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AD811673

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FROM
Distribution authorized to U.S. Gov't. agencies only; Administrative/Operational use; Sep 1966. Other requests shall be referred to Commanding Officer, U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.

AUTHORITY
USAARDC ltr, 27 Dec 1977.

THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED

Vi: REPORT

HAS BEEN DELIMITED

AND CLEARED FOR PUBLIC RELIAu

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"DISTRIBUTION

STATEMENT A

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELIASEj bISTR!SUTIOfN UNLIMITED$

I
REPORT NO. 1344
S)AIR

BLAST PARAMETERS VERSUS DISTANCE FOR HEMISPHERICAL TNT SURFACE BURSTS

"by

C. No Klngery

D D. C

September 1966

r..R,7 1967

This document its subject to SPecial export controls end each traismittal tOforeign govemunts or foreign nitionals my be .edo only with prior Zrapol of Comwanding Officer. U.S. Arw' Ballistic Research Laboratories. , Mean Provting Ground, Maryland

U., S. ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND AIRDEEN PROVING GROUND,

ES BALLISTICRSEARCH LABORATO VRYLAND

Do not return it

to the originator.

This rindIlgs In this report are not to be construed as an Ofticial -bpaftseat of the Army pos tioii, unless so desip~t~d,17 other sautihotied documents..
rh. was of t -ad . ow u wI Oe re ue in this report daea 'mt oowutk4~ indonmiwawt of OW 600~wroiad Px'O&Cht.

I
B ALLISTI C RESEARCH LABORATORIES

REPORT NO.

13h4

SEPTEMBER 1966

his documert Is subject to special export controls and each transmittal to foreign governments or foreign nationals may be made only with prior approval of Commanding Officer, U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland

AIR BLAST PARAMETERS VERSUS DISTANCE FOR HEMISPHERICAL TNT SURFACE BURSTS

/C.

N. Kingery

Terminal Ballistics Laboratory

/
/
/
/I

Program was supported in part by the Defense Atomic Support Agency; Subtask No. 01.049.

ABERDEEN

PROVING

GROUND,

MARYLAND

PRMVIUS PA(

WAS BLANK,.TJFO

WAS NOty 1UI3D.

B A L L I S T I C

R E S E A R CH

L A B 0 R A TO R I

REPORT NO.

1344

CNKingery /sjw Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.

September' 1966

AIR BLAST PARAMETERS VERSUS DISTANCE FOR HEMISPHERICAL TNT SURFACE BURSTS

ABSTRACT
This report contains a presentation of the air blast parameters, peak overpressure, scaled distances. arrival time, positive duration and impulse versus The values of the parameters are derived from i.e.,

empirical measurements made on a series of tests sponsored under The Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP) and the United States. Canada, the United Kingdom

The measurements were made on

5-, 20-, 100- and

500-ton TNT surface bursts.

The charges consisted of small TNT blocks

stacked in the shape of a hemisphere.

PMlVIJ

PAa1

WASr M",m

o NOT FIZmhg. ~u1Ws

ABSTRACT . SYMB~OLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ....................

INTIPODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 BACKGROUND. .. .................. .................... ..........9 PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Arrival T~iie... ......... .. .. .. ....... ... .. .. . ....... Velocity. .......... .................... ................. 13 Peak Overpressure .. .......... .................... ......... Positive Duration. .. ...........................14 Positive Impulse .. .................... ................... 14 PRESENTATIONOF DATA. .. .................. ..................... 14 Method of Analysis .. .................... ................. 15 TABULATIONS AND CURVES. .. .................. ................... 17 Positive Duration Curves. ............ ............ .. Positive Impulse Curves ..
Arrival Time Curves
..

17 32

..........
..

.......................
.. .. .. .. ..

..... .

..

45 59

Peak Overpressure Curve. ..

SUMM4ARY AND CONCLUSIONS
. .

..................
.. .. .. .. ..

.............
.. ..

...

..

6o 69 71 77

REFERENCES .. .. A APPENDIX A..

.... ......

.................... .................... .......... ....................

....................... ....................... .............

DISTRIBUJTION LIST.

ii6

7 OMS PX

WA BLANK,

nZMFOI

WAS NOT rILED.

6YM-80W AND ABBREVIATIONS D W A Distance from ground zero (G7) Yield of weight of explosive charge in pounds Scaled distance from ground zero (scaled to one pound at sea level) or D/WI/3 t t a as Arrival time of the blast wave at D Scaled time of arrival Positive peak. overpressure
s

AP AP t+ t I I
S

Scaled positive peak overpressures Positive duration Scaled positive duration Positive impulse Scaled positive impulse Atmospheric pressure at sea level (14.7 psi) Ambient atmospheric pressure at test site

P0 P1 a

Temperature at sea level (15 0) Ambient temperature at test site

Sound velocity at sea level (1116..4 ft/sec) Velocity of shock front Ratio of specific heats Mach Number U/c 0 Experimeatal Computed

T a
C0 U a M e c

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS (Contd)

The curves and tabulations presented in this report are scaled to

standard sea level atmospheric conditions for the yield of a one-pound TNT hemispherical charge fired on the surface. To use the curves or

tabulations for predicting the blast parameters under other atmospheric conditions and charge weights the following scaling factors should be used. That is, miultiply the values presented in this report by the scaling factors obtained from the following equations: P S a Pressure scaling factor

-(w)/3

sa
t

(w)1/

(--) 1/3 Distance scaling factor a sa1l2 288 (.)ll3 (1/3 Time scaling factor T +273) P
Pa a

s (w)113 (A)2/3

)1/2 288 2mpulse

IP

scaling factor

Where W in the above equations

is the charge weight for which the

blast parameters are being predicted.

INTRODUCTION This report is

spri-;

a compilation of experimental data measured on a The rasulLb have been carefully analyzed and The to present the experimental determinations These parameters were measured from

of TNT detonations.

presented in a useful form for the engineer or experimenter. objective of this report is of certain blast parameters.

records obtained from the surface detonations of TNT hemispheres raniging from 5 to 500 tons. They have been reduced to a yield of one pound of TNT detonated at standard sea level conditions. The scaled values are tabulated and presented in the form of blast parameter versus distance. This report is a follow-on to an earlier report 1* containing tabulations and a curve of peak overpressure versus distance.

BACKGROUND The Ballistic Research Laboratories (BRL)

the Suffield Experimental Station (SES), Defense Research Board, starting in 1959.

nave participated with

a facility of the Canadian

in a series of multi-ton TNT experiments in addition to conducting

In these experiments the BRL,

various effects and target response projects have always instrumented a blast line to measure the pressure-time history of the blast wave at selected radial distances from ground zero. BRL participated in a 5ton test in 1959, a 20-ton test in 1960, a 100-ton test in 1961 and a 500-ton test in 1964. On the last three tests, the U.S. participation was urder the sponsorship of the Defense Atomic Support Agency (DASA) and the guidance of The Technical Cooperation Program (T'TCP). TTCP the United Kingdom, in a coordinated program. The experimental test area at SES covers approximately one thousand square miles of undulating prairie. test site is a glacially deposited silt gravel. The earth medium at the and Under the

Canada and the United States all participated

with underlying clay, sand,

The general terrain is quite level and ideally suited for

multi-ton surface bursts.

Superscript numbers denote referenoes which may be found on page 9a.

hargc Th-ch

- ccc c -t

c+ _a

z~ phI-r i Pq I nm

t, nnw i i rnn f ia nrti

the flat side resting on the surface.

They consisted of 12 x 12 x

4 inch

blocks of cast TNT (density 1.56 gm/cc); each block weighed 32.6 lbb

+ 0.063 lbs.

A photograph of the 500-ton charge is shown in Figure 1.

A description of the first three tests and source references are presented in Reference 1. The 500-ton shot "Operation SNOW BALL" is described in a two-volume precedings.3 preliminary report, 2 and a two-volume report on symposium PROCEDURE The date, from all four tests were first processed to obtain the "as read" values of peak overpressure, arrival time, positive duration and positive impulse. The cube root scaling and altitude corrections were applied to these values to bring them to standard sea-level conditions and the equivalent of a one-pound charge. The scaled values were then used to determine the curves presented in this report. The method used to determine the "best fit" curve is described for each parameter. Arrival Time The arrival time of the blast wave is defined as that interval of time between the initiation of the detonator caps and the arrival of the blast wave at a specific distance. Therefore, the arrival time includes the detonation time. Arrival time may be measured by several methods. One method is the use of high speed cameras to photograph the fire ball and the shock front as it propagates radially from the surface of the charge. The almost discontinuous change in pressure, density and temperature at the shock front causes a similar change in the refractive index of air. Therefore when a black and white striped backdrop is viewed through the region immediately behind the shock front, the rays of light are deflected and a distortion or discontinuity in the backdrop pattern is apparent. The passage of the shock wave, as revealed by the propagation of the discontinuities can be photographed. Each frame of 10

0ANYI

FIGURE I. 500-TON TNT HEMISPHERICAL CHARGE

the film records thf

--

pc5:ti3

Cf- the ziuck iront and a large number

of small time intervals are recorded; thus we are provided with an accurate radius-time nistory of the shock front. A variation of the

backdrop technique is to photograph the deflection of trails of smCke rockets fired Just prior to the detonation. The deflection caused by

the passage of the shock can be recorded and thereby the radius of the shock front can be established from the high speed motion pictures. A second method used during the series of tests was a direct measurement using blast switches which produced signals when struck by the shock front. The switches were placed at selected radial distances

and when struck each gage provided an electrical signal which was
recorded as a function of time. Overpressure gauges also measured the arrival time of the blast

wave and were used to supplement other methods.

method.

This should be

considered a variation of the blast switch technique rather than a new

A third method involves the use of coaxial cable (slifer cable) which shorts out when exposed to high overpressures. wave arrival times the cable is To measure blast

laid along the surface of the ground

from the detonation point out to a point where the predicted overpressure is less than the pressure required to crush the cable.
oscillator is the cable,

A Colpitts

connected to the cable; as the blast vave progresses along

the cable collapses, thus changing the circuit inductance continuously. By proper calibration of the system the

(and frequency)

oscillator frequency as a function of inductance (cable length) will be known, thus the location of the crushing force can be determined at See Reference 5 for a detailed description

any point along the cable.

and results obtained on Operation SNOW BALL.

12

I
Velocity The velocity of the shock front (U) associated with a blast wave is not recorded as a direct measuremcnt but must be calculated from the arrival time versus distance data. .
as

U=dt

The primary reason for measuring arrival time is

to gather data

necessary to determine the velocity of the shock front at selected distances. Determining the shock front velocity enables one to derive
7 the peak overpressure from the Rankine-Hugoniot relationship:

AP
p

A detailed treatment of the methods and problems associated .:ith determining peak overpressure from measurements of arrival time is presented in Reference 4. Peak Overpressu.re The determination of peak overpressures measured on the 5-, 20and 100-ton tests is discussed in Reference 1. The overpressure-

distance curve from that report was modified to include close-in higher overpressure values and is presented in this report to provide a complete presentation of the available measured parameters. The peak overpressures \,

were obtained from direct measurements provided by pressure sensitive transducers and the arrival time-velocity calculations using the Rankine-Hugoniot relationship. Better close-in arrival time data and overpressure measurements were obtained on the 500-ton test than on the previous shots; therefore, the peak overpressure versus distance curve is updated-to include the results from the 500-ton test.

13

Positive Duration
Positive auration is defined au that iuLervtLi uf Linie beLwuxi Lhe

arrival of the positive pressure pulse associated with the blast wave and the end of the positive pressure pulse, pressure conditions. or a return to the ambient

The positive durations presented in this report

were obtained from recordings of the pressure-time history of the blast wave using pressure sensitive transducers with time-calibrated recording systems. Positive duration is and repeatability. gage hysteresis, sensitive gages. very difficult to measure with consistency

The measured records values are very susceptible to

base line drift, and fluctuations due to accelerationWhere there was some discrepancy in individual

measurements, the data from the pressure-time record was plotted on semi-log graph paper and extrapolated to zero overpressure. Plotting

the pressure on the linear scale and the time on the log scale tends to give a straight line graph and a better interpolated value for duration.

Positive Impulse
The positive impulse of the blast wave is the integrated area under the pressure-time curve and is important in relating target damage to yield and overpressure. expressed in psi-msec, pressure, front. Since the impulse is an integrated area and the computed value is a function of the over-

the positive duration and the rate of decay behind the shock a function of

When a record of deflection (where deflection is

pressure) versus time is

analyzed and programmed in the computer to also programmed to integrate The impulse values as read from the indi-

obtain pressure versus time, the computer is the data and tabulate impulse.

vidual records were scaled to a 1 pound TNT charge at standard sea level conditions.

PRESENTATION OF DATA Comments are made on the results of each shot and the data are presented in the form of curves and tabulations. scaled values of the various parameters. The report presents only

14

Initially twelve curves were drawn. duration, scaled positive impulse,

These were scaled positive Each param-

and scaled arrival time.

eter was plotted as a function of scaled distance from ground zero for each of the four detonations. the scaling methods. Certain trends were evident when direct comparisons were made between the scaled values from the different yields. These trends will be disThe curves established This separation of the tests was carried

out to allow the detection of any trends related to yield and to test

cussed as the various parameters are presented.

for each yield were drawn by visual inspection of the data points. Because of the many inflections in the positive duration and positive impulse curves, no least squares fits were attempted. In the case of

the arrival time curve, the data were in such excellent agreement that a least-squares fit was used only for the close-in values. Method of Analysis Because of the large amount of scatter in the positive duration and positive impulse data, it was necessary to perform a thorough review of all pressure records in order to eliminate faulty data. Several methods were used to distinguish between "good" and "bad" records. All records exhibiting exceasive noise or oscillations were Slow rise times, hysteresis and non-uniformity of recording As a

disregarded.

running speed were the most common causes of defective records. final chec

'the peak overpressure of each record was compared to the curve presented in Reference 1. In this

standard pressure-distance

manner It was possible to sift out "bad" records caused by faulty transducers or calibration techniques. 20 percent of the records. consistent. This review eliminated approximately

The data thus retained were reasonable and

Because of the limited number of points and the inflections along the positive duration and positive impulse curve, to use any of the standard least-squares it appeared impractical

fitting techniques to derive an

15

I
equation docriLbing tne duration or impulse as a function of distance. Therefore, these curves were drawn to best represent the data by vlsual inspection. After establishing a hand drawn curve there was still ment to know hc,', well the curve represented the data, tion of the relative error. a requirethe that is,

distance and number of points above and below the curve or a determinaTo answer these questions a system of data

analysis was devised which provides a clear picture of the dependability of the curves. This method was also applied to the arrival time data

even though the curve had no inflections. Following are the definitions of the important quantities which apply to all three curves: Relative Error: A relative error is assigned to each experimental point. Relative error is defined by the following equation: R..0Y-Yo R . .Yo

( 3)

where Y is the ordinate of the point and Yo is the ordinate of the standard or established curve at the the same scaled d&atance from ground zero. Relative error is denoted by the symbol R.E. e Average Relative Error: An average relative error is asosigned to the data points used to determine each curve. It is defined as the sum of the relative errors (with signs included) of all the points , divided by the number of points used to determine the particular curve. This provides a quantative indication of how close the curve comes to the "middle" of the points. Average relative error is denoted by the letters A.R.E. Average Absolute Relative Error: Each curve is assigned an average absolute relative error for the points used in its determination. The average absolute relative error is defined as the average of the absolute values of the relative errors. This quantity indicates the amount of scatter of the points about the curve. Average absolute relative error is denoted by the letters A.A.R.E.

16

Average Positive Relative Error: The average positive relative error is defined as the average relative error of all pointo abovc the curve and is denoted by the letters A.P.R.E. Average Negative Relative Error: The average negative relative error is defined as the average relative error of all points below the curve and is denoted by the letters A.N.R.E. Number Positive Points: the constructed curve is Number Negative Points: the constructed curve is The number of points above abbreviated as N.P.P. The number of points below abbreviated as N.N.P.

TABULATIONS AND CURVES In this section the scaled data points for each shot are tabulated and a curve representing those points is presented for each parameter being considered. A composite curve has been developed and is presented

along with a tabulation of the relative errors of the points used to determine the curve. Positive Duration Curves The development of the positive duration curve begins with a

tabulation of scaled data points of the positive duration recorded on the 5-, 20-, 100- and 500-ton TNT detonations.
criterion for "good" records. 20-,

The data points were

taken from selected pressure-time records which met the established Tables I through IV include the scaled Curves representing

positive duration versus scaled distance from ground zero for the 5-, 100- and 500-ton TNT detonations respectively.

the tabulations are presented in Figures 2 through 5. The scaled values of positive duration for the 5-ton and 20-ton shot are presented in Tables I and II. Figures 2 and 3 are curves drawn from A comparison

visual inspection of the data contained in those tables.

between the two curves show a simiJar shape, but the curve for the 20ton shot is consistently lower out to about 8X. No explanation to account

for this difference is offered at this time.

17

TASLE I SCALED POSITIVE DURATION AND Y)TrPljn'r A 5-TON TNT DETONATION r It ,' .....

t 4 .s

ts

FT/LBS 1 1 3

MSEC/LBS 1 /

FT/LBS 1 /

MSEC/LBS1/7

1.49
1.72 2.26 2.26 3.L6 3.16
3.16

.34
.44 1924 1.26 1.81 2.03
2.14

7.4A
7.46 9.49 20.34 35.62 42.49
42e49

2.44
2.44 2.71 3.93 4.50 4.28
4.28

4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75 6.01 6.01 7.46 7.46

1.62 1.71, 1.01 1.81 1.99 1.85 1.94 2.26 2.35

42.49 81.36 81.36 01.36 81.36 153.70 153.70 316.40 316.40

4.36 5.19 5.19 5.42 5.42 5.64 6.32 8,15 6.32

''9

-i
4 0

o
(_ ONlVn

.9

AILSd01O

__133

Co19

SCALED POSITIVE DURATION AND DISTANCE VALUES FOR A 20-TON T.NT DYTONATION

x+

ts

13
FILBS1 MSEC/LBS

173
FT/LBS1

/3
MSECLBS

1'

1.14 1.14 1.28 1.28 2.34 2.34 3.L1 3.11

.19 .20 .16 .23 1.03 1.27 1.13 1.25

8.28 8.28 8.28 11.71 11.71 11,71 11.71 11,71

2.33 2.51 2.58 2.76 2.83 2.99 3.03 3.04

3.11
3.11 3.11 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20
4.20

1.33
1.56 1.62 1.25 1.27 1.29 1.32 1.64
1.88

17.56
17.56 17.56
17,56

3.17
3.26 3.24 3.28 3.35 3.41 3.42 4.09 4.16 4.20 4.55 4.70 6.02 7.60

4.20 5.77 5.77 5.77 5.77

1.91 1.51 1.58 1.60 1.72

17.56 L7.56 17.56 35.13 35.13 58.55 58.55 35.13 199.90 428.40

5.77
5.77 8.28 8.28 8.28 8.28

1.62
1.94 2.19 2.24 2.27 2.32

199.40
428.40 428.40 428.40 428.4

6760
8.05 8.34 8,34 8.43 3

20

4J Coo

>0
z w 040

20
LLL,-

-_ _

-i

Ns4

SGI/3S

I) 3AIIS~d N~iv~n) (31VO

TABLE I rr b(AL4U POSITIVE DURATION AND DISTANCE VALUFS FOP A 100-TON TNT DETONATION

t+s

/3
3.40 4.36
4.66

/3
.30 1.74
2.00

/
7.39 7.76
8.26 8.76

SEC/
2.10 1.86 3.03 3.1t5 4.30

1 3

5.02 5.02 5.57

4.99 1.6 1.64 j 1.67 2.1

9.5 14.07 17.02 48.73

2.5

6.11: 1.8? I8.847 2 '.09 5.32 2.04 I6.89. 1 .74_ 6.89181

7.02 6.89

2.097.2 .064

4I6.73 116.80 14.40 11 6.80

166.90

4.3 5.74, 3.03 5.81

5.71 +66.90 oL 5.83

5*57 6e~l

201046.7 108746.7

4*3 4o3

6.84 16.8 009 5,7

22

0I
0
______

_jTV~f
z
212

ITV1FZ7T

U)

WO
_j U.

i0~-~
8*1/3S (24 NuvmO 3A.LI~d 4) 01V)

4
TABLE IV SCALED POSITIVE DURATION AND DISTANCE VALUES FOR A 500-TON TNT DETONATION

FT/LBS1/ .49 .79 1.71 2.97 2.97 3.46 4.14 3.46 4.53 5.55

MSEC/LBS 1 / .19 .18 .29 1.33 1.56 1.31 1.23 1.36 1.36 1,27

FT/LBSI/3 5.55 6.13 6.72 7.80 7.80 7.80 9.35 9.35 14.10 99.00

MSEC/LBS1/3 1.56 1.26 2.01 1.76 2.11 2.31 2.23 2.31 2.76 5.22

2I

TI
____ _ __ ___A

UC) Z

--

LU6 (2/z

01
M)____o
____33

AII~

01
__25

~-

The scaled values of positive duration presented in 'fable III frnthe 200-ton shot are plotted in Figure 4. ton shots. This curve was drawn to best fit the data and also follows the trend establishcd from the 5- wid 20The overall curve is lower than the 5-ton curve except for

the dip at 5X, where the two curves coincide over a short ground range. The general shape of the 20- and 100-ton curves is similar but no definite trend can be established, other than to say that the 100-ton values are slightly lower at distances greater than 7A. The scaled values of positive duration listed in Table IV for the 500-ton shot have been plotted in Figure 5. The curve drawn through the

points follow the trend already established from the lower yield shots. With the exception of one point, the 100-ton curve is higher at A's less than 8. At distances greater than 8X the 100-ton and 500-ton curves coincide. The 500-ton and 20-ton curve show good agreement in general

shape but the 20-ton curve is slightly higher at distances greater than
4

X; whereas, the 5-ton curve is higher than the 500-ton curve over the

full range of scaled distances presented. In Figure 6 a composite curve has been drawn to best represent all data points. As noted above the scaled positive duration appears to be is suggested that for yields of 10 tons or less yield dependent and it

that the scaled 5-ton curve be used.

For yields greater than 10 tons

the composite curve will probably best represent predicted durations. All data points listed in Tables I through IV are presented in

Table V as well as the values of positive duration obtained at similar

A's from the composite curve. The difference between the experimental values of positive duration and those obtained from the composite curve are also tabulated. From this difference, a relative error, is calculated which gives an indication of how well each point fits the curve and its location above or below the curve (i.e., positive or negative). The analysis of the data and the constructed curve produced the values listed below. Number of Positive Points Number of Negative Points Total Number of Points 66 68 134

26

Z-

0 -

0O-

00 a.Z
zJ 0

[C

AL-IUWJc

CLU-

Vt/9S1/03S IN) Wlvm3AIIISOcl 031 VOS

TABLE V RELATIVE ERROR DETERMINATIONS FOR POSITIVE DURATION

e
Aes.

ct
A t

DIFF.

R.E.

.487
.789 1.142 1.142 1.285 1.285 1.492 1.71C

01900
.1760 .1998 .a851 .2262 41586 .3386 .Z860

.1911
017Co .1976 .1976 .2267 .2247 .2854 .3805

.001
.C06 .002 .012 .000 .068 .053 .094

-. 00565?
.035294 .011338 -. 063069 -. 002206 -. 300397 .186239 -. 248357

L.718 2.26C
2o260 2,342 2.342 2.970 2.970 3.113 3.113 3.113 3.113 3.113 3.164 3.164 3e164 3.405 3.460 3.460 4.140 4,198 4.198 4.198 4.198 4.198 4.198 4.198 4,356 4.530 4.657 4.746 4.746 4e746 4.746 4.746

.4424 1.2640
1.2410 1.0340 1.2660 1.5600 1.3300 1.6200 1.2510 1,1280 1,3310 1.5630 1.8060 2.0310 2.1400 1.3050 1.3100 1.1600 1.2300 1.9100 1.8800 1.2720

.3849 .9595
.9595 1.0886 1.0886 1.6495 1,6495 1.6781 1.6781 1.6781 1.6781 1.6781 1.6862 L96862 1,6862 1.7000 1.7000 1.7000 1*6016 1.5981 1.5981 1.5981 -

.058 .305
*282 .055 .177 - .089 - .319 - .058 - .427 - .550 - .347 - .115 .120 .345 ,454 - .395 -e .390 .340 .372 .312 .282 - .326
-

.149389 .317353
.293382 -. 050200 o162908 -. 054259 -. 193695 -. 034611 -. 254505 -. 327803 -. 206832 -,0)68578 .01O22 .204455 .269096 -. 232353 -. 229412 -. 200000 -. 232018 .195154 .176382 -. 204065

1.2480
1.6390 1,2950 1.3160 1.7400 1.3600 2.0010 1.8100 1.7150 1.9900 1.6250 1.8060

1.5981
1.5981 1.5981 1,5981 1.5886 1.5794 1.576q 1.5751 1.5751 1,5751 1.5751 1.5751

.350
.041 .303 .282 .151 .219 .424 .235 .140 .415 .050 .231

-a,19082
.025580 -. 189673 -. 176532 .095276 -. 138914 .268978 .149148 o088834 .263428 .031694 -146608

28

TABLE V "Contd) RELATIVE ERROR DETERMINATIONS FOR

Aet+s

act

DIFF.

R. E.

4o990

5.024

1.6880

5.024 5.550 5.550 5.574

1.6700

1o6360 1.5600 1.2700 2.1050

1.5719
1.5719 1.6190 1.6190 1.6233

1.5702
-

.118

.098

.075022

.064 .059 .349 .482

.062395
.040765 -. 036442 -. 215565 *R96725

5.769 5.769 5.769

5.769 5.769 5.769 6.012 6.012 6.109 6.130 60720 6.843 6o893 6.893 6.893 7.394 7.394 7o394 7.459 7.459 7.459 7.459 7.761 7,800 7.800 7.800 8.282 8.282 8.282 8.282 8.282 8.282 8.282 8.762 9.350

1.6160 1.7210 1.5980

1.q420 1.5100 1.5770 1.9410 108510 1.8700 1.2600 2.0100 2.0880 1,7400 2.0360 1.8100 2.0360 2.0880 2.1050 2.2600 2.4380 2.3470 2.4380 1.8630 1.7600 2.3100 2.1100 2.5120 2.3350 2.1890 2.5850 2.3210 2.2740 2.2440 2.2620 2.2300

1.6584 1.6584 1.6584

1.6584 1.6584 1.6584 1.7031 1.7031 1.7283 1.7338 1.9092 1.9535 1.9715 1.9715 1.9715 291282 2.1282 2.1282 2.1477 2.1477 2,1477 2,1477 2.2279 2o2380 2.2380 2.2380 2.3464 2o3464 2.3464 2.3464 2.3464 2.3464 2,3464 2.4372 2,5360

.042 .063 .060

.284 *148 .081 *238 m148 .142 .474 ,101 .135 .231 .065 .161 *092 *040 *023 .112 .290 .199 .290 *365 .478 .072 .128 .166 .011 .157 .239 .025 .072 .102 .175 .306

-. 025579 .037735 -. 036432

.170994 -. 089495 -. 049095 .139673 .086829 .081963 -. 273273 .052797 .068862 -. 117414 .032727 -. 081908 -9043323 -. 018889 -*010901 .052288 *.35168 .092797 .135168 -. 163772 -,213584 .032172 -*057194 *070576 -. 004859 -. 067081 .101688 -,010825 -. 030856 -,043641 -. 071871 -o120662

9,350

2.3100

2.5360

.226

-. 089117

29

-.-.-

,-.:..,,,..;-.

TABLE V (Contd) RELATIVE ERROR DETERMINATIONS FOR POSTTIVE DURATION Aet+s 9.493 9.513 11.710 IL.710 11.710 11.LO 11.71G 14.070 14.100 17.020 17.560 17.560 17.560 17.560 17.560 17.560 17.560 20.340 35.L3C 35.130 35.130 35.620 42.490 42.490 42.490 2.7080 2.5110 3.0290 3.0170 2.7610 2.8320 2.9900 3.0260 2.7600 3.1490 3.2600 3.4080 3.2370 3.2810 3.3460 3.1740 3.4220 3.9270 4.0890 4.1630 4.7000 4.5010 4.3560 4.2790 4.2840 Aat+t 2.5589 2.5616 2.8010 2.8010 2.8010 2.8010 2.8010 3.0156 3.0180 3.2316 3.2748 3.2748 3.2748 3.2748 3.2748 3.2748 3.2748 3.4370 4.0852 4.0852 4.0852 4.1048 4.3197 4.3197 4.3197 DIFF. .149 s051 .228 Z36 .040 .03L .189 .010 .258 .083 .015 .133 .038 .C06 .071 .100 .147 .490 .004 .078 .6L5 .396 .036 .041 .036

R.E. .058275 -. 019738 .081400 .084256 -. UL4281 .011067 .067476 .003A49 -. 085487 -. 0Z5560 -. 004519 .040674 -. 011543 e001893 .021742 -. 030415 .044949 .L42566 .000930 .0190'4 .L50494 .096521 .008408 -. 009417 -. 008260

30

TABLE V (Contd) RELATIVE ERROR DETERMINATIONS FOR POSITIVE DURATION Aet+s 46.730 46.730 58.550 58.550 81.360 81.360 81.360 81.360 99.000 1166800 116.800 153,700 153.700 166.900 1669900 199.900 199.900 2!0.400 316.400 316.400 428.400 428.400 428.400 428.o400 428.400 4.3320 4.2980 4.5530 4.2040 5.4170 5.1910 5.4170 5.1910 5.2200 5.8110 5.7420 5.6430 6.3190 5.7070 5.8290 6.0220 6.7560 6.0900 8.1500 6.3190 7.6050 8.3430 8.4340 8.0550 8.3430 ct+e 4,4519 4s4519 4.7452 4.7452 5.2004 5.2004 5.2004 5,2004 5*4180 5.7020 5,7020 6.0870 6*0870 6.2190 6a2190 6,4793 6.4793 6,7924 7.1686 7,1686 7.643? 7.6437 7.6437 7.6437 7.6437
-

DIFF. .120 .154 .192 -. -. -. -.

R. E. 026932 034570 040504 114052 .041651 -. 001808 .041651 -. 001808 -. 040088 .019116 .007015 -. 072942 .038114 -*082328 -*062711 -. 070579 .042705 -. 103410 .136909 -. 118512 -. 005066 .0914R4 .103389 .053806 .091484

.54L
.217 .009 .217 .009 .218 .109 s040 .444 .232 .512 .390 .457 .277 .?02 .981 .850 .039 .699 .790 *411 .699

4+t

DURATION OF EXPERIMENTAL POINT.

= DURATION AS OBTAINED FROM THE STANDARD CURVE AT THE

act

+8

CORRESPONDING LAMDA.
-A ct
+6 +8

DIFF.

= A t

R. E.

DIFF. Act a.+8

31

Average Positive Relative Error Aver-a6e N

nceitLiv

0.097

Erzror 0.u095 0.0006 0.096

Average Relative Error Average Absolute Relative Error

The computations indicate that two-thirds of all points fall within

plus or minus 9.6 percent of the composite curve.

that the fit

It

should be noted

Of the data to the individual curves presented in Figures

2 through 4 shows a much smaller scatter than indicated for the composite curve. Positive Impulse Curves The development of the positive impulse curves followed the same procedure as described for the positive duration. There were fewer

points available for determining positive impulse than there were for duration because in some instances the duration of a pressure-time recording was valid but the peak overpressure was not valid. the record could not be used to determine positive impulse. Therefore, In other

instances the rate of decay of pressure behind the shock front was not classical, and here again the record was discarded because the impulse was not considered representative of an undisturbed blast wave. In Table VI the scaled distances and scaled positive impulses have been listed for the 5-ton TNT shot. plotted in Figure 7. lent fit impulse. These scaled values have been

The curve drawn through the points shows an excelscatter in the scaled values of positive However, this was

with very little

The shape of the curve over this range of scaled distances

lends itself to a least-squares fitting technique.

not done because of the small number of points in the case of the 5-ton analysis. The scaled positive impulse and distance values listed in Table VII for the 20-ton shot have been plotted in Figure 8. Figure T there is very little Here again as in

scatter of the points about the curve.

Out to a distance of 20A the positive impulse curve for the 20-ton shot agrees well with the 5-ton shot. At distances greater than this, the two lower than the 5-ton curve.

curves separate and the 20-ton curve is 32

TABLE VI

SCALED POSITIVE IMPULSE AND DISTANCE VALUES FOR A 5-TON TNT DETONATION

AI
s

A PSI-XSEC/LBS 14.47 16.17 10.21 11.58 9.23 4.95 2.55 /LBS/3 42.49 42.49 42.49 81.36 81.36 81.36 316.40

I
s

FT!LBS 4.75 4.75 7.46 7.46 9.49 20.34 35.62

PSI-MSEC/LBeI/ 2.16 2.17 2.20 1.07 1.12 1.18 .34_

33

-0

>_

__

0l

(Nl..
> w--_ _ _ -

-i

$8103

14-16d
-

3snW
_

A19d01
34
_ -

07

g..

TABLE VII SCALED POSITIVE TMP[JLSE AND D)ISTANCE VALUES FTP A 10-TON UiT DETONATION

I
S

I
S

FT/LBS 3 2.34 3.11 3.11 3.11 4.20 4.20 5.77 5.77 5.77 5.77 8.28 8.28 8.28 8.28 8.28 8.28 8.28 11,71 11.71

PSIMSEC

29.24 20.06 20.68 21.24 18.49 21.83 12.13 12.19 13.26 l3.8l 9.05 9.05 9.13 9.15 9.63 10.36 10.92 6.61 6.86

FT/LBS1/3 IL.71 l1.l 11.71 17.56 17.56 17.56 17.56 17.56 17.56 17.56 17.56 35.13 35.13 35.13 58.55 58.55 199,90 199.90 428.40

PSI-MSEC/LBSI/ 6.89 7.14 7.41 4.04 4.85 4.87 4.87 4.90 4.94 5.09 5.63 2.40 2.44 2.49 1.30 1035 .42 .43 .18

35

35/

Iz-n

UI

> 00-

-Az
woC (fl

(L

I,

04

..1

('1/SG-1*3S4-I~) 3-ind i 3AIISd

wO
36

a3lVO

Table VIII contains a listing of the scaled distanct values for the 100-ton shot.

and impulse

These values have been plotted in Pigure 9 In comparing this

and a curve drawn to best represent the scaled data. curve with the 20-ton curve it

can be seen that they tend to coincide a maximum separation of less

at distance greater than 8A and there is than three per cent at 4A.

The scaled values of distance and positive impulse for the 500-ton shot are listed in Table IX and the same values have been plotted in Figure 10. This report presents for the first time, impulse values at scaled distances of less than 2A. shots at distances less then 2X, Records were obtained on the other but they were always considered of When the

very poor quality and unreliable for impulse calculations. curve for positive impulse presented in Figure 10 is 100-ton curve in Figure 9 there is separation over the mid-range.

compared with the

excellent agreement with only a slight

Comparison of the 500-ton curve with

the 20-ton curve shows a similar trend and here again the agreement is excellent. The comparison between the 500-ton curve and the 5-ton curve

presented in Figure 7 shows the same trend as evidenced in the positive duration comparisons. ton curve. That is, the 5-ton curve is higher than the 500-

This would be expected since the impulse is a function of the duration is longer then the positive impul.se

positive duration and if rate are similar.

would be expected to be greater, providing the overpressures and decay In Figure 11 all of the data have been plotted and a The listing of these values along with values This table

curve drawn through them.

read from the curve at similar X's is presented in Table X.

also presents the difference between the experimental values and the "best-fit" curve. From these differences the relative errors were calculated along with other pertinent information relative to how well the curve represents the data.

37

TABLE VIII SCALED POSITIVE IMPULSE AND DISTANCE VALUES FOR A 100-TON TNT DETORATTON

T/

PSI-MSEC/LBSI/ 3.

FT/LBS2/ 3

POI-MSEC/LBSI/3

4.36

18.97

7.76
9.51

4*99
5.02

14.72
13.32

8.76
14.07

9.58

8.70

8.8Z

5.57 5.57 5,84 6ol1 6,84

12.C1 15.30 12*25 12.31 11,93

17.02
46,73 46.73 116.80

5.84 4o96 1.83 1. J3 711

6.89
7.39
7.39

10.27

12.o3
10,41

166.90)
166.90
250.40

.46

.51
.29

38

CL
T)
___

I
__

0-0

7VL t
31
-snW

ut
(A,-

-w-'

.i2

SB*1/33SW---I--

3A-Sd

*~2p5 -

--

I
TABLE IX SCALED POSITIVE IMPULSE AND DISTANCE VALUES FOR A 500-TON TNT DETONATION

S
3

'/LBS"1/ .49 .79 1.71 2.97 2.97 3.46 3.46 4.14 4.53 5.55 5.5S

PSI-MSEC/LBS1/3 44.60 24.00 19.30 27.20 28.40 21.30 23.90 14.30 15.20 11.30 13.40

FT/LBS2/ 6.13 6.72 7.80 7.80 7.80 9.35 9.35 14.10 '7.90 99.00 250.40

PSI-MSEC/LBSI 10.30 11.20 9.01 10.00 10.50 8.14 8.85 5.42 2.30 .95 .29

40

j
-40

4
9z
-4 ,

Caa
L&J

MIS/3WII-M -41

m3~lodClo

TABLE X RELATIVE ERROR DETERMINATION FOR PO3ITIVE IMPULSE

I o487 .789 1.710 2.342 2.970 2.970 3.113 3o113 3.113 3.46C 3.46C 4.140 4v198 4.198 4.356 4*530 4.746 4.746 4.990 5.024 5.550 5.550 5,574 5,574 50769 50769 5.769 5.7069 5.841 6.109 6.130 6.72C 6.843 6.893 7.394 ?o394 7.459 7.459 7.761 7,8C0 7.800 7.8CC 8.202 8.282 8.282 8.282 8.282 44,6000 24.0000 1943000 29,2400 27.2000 28.4000 20,6800 2040600 21.2400 23.9000 21.3000 14.3000 21,8300 18.4900 18.9700 15.2000 14.4700 16,1700 14.7200 13.3200 13.4000 11.3000 15.3000 12.0100 13.2600 12.1900 12.1300 13.8100 12.2500 12.3100 10.3000 11.2000 11.9300 12.5303 10.4700 10,2700 10.2100 11.5800 9.5810 9.0100 10.5000 10.0000 10.3600 9.1320 9.0520 10.9200 9.6290 44.8000 23.6300 19.2800 25.8040 24.0800 24,0800 23,2220 23,2220 23.2220 21.3080 21.3080 17.9680 17.7476 1707476 17.1472 16.5100 15.8620 15.8620 15.1300 15.0376 13.7000 13.7000 13.6520 13.6520 13.2620 13.2620 13.2620 13.2620 131180 12.6038 12.5660 11.5480 11.3512 11.2712 10.5484 10.5484 10.4574 10,4574 10.1129 10.0700 10.0700 10-0700 9.5680 9.5680 9o5680 9.5680 9.5680
-

DIFF. .200 .370 .020 3.436 3.120 4.320 -2.542 -3.162 -1.982 2.592 - .008 -3.668 4.082 s742 1.823 -1.310 -1.392 .308 - .410 -1.718
-

R.

E.

-. 004464 .015658 .001037 .133158 .129568 .179402 -. 109465 -. 136164 -. 085350 .j21644 -. 000315 -. 204141 .230025 .041831 .106303 -,079346 -. 087757 .019417 -. 027098 -. 1142?0 -. 021898 -. 175182 .120715 -. 120275 -. 000151 -. 080832 -. 085357 .041321 -. 066169 -. 023310 -. 180328 -. 030135 .050990 .111683 -. 007432 -. 026393 -. 023658 .107350 -. 052596 -. 105263 .042701 -. 006951 .082776 -#045569 -. 053930 .141304 .006375

-2.400 1.648 -1.642 - .002 -1.072 -16132 .548 - .868 - .294 -2s266 - .348 .579 1.259 - .078 - .278 - .247 1.123 - .532 -1.060 .430 - .070 ,792 - .436 .516 1.352 .061
-

.300

42

TfABLE' X (Contd) RELATIVE ERROR DETERMINATION FOR PO0SITIVE 11MPULSF I

DIFF. .421. .522 .416 .445 .26t e774 .380 .112 .38'1 .137 .417 .159 .132 .545 .008 .834 .066 6218 .004 .027 .005 o024 a760 .718 .064 .105 .016 0079 .110 .061 .076 o081 .013 .17q .230 .018 .076 9031 .136 052 * 044 .007 004 .009 s030 .007 003

R. E.

8.282 R22 4.7b2 9,350' 9.350. 9.493 9.513 11.710 11.7L0 11.710 11.710 i.1.710 14.C70 14.100 17.020 17.560

9.14PC 9. 04 6 P.6980 8.1400 8.a8500 9.23(10 8.821C 7.1160 7.4070 6.8870 6.6C70 6*8050 5e8430 5.4200 4o9570 4.037C

9.568Cr 9. 568C 9*1142 865850 8.5850 8*4563 8.4409 7,024C 7.0240 7*024C 7.0240 7.0240 5,9755 5.9650 499954 4,8712

-.0438991, 0.T4 5!i7 -. 045665 VI) 18 35 .03A668 .091,494 .045.31 .015945 .054527 -.0195C5 -.05936ii -.022637 -.022174 -.091366 -.007667 -.171251

1?.56C
17.560 17.560

4.9390
5.0C90 4.8750

4s8712
4.8712 4.87L2

.01391')
.044712 .00078C,

17.560
116560 17.560 17.560 20.340 35.130 35.130 35*130 35,620 42o490 42.,490 42.490 46.:;30 46. 730 58.550 58. 550 81.360 81.360 81.360 99.000 116.800 166.9CC 166.900 199.900 199.900 250.400 3L6.400 428.400

4.8980
4.8660 4.8470 5.631C 4.9530 2.4390 2,3980 2.4870 2.554C 2.2050 2,1560 2.1710 1.8330 1,9270 1.3520 1.3010 1.1220 101800 1.0730 .9500 .7052 .4639 *5144 o4209 .4336 o2918 s3399 s1849

4.8712
4.8712 4.8712 4.8712 4*2354 2.5027 2.5027 2.5027 2.4753 2,0955 2,0955 2.0955 1.9143 1.9143 1,5406 1,5306 1.1037 1.1037 1.1037 .8140 s7574 .5077 o5077 .4250 .4250 .3221 .2526 .1879
-

.0055C2I
-.001007 -.004963 *.)55971 *169429~ -.025460 -.041847 -.0006281 o031S02 .052275 C028891 .036049 -*042451 .006655 -.116886 -0150C07 .016599 .069150 -.027798 .167C64 -.068920 '-.086260 *013210 -. o009677 .020204 094C95 --. .345557 -.016154

-.

~43

/Q

11A

---40I

wq

>I18~OIdId

Sfd4

ASdoio

inI

Some of these values are presented below: Number of Positive Points Number of Negative Points Total Number of Points Average Positive Relative Error Average Negative Relative Error Average Relative Error Average Abo3lute Relative Error 41 53 94 0.076 -*0.061 -0.o014 O.067 and approximately

There are 12 more values below the curve thaii above,

two-thirds of the points below the curve fall within 6 percent of the curve and two-thirds of the points above the curve fall within 7.6 per-

cent.

Approximately two-thirds of all data points fall within plus or

minus 6.7 percent of the curve. This value indicates a better fit or less scatter in the data when compared with the 9.6 percent figure from the positive duration analysis. Arrival Time Curves This report considers many hundreds of measurements of arrival time at various radial distances of four shots. from ground zero recorded on the series

The values used are primarily those recorded by the

various electronic pressure transducers. The first set of values are presented in Table XI. These are

scaled distances and arrival time values for the 5-ton shot and they

are plotted in Figure 12.

shows very little by the pressure tranodueqrs

A curve has been drawn through the points and The arrival times measured

scatter about the curve.

show excellent agreement with arrival times

obtained from the photo-optical method used by the Canadians. In Table )Ia shot ari listed. the scaled distances and arrival times for the 20-ton There was tripartite participation on this shot and The

the United Kingdom and Canada also made blast measurements. measurements recorded by the U.S. those of the other two countries,

team show excellent agreement with therefore only the U.S. values are

45

TABLE XI
qAT.P.fl AWRTVAT, TTMP, ANT) T)TqTANrp VATIk Pr)P

A 5-TON TNT DETONATION

t
as

xt
as

FTILBS1/3 MSEC/LBS/23
1.49 1.72 2.26 3.16 4.75 6o01 7,46 .14 .18 .27 .54 1.17 1.85 2.75

FT/LBS /3
9.49 20,34 35,62 42.49 81.36 153.70 316.40

MSEC/LBS1/3
4.15 13.27 26.09 32.05 66.31 131.10 272.10

4I

i
wi

S-

OZ

(4) S I/,16 (':)V..I

31 0

cc+
0+

it

TABLE XII

A 20-TON IT

DETONATION

FTLS 1.14 1.28 1.57 2,34 ! .20 4.277

tas MSEC/LBS]/ .09 .12 .1. .31 .52 .90 .0

FT/LBSI/ 8.28 11.71 17.56 35.13 58. 55 199. 90

t as MSEC/LBSI/3 3.21 5.76 10.45 25.63 46.64 169.10

46

I
I

49

0 101

-J

-w
LnI

494

I
presented in Table XII. A comparison of the scaled arrival time versus distance curve for the 5-ton shot presented in Figure 12 and the curve for the 20-ton shot presented in Figure 13 show excellent agreement. The scaled values of distance and arrival time for the 100-ton shot are listed in Table XIII and shown plotted in Figure 14. They

show excellent agreement with measurements made by the other two participating countries. The curve drawn through the points in

Figure 14 also shows excellent agreement with the curve constructed for the 20-ton values plotted in Figure 13. for the 5-, scaling is From the analysis of the curves cube-root

20-, and 100-ton scaled arrival time values, validated for this parameter.

There does not seem to be any

trend evident as shoun on the positive duration or positive impulse. On the 500-ton TNT shot there were hundreds of measurements made of the arrival time of the shock front at various radial distances from ground zero. The arrival times recorded by BRL along the basic
5

blast line will be used in this report plus some close-in measurements made by the Sandia Corporation (SC) using the slifer cable technique. The scaled arrival times and distances for the 500-ton shot are listed in Table XIV for the BRI measurements, in slifer-cable data. and Table XV contains the close-

These data are plotted in Figure 15 with a curve as determined by a visual inspection.

drawn to indicate a best fit A composite curve,

Figure 16, was constructed from the scaled values The analysis of the scal., data

presented in Tables XI through XV.

and values from the composite curve at similar scaled distances is presented in Table XVI. The overall agreement of the scaled arrival time

data over the range of 5- to 500-tons is excellent.

It can be concluded

that cube-root scaling has been validated for arrival time over this

50

I~Ir
TARTY XITI
SCALED ARRIVAL TIME AND DISTANCE VALUtES FOR ; A IUU-TON TNT DETONATINA
astS
as

FT/LBS 1/3 MSEC/LBS1/

2.34
.35

3.40
3,87

.64
.78

J.q9
Tr/LBSI/ 7, 39
7.76

MSEC/LBSI/3
2o34

2.58
2.78

4.36
4.6b 14.99

1.00
1,12. 1.27

8.76
9.51 14 .07

3.51)
4,.04 7.6')

j.02 t)657 5.84 6.11 6.84

1.32 1.55 1.75 1.79 2.34

17.02 46.73 116.80 166.10 250.40

10.09 36,545 99.17 144.40 217.50

51

mm l mm i li i m I mml i m

404

>

hi

II

TABLE XIV SCALED ARRIVAL TIME AND DISTANCE VALUES (BRL)

A 500-TC.N TN;T DF7T0NA7TION

FOR

as

A FT/LBSI/ 4.53 4.97 5.55 6.72 7.80

9.o15
3

as

FT/LBS1 / 3 SEC/LBS 1 / 3 .03 .49 .05 .79 .09 1.0o .19 lo71 .34 2,4
3,46

MSEC/LBSI/3 1.IU 1.29 1.61 2.21 2.'4

4.C

.65

.50

""i

53

/ /
TABLE XV

SCALED ARRIVAL TIME AND DISTANCCE VALUES (SC) FOR A 500-TON TNT DETONATION

t as

t as

FT/LBSI/3
.208 .265 .313 .355
.393

MSEC/LB8I/3
.010 .U13 .015 .010
.020

FT/LBSI1/3
.521 .546 .578 .633
.681

MSEC/LBSI/3
.030 .033 .035 .040
.045

.428
.467 .492

.023
.025 .028

.738
o840 .927

.050
6060 .070

54

-1 0
).

LaZ
I0 LlJ LU

a0
w.J jrw,

IJJ

(24 69i/J4i)Y 3:NVLSI(3 103VOS

I
I-

I NT OI

W '4

TABLE XVI RELATIVE ERROR DETERMINATIONS et FOR ARRIVAL TIJ: DIFF R. E.

as

ct

as

.208 .265 .313 o355 .393 .428 .467 .487 .492 .521 .546 .578 .633 .681 .738 .789 .840 .977 1.030 1.142 1.285 1.492 1.571 16710 1.718 2.260 2.337 2.342 2.440 2.970 3.113 39164 3o405 3,460 3.872 4.198 4.356 4.530 4.657

.0100 .0126 .0151 .01T6 .0201 .0226 .0251 .0285 .0276 .0301 .0326 .0352 .0402 .0452 e0502 .0546 .0603 .0703 .0865 .0940 .1204 .1354 .1786 .1910 .1806 .2708 .3480 o3055 .3400 .5000 .5179 a5417 ,6385 .6490 ,7830 .9018 1.0000 1.1000 1.1190

.0101 .0126 .0151 .0175 .0201 .0226 .0255 .02T2 .0276 .0301 .0323 .0352 .0400 .0446 .0503 .0551 .0607 .0701 .0821 .0959 .1149 .1467 .1601 .1838 .1892 .2991 .3172 .3184 .3430 .4930 .5386 .5551 .6357 .6544 .8123 .9462 1,0110 1.0844 1.1454

.000 ,000 ,000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000 ,004 .002 .006 .011 .001 ,007 .005 .028 .031 .013 .003 .007 .021 .013 .003 .005 .029 .044 .011 .016 .026

-. 003262 -. 005857 -. 001458 .003058 -. 002027 .001152 -. 015078 .047486 -. 000897 .001083 .010867 .000114 .004842 .014135 -. 002186 -. 008859 -. 007362 .002870 .053337 -. 020058 .047868 -. 077154 -. 009183 .039173 -. 025049 -. 094617 .097117 -. 040425 -. 008746 .014199 -. 038454 -. 024203 .004405 -. 008252 -. 036028 -. 046904 -. 010841 .014386 -. 023015

57

T'ABLEl XVI

(Contd)

etas

ct

DIFF

R. E.

4.746 4.970 4.990 5.024 5.550 5.574 5.769 5.841 6.012 6.109 6.720 6.843 6.893 7e394 7.459 70761 7.800 8.282 8,762 9*350 9*493 9o513 11.710 14.070 17.020 17.560 20.340 35.130 35,620 42o490 46.730 586!50 81.360 116.800 153.700 166.800 199.900 250.400 316o400

1.1740 1.2900 1.2750 1.3190 1.6100 1.5500 1.6480 1.7500 1.8510 1.7920 2.2300 2.3450 2.3380 2o5790 2.7540 2.7840 2.9400 3.2140 3.5560 4,0000 4.1530 4.0370 5.7610 7.6900 10.0900 10.4500 13,2700 25.6300 26.0900 32.0500 36.5400 46.6400 66.3100 99,1700 131.1000 144.4000 169.1000 217.5000 272.1000

1.1881 1.2956 1.3052 1-3210 1.5670 1.5800 1.6853 1.7241 1.8165 1.8689 2.2164 2.2927 2.3237 2.6343 2.6746 2*8670 2o8920 3.2118 3.5539 3.9750 4.0751 4,0896 507680 7.6595 10.218C 10.7040 13o0720 25.6196 26.0704 32.0920 35o6224 45.7820 65.4968 96.7160 129.3300 140.4400 169.9100 215.3200 271.7760

.014 .006 .030 .002 .043 .030 .037

.026

.035 .077 .014 .052 .014 - .055 .079 - ,083 .048 ,002 .002 .025 .078 - .053 - .007 .031 - .128 - .254 .198 .010 .020 - ,042 .918 .858 o813 2.454 1.770 3,960 " .810 2.180 .324

-. 011851 -,004322 -. 023138 -. 001544 .027441 -. 018963 -. 022109 .014999 .019004 -. 041127 o006136 o022829 .006171 -. 020985 .029694 -. 028964 ,016598 9000697 ,000597 o006289 .019116 -. 012867 -. 001214 .003982 -,012527 -,023729 .015147 .000406 .000792 -. 001309 ,025759 .018741 e012416 o025373 .013686 .028197 -. 004767 .010124 .001192

56

,*

.....

q~ml#

range or yielas. are listed below:

ziome of tne pertinent values obtained from Table XVI

Number of Positive Points Number of Negative Points Total Number of Points Average Positive Relative Error Average Negative Relative Error Average Relative Error Average Absolute Relative Error

40 38 78 0.0170 0.0195 0.0007 0.0182

These values show excellent correlation in the number of positive and negative values. The average relative errors are very near the same.

Approximately two thirds of the points fall within plus or minus 1.8 percent of the composite curve. The curve shown in Figure 16 presents all For A's greatir

data listed in Table XVI except the last six values. than 100 refer to Figure 18. Peak Overpressure Curve The peak overpressures measured or, the 5-, 20-, shots have been presented in Reference 1.

and 100-ton TNT

The measurements made in the

high overpressure region on the 500-ton shot were more reliable and showed greater consistency then those obtained on any of the preceding shots. 5-, 20-, The peak overpressure measurements in the close-in region on the exrd 100-ton shots were determined, primarily from arrival time

measurements and were not higher than 3,000 psi. On the 500-ton shot the arrival time measurements from the detonation point in the charge. were started

The scaled arrival data derived

from measiLrements made by the U.S. on all four shots is presented in Table XVI. Those values plus all Canadian, United Kingdom and U.S. arrival time measurements from other shots were scaled, and an arrival "Aime versus scaled distance curve was calculated, using the equation. 6

59

" 1 l

C, T

.. C i',-

ti

r.

o\ r

il

rr

111/2

3 ..

. .

- 4 ..

'

where X = scaled distance (D/w scaled arrival time as Cl,3,4 = constants determined from equation T = t

The arrival values versus scaled distances from .2X to 2X:

established from this equation are listed in Table XVII. Values out to 1OX have been plotted in Figure 17 and a smooth curve drawn through the points. For comparison the data used to establish the curve have also been plotted to show the validity of the curve. This equation was used primarily to establish reliable peak overpressure values in the high

overpressure region.
an arrival time versus distance relation was found and by integration the velocity of the shock front was determined. Scaled distance, arrival time and velocity of the shock front are preFrom Equation (4)

sented in Table XVII.

From the Mach value it

The Mach velocity of the shock front was

but is not listed in Table XVII. is possible to obtain the peak overpressure from The tables

determined from a computer program

Equation (2) or from tables presented in Reference 7.

listing Mach values versus pressure from Reference 7 were stored in the computer, and from this a tabulation of peak overpressure versus X was obtained. These values are listed in Table XVII for values of X from 0.20 to 2.0. We believe that from Reference 1, values of peak overpressure
A

at X's greater than 1.8 are valid but a modification of the curve in Reference 1 should be made at V'e less than 1.8. The modified portion

of thi curve plus the established curve is ;resented in Figure 18.

SUMMAY AND CONCLUSIONS The scaled values of peak overpressure, distance (X) are presented in Table XVIII. arrival time, positive duration, positive impulse and shock front velocity versus scaled The values of the velocity of the shock front as determined in the Appendix are listed in Table Al.

6o

TABLE XVII PEAK OVERPRESSURE CALCULATIONS

AP 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 5tO b00 650

t 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

as

U 21520957 19368175 17644526 16230252 15048188 14045359 13182109 12430590 11769658 11183287 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

69517370 55987611 46237775 38971453 33409437 29043789 25526425 22637763 20219804 18175224

95365817-02 11989246-0 14697305-01 17654940-01 20856914-01 24298537-01 27975316-01 31883296-01 36018838-01 40378668-01

700
750 800 850 900 950 100 125 150 175 200

16448920
14966832 13676542 12554663 11571693 10704254 99350823 71171089 53341835 41257387 32591507

4
4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3

44959809-01
49759597-01 4775631-01 60005755-01 65448129-01 71101102-01 76963158-01 10937417 14690535 18956676 23744857

10658955
10186852 97590934 93692690 90123153 86839577 83804392 71475546 62363142 55247952 49466298

2
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

6zI

1k I
w

-I

62'

I
Thczz U vzilue! or tne olast parameters have all been plotted versus The figure may be used P a scaled distance and presented in Figure 18. quick reference for determining the scaled values of the various parameters versus scaled distance as well as their relation to each other. The accuracy of the curves in relation to the data has been emphasized earlier in this report, but the user is again reminded that the trend noted in the positive duration should be given consideration when predicting the duration to be expected from small yields. difficulty in recording duration, The

plus the apparent trend as a function

of yield makes the tabulations and associated curve the least accurate of the blast parameters reported here. The impulse values listed in Table XVIII and the curve presented in Figure 18 are believed to be reasonably accurate in the region greater than 3A because of the large number of data used. The region less than 3A may be somewhat questionable because of the scarcity of data in the higher pressure region. The arrival time values listed in Table XVIII are taken from two sources. (1) The values established from Equation (4) and plotted to 10A in Figure 17 show good visual agreement with the data points. The equation did not give valid results at X's greater than 6A. (That is

the peak overpressure calculated from the velocity determinations began to fall lower than the established curve and became negative at 50X.) (2) The values of X greater than four, the arrival times were calculated from the peak overpressure versus X determinations as explained in the Appendix. The arrival time values determined by this method show excellent For determining

agreement with the curves presented in Figures 16 and 18. arrival times at less than 4X, it Figure 17 be used. is

recommended that the curve in

For arrival times at greater than 4X, the curve in The values in Table XVIII may be used throughcontained in Table A.1

Figure 18 is recommended.

out the complete range; the same information is of the Appendix.

The arrival time curve in Figure 18 is the same as the

composite curve established in Figure 16.

63

TABLE XVIII BLAST PARAMETERS VERSUS SCALED DISTANCE

AP FT"S1/3 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3250 3500 Psi 6952 5599 4624 3897 3341 2904 2553 2264 2022 1818 1645 1497 1368 1255 1157 1070 9935 8602 7544 6678 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2

t M3EC/[9/3 9537-02 1199-01 1470-01 1765-01 2086-01 2430-01 2797-01 3188-01 3602-0L 4038-01 4496-01 4976-01 5477-01 6000-01 6544-01 7110-01 7696-01 8930-01 1025 1165 1313 1469 1633 1806 1987 2178 2377 2804 3270 3777 4323 4909 5698 6548

U FT/MSEC 21518 19366 17645 16230 15048 14046 13182 12431 11770 11183 10659 10187 97591 93692 90123 86840 83805 78304 73561 69395 65621 62363 59277 56511 53941 51442 49096 44791 41096 37982 35307 32993 30509 28407 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

t MSEC/LBS1/
3

IS PSI-NmEC/LBS"/3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

5923
5334 4782 4322 3919 3540 3207 2630 2180 1834 1558 1337 1117 9438

197 189 183 078 174 171 170 170 171 172 174 178 190 208 230 256 288 326 375 430 510 605 865 118 143 159 166 170 170

1 1 1 1 1 1

422 363 321 290 267 248 233 223 214 207 200 193 189 185 184 18b 189 192 200 210 224 241 265 263 251 239 224 211

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3750
4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000

1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8064
6958 5316 4184 3376 2782 2334 1989

2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

7457
C426 1053 1284 1535 1803 2087 2385 1 1 1 1 1 1

26614
25073 22608 20700 19236 18074 17154 16409

1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

167
161 158 157 161 170 183 201

1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

198
185 166 151 138 128 119 111

2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

TABLi" XVIII ('roltd i31,ASTI' FAXAMETEhS VERSUS SCALED DISTANCE A AP t U t I

FT/LBSI/

PSI

MSEC/LBS 1 / 3

FT/MSEC

MSEC/LBS 1/3

PSI.MSEC/LBSI'/3

7500 8000 8500

000 9500 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

1 L 1
[1 1 2 2 2 2 2

1718 1!Ol 1I23

1182 1059 9615 8029 6825 5920 5186

2 2 2
2 2 1 1 1 1 1

2696 3018 3349

3690 4037 4393 5121 5868 6632 7408

1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

15792 15290 14861

14506 14194 13949 13527 13201 12950 12742

1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

216 229 239

248 256 262 273 283 293 301

1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

104 985 935

890 845 810 745 685 645 600

2 I 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

'!00
1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2200 2400 2600 2000 3000 3250 3500 3750 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 9000 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4665
4177 3797 3488 3208 2984 2596 2299 2061 1867 1706 1537 1397 1279 1178 1015 8876 7857 7023 6328 5742 5222 4769 4041 3484 3047 2692 2405 2162 1970 1793 1647 1523

1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8198
8995 9801 1061 1143 1226 1392 1560 1728 189H 2069 2283 2498 2713 2930 3364 3800 4237 4676 5115 5556 5997 6438 7323 8209 9096 9985 1087 1176 1265 1355 1444 1533

1
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3

12589
12448 12338 12247 12L63 12093 11975 11885 11813 11755 11706 11654 11610 11572 .11540 11488 11447 11415 11388 11366 11347 11331 11316 11293 11275 11261 11250 11241 11233 11227 11221 11217 11213

1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

309
318 323 331 337 342 352 364 372 381 390 399 408 418 424 440 455 466 478 487 498 508 518 533 545 560 575 585 595 605 615 625 633

1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

565
535 500 477 452 430 392 362 334 312 2Y3 271 251 237 221 198 179 163 149 138 128 120 112 945 895 805 735 675 625 585 545 507 480

1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

65I

TA.BLFE XVIII (Crd) BLAST PARAMETERS VERSUS SCALED DISTANCE t

xAP s tas
3

U
Ut

tI
+s Is
3

FT/LBS1'/3

PSI

HSEC/LBSI/

F/'MSEC

MSEC/LBS1/

PSI-MSEC/LBS1/3

1900 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3250 3500 3750 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 9000 1000

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4

1409 1314 1148 1016 9079-01 8168--Ol 7430-01 6640-01 5980-01 5430-01 4960-01 4200-01 3620-01 3170-01 2800-01 2500-01 2260-U1 2050-01 1870-01 Ib80-0l 1370-01

1622 1711 1890 2068 2247 2426 2604 2828 3051 3275 3499 3946 4393 4841 5288 5736 6183 6631 7079 7974 8869

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

11209 11206 11201 11196 11193 11190 11188 11185 11183 11181 31180 11177 11176 11174 11173 IL172 11171 I1171 11170 11169 11168

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I

641 648 660 673 685 697 708 712 735 742 755 772 788 803 819

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 L 1 1 1 L 1 1 1

451 425 383 351 321 298 275 252 233 217 201 178

66

2.

4APIIS$E

it 'IA~TES' J DISTANIC

4:

..

!!

T-

IL

_67

I
The peak overpressuro values listed in Table XVIII contain the same ,'c greatcr than 1.8,1. At less values established in Reference 1 for than 1.8A, measurements. the peak overpressures were determined from the arrival time These values are plotted in Figure 18 and are believed The peak overpressures listed in Table XVIII were to be quite accurate. used in the Appendix for calculating the arrival time. The fifth parameter of general interest is the velocity of the shock front. Values of shock velocity are listed in Table XVIII as a The

function of X and were determined in the same way as arrival time. values from Table XVIII are ,lotted both the peak overpressure and arrival time values. After a thorough analysis of the available data it that information about the duration, for the high overpressure region. is

in Figure 18 and are consistent with

quite apparent

impulse and wave shape is lacking

This of course implies the need for

more measurements of preesure-time with improved instrumentation rather than arrival time measurements. There is also a need for a gage more sensitive to a negative pressure than a positive pressure for determining both thfl positive and negative durations in the high overpressure region.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author wishes to acknowledge Wayne, Place for his work in the data analysis phase of this report and Buckner F. gramming and computer runs. Pannill for the pro-

C. N. KINGERY

68

.7

REFERZNCEh Peak Overpressure Versus 2:caleu L. Kingery, C. N. and Pannill, B. F. iallistic Distance for TNT Furface Fursts (1[enispheric-ii Charrge:s;). Research Laboratories Memorwidum Report No. 1518, April 1,;64. 2. Kingery, C. N. and others. Preliminary Report-Operation SNOW BALL. Volume I and 2, DASA No. 1550-1 ana 1550.2, October 1964. (CONFIDENTIAL) Volume 1 and 2, Operation SNOW BALL. Svmposiur Proceedings: DASA No. 1642-1 (UNCLASSIFIED), DASA No. 16h2-2 (SECRET), August 1965. Oroves, T. K. Surface Burst 10 0-ton TNT Hesispherical - Free Field Sujffield Technical Paper No. 269. Ralston, Air Blast Overpreissure. Canada, October 1962. Measurements of Wave Chabia, A. J.; Bass, R. C. and Hawk, H. L. Fronts in Earth, Air, and Explosive Produ,:ed by a 500-Ton Hemisphere

3.

4.

5.

of TNT Detonated on the Surface of the Earth. Sandia Corporation (OFFICAL USE ONLY) Report SC-RP-64- 442, November 1965. 6. 500-Ton Preliminary Report on the Canadian Projects in the (1964) Suffield Special Publication 45, Fall 196L. TNT Suffield Explosion.

7. Shear, R. E. and Day, L. D. Tables of Thermodynamic and Shock Front Parameters for Air. Bal3lstJ~c Research Laboratories Memoranduxi Report No. 1206, May 1959.

69

MMOUXS PAGE VAS~ MLAW.C

APPENDIX A. ARRTVAT, TTM. INTERNAL CONSTSTFN(.Y OF THRA

TJHG

=SHO Fr uD.,

aNTn PvWA

rNV1RPPw-flP1

The shock front velocity of a blast wave is

related to the peak Since the velocity

overpressure by the Rankine-Hugoniot relationship.

of the shock front is equal to the inverse of the derivation of the arrival time curve
1

/dt
(Al)

U = dX/dta = (d-

we can derive the overpressure curve theoretically from the arrival time curve. Employing this procedure it is also possible to test the internal

consistency of the experimentally derived curves by comparing them with those derived theoretically. It has been found that very small variations in arrival time measure-

ments can have extremely adverse effects on the apparent velocity of the shock front and in turn this affects the derived peak overpressure. Therefore, to test the internal consistency of the curve, it was decided

to derive a theoretir.al arrival time curve based on the experimental peak overpreesure curve. In the analysis of the arrival time data it was found that from

Equation (4) a good starting point was at distance of Xo equal to 0.20 fn/ibI/3, where the scaled arrival time t as is 0.00953658 ms/lbl/ 3 . arrival time at any point X, beyond Xo = 0.20 is given by The

as

0.00953658 +

dt as

dt

"o=
0.00953658 +
=o

0.20

2d
90.20

71

where U equals shock front velocity in ft/ms, time in ms/b

,

equals scaled arrival

and X equals scaled distance from ground zero in

ft/lb

1/3
The integration was achieved by using the peak overpressure versus

scaled distance listed in Table XVIII. pressure.

Values of scaled horizontal

distances were selected as listed with the corresponding peak overThe appropriate value of shock front velocity in Mach units was then selected from the pressure versus Mach values presented in Reference 7. Equation A2 was programmed for the computer and the velocity, and arrival time.

calculated arrival times are listed in Table A-l, with the peak overpressure, Mach number,

The curve presenting scaled arrival time versus distance in Figure 18 was obtained from measured values as listed in Table XVI.

The

values in Table XVI and Table A-1 are different by less than one percent over most of the range, but in trying to use the measured values in the various curve fitting techniques, a lower peak overpressure curve was calculated at the greater distances. In fact the peak overpressure Therefore,

curve calculated showed negative values at A greater than 100.

the values listed in Table XVIII and A-1 are recommended for use because they are consistent with a well established peak overpressure curve.

72

72

TABLE A-I ARRIVAL TIME CALCULATIONS tiP 2u00 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 !UO0 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3250 3500 3750 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 6952 5599 4624 3897 3341 2904 2553 2264 2022 1818 1645 1497 1368 1255 1157 1070 9935 8602 7544 6678 5923 5334 4782 4322 3919 3540 3207 2630 2180 1834 1558 1337 1117 9438 8064 6958 5316 4184 3376 2782 2334 1989 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 q 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 M 19275 17347 15805 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 U 21518 19366 17645 16230 15048 14046 13182 L2431 11770 11183 10659 10187 97591 93692 90123 86840 83805 78304 73561 69395 65621 62363 59277 56511 53941 51442 49098 44791 41096 37982 35307 32993 30509 28407 26614 25073 22608 20700 19236 18074 17154 16409 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t
as

14538
13479 12581 11808 11135 10543 10017 95477 91248 .87416 83923 80726 77785 75067 70140 65892 62159 58779 55861 53097 50619 48317 46079 43979 40121 36811 34022 31626 29553 27328 25445 13839 2Z459 20251 18542 17230 16190 15365 14698

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

9537-02 1199-01 1470-01 1765-01 2086-01 2430-01 2797-01 3188-01 3602-01 4038-01 4496-01 4976-01 5477-01 6000-01 6544-01 7110-01 7696-01 8930-01 1025 1165 1313 1469 1633 1806 1987 2178 2377 2804 3270 3777 4323 4909 5698 6548 7457 8426 1053 1284 1535 1803 2087 05 2385 1 1 1 1

73

TABLE A-I (Contd) ARRIVAL TIME CALCULATIONS 6 M U t

as 1 1 1 1
1

7500 8000 8500 9000

9500

1 1 1 1
1

1718 1501 1323 1182

1059

2 2 2 2
2

14146 13695 13311 12993

12718

1 1 1 1
1

15792 15290 14861 14506

14199

1 1 1 1
1

2696 3018 3349 3690

4037

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3250 3500

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

9615 50?9 6825 5920 5186 4665 417? 3797 3488 3208 2984 2596 2299 2061 1867 1706 1537 1397 1279 1178 1015 8876 7857 7023 6328 5742 5222 4769 4041 3484 3047 2692 2405 2162 1970 1793 1647

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

12494 12116 11824 11599 11413 11276 11150 11052 10970 10895 10832 10726 10646 10581 10529 10485 10439 10399 10366 10337 10290 10254 10224 10201 10181 10164 10149 10136 10115 ICO00 10087 10077 10069 10062 10056 10051 10047

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

13949 13527 13201 12950 12742 12589 12448 12338 12247 12163 12093 11975 11885 11813 11755 11706 11654 11610 11572 11540 11488 11447 11415 11388 11366 11347 11331 11316 11293 11275 11261 11250 11241 11233 11227 Li227 11217

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

4393 5121 5868 6632 7408 8198 8995 9801 1061 1143 1226 1392 1560 1728 1898 2069 2283 2498

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3750 2 4000 2 4500 2 5000 2 5500 2 6000 2 6500 2 7000 2 7500 2 8000 2 9000 2 1000 3 1100 3 1200 3 1300 3 1400 3 1500 3 1600 3 1700 3

2713 2 2930 2 3364 2 3800 2 4237 2 4676 2 5115 2 5556 2 5997 2 6438 2 7323 2 8209 2 9096 2 9985 2 1087 3 1176 3 1265 3 1355 3 1444 3

T7

TA13LE A i
AARRIVAI.

("oritd)

TIIC CALCULATIUNZ M 10 044 10040 10038 10033 10029 10026 10023 10021 10019 10017 10016 10014 10012 10010 10009 10008 10007 10006 10006 10005 10005 10004 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

AAP
S

u
as

I100
1900 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3250 3500 3750 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 9000 1000

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4

lb23 1409 1314 1148 1U16 9079-01 8188-01 7430-01 6640-01 5980-01 5430-01 4960-01 4200-01 3620-01 3170-01 2800-01 2500-01 2260-01 2050-01 1870-01 1580-01 1370-01

11213 11209 11206 11201 11196 11193 11190 11188 11185 11183 11181 11180 11177 11176 11174 11173 11172 11171 11171 11170 11169 11168

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1533 1622 1711 1890 2068 2247 2426 2604 2828 3051 3275 3499 3946 4393 4841 5288 5736 6183 6631 7079 7974 8869

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

75

Unclassified Security Classification iCUMEIT CO4IKUL VArAA(Security claasifcatlon of title., body of abstract and Inrdex I ORIlNATIN G ACTIIf' (Corporate author)

R&D
r,,t)ejrt ,. frh.o- te,1. 2 & RCFORT STCUnITY C LASIFICA TION

8in annrotnatin mural he entered when the ovtull

U.S. Army BallidLlc RHetarch Laboratories Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland

3 nEPORT TITLE

Unclassified
2b GROUP

AIR BLAST PARAMETERS VERSUS DISTANCE FOR HEMISPHERICAT

4. OESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type of report and inclusive date*)

TNT SURFACE BURSTS

AUTHOR(S) (Last name. first name, initial)

Kingery,

Charles N.
7?a TOTA6 NO. OP PA OI

, REPORT DATE

September 1966

-0N

Sb.

NO. OF RE

-i

S94. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO.

90. ORIGINATOR'S REPORT NUMmER(S)

Report No. 1344

"" DASA
d,
10. AVAIIL

Subtuk No. 01.049

b,

RPORT

HO(S) (Any othe.rnumbers that may be aa,,,d

AINILITY/LIMITATION NOTIC9 TS his document i0 sUDsect to special export controls and esch transmittal to foreign governments or foreign nationals may be made only with prior approval of Commanding Officer, U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.
NOTS5 12. SPONSORINe M16ITARY ACTIVITY

I,ISUPPLMNTARY

U.S. Army Materiel Command Washington, D.C.

IS

AhSTRACT

This report contains a presentation of the air blast parameters, peak overpressure, arrival time, positive duration and impulse versus scaled distances. The values of the parameters are derived from empirical measurements made on a series of tests sponsored under The Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP) i.e., Canada, the United

Kingdom and the United States. The measurements were made on 5-, 20-, 100- and 500-ton TNT surface bursts. The charges consisted of small TNT blocks stacked
in the shape of a hemisphere.

DD

IJAN

1473

Unclassified
Security Classification

Unclassified
14 KEY WORDS LM R OL F A .N El , I NVl L
w1
lOL

LINK A
wr

LINK ROil.

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Shock Waves Arrival Times

Positive Duration
Positive Impulse

Peak Overpressure

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