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AC Circuits: 0.1 Series RLC Circuit Series RLC Circuit - Phasors

1) The document discusses analyzing a series RLC circuit using phasors to determine the peak current. It defines impedance as the generalization of resistance for AC circuits and shows the current through the circuit will not be in phase with the driving voltage. 2) It introduces the root-mean-square (RMS) as the standard technique for discussing average power in AC circuits and defines RMS voltage and current. Using RMS values, it expresses the time-averaged power in an AC circuit. 3) Transformers are described as using a strategic arrangement of coils to vary the amplitude of the primary voltage supplied by transforming it according to the ratio of coil windings, while conserving power from primary to secondary circuits.

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Mahmudul Hasan
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
29 views

AC Circuits: 0.1 Series RLC Circuit Series RLC Circuit - Phasors

1) The document discusses analyzing a series RLC circuit using phasors to determine the peak current. It defines impedance as the generalization of resistance for AC circuits and shows the current through the circuit will not be in phase with the driving voltage. 2) It introduces the root-mean-square (RMS) as the standard technique for discussing average power in AC circuits and defines RMS voltage and current. Using RMS values, it expresses the time-averaged power in an AC circuit. 3) Transformers are described as using a strategic arrangement of coils to vary the amplitude of the primary voltage supplied by transforming it according to the ratio of coil windings, while conserving power from primary to secondary circuits.

Uploaded by

Mahmudul Hasan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AC Circuits

0.1 Series RLC Circuit Series RLC Circuit - Phasors


Lets analyze the following circuit.
R
VP sin(t)

slide 1

Calculate the peak current through the circuit We need to keep track of the phase differences PHASORS!
PHYS102 AC Circuits - Phasors slide 1

Phasor Analysis (A Single Moment in Time)

VLP I I

VP
RP VRP

VLP - VCP

VCP

The voltage across the resistor is represented by the phasor above since the driving voltage is sinusoidal.

The current is in phase with the voltage across the resistor. The voltage across an inductor leads the current by /2. The voltage across a capacitor lags behind the current by /2. Apply Kirchhoffs Loop rule to nd a relationship between all the voltages. Summing the phasors for the voltage across the capacitor and inductor. Summing the phasors for the voltage across the resistor and capacitor/inductor. The length of the resultant phasor represents the peak voltage supplied by the AC Voltage source. Finding relationships between the peak current in the circuit and the peak voltages is now a trigonometry problem. NOTE: The driving peak voltage is out of phase with the peak current through the circuit.

tan =

VLP VCP VRP

L c R

VP =
PHYS102

2 2 + (V VRP LP VCP )

AC Circuits - Phasors slide 2

Finding Peak Current in RLC - Circuit

VP =

2 2 + (V VRP LP VCP )

VRP = IP R VLP = IP L VCP = IP c VP = IP IP = R2 + (L C )2 VP


(Resembles Ohms Law)
2

R2

+ (L C )

Z
PHYS102

R2 + (L C )2 IP =

VP Z
AC Circuits - Phasors slide 3

Impedance
The quantity Z is called the impedance of this series circuit. Impedance is a generalization of resistance to include the frequency-dependent effects of capacitance and
inductance.

PHYS102

AC Circuits - Phasors slide 4

Current and Driving Voltage


In an AC circuit containing resistors, inductors, and capacitors, the current through the circuit will not be in
phase with the driving voltage source.

tan =

L c R

A purely resistive circuit will have tan = 0 = 0. The current in a purely resistive circuit will be in phase with the driving voltage.
PHYS102 AC Circuits - Phasors slide 5

Root-Mean-Square
0.2 Time Averages Power in AC Circuits
Can we talk about power in AC circuits? It is more difcult than DC Circuits because of the phase shifts. Remember, without phases P = I 2 R. There is a standard engineering technique that allows one to discuss the average power. What is the average of a sinusoidally varying function over one period of oscillation? ZERO.

slide 6

Does it make sense to talk about averages for sinusoidally varying functions? Yes, because the wall
socket is a type of average.

PHYS102

AC Circuits - Phasors slide 6

0.3 Denition Denition of Root-Mean-Square


The average of a sine function (or cosine) is zero over one time period. If we square a sine (or cosine) function, then its average is 1/2 over one time period. Dening the root-mean-square (engineering practice) as:

V = VP sin t VRM S =
2 2 sin2 t VP T

where

denotes time-average

1 sin t = T 1 sin2 t = 2 1 VRM S = VP 2


PHYS102

sin2 t dt where T is one period


0

AC Circuits - Phasors slide 7

Time-Averaged Power
The time-average product of voltage and current with an arbitrary phase difference is given by

P = IP sin(t + ) VP sin t = IP VP (sin2 t) (cos ) + (sin t)(cos t)(sin ) 1 P = IP VP cos 2 VP = 2 VRM S and IP = 2 IRM S P = IRM S VRM S cos cos (is called the power factor.)
PHYS102 AC Circuits - Phasors slide 8

Transforming Voltage Amplitudes - AC - Circuits


Transformers

slide 9

Now that we have power dissipated through an RLC series circuit, lets address an important issue. Not all devices require 120-V AC. Some devices require only 12-V AC. How do we transform the amplitude of the voltage provided by the power company to another
amplitude?

We go back to Faradays Law of Induction. If we strategically place two different solenoids near each other in an AC circuit, then the EMF through the
solenoids will have different values.

A device which uses an arrangement of coils to vary the amplitude of the primary voltage source is called
a transformer and one of its circuit symbol is shown above in the title. PHYS102 AC Circuits - Phasors slide 9

Transformers - Picture
The artist rendition below is that of a typical transformer.

Iron core used to concentrate magnetic ux which ensures the magnetic ux through primary and secondary coils is the same.
PHYS102 AC Circuits - Phasors slide 10

Transformers - Voltage
Since the magnetic ux is the same through both coils, the rate of change of magnetic ux is the same
through the two coils.

VP = NP

dB dt dB dt

VS = NS

VP VS = NP NS NS NP

VS = VP

PHYS102

AC Circuits - Phasors slide 11

Transformers - Power
It seems that the secondary voltage can be arbitrarily large. Does this violate conservation of energy? No. A transformer can not increase power. Ideal transformers transfer all the power supplied by the primary source to the secondary.

IP VP = IS VS (Statement of Conservation of Energy)


PHYS102 AC Circuits - Phasors slide 12

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