAB7<7 to $on*ert t'e 11; logi$ le*els to t'e GS7<7 *oltage le*els, and *i$e *ersa. MAB7<7 IC $'ips are $ommonly re+erred to as line dri*ers. RS4:4 (&ns GS7<7 $a le is $ommonly re+erred to as t'e .B#7@ $onne$tor. In la eling, .B#7@P re+ers to t'e plug $onne$tor -male/ and .B#7@S is +or t'e so$&et $onne$tor -+emale/. Sin$e not all t'e pins are used in PC $a les, IBM introdu$ed t'e .B#H 2ersion o+ t'e serial I0= standard, )'i$' uses H pins only.

RS4:4 Connector DB-4%

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

DB- (&n connector

-&n 1*nct&ons: Pin 1 7 < 9 @ 6 J > H .es$ription .ata $arrier dete$t -.C./ Ge$ei*ed data -GB./ 1ransmitted data -1B./ .ata terminal ready-.1G/ Signal ground -:E./ .ata set ready -.SG/ Ge,uest to send -G1S/ Clear to send -C1S/ Ging indi$ator -GI/

.ote: .C., .SG, G1S and C1S are a$ti*e lo) pins. 1'e met'od used y GS#7<7 +or $ommuni$ation allo)s +or a simple $onne$tion o+ t'ree lines! 16, G6, and :round. 1'e t'ree essential signals +or 7#)ay GS#7<7. Communi$ations are t'ese! T>D! $arries data +rom .1" to t'e .C".
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

R>D! $arries data +rom .C" to t'e .1" S<! signal ground

"3%! connect&on to RS4:4: 1'e GS7<7 standard is not 11; $ompati leC t'ere+ore, it re,uires a line dri*er su$' as t'e MAB7<7 $'ip to $on*ert GS7<7 *oltage le*els to 11; le*els, and *i$e *ersa. 1'e inter+a$ing o+ >8@1 )it' GS7<7 $onne$tors *ia t'e MAB7<7 $'ip is t'e main topi$. 1'e >8@1 'as t)o pins t'at are used spe$i+i$ally +or trans+erring and re$ei*ing data serially. 1'ese t)o pins are $alled 1B. and GB. and a part o+ t'e port < group -P<.8 and P<.1/. Pin 11 o+ t'e >8@1 is assigned to 1B. and pin 18 is designated as GB.. 1'ese pins are 11; $ompati leC t'ere+ore, t'ey re,uire a line dri*er to ma&e t'em GS7<7 $ompati le. =ne su$' line dri*er is t'e MAB7<7 $'ip.

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

-a/ Inside MAB7<7 - / its Conne$tion to t'e >8@1 -Eull Modem/

MAB7<7 $on*erts +rom GS7<7 *oltage le*els to 11; *oltage le*els, and *i$e *ersa. =ne ad*antage o+ t'e MAB7<7 $'ip is t'at it uses a S@2 po)er sour$e )'i$', is t'e same as t'e sour$e *oltage +or t'e >8@1. In t'e ot'er )ords, )it' a single S@2 po)er supply )e $an po)er ot' t'e >8@1 and MAB7<7, )it' no need +or t'e po)er supplies t'at are $ommon in many older systems. 1'e MAB7<7 'as t)o sets o+ line dri*ers +or trans+erring and re$ei*ing data. 1'e line dri*ers used +or 1B. are $alled 11 and 17, )'ile t'e line dri*ers +or GB. are designated as G1 and G7. In many appli$ations only one o+ ea$' is used.

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

1B.

GB. 1B.

7 < @

"m edded Controller

GB. :E.

MAB 7<7
C,..ECTI.< HC to -C *s&n' MA> 4:4 Ba*d rate &n the "3%! aud rate in t'e >8@1 is programma le done )it' t'e 'elp o+ 1imer 1 relations'ip et)een t'e $rystal +re,uen$y and t'e aud rate in t'e >8@1 >8@1 di*ides t'e $rystal +re,uen$y y 17 to get t'e ma$'ine $y$le +re,uen$y B1A; R 11.8@H7 MHz, t'e ma$'ine $y$le +re,uen$y is H71.6 &Hz >8@1?s IAG1 di*ides t'e ma$'ine $y$le +re,uen$y o+ H71.6 &Hz y <7 on$e more e+ore it is used y 1imer 1 to set t'e aud rate H71.6 &Hz di*ided y <7 gi*es 7>,>88 Hz 1imer 1 must e programmed in mode 7, t'at is ># it, auto#reload.

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

SB81 @ser&a/ b*))er7 re'&ster a yte o+ data to e trans+erred *ia t'e 16. line must e pla$ed in t'e SBIF register SBIF 'olds t'e yte o+ data )'en it is re$ei*ed y t'e G6. line $an e a$$essed li&e any ot'er register M=2 SBIF,N?.? Cload SBIFR99H, ASCII +or ?.\ M=2 SBIF,A C$opy a$$umulator into SBIF M=2 A,SBIF C$opy SBIF into a$$umulator )'en a yte is )ritten, it is +ramed )it' t'e start and stop its and trans+erred serially *ia t'e 16. pin

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

)'en t'e its are re$ei*ed serially *ia G6., it is de+rame y eliminating t'e stop and start its, ma&ing a yte out o+ t'e data re$ei*ed, and t'en pla$ing it in t'e SBIF

SC,. @ser&a/ contro/7 re'&ster! 1o program t'e start it, stop it, and data it

EEam(/e (ro'rams

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

EEerc&ses
!+ (rite an >8@1 C program to send t)o di++erent strings to t'e serial port. Assuming t'at S( is $onne$ted to pin P7.8, monitor its status and ma&e a de$ision as +ollo)s! S( R 8! send your +irst name S( R 1! send your last name Assume B1A; R 11.8@H7 MHz, aud rate o+ H688, ># it data, 1 stop it. 4+ Program t'e >8@1 to re$ei*e ytes o+ data serially, and put t'em in PI. Set t'e aud rate at 9>88, ># it data, and 1 stop it. :+ (rite a program to send t'e te6t string 3Hello3 to Serial N1. Set t'e aud rate at H688, ># it data, and 1 stop it. $+ Assume t'at a s)it$' is $onne$ted to pin P7.8.(rite a program to monitor t'e s)it$' and per+orm t'e +ollo)ing! I+ S( R 8 send t'e message 3Hello3 to t'e Serial N8 port.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

I+ S( R 1 send t'e message 3:ood ye3 to t'e Serial N1 port. %+ Assume t'at t'e >8@1 serial port is $onne$ted to t'e C=M port o+ t'e IBM PC, and on t'e PC )e are using t'e Hyper1erminal program to send and re$ei*e data serially. PI and P7 o+ t'e >8@1 are $onne$ted to ;".s and s)it$'es, respe$ti*ely. (rite an >8@1 program to -a/ send to t'e PC t'e message 3(e Are Geady3, - / re$ei*e any data sent y t'e PC and put it on ;".s $onne$ted to PI, and -$/ get data on s)it$'es $onne$ted to P7 and send it to t'e PC serially. 1'e program s'ould per+orm part -a/ on$e, ut parts - / and -$/ $ontinuously. Ise t'e 9>88 aud rate. #+ Assume a s)it$' is $onne$ted to pin P;J. (rite a program to monitor its status and send t)o messages to serial port $ontinuously as +ollo)s! S(R8 send 3E=3 S(R1 send 3U"S3 Assume B1A; R 11.8@H7 MHz, H688 aud, ># it data, and 1 stop it.

I.TERR8-TS
A single mi$ro$ontroller $an ser*e se*eral de*i$es. 1'ere are t)o )ays to do t'at! IE1"GGIP1S or P=;;IE:. -,LLI.<: In polling t'e mi$ro$ontroller $ontinuously monitors t'e status o+ a gi*en de*i$eC )'en t'e status $ondition is met, it per+orms t'e ser*i$e .A+ter t'at, it mo*es on to monitor t'e ne6t de*i$e until ea$' one is ser*i$ed. Alt'oug' polling $an monitor t'e status o+ se*eral de*i$es and ser*e ea$' o+ t'em as $ertain $ondition are met. I.TERR8-TS:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

In t'e interrupts met'od, )'ene*er any de*i$e needs its ser*i$e, t'e de*i$e noti+ies t'e mi$ro$ontroller y sending it an interrupts signal. Ipon re$ei*ing an interrupt signal, t'e mi$ro$ontroller interrupts )'ate*er it is doing and ser*es t'e de*i$e. 1'e program asso$iated )it' t'e interrupts is $alled t'e interrupt ser*i$e routine -ISG/.or interrupt 'andler. I.TERR8-TS 0s -,LLI.<: 1'e ad*antage o+ interrupts is t'at t'e mi$ro$ontroller $an ser*e many de*i$es -not all t'e same time, o+ $ourse/C ea$' de*i$e $an get t'e attention o+ t'e mi$ro$ontroller ased on t'e priority assigned to it. 1'e polling met'od $annot assign priority sin$e it $'e$&s all de*i$es in round#ro in +as'ion. More importantly, in t'e interrupt met'od t'e mi$ro$ontroller $an also ignore -mas&/ a de*i$e re,uest +or ser*i$e. 1'is is again not possi le )it' t'e polling met'od. 1'e most important reason t'at t'e interrupt met'od is pre+era le is t'at t'e polling met'od )astes mu$' o+ t'e mi$ro$ontrollerLs time y polling de*i$es t'at do not need ser*i$e. So, in order to a*oid tying do)n t'e mi$ro$ontroller, interrupts are used.

I.TERR8-T SER0ICE R,8TI.E For e*ery interrupt, t'ere must e an interrupt ser*i$e routine -ISG/, or interrupt 'andler. ('en an interrupt is in*o&ed, t'e mi$ro$ontroller runs t'e interrupts ser*i$e routine. For e*ery interrupt, t'ere is a +i6ed lo$ation in memory t'at 'olds t'e address o+ its ISG. 1'e group o+ memory lo$ation set aside to 'old t'e addresses o+ ISG and is $alled t'e Interrupt 2e$tor 1a le. S'o)n elo)! Interr*(t 0ector Tab/e )or the "3%!: S+.o+ I.TERR8-T R,M L,CATI,. @2E>7 -I. 1LA< CLEARI.<

Geset

8888

Auto

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

7. "6ternal 'ard)are Interrupt 8 888< P<.7 -17/ Auto

1imers 8 interrupt -1F8/

888B

Auto

"6ternal 'ard)are Interrupt 1-IE11/

881<

P<.< -1</

Auto

1imers 1 interrupt -1F1/

881B

Auto

Serial C=M -GI and 1I/

887<

Programmer $lears it

S&E Interr*(ts &n the "3%!: In reality, only +i*e interrupts are a*aila le to t'e user in t'e >8@1, ut many manu+a$turersL data s'eets state t'at t'ere are si6 interrupts sin$e t'ey in$lude reset .t'e si6 interrupts in t'e >8@1 are allo$ated as a o*e. 1. Geset. ('en t'e reset pin is a$ti*ated, t'e >8@1 4umps to address lo$ation 8888.t'is is t'e po)er#up reset. 7. 1)o interrupts are set aside +or t'e timers! one +or 1imer 8 and one +or 1imer 1.Memory lo$ation 888BH and 881BH in t'e interrupt *e$tor ta le elong to 1imer 8 and 1imer 1, respe$ti*ely. <. 1)o interrupts are set aside +or 'ard)are e6ternal 'arder interrupts. Pin num er 17-P<.7/ and 1<-P<.</ in port < are +or t'e e6ternal 'ard)are interrupts IE18 and IE11,respe$ti*ely.1'ese e6ternal interrupts are also re+erred to as "B1 and "B7.Memory lo$ation 888<H and 881<H in t'e interrupt *e$tor ta le are assigned to IE18 and IE11, respe$ti*ely. 9. Serial $ommuni$ation 'as a single interrupt t'at elongs to ot' re$ei*e and transmit. 1'e interrupt *e$tor ta le lo$ation 887<H elongs to t'is interrupt.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

Eoti$e t'at a limited num er o+ ytes are set aside +or ea$' interrupt. For e6ample, a total o+ > ytes +rom lo$ation 888< to 888A is set aside +or IE18, e6ternal 'ard)are interrupt 8.similarly,a total o+ > ytes +rom lo$ation 88BH to 8817H is reser*ed +or 1F8, 1imer 8 interrupt. I+ t'e ser*i$e routine +or a gi*en interrupt is s'ort enoug' to +it in t'e memory spa$e allo$ated to it, it is pla$ed in t'e *e$tor ta leC ot'er)ise, and an ;ZMP instru$tion is pla$ed in t'e *e$tor ta le to point to t'e address o+ t'e ISG. In t'at rest o+ t'e ytes allo$ated to t'at interrupt are unused. From t'e a o*e ta le also noti$e t'at only t'ree ytes o+ G=M spa$e are assigned to t'e reset pin. t'ey are G=M address lo$ation 8,1 and7.address lo$ation < elongs to e6ternal 'ard)are interrupt 8.+or t'is reason, in our program )e put t'e ;ZMP as t'e +irst instru$tion and redire$t t'e pro$essor a)ay +rom t'e interrupt *e$tor ta le, as s'o)n elo)

Ste(s &n eEec*t&n' an &nterr*(t Ipon a$ti*ation o+ an interrupt, t'e mi$ro$ontroller goes t'roug' t'e +ollo)ing steps. 1. It +inis'es t'e instru$tion it is e6e$uting and sa*es t'e address o+ t'e ne6t instru$tion -PC/ on t'e sta$&. 7. It also sa*es t'e $urrent status o+ all t'e interrupts internally -i.e., not on t'e sta$&/. <. It 4umps to a +i6ed lo$ation in memory $alled t'e interrupt *e$tor ta le t'at 'olds t'e address o+ t'e interrupts ser*i$e routine. 9. 1'e mi$ro$ontroller gets t'e address o+ t'e ISG +rom t'e interrupt *e$tor ta le and 4umps to it. It starts to e6e$ute t'e interrupt ser*i$e su routine until it rea$'es t'e last instru$tion o+ t'e su routine, )'i$' is G"1I -return +rom interrupt/. @. Ipon e6e$uting t'e G"1I instru$tion, t'e mi$ro$ontroller returns to t'e pla$e )'ere it )as interrupted. First, it gets t'e program $ounter -PC/ address +rom t'e sta$& y popping t'e top t)o ytes o+ t'e sta$& into t'e PC. 1'en it starts to e6e$ute +rom t'at address. Eoti$e +rom step @ t'e $riti$al role o+ t'e sta$&. For t'is reason, )e must e $are+ul in manipulating t'e sta$& $ontents in t'e ISG. Spe$i+i$ally, in t'e ISG, 4ust as in any CA;; su routine, t'e num er o+ pus'es and pops must e e,ual. Enab/&n' and d&sab/&n' an &nterr*(t: Ipon reset, all interrupt are disa led -mas&ed/, meaning t'at none )ill e responded to y t'e mi$ro$ontroller i+ t'ey are a$ti*ated. 1'e interrupt must e ena led y so+t)are in order +or t'e mi$ro$ontroller to respond to t'em. 1'ere is a register $alled I" -interrupt ena le/ t'at is responsi le +or ena ling -unmas&ing/ and disa ling -mas&ing/ t'e interrupts. Eoti$e t'at I" is a it#addressa le register.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

Ste(s &n enab/&n' an &nterr*(t: 1o ena le an interrupt, 1. Bit .J o+ t'e I" register -"A/ must e set to 'ig' to allo) t'e reset to ta&e e++e$t. I+ "AR1, interrupts are ena led and )ill e responded to i+ t'eir $orresponding it in I" are 'ig'. I+ "AR8, no interrupt )ill e responded to, e*en i+ t'e asso$iated it in t'e I" register is 'ig'. Interr*(t Enab/e Re'&ster

I".J

## "17 "S "11 "B1 "18 "B8

I".6 I".@ I".9 I".< I".7 I".1 I".8

disa les all interrupts. I+ "AR8, no interrupts is a$&no)ledged. I+ "AR1, ea$' interrupt sour$e is indi*idually ena led disa led By setting or $learing its ena le it. Eot implemented, reser*ed +or +uture use.K "na les or disa les 1imer 7 o*er+lo) or $apture interrupt ->8@7 =nly/ "na les or disa les t'e serial port interrupts. "na les or disa les 1imers 1 o*er+lo) interrupt "na les or disa les e6ternal interrupt 1. "na les or disa les 1imer 8 o*er+lo) interrupt. "na les or disa les e6ternal interrupt.

Interr*(t -r&or&ty Re'&ster

Wr&te a C (ro'ram that cont&n*o*s/y 'ets a s&n'/e b&t o) data )rom -I+ C and sends &t to -/+3A 5h&/e s&m*/taneo*s/y creat&n' a sF*are 5a;e o) 433 @as (er&od on (&n -4+%+ 8se t&mer 3 to create the sF*are 5a;e+
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

Ass*me that >TAL I !!+3% 4 M2G.

Wr&te a C (ro'ram that cont&n*o*s/y 'ets a s&n'/e b&t o) data )rom -I+ C and sends &t to -/+, &n the ma&nA 5h&/e s&m*/taneo*s/y @a7 creat&n' a sF*are 5a;e o) 433 *s (er&od on (&n -4+%A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

and @b7 send&n' /etter JAJ to the ser&a/ (ort+ 8se T&mer 3 to create the sF*are 5a;e+ Ass*me that >TAL I !!+3% 4 M2G+ 8se the #33 ba*d rate+

E>AM-LE -R,<RAMS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

!+ (rite a C program using interrupts to do t'e +ollo)ing! 1. Ge$ei*e data serially and send it to P=, 7. Gead port PI, transmit data serially, and gi*e a $opy to P7, <. Ma&e timer 8 generate a s,uare )a*e o+ @ &Hz +re,uen$y on P=.l. Assume t'at B1A; R 11.8@H7 MHz. Set t'e aud rate at 9>88. 4+ (rite a C program using interrupts to do t'e +ollo)ing! 1. :enerate a 18888 Hz +re,uen$y on P7.1 using 1= ># it auto#reload, 7. Ise timer 1 as an e*ent $ounter to $ount up a 1#Hz pulse and display it on P=. 1'e pulse is $onne$ted to "B1. Assume t'at B1A; R 11.8@H7 MHz. Set t'e aud rate at H688. :+ Assume t'at t'e IE11 pin is $onne$ted to a s)it$' t'at is normally 'ig'. ('ene*er it goes lo), it s'ould turn on an ;".. 1'e ;". is $onne$ted to PI .< and is normally o++. ('en it is turned on it s'ould stay on +or a +ra$tion o+ a se$ond. As long as t'e s)it$' is pressed lo), t'e ;". s'ould stay on. $+ (rite a program in )'i$' t'e >8@1 reads data +rom PI and )rites it to P7 $ontinuously )'ile gi*ing a $opy o+ it to t'e serial C=M port to e trans+erred serially. Assume t'at B1A; R 11.8@H7 MHz. Set t'e aud rate at H688. %+ (rite a program using interrupts to do t'e +ollo)ing! 1. Ge$ei*e data serially and send it to P=, 7. Ha*e port PI read and transmitted serially, and a $opy gi*en to P7, <. Ma&e 1imer 8 generate a s,uare )a*e o+ @ &Hz +re,uen$y on P=.l. Assume t'at B1A; R 11.8@H7 MHz. Set t'e aud rate at 9>88. #+ (rite a C program using interrupts to do t'e +ollo)ing! 1. :enerate a 18888 Hz +re,uen$y on P7.1 using 1= ># it auto#reload, 7. Ise timer 1 as an e*ent $ounter to $ount up a 1#Hz pulse and display it on P=. 1'e pulse is $onne$ted to "B1. Assume t'at B1A; R 11.8@H7 MHz. Set t'e aud rate at H688.

LCD @L&F*&d Crysta/ D&s(/ay7

;i,uid $rystal displays -;C. s/ 'a*e materials )'i$' $om ine t'e properties o+ ot' li,uids and $rystals. Gat'er t'an 'a*ing a melting point, t'ey 'a*e a temperature range )it'in

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

)'i$' t'e mole$ules are almost as mo ile as t'ey )ould e in a li,uid, ut are grouped toget'er in an ordered +orm similar to a $rystal. An ;C. $onsists o+ t)o glass panels, )it' t'e li,uid $rystal material sand )it$'ed in et)een t'em. 1'e inner sur+a$e o+ t'e glass plates are $oated )it' transparent ele$trodes )'i$' de+ine t'e $'ara$ter, sym ols or patterns to e displayed polymeri$ layers are present in et)een t'e ele$trodes and t'e li,uid $rystal, )'i$' ma&es t'e li,uid $rystal mole$ules to maintain a de+ined orientation angle. =ne ea$' polarisers are pasted outside t'e t)o glass panels. 1'ese polarisers )ould rotate t'e lig't rays passing t'roug' t'em to a de+inite angle, in a parti$ular dire$tion ('en t'e ;C. is in t'e o++ state, lig't rays are rotated y t'e t)o polarisers and t'e li,uid $rystal, su$' t'at t'e lig't rays $ome out o+ t'e ;C. )it'out any orientation, and 'en$e t'e ;C. appears transparent. ('en su++i$ient *oltage is applied to t'e ele$trodes, t'e li,uid $rystal mole$ules )ould e aligned in a spe$i+i$ dire$tion. 1'e lig't rays passing t'roug' t'e ;C. )ould e rotated y t'e polarisers, )'i$' )ould result in a$ti*ating 0 'ig'lig'ting t'e desired $'ara$ters. 1'e ;C.Ls are lig't)eig't )it' only a +e) millimeters t'i$&ness. Sin$e t'e ;C.Ls $onsume less po)er, t'ey are $ompati le )it' lo) po)er ele$troni$ $ir$uits, and $an e po)ered +or long durations. 1'e ;C. s )onLt generate lig't and so lig't is needed to read t'e display. By using a$&lig'ting, reading is possi le in t'e dar&. 1'e ;C.Ls 'a*e long li+e and a )ide operating temperature range. C'anging t'e display size or t'e layout size is relati*ely simple )'i$' ma&es t'e ;C.Ls more $ustomer +riendly. 1'e ;C. s used e6$lusi*ely in )at$'es, $al$ulators and measuring instruments is t'e simple se*en#segment displays, 'a*ing a limited amount o+ numeri$ data. 1'e re$ent ad*an$es in te$'nology 'a*e resulted in etter legi ility, more in+ormation displaying $apa ility and a )ider temperature range. 1'ese 'a*e resulted in t'e ;C. s eing e6tensi*ely used in tele$ommuni$ations and entertainment ele$troni$s. 1'e ;C. s 'as e*en started repla$ing t'e $at'ode ray tu es -CG1s/ used +or t'e display o+ te6t and grap'i$s, and also in small 12 appli$ations.

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

LCD o(erat&on
In re$ent years t'e ;C. is +inding )idespread use repla$ing ;". s -se*en#segment ;". or ot'er multi segment ;". s/. 1'is is due to t'e +ollo)ing reasons! 1. 1'e de$lining pri$es o+ ;C. s. 7. 1'e a ility to display num ers, $'ara$ters and grap'i$s. 1'is is in $ontra$t to ;". s, )'i$' are limited to num ers and a +e) $'ara$ters. <. In$orporation o+ a re+res'ing $ontroller into t'e ;C., t'ere y y t'e CPI to &eep displaying t'e data. 9. "ase o+ programming +or $'ara$ters and grap'i$s. relie*ing t'e CPI o+ t'e tas& o+ re+res'ing t'e ;C.. In t'e $ontrast, t'e ;". must e re+res'ed

LCD (&n descr&(t&on

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

-&n descr&(t&on )or LCD:

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies

LCD Command Codes Code @heE7

1 7 9 6 @ J > A C " F 18 19 1> 1C >8 C8 <>

Command to LCD Instr*ct&on Re'&ster

Clear display s$reen Geturn 'ome .e$rement $ursor In$rement $ursor S'i+t display rig't S'i+t display le+t .isplay o++, $ursor o++ .isplay o++, $ursor on .isplay on, $ursor o++ .isplay on, $ursor on .isplay on, $ursor lin&ing S'i+t $ursor position to le+t S'i+t $ursor position to rig't S'i+t t'e entire display to t'e le+t S'i+t t'e entire display to t'e rig't For$e $ursor to eginning o+ 1st line For$e $ursor to eginning o+ 7nd line 7 lines and @6J matri6

8ses:
1'e ;C.s used e6$lusi*ely in )at$'es, $al$ulators and measuring instruments are t'e simple se*en#segment displays, 'a*ing a limited amount o+ numeri$ data. 1'e re$ent
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

A Course on REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS . . . by Krest Technologies ad*an$es in te$'nology 'a*e resulted in etter legi ility, more in+ormation displaying $apa ility and a )ider temperature range. 1'ese 'a*e resulted in t'e ;C.s eing e6tensi*ely used in tele$ommuni$ations and entertainment ele$troni$s. 1'e ;C.s 'a*e e*en started repla$ing t'e $at'ode ray tu es -CG1s/ used +or t'e display o+ te6t and grap'i$s, and also in small 12 appli$ations.

LCD I.TER1ACI.<
Send&n' commands and data to LCDs 5&th a t&me de/ay:

1o send any $ommand +rom ta le 7 to t'e ;C., ma&e pin GSR8. For data, ma&e GSR1.1'en pla$e a 'ig' to lo) pulse on t'e " pin to ena le t'e internal lat$' o+ t'e ;C..
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contact Address: II Floor, Solitaire Plaza, Beside Image Hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyd 16 Mo ile! + !-"""# $%", "#mail! em edded.$ourse%&restte$'nology.$om, (e ! ))).&restte$'nology.$om

Computer Graphics Report
100% (1)
Computer Graphics Report
31 pages
MICROCONTROLLER
100% (5)
MICROCONTROLLER
141 pages
Embedded Class-Jan-2024 Ver1
No ratings yet
Embedded Class-Jan-2024 Ver1
68 pages
Lecture6 - The 8051 Microcontrollers
No ratings yet
Lecture6 - The 8051 Microcontrollers
27 pages
Ajay 2
No ratings yet
Ajay 2
33 pages
SEMINAR Embedded Lknow
No ratings yet
SEMINAR Embedded Lknow
29 pages
Embedded Systems FAT
No ratings yet
Embedded Systems FAT
18 pages
Chapter 1
No ratings yet
Chapter 1
47 pages
THE 8051 Microcontrollers
No ratings yet
THE 8051 Microcontrollers
14 pages
Emd C Module1 22 April 24
No ratings yet
Emd C Module1 22 April 24
19 pages
The 8051 Micro Controller and Embedded Systems CH1
No ratings yet
The 8051 Micro Controller and Embedded Systems CH1
12 pages
Challenges in Embedded System Design EDLC
No ratings yet
Challenges in Embedded System Design EDLC
115 pages
Assignment Questions For Embedded Systems - Docx - 20250324 - 010457 - 0000
No ratings yet
Assignment Questions For Embedded Systems - Docx - 20250324 - 010457 - 0000
18 pages
IC615 Embedded Systems - 23 - 09 - 2020 PDF
No ratings yet
IC615 Embedded Systems - 23 - 09 - 2020 PDF
154 pages
A Doctor Is Configuring A Cardiac Pacemaker Inside His Patient
No ratings yet
A Doctor Is Configuring A Cardiac Pacemaker Inside His Patient
4 pages
Introduction To Embedded Systems S2024
No ratings yet
Introduction To Embedded Systems S2024
52 pages
CE324 - Lec4 - The 8051 Microcontrollers - SP25
No ratings yet
CE324 - Lec4 - The 8051 Microcontrollers - SP25
25 pages
Lecture 01
No ratings yet
Lecture 01
14 pages
MC 8051-Mazidi
No ratings yet
MC 8051-Mazidi
12 pages
ES&RTOS-Firstppt IMODULE
No ratings yet
ES&RTOS-Firstppt IMODULE
582 pages
Embedded Systems Introduction
No ratings yet
Embedded Systems Introduction
44 pages
Unit 1
No ratings yet
Unit 1
49 pages
8051 Microcontroller
No ratings yet
8051 Microcontroller
50 pages
Embedded Systems - Lec 1 - Introduction
No ratings yet
Embedded Systems - Lec 1 - Introduction
42 pages
Introduction To Embedded Systems by Shibu K V
100% (2)
Introduction To Embedded Systems by Shibu K V
748 pages
Introduction To Pic 16F877A
100% (1)
Introduction To Pic 16F877A
37 pages
MODULE 1 8051 Microcontroller
No ratings yet
MODULE 1 8051 Microcontroller
14 pages
It - (r22) - 3-2 - Embedded Systems Design Digital Notes
No ratings yet
It - (r22) - 3-2 - Embedded Systems Design Digital Notes
116 pages
8051 Microcntroller
No ratings yet
8051 Microcntroller
80 pages
8051 Microcontroller Training Program
No ratings yet
8051 Microcontroller Training Program
2 pages
Ece541 Microprocessor and Embedded System Design
No ratings yet
Ece541 Microprocessor and Embedded System Design
40 pages
Presentation of 8051
No ratings yet
Presentation of 8051
178 pages
Es Notes 2
No ratings yet
Es Notes 2
133 pages
MA Unit1 Part 1
No ratings yet
MA Unit1 Part 1
70 pages
CH 1 Intro
No ratings yet
CH 1 Intro
33 pages
ES MST QBank Answer Extra - Shanti - 20250324 - 024314 - 0000
No ratings yet
ES MST QBank Answer Extra - Shanti - 20250324 - 024314 - 0000
39 pages
CLASS 1-Complex Systems and Micro Processors
No ratings yet
CLASS 1-Complex Systems and Micro Processors
21 pages
Outlines: Microcontrollers and Embedded Processors Overview of The 8051 Family
No ratings yet
Outlines: Microcontrollers and Embedded Processors Overview of The 8051 Family
22 pages
Submitted To: Submitted By: Mr. Abishek Sharma Arish Kumar Sharma 100640418019 Ece-A
No ratings yet
Submitted To: Submitted By: Mr. Abishek Sharma Arish Kumar Sharma 100640418019 Ece-A
25 pages
ES Syllabus (E-Next - In)
No ratings yet
ES Syllabus (E-Next - In)
2 pages
K. Shibu-Introduction To Embedded Systems-Tmh (2009) - Text
100% (1)
K. Shibu-Introduction To Embedded Systems-Tmh (2009) - Text
748 pages
Microcontroller and Applications
No ratings yet
Microcontroller and Applications
115 pages
Lecture-1 ARM Cortex M4-Based System PDF
100% (2)
Lecture-1 ARM Cortex M4-Based System PDF
36 pages
Popular Microcontroller and Their Selection
No ratings yet
Popular Microcontroller and Their Selection
7 pages
Embedded System: Dr. R. Theagarajan
No ratings yet
Embedded System: Dr. R. Theagarajan
23 pages
Embedded Systems Design 1
No ratings yet
Embedded Systems Design 1
50 pages
Khadar
No ratings yet
Khadar
11 pages
Embedded System
100% (1)
Embedded System
13 pages
Embedded Systems - CS 2364
100% (1)
Embedded Systems - CS 2364
97 pages
Chapter 1
No ratings yet
Chapter 1
20 pages
A1-Design of Intelligent Ambulance and Traffic Control Using 8051
No ratings yet
A1-Design of Intelligent Ambulance and Traffic Control Using 8051
54 pages
Embedded System
No ratings yet
Embedded System
118 pages
1.microcontrollers For An Embedded System - 8051 Architecture
No ratings yet
1.microcontrollers For An Embedded System - 8051 Architecture
19 pages
EMBEDDED SYSTEM-unit-1
No ratings yet
EMBEDDED SYSTEM-unit-1
119 pages
MES - IV Sem ECE VTU Class 3
No ratings yet
MES - IV Sem ECE VTU Class 3
24 pages
Lesson 1 Introduction To Embedded Systems Development
No ratings yet
Lesson 1 Introduction To Embedded Systems Development
19 pages
Syllabus - Advance Embedded Systems
No ratings yet
Syllabus - Advance Embedded Systems
8 pages
Chapter-1 Introductionto Embedded System
No ratings yet
Chapter-1 Introductionto Embedded System
40 pages
Amazing Java: Learn Java Quickly
From Everand
Amazing Java: Learn Java Quickly
Andrei Besedin
No ratings yet
Integrated Algebra on the Ti-73
From Everand
Integrated Algebra on the Ti-73
Kathleen Noftsier
No ratings yet
Altcoins and ICOs: Altcoins and ICOs Unveiled: Understanding and Profiting from Alternative Cryptocurrencies
From Everand
Altcoins and ICOs: Altcoins and ICOs Unveiled: Understanding and Profiting from Alternative Cryptocurrencies
Nathan Chambers
No ratings yet
Distributed, Concurrent, and Independent Access To Encrypted Cloud Databases
No ratings yet
Distributed, Concurrent, and Independent Access To Encrypted Cloud Databases
53 pages
An Investigation of NoSQL Database Performance From A MYSQL Perspective
No ratings yet
An Investigation of NoSQL Database Performance From A MYSQL Perspective
3 pages
An Investigation of NoSQL Database Performance From A MYSQL Perspective
No ratings yet
An Investigation of NoSQL Database Performance From A MYSQL Perspective
3 pages
Qwqwe123 PDF
No ratings yet
Qwqwe123 PDF
454 pages
Project Requirements Breakdown Structure
No ratings yet
Project Requirements Breakdown Structure
4 pages
Microsoft Azure Step by Step Guide
88% (8)
Microsoft Azure Step by Step Guide
465 pages
Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad: S.no Project Title Technology
No ratings yet
Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad: S.no Project Title Technology
2 pages
What Is Cloud Computing?
No ratings yet
What Is Cloud Computing?
55 pages
Privacy-Preserving Multi-Keyword Ranked Search Over Encrypted Cloud Data
No ratings yet
Privacy-Preserving Multi-Keyword Ranked Search Over Encrypted Cloud Data
6 pages
Editionname:The Times of India Pageno:017
No ratings yet
Editionname:The Times of India Pageno:017
1 page
Language, Dialects, and Varieties
0% (1)
Language, Dialects, and Varieties
5 pages
Educative - Blog : For Developers. by Developers
No ratings yet
Educative - Blog : For Developers. by Developers
31 pages
WT 2 FN
No ratings yet
WT 2 FN
5 pages
David Ellen - The Scientific Examination of Documents - Methods and Techniques - Methods and Techniques-Taylor & Francis (2014)
No ratings yet
David Ellen - The Scientific Examination of Documents - Methods and Techniques - Methods and Techniques-Taylor & Francis (2014)
189 pages
AIML&CS ITIOT, BCT R24 COURSE STRUTURE With Syllabus
No ratings yet
AIML&CS ITIOT, BCT R24 COURSE STRUTURE With Syllabus
10 pages
Ringkasan Materi Optimasi Tugas Mata Kul
No ratings yet
Ringkasan Materi Optimasi Tugas Mata Kul
15 pages
16 Passive PDF
No ratings yet
16 Passive PDF
2 pages
Qdoc - Tips Gold First Coursebook
No ratings yet
Qdoc - Tips Gold First Coursebook
30 pages
p7 English Paper
No ratings yet
p7 English Paper
16 pages
HL Calculus 1 Notes
No ratings yet
HL Calculus 1 Notes
12 pages
Programming Tools
No ratings yet
Programming Tools
2 pages
(Online Teaching) A2 Flyers Speaking Part 2
No ratings yet
(Online Teaching) A2 Flyers Speaking Part 2
11 pages
GEC 5 LESSON 5 Communication For Academic Purposes
No ratings yet
GEC 5 LESSON 5 Communication For Academic Purposes
17 pages
MIL 12 Text Information and Media
100% (1)
MIL 12 Text Information and Media
66 pages
Bondage Breaker Review
No ratings yet
Bondage Breaker Review
6 pages
Step by Step Guide LyncDebugTools - Snooper 2013
No ratings yet
Step by Step Guide LyncDebugTools - Snooper 2013
13 pages
1st Key 2nd Key 3rd Key: Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts
No ratings yet
1st Key 2nd Key 3rd Key: Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts
24 pages
Mosaic 1 - Extra Practice Unit 7 SB PDF
50% (2)
Mosaic 1 - Extra Practice Unit 7 SB PDF
6 pages
THEO DÕI HỌC VIÊN
No ratings yet
THEO DÕI HỌC VIÊN
7 pages
SWT3000 Product Brochure Solution 0514
No ratings yet
SWT3000 Product Brochure Solution 0514
12 pages
Balake Kannada - Work Book
No ratings yet
Balake Kannada - Work Book
65 pages
The Chimney Sweeper: When My Mother Died I Was Very Young
No ratings yet
The Chimney Sweeper: When My Mother Died I Was Very Young
6 pages
Maguire Mackenzie Resume
No ratings yet
Maguire Mackenzie Resume
2 pages
Algebra Book
No ratings yet
Algebra Book
804 pages
Lot in The Bible
No ratings yet
Lot in The Bible
2 pages
Exp-8.2 Project Abstract in Word
No ratings yet
Exp-8.2 Project Abstract in Word
3 pages
Ops English Lang. Module
No ratings yet
Ops English Lang. Module
12 pages
8051 Programme
No ratings yet
8051 Programme
7 pages
The Self From Various Philosophical Perspective - PSYCH 101
No ratings yet
The Self From Various Philosophical Perspective - PSYCH 101
3 pages