2005 National Geographic Channel Australian Geography Competition

I N S T R U C T I O N S

Question Booklet

Fill in your name, school code (your teacher will give you this), schools post code, your gender and age. You must fill in the ovals, not just write the letters and numbers, as the computer only reads the ovals. For example, a filled-in post code (for some other school) would look like the sample on the right.

If you are 13 years or under on 31 August 2005 complete Questions 1-30, or continue to Question 40 to be eligible for major prizes.

3 4 5

If you are 14 or 15 years old on 31 August 2005 complete Questions 1-40. If you are 16 years or over on 31 August 2005 complete Questions 16-50. Answer all questions by filling in only one oval on the answer sheet corresponding to the most appropriate answer for each question.

You have 30 minutes to answer the questions. The time to fill in the preliminary information is extra.

Do not mark the front or back of the answer sheet in any other way as this can lead to errors in the computerized marking, or to your not getting a result.

National Geographic Channel Australian Geography Competition 2005

Figure 1. 4 What is the main religion in Sumatra? A Buddhism B Christianity C Hinduism D Islam E Judaism In Figure 1, which separatist movement is active on Island A? A Free Aceh Movement B Free Papua Movement C Palestine Liberation Organization D Patriotic Union of Kurdistan E Tamil Tigers In Figure 1, which body of water is situated at Location 2? A Andaman Sea B Coral Sea C Java Sea D Red Sea E Timor Sea Which of these is an adaptation of some desert plants to their harsh environment? A aerial roots B buttress roots C elongated leaf tips D flowering twice a year E thorns instead of leaves

Start at Question 1 if you are under 16 years old on 31 August 2005. Start at Question 16 if you are older.

What caused the devastating tsunami on 26 December 2004? A avalanche B earthquake C global warming D meteor impact E volcanic eruption In Figure 1, which body of water is situated at Location 1? A Arctic Ocean B Atlantic Ocean C Indian Ocean D Pacific Ocean E Southern Ocean Which island in Figure 1 is the Indonesian island of Sumatra? A Island A B Island B C Island C D Island D E Island E

Page 2

National Geographic Channel Australian Geography Competition 2005

Table 1. Life expectancy (years) for world and selected regions

Region 1970-75 1975-80 1980-85 1985-90 1990-95

Source: GeoData, UNEP

1995-00

2000-05

World Australasia Northern Africa Southeast Asia Southern Africa Western Europe

56.8 71.7 51.3 52.2 47.4 72.0

58.3 73.3 54.0 55.1 49.7 73.3

59.7 74.9 56.7 58.1 51.0 74.5

61.4 75.8 60.3 61.2 51.7 75.6

62.1 77.3 62.6 63.3 50.2 76.8

62.7 78.5 64.5 65.2 45.5 77.7

63.4 79.0 66.1 66.7 40.6 78.6

In Table 1, the people of which region had the highest life expectancy in 1980-85? A Australasia B northern Africa C southeast Asia D southern Africa E western Europe To what does the United Nations attribute the fall in southern Africas life expectancy? A AIDS B falling birth rate C famine D improved statistics E war

11

Which state has the smallest population? A New South Wales B Queensland C South Australia D Tasmania E Victoria In which of these countries is corn a staple food? A Canada B Ireland C Japan D Mexico E New Zealand Which of these Australian settlements is at the greatest height above sea level? A Burnie B Cooma C Katherine D Mildura E Townsville Which of these is a famous fjord in the southern hemisphere? A Bay of Plenty B Cook Strait C The Coorong D Cradle Lake E Milford Sound The map in Figure 2 (next page) shows a portion of which state or territory? A Australian Capital Territory B New South Wales C Queensland D Victoria E Western Australia

12

13
Table 2. Projection of worlds most populous countries in 2050 Source: Population Reference Bureau
Rank Country Population (millions)

1 2 3 4 5

??? China USA Indonesia Nigeria

1628 1437 420 308 307

14

10

Which country name is missing from Rank 1 in Table 2? A Bangladesh B Brazil C India D Pakistan E Russia

15

Page 3

National Geographic Channel Australian Geography Competition 2005

Figure 2. Topographic map

Page 4

National Geographic Channel Australian Geography Competition 2005

Legend

Start at Question 16 if you are 16 years old or over on 31 August 2005. If you are younger, continue answering questions.

16

Using Figure 2, in which general direction does the lower section of Tidal River flow? A E B NE C NW D SE E SW Using Figure 2, what is the approximate distance between the peaks of Mount Oberon (E4) and Bishop Peak (B2)? A 2.4 km B C D E 2.7 km 3.4 km 3.7 km 4.4 km

17

18

Which of these landforms is located at F2 in Figure 2? A bar B cape C spit D tombola E tor Using Figure 2, what is the approximate height of the carpark at Telegraph Saddle (D5)? A 170 - 180 m B 180 - 200 m C 200 - 230 m D 300 - 350 m E 360 - 380 m What is located at Grid Reference 418794 in Figure 2? A beach B carpark C helipad D hospital E post office

19

20

20 metre contour interval

Dept. of Sustainability and Environment

Page 5

National Geographic Channel Australian Geography Competition 2005

Figure 3. 21 Which sketch diagram in Figure 3 approximates the cross section from Little Oberon (E2) to Mount Oberon (E4) in Figure 2? A diagram A B C D E diagram B diagram C diagram D none of the above 22 Using Figure 4, what is the average December rainfall in Jawoyn country? A 19 mm B 195 mm C 234 mm D 244 mm E 23 365 mm

Using Figure 4 and Table 3, in which Jawoyn season does July fall? A Bungarung B Jiorrk C Malaparr D Wakaringding

E 24

Worrwopmi

Given the information in Figure 4, where is the traditional country of the Jawoyn? A central Victoria B eastern New South Wales C northern Northern Territory D southern Western Australia E western South Australia

25

What do Tokyo, So Paulo, Mexico City and Mumbai have in common? A Their urban agglomerations have over 15 million people. B They are coastal cities. C They are located in developing countries. D They were designed and built as capital cities. E all of the above
Source: Bureau of Meteorology

Figure 4. Climate graph, Jawoyn country

Source: Bureau of Meteorology

Table 3. Jawoyn seasons

Worrwopmi Early buildup; hot and sticky Wakaringding The build-up; first rains Jiorrk Main part of wet rains Bungarung Last rains; drying out Jungalk Early hot dry

Malaparr Middle dry; cooler; burning time

Permission to use the Jawoyn seasonal calendar was given by the Jawoyn Association on behalf of its traditional owners.

Page 6

National Geographic Channel Australian Geography Competition 2005

26

Which is the odd one out? A barrio B favela C hamlet D shanty town E squatter settlement Which state is Australias largest producer of black coal? A Queensland B South Australia C Tasmania D Victoria E Western Australia 31

If you are under 14 years old on 31 August 2005 you may stop at Question 30 or continue to Question 40 to be eligible for major prizes.

27

The Tidbinbilla Deep Space Tracking Station, important to many space exploration programmes, is near which city? A Albany B Canberra C Launceston D Sydney E Woomera

1m

Figure 5.

National Geographic Channels International, Jeff Hutchens

28

What is the final process that results in the surface shown in Figure 5? A condensation B evaporation C perspiration D precipitation E transpiration What is magma? A geyser water B molten rock C solidified lava D volcanic ash E weathered pumice Which of these cloud types is found only at high altitudes? A altostratus B cirrus C cumulonimbus D cumulus E stratus

Figure 6. Lake Eyre 32 Which three rivers/creeks are sketched in Figure 6? A Burdekin, Fitzroy, Leichhardt B Cooper, Macumba, Warburton C Daly, Roper, Victoria D Gascoyne, Murchison, Ord E La Trobe, Ovens, Snowy Which strategy does this years International Year of Microcredit highlight? A giving money to poor people for necessities such as food and health care B lending money to poor people for smallscale enterprises that build self-sufficiency C loans from the World Bank to rich countries for them to give to small countries D low interest loans to poor countries to help them repay debt E money lent to poor countries for them to establish industries that will create jobs

29

33

30

Page 7

National Geographic Channel Australian Geography Competition 2005

34

Purnululu, with its banded beehive structures and sandstone towers, was World Heritage listed in 2003. By what other name is it known? A Bungle Bungles B Fraser Island C Kakadu D Tasmanian Wilderness E Willandra Lakes In October 2004 the Australian Government announced it would look at off-shore sites for nuclear waste storage. Which answer option does NOT match a site with a potential problem? A Ashmore Reef small, low-lying area near hazardous reefs B Christmas Island close to well-populated parts of Indonesia C Cocos Islands close to geologically unstable parts of New Zealand D Macquarie Island has existing high-level environmental protection E Norfolk Island has permanent population and tourism What does the ozone layer do? A absorbs ultraviolet radiation B destroys chlorofluorocarbons C prevents global warning D reduces greenhouse gases E reflects carbon dioxide

35

Figure 7. World map, Mercator projection 37 Which of these is drawn in Figure 7 most like its true shape and relative size? A Antarctica B Brazil C Canada D Greenland E Russia The water use in Figure 9 is typical of which location in Figure 8? A Location A B Location B C Location C D Location D E Location E

36

38

Figure 8. World average precipitation

Source: GeoData, UNEP

Page 8

National Geographic Channel Australian Geography Competition 2005

Table 4. National statistical averages for water resources in selected countries

Precipitation1 (billion m3) Available water1 (billion m3) Water used2 (billion m3) Water used per capita2 (m3)

Source: OECD

Price of water in GDP per capita4 major city3 (US$) (US$/m3)

Australia Austria Canada France Netherlands Spain Switzerland Turkey USA

3252 98 4930 475 30 346 60 501 6440

352 84 2792 191 91 111 53 234 2478

24 4 47 30 4 41 3 39 492

1300 440 1610 520 290 1040 360 590 1870

0.73 1.48 0.31 0.87 1.91 0.81 1.88 0.18 0.43

26400 31500 27100 28600 31600 20600 43500 3400 37600

1 Estimates of renewable freshwater resources: long term annual averages 2 Annual freshwater abstraction, c.1999

3 c.1999; assume price is representative of country 4 2003

39

From the countries in Table 4, rank in descending order the four countries which have the highest water use per capita. A Canada, USA, Australia, Turkey B Spain, Australia, Canada, USA C Turkey, Spain, Canada, USA D USA, Canada, Australia, Spain E USA, Canada, Spain, Turkey

Figure 10. Two factors from Table 4

40

In the graph in Figure 10, which factors from Table 4 are represented by firstly the yellow bars, and secondly the blue bars? A GDP; Water used per capita B Precipitation; Water used C Price of water; Precipitation D Water used; GDP E Water used per capita; Price of water

Relationships often exist between statistical variables. For example, as the values of one variable go up, those of another may also go up. This is known as a positive correlation. If one variable goes down as another one goes down, this is also known as a positive correlation. On the other hand, if one variable goes up where another comes down, this is known as a negative correlation. If a particular value of a variable does not conform to a general pattern, this is called an anomaly.

Figure 11. Statistical relationships

If you are under 16 years old on 31 August 2005 stop at Question 40. If you are older, continue to end.

Figure 9.

National Geographic Society, James Stanfield

Page 9

National Geographic Channel Australian Geography Competition 2005

2000

Canada
1500

cubic metres

1000

Austra

lia

France
500

Turkey
0

Netherl

ands

1980

year

1999

Figure 12. Annual water use per capita

Source: OECD

Figure 13. Population 43

Source: OECD

Compared with Canada, why is the amount of water available in Australia such a low proportion of its precipitation? A Australia has a higher rate of evapotranspiration. B Australia has a larger population. C Australia has higher water inflow from other countries. D Australia has lower precipitation. E Australia occupies a smaller area. From the trends shown in the graphs and the data in the table, which of these countries water use will first become unsustainable? A Australia B Canada C France D Netherlands E Turkey Which of these strategies would be most effective in reducing Australias overall per capita water use? A apply improved irrigation methods B build a national water grid C divert coastal rivers inland D install rainwater tanks in houses E seed clouds to make rain

Figure 14. Australias water budget

Source: ABS

44

For Questions 41 to 45, refer to Figures 8 to 14, Table 4 and your own knowledge.
41 Which of these generalisations about the price of water is most accurate? A It has a negative correlation with GDP. B It has a negative correlation with water use per capita. C It has a positive correlation with GDP. D It has a positive correlation with precipitation. E It has a positive correlation with water use per capita. Which of Turkeys characteristics is most likely to explain why Turkeys low price for water is an anomaly in the pattern identified in Question 41? A low GDP B low per capita water use C low percentage of its water resources used D low population E low precipitation

45

42

Page 10

National Geographic Channel Australian Geography Competition 2005

For Questions 46 to 50, refer to Figures 15 to 17, Table 5 and your own knowledge.
46 The Darling River, just before it meets the Murray, could undergo which type of channel change in a timeframe of only a few years? A become deeper B become narrower C become shallower D become straighter E become wider Which of these rivers does NOT follow the pattern of river section types characteristic of the Murray-Darling system in eastern NSW? A Castlereagh B Lachlan C Macquarie D Murrumbidgee E Namoi
Figure 15. River section types in the Murray-Darling Basin Source: Murray Darling Basin Commission

47

48

Why is the Bogan River also an exception to the pattern identified in Question 47? A It flows south. B It starts east of the Great Divide. C Its flow is interrupted by dams. D Its source is on flatter land. E all of the above

Table 5. Time scales of river channel change in response to different natural or human-induced changes in flow and sediment regime Source: Murray Darling Basin Commission
Upland River Sections Years Decades Centuries Years Lowland River Sections Decades Centuries

Wider Narrower Deeper Shallower Straighter More sinuous Steeper Flatter

X X X X X X X X X

X X X

X X X X

Page 11

National Geographic Channel Australian Geography Competition 2005

Figure 17. 50

National Geographic Society, Chris Johns

Figure 16. Linkages between key attributes of a river system Source: Murray Darling Basin Commission 49 River system managers are able to influence river system attributes through which of these sequences? A manager climate land cover topography B manager hydraulics habitats fluxes C manager land cover hydrology hydraulics D manager river forms habitats hydraulics E manager topography climate hydrology

The landscape in Figure 17 is typical of which river section type? A cross B floodplain C gorge D platform E upland

Page 12