Chapter #23 Identifications Thomas Nast He was an outspoken opponent of the corruption going on at Tammany Hall.

As a political cartoonist, he often used his talent in order to go against said corruption. Horace Greely He was the presidential nominee for the Liberal Republican Party in 1872. However, he was not at all suited for the job despite his position as the editor of the New York Tribune. He ultimately lost the election to Grant. Roscoe Conkling He was the leader of the Stalwarts, which was a subgroup that fell under the Republican Party. They were huge supporters of the spoils system. His fighting with James G. Blaine led to the nomination of Rutherford B. Hayes in order to achieve a form of neutrality within the house. James G. Blaine He was the leader of the Half-Breeds, the enemies of the Stalwarts. He was later nominated for presidency in 1884, but other Republicans would not offer him their support. Later on, he became the Secretary of State in Garfields administration. Samuel Tilden He was the lawyer in charge of the prosecution which landed Boss Tweed in prison. Later on, this success would get him nominated as a presidential candidate. Charles J. Guiteau He was the man responsible for the murder of President Garfield. He murdered the president in order for Chester A. Arthur to rise to the position. Hard or Sound Money Hard money is a term referring to metal money, which dealt with precious metals such as gold and silver. This type of money was supported by the rich, who had a great deal of these metals. Sound money was paper money, which was also called greenbacks. This type of money was cheaper and was therefore supported by the working class. Gilded Age This was an ironic name created by the writer, Mark Twain, for the thirty year period following the Civil War. This term was created in 1873. Bloody-Shirt This was the strategy the Republicans used in order to get Grant elected to presidency. This entailed utilizing the memories of the recently passed Civil War, in which Grant was thought of by many as the savior of the Union. Tweed Ring This was also known as Tammany Hall, which was the center of corruption such as bribery

and fake elections which swindled money from underneath New York Citys nose. Credit Mobilier Scandal This was a scandal that was led by the Union Pacific Railroad workers. They created the Credit Mobilier group in order to hire themselves as workers and pay themselves incredibly high salaries. They also paid off several Congressmen and even the Secretary of War. Whiskey Ring This was a huge scandal during the years of 1874-75 in which money paid for the whiskey excise tax was pocketed by people within Washington and the government. Millions of dollars were stolen, and Secretary of War, William Belknap had even been involved in the crime. Resumption Act This act was basically used in order to decrease the amount of paper money in circulation. It stated that the government would take the paper money and exchange it for its worth in gold. This act was very good for the rich since it lessened the amount of paper money, but it was very bad for the poor. Crime of '73 This was a crime that was protested by westerners and debtors alike. This crime was when Congress decided to stop coining silver dollars in the year of 1873, which angered many supporters of using silver as well as gold. Bland-Allison Act This was created by Richard Bland, and was ultimately made active in 1878. This act made the US Treasury buy and coin 2 million to 4 million dollars worth of silver every month. Half-Breed This was a Republican subgroup that was incredibly supportive of the partys ideals. They were pretty much considered a separate entity, and their leader was James G. Blaine. Compromise of 1877 This took place due to the controversy of the election between Hayes (Republican) and Tilden (Democrat). The basis of this compromise was that the Democrats would no longer protest Hayes position as president if Reconstruction in the South was ended. Civil Service Reform This was an attempt at reducing the amount of corruption that occurred within the government. This also stated that officials should earn their positions rather than just receive them. Pendleton Act This was another act that tried to reduce the number of corrupt officials or employees within political positions. It appointed a Civil Service Commission which was in charge of an open commission for jobs, and even these employees had to be judged based on ability rather than connections.

"Billion Dollar" Congress Due to the surplus of 1 billion dollars in the Treasury during the session of the 51st Congress, the money was used in the Pension Act of 1890. This Act gave pensions to Civil War veterans who were in duty for at least 90 days and could no longer work to make a living.

Chapter #23.1 Guided Reading Questions The "Bloody Shirt" Elects Grant Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Ohio Idea, Repudiation, Horatio Seymour, Bloody Shirt 1 Was General Grant good presidential material? Why did he win? No, in my opinion, General Grant was not good presidential material. He wasnt well-versed in political matters, and up until that point, hed only voted once in the election of 1856. He also wasnt aware of many other cultures, as shown in his ignorant remark that Venice would be better if only it were drained. He won, however, due to the spread of his deeds during the Civil War. The surge of freedmen votes gave him a narrow victory over Horatio Seymour, who had most of the white votes. The Era of Good Stealings Know: Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, Black Friday, Boss Tweed, Graft, Thomas Nast, Samuel J. Tilden 2. "The Man in the Moon...had to hold his nose when passing over America." Explain. This quote basically described the enormous amount of corruption in the country. Many workers in the railroad industry swindled bond buyers out of their money. There were also people who manipulated the stock market to their advantage. People involved in the justice system such as judges were all too easy to be bribed, as well as politicians. A Carnival of Corruption Know: Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, William Belknap 3. Describe two major scandals that directly involved the Grant administration. One major scandal involved the Credit Mobilier scandal, which was headed by workers of the Union Pacific Railroad. They formed this company and hired themselves to build railroads at huge prices. In order to keep their operation going, they even paid off several congressmen, who were later censured. The vice president was even in on the scandal. The second scandal was the Whiskey Ring. This was when people within the government stole money from the excise tax on whiskey. This ended in the loss of millions of dollars from the US treasury and the dismissal of William Belknap, the former Secretary of War.

The Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872 Know: Liberal Republicans, Horace Greeley 4. Why did Liberal Republicans nominate Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872? Why was he a less than ideal candidate?

The Liberal Republicans nominated Horace Greely for the presidency in 1872 due to their immense dislike of Grant and their desire to purify the administration in Washington and get rid of military Reconstruction. However, he was not at all right for the job. He was emotional, petulant, and notoriously unsound in his political judgments. Also, his employment as an editor at the New York Tribune did not properly prepare him for the position as President of the United States. Depression and Demands for Inflation Know: Panic of 1873, Greenbacks, Hard-money, Crime of '73, Contraction, Soft-money, Bland-Allison Act 5. Why did some people want greenbacks and silver dollars? Why did others oppose these kinds of currency? Some people wanted greenbacks and silver dollars because it pumped more money into the hands of the people. With more paper money and with the use of silver as well as gold, that made more money in general. Naturally, the working class supported this because it gave them a bigger chance of getting their hands on said money. However, others, such as the rich, opposed these kinds of currency since it would take the value away from the money they already had, such as gold. Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age Know: Gilded Age, Grand Army of the Republic, Stalwarts, Roscoe Conkling, Half-Breeds, James G. Blaine 6. Why was there such fierce competition between Democrats and Republicans in the Gilded Age if the parties agreed on most economic issues? Although the Democrats and the Republicans in the Gilded age pretty much agreed on most economic issues, there was still fierce competition since their core beliefs differed greatly. Republicans had Puritan roots, which led them to believe that the government, along with guiding the economy, should also guide the peoples morals. However, Democrats were less strict when it came to faith, and detested any government effort to dictate the peoples faith. The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876 Know: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel J. Tilden 7. Why were the results of the 1876 election in doubt? Statesmen from the Republican and Democratic party were sent to Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida. These states were crucial to the election, and had sent two different sets of returns, one that was Democratic and one that was Republican, back to Congress. The results of the 1876 election were in doubt because Congress was at a loss as to what to do with these returns. They had no idea who should count them, since the president of the Senate was Republican, and the Speaker of the House was Democratic, which would add bias to any path they would take. The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction Know: Compromise of 1877, Electoral Count Act, David Davis, Civil Rights Cases (1883), 8. How did the end of Reconstruction affect African-Americans? The end of Reconstruction negatively affected African-Americans. The Compromise of 1877 brought with it the end of the Republican Partys attempts at enforcing racial equality. The Supreme

Court also deemed the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional and that the Fourteenth Amendment only applied to the governments actions and not to individuals.

Chapter #23.2 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age Big Picture Themes 1. The government did reach the billion dollar level for the first time. This was largely due to military pension plans. The plans were very popular and revealed the goal of the legislators pass something that will get me reelected. 2. Populism started. This was a farmer and worker movement that sought to clean up the government, bring it back to the people, and help the working man out.

Chapter #23.2 Identifications James A. Garfield He was elected in 1880 as president. However, he was later assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau in order for the Stalwarts to rise to power. Grover Cleveland He was the Democratic nomination for presidency in 1884 against James G. Blaine of the Republicans. He was scandalous due to his affair which resulted in the birth of an illegitimate child. He stuck with northerners which pleased the North, but also appointed formerConfederate officials which pleased the South. He later lost the election in 1888 to Benjamin Harrison. Mugwump These were Republicans who jumped the bandwagon in the election of 1884 in order to support Grover Cleveland. They did this as a result of the corruption within the government. Thomas B. Reed He was the Speaker of the House who suspended the majority rules rule. This was so they could act more efficiently within the House since the system was deemed obsolete. Chapter #23.2 Guided Reading Questions The Birth of Jim Crow in the Post-Reconstruction South Know: Redeemers, sharecropping, tenant farming, Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson 1. Analyze the data in the lynching chart on page 513. The lynching chart on page 513 illustrates the amount of people lynched from the years 1882-1970. The number of whites lynched in 1882 was actually higher than the number of blacks lynched, and that trend continued until 1990. The number of blacks lynched peaked in 1895, then began to slowly dwindle until it practically disappeared in 1965.

Class Conflicts and Ethnic Clashes Know: Great Railroad Strike of 1877, Denis Kearney, Coolies, Chinese Exclusion Act 2. What was the significance of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877? The significance of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 laid in its failure. After fighting ended between striking workers and soldiers, more than a hundred people had died as a result. This resounding failure illustrated just how weak the labor movement was. This also showed how the working classes lacked any semblance of unity, particularly among immigrant workers such as the Chinese and the Irish in the state of California. Garfield and Arthur Know: James A. Garfield, Charles J. Guiteau, Chester A. Arthur, Pendleton Act of 1883 3. What new type of corruption resulted from the Pendleton Act? The new corruption that resulted from the Pendleton Act involved politicians forging underhanded partnerships with large businesses. This was a way for them to gain some kind of profit which they no longer had access to due to the Pendleton Act as well as President Arthurs work turning out frauds.

The Blaine-Cleveland Mudslingers of 1884 Know: James G. Blaine, Tattooed man, Mugwumps, Grover Cleveland, Ma, ma where's my pa?, Rum, Romanism and Rebellion 4. Explain how character played a part in the presidential election of 1884. Character played a large part in the presidential election of 1884. There was a large amount of mudslinging from both sides. The Republicans brought Clevelands illicit affair to light and used that against him with the slogan, Ma, ma, wheres my pa? The Democrats talked of Blaines rather incriminating Mulligan letters, and used the saying, Burn, burn, burn this letter! These mudslinging tactics were incredibly below-the-belt, but also swayed many voters. Old Grover" Takes Over 5. Assess the following statement: "As president, Grover Cleveland governed as his previous record as governor indicated he would." Grover Cleveland, as governor, received the nickname Grover the Good. He also enjoyed a fairly good reputation. I believe that the statement above is fairly accurate. Although he was rather tactless and hot-tempered, he was firm in his direction and did not present any corruption in office. He was also known to go over each bill carefully and did not give into requests for jobs easily. Cleveland Battles for a Lower Tariff 6. What were the reasons behind Cleveland's stance in favor of lower tariffs? Cleveland was in favor of lower tariffs because he was impressed by the arguments set up by those who supported the lower tariffs, it would weaken the protection of monopolies, it would end the surplus within the Treasury and it would end the mocking belief that Cleveland believed in fiscal orthodoxy and small-government frugality. The Billion Dollar Congress Know: Thomas Reed, Civil War pensions, McKinley Tariff Act of 1890

7. Explain why the tariff was detrimental to American farmers. The MacKinley Tariff Act of 1890 was detrimental to American farmers because it negatively affected their business. In order to protect Republican Industrialists, this tariff increased rates. Farmers who were already burdened with debt were forced to buy products from expensive American industrialists who were protected by the tariff. However, they were also forced to sell their own crops in world markets which were cutthroat and in which they had no such protection. The Drumbeat of Discontent Know: Populists 8. What was the most revolutionary aspect of the Populist platform? Defend your answer with evidence. The revolutionary aspect of the Populist platform came from the fact that it was a third party which had been incredibly successful. The Populist party became one of the few third parties in U.S. history to break into the electoral column. They also advocated interracial relations between African and White farmers in order to bolster votes and support for the Populist party, however this ended with stronger intimidation and lynching coming from White Southerners. Cleveland and Depression Know: Grover Cleveland, Depression or 1893, William Jennings Bryan, Sherman Silver Purchase Act 9. What could Cleveland have done to lessen the impact of the financial turmoil? In order to lessen the impact of the financial turmoil, Cleveland could have supported the farmers who were in favor of silver. Instead, he had supported the gold standard which then hurt debtors even further. Cleveland Breeds a Backlash Know: Wilson Gorman Tariff 10. Is the characterization of the Gilded Age presidents as the forgettable presidents a fair one? Explain. I believe that the characterization of the Gilded Age presidents as the forgettable presidents is a fair one. The presidents were both described as rather plain and bland in person, and they did not accomplish any political, social, or economic feats. Their terms as president did not implement pivotal, societal change, and so it is not hard to see why many historians deem them as forgettable.