EEE 165

CSUS

Instructor: Russ Tatro

Chapter 2 Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics, Principles and Practices, 2001 Solutions to Chapter 2 Homework. Problems 5, 8, 9, 14 a) 5 c = 542 nm Is 870 nm wavelength single mode operation? Ignore rest of the question (do not answer penetration depth or MFD) a) b) c) d) e) V = 89.47 and the number of modes is? c = 31.6 m NA = 0.242 max = 14 /L = 67.6 ns per km and BL 13 Mb/sec km

a) V = 2.094 b) 1.12 m c) NA = 0.108 d) max = 6.2 e) /L = 0.025 ns/km and BL 23.6 Gb/sec km use Dm = -7.5 ps/km nm and Dw = -5 ps/km nm a) intermodal = 0.029 ns for 1 km of fiber material = 0.015 ns for 1 km of fiber material(rms) = 0.425 material = 0.00638 ns total = 0.0295 ns b = 0.25/total = 8.5 Gb Now for multimode step index /L(rms) = 72 ns/km BL = 12.8 Mb/sec km With LED source material = 0.17 ns for 1 km of fiber total = 0.172 ns for 1 km of fiber B = 1.45 Gb

14

2.5 Dielectric slab waveguide Consider a dielectric slab waveguide which has a thin GaAs layer of thickness 0.2 m between two AlGaAs layers. The refractive index of GaAs is 3.66 and that of the AlGaAs layers is 3.40. What is the cut-off wavelength beyond which only a single mode can propagate in the waveguide assuming that the refractive index does not vary greatly with the wavelength? If a radiation of wavelength 870 nm (corresponding to bandgap radiation) is propagating in the GaAs layer, what is the penetration of the evanescent wave into the AlGaAs layers? What is the mode field distance of this radiation? Solution Given n1 = 3.66 (AlGaAs), n2 = 3.4 (AlGaAs), 2a = 210-7 m or a = 0.1 m, for only a single mode we need 2 a 2 2 1/ 2 V= n1 n2 ) < ( 2

2 a(n12 n2 2) > 2 When = 870 nm,

1/ 2

2 (0.1 m)(3.66 2 3.402 ) = 2

1/ 2

= 0. 542 m.

The cut-off wavelength is 542 nm.

(0.870 m)

= 0.979 < /2

Therefore, = 870 nm is a single mode operation. For a rectangular waveguide, the fundamental mode has a mode field distance V +1 0.979 + 1 = (0.2 m) = 0.404 m. 2 wo = MFD 2 a 0.979 V The decay constant of the evanescent wave is given by, V 0.979 = = = 9.79 (m)-1 or 9.79106 m-1. a 0.1 m The penetration depth

= 1/ = 1/ [9.79 (m)-1] = 0.102 m.

2.8 A multimode fiber Consider a multimode fiber with a core diameter of 100 m, core refractive index of 1.475 and a cladding refractive index of 1.455 both at 850 nm. Consider operating this fiber at = 850 nm. a b c d

Calculate the V-number for the fiber and estimate the number of modes. Calculate the wavelength beyond which the fiber becomes single mode. Calculate the numerical aperture. Calculate the maximum acceptance angle.

e Calculate the modal dispersion and hence the bit rate distance product given that rms dispersion 0.29 where is the full spread. Solution

Given n1 = 1.475, n2 = 1.455, 2a = 10010-6 m or a = 50 m and = 0.850 m. The V-number is,

(n

2 1

2 1/ 2 2

2 (50 m)( 1.475 1.455

2 1 /2

(0.850 m)

= 89.47

Number of modes M,

M=

V 2 89.47 2 = 4002 2 2

The fiber becomes monomode when, 1/ 2 2 a 2 V= (n1 n22) < 2.405

or

>

2 a(n12 n2 2) 2.405

1/ 2

2 (50 m)( 1.4752 1.4552 ) 2.405

1/ 2

= 31.6 m

For wavelengths longer than 31.6 m, the fiber is a single mode waveguide. The numerical aperture NA is
2 2 NA = (n1 n2 ) 1 /2

=( 1.4752 1.4552 ) = 0.242

If max is the maximum acceptance angle, then,

max = arcsin

NA = arcsin(0.242/1) = 14 no

Modal dispersion is given by intermode n1 n2 1.475 1.455 = = 3 108 m s1 L c = 66.7 ps m-1 or 67.6 ns per km Given that 0.29, maximum bit-rate is 0.25 L 0.25 0.25L = BL = total intermode (0.29)(66.7 ns km 1 )

i.e.

BL = 13 Mb s-1 km (only an estimate!)

We neglected material dispersion at this wavelength which would further decrease BL. Material dispersion and modal dispersion must be combined by
2 2 t2 otal = intermode + material

For example, assuming an LED with a spectral rms deviation of about 20 nm, and a Dm 200 ps km-1 nm-1 (at about 850 nm)we would find

m = (200 ps km-1 nm-1)(20 nm)(1 km) 4000 ps km-1 or 4 ns km-1,

2.9 A single mode fiber Consider a fiber with a SiO2-13.5%GeO2 core of diameter of 8 m and refractive index of 1.468 and a cladding refractive index of 1.464 both refractive indices at 1300 nm where the fiber is to be operated using a laser source with a half maximum width of 2 nm. a b c d

Calculate the V-number for the fiber. Is this a single mode fiber? Calculate the wavelength below which the fiber becomes multimode. Calculate the numerical aperture. Calculate the maximum acceptance angle.

e Obtain the material dispersion and waveguide dispersion and hence estimate the bit rate distance product (BL) of the fiber. Solution a

Given n1 = 1.475, n2 = 1.455, 2a = 810-6 m or a = 4 m and =1.3 m. The V-number is,

(n

2 1

2 1/ 2 2

2 (4 m)(1.468 1.464
2

2 1/ 2

(1.3 m)

= 2.094

Since V < 2.405, this is a single mode fiber. The fiber becomes multimode when 1/ 2 2 a 2 V= (n1 n22) > 2.405

or

<

2 a(n12 n2 2) 2.405

1/ 2

2 (4 m)( 1.468 2 1.4642 ) 2.405

1/ 2

=1.13 m

For wavelengths shorter than 1.13 m, the fiber is a multi-mode waveguide.

The numerical aperture NA is

=( 1.4682 1.4642 ) = 0.108

If max is the maximum acceptance angle, then,

max = arcsin

NA = arcsin(0.108/1) = 6.2 no

so that the total acceptance angle is 12.4.

At =1.3 m, from the figure, Dm 7.5 ps km-1 nm-1, Dw 5 ps km-1 nm-1. 1/ 2 = Dm + Dw 1/ 2 L = |7.55 ps km-1 nm-1|(2 nm) = 15 ps km-1 + 10 ps km-1 = 0.025 ns km-1 Obviously materials dispersion is 15 ps km-1 and waveguide dispersion is 10 ps km-1

The maximum bit-rate distance product is then 0.59 0.59 L = = 23.6 Gb s-1 km. BL 1 / 2 0.025 ns km 1
Dispersion coefficient (ps km-1 nm-1 )

20 10 0 10 20 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Dm

Dw

a ( m)
4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

Material and waveguide dispersion coefficients in an optical fiber with a core SiO2-13.5%GeO2 for a = 2.5 to 4 m.

1.6
Figure 2Q9

(m)

2.14

A graded index fiber

a Consider an optimal graded index fiber with a core diameter of 30 m and a refractive index of 1.474 at the center of the core and a cladding refractive index of 1.453. Suppose that the fiber is coupled to a laser diode emitter at 1300 nm and a spectral linewidth (FWHM) of 3 nm. Suppose that the material dispersion coefficient at this wavelength is about 5 ps km-1 nm-1. Calculate, the total dispersion and estimate the bit rate distance product of the fiber. How does this compare with the performance of a multimode fiber with the same core radius, and n1 and n2? What would be the total dispersion and maximum bit rate if an LED source of spectral width (FWHM) 1/2 80 nm is used? Solution

The normalized refractive index difference = (n1 n2)/n1 = (1.474 1.453)/1.474 = 0.01425 Modal dispersion for 1 km of graded index fiber is Ln1 2 (1000)(1.474) 2 intermode = 8 (0.01425) 20 3(3 10 ) 20 3c = 2.910-11 s or 0.029 ns The material dispersion (FWHM) is m (1 / 2) = LDm 1/ 2 = (1000 m)( 5 ps ns 1 km 1 )(3 nm) = 0.015 ns Assuming a Gaussian output light pulse shape, rms material dispersion is,

m = 0.4251/2 = (0.425)(0.015 ns) = 0.00638 ns

so that

B = 0.25/total = 8.5 Gb

If this were a multimode step-index fiber with the same n1 and n2, then the rms dispersion would roughly be (n1 n2 ) 1.474 1.453 = c (3 108 m s 1 ) L = 70 ps m-1 or 70 ns per km Maximum bit-rate is 0.25L 0.25 0.25 L = BL intermode (0.28) (0.28)(70 ns km 1 ) i.e. BL = 12.8 Mb s-1 km (only an estimate!) The corresponding B for 1 km would be around 13 Mb s-1

With LED excitation, again assuming a Gaussian output light pulse shape, rms material dispersion is

m = (0.425) m (1/ 2) = (0.425)LDm 1 / 2

so that

B = 0.25/total = 1.45 Gb The effect of material dispersion now dominates intermode dispersion.