1/30/2012

1
ECE5390SpecialTopics:
21
st
CenturyElectromagnetics
Instructor:
Office:
Phone:
EMail:
Dr.Raymond C.Rumpf
A337
(915)7476958
[email protected]
Spring2012
Finite-Difference Analysis
of Anisotropic
Transmission Lines
Lecture #4
Lecture 4 1
Lecture Outline
RF transmission lines
Finite-difference analysis and transmission lines
Generalization to transmission lines embedded in
anisotropic materials
Formulation using yeeder()
Lecture4 Slide2
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2
RF Transmission
Lines
What are Transmission Lines?
Lecture4 Slide4
Transmissionlinesaremetallicstructuresthatguideelectromagneticwavesfrom
DCtoveryhighfrequencies.
Microstrip CoaxialCable
Stripline Slotline
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Characteristic Impedance
Lecture4 Slide5
Theratioofthevoltagetocurrentaswellastheelectrictomagneticfieldisa
constantalongthelengthofthetransmissionline.Thisratioisthecharacteristic
impedance.
Thevalueofthecharacteristicimpedancealonehaslittlemeaning.Reflections
arecausedwhenevertheimpedancechanges.
c
L
Z
C
=
( ) ( )
1
377 2
1 1 ln 2.230 4.454 4.464 3.89
c r r r
r r
H H H H
Z
W W W W
c c c
tc c

| | ( | |
~ + + + + +
| | (
\ . \ .
S.Y.Poh,W.C.Chew,J.A.Kong,ApproximateFormulasforLineCapacitanceandCharacteristicImpedance
ofMicrostrip Line,IEEETrans.MicrowaveTheoryTech.,vol.MTT29,no.2,pp.135142,May1981.
ForsmallH/W,
( )
( )
2
2 2
1
ln 8
32
377
2 1
1 1
ln 8 0.041 0.454
16 1
c
r
r
r r
H W
W H
H
Z
H W W
W H H
t c
c
c c
(
| | | |
+ ( | |
\ . \ . (

~
( | | +
| | | | | |
+ + ( |
| | |
|
+ \ . \ . \ . ( \ .
ForlargeH/W,
Analysis: Electrostatic
Approximation
Lecture4 Slide6
Transmissionlinesarewaveguides.Toberigorous,theyshouldbemodeled
assuch.Thiscanberathercomputationallyintensive.Analternativeisto
analyzetransmissionlinesusingLaplacesequation.
Thedimensionsofatransmissionaretypicallymuchsmallerthanthe
operatingwavelengthsothewavenatureofelectromagneticsisless
importanttoconsider.Therefore,weareessentiallysolvingMaxwells
equationsase0.Settinge=0iscalledtheelectrostaticapproximation.
0
0
B
D
H J D t
E B t
V- =
V- =
V = + c c
V = c c
,
,
, , ,
, ,
0
0
0
B
D
H J
E
V- =
V- =
V =
V =
,
,
, ,
,
Allofthefieldcomponentsare
separable.Thetransmissionline
isTEM.
Rigorously,thetransmissionline
isquasiTEM.
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Analysis: Inhomogeneous
Isotropic Laplaces Equation
Lecture4 Slide7
Thedivergenceconditionfortheelectricfieldis
0 D V- =
,
But,weknowthatD=c
r
E,sothisequationbecomes
( )
0
r
E c V- =
,
TheelectricfieldE isrelatedtothescalarpotentialV asfollows.
E V = V
,
TheinhomogeneousLaplacesequationisderivedbysubstitutingEq.(3)
intoEq.(2).
Eq.(1)
Eq.(2)
Eq.(3)
( )
2
0
r
r
V V
c
c
| | V
V + - V =
|
\ .
Analysis: Calculating Distributed
Capacitance
Lecture4 Slide8
Intheelectrostaticapproximation,thetransmissionlineisacapacitor.The
totalenergystoredinacapacitoris
2 2
0 1
2
2
r
A A
U E dA E dA
c
c c = =
}} }}
, ,
Theintegraltakenovertheentirecrosssection
ofdevice.Foropendeviceslikemicrostrips,
thisisinfinitearea.Inpractice,weintegrate
overalargeenoughareatoincorporateas
muchofoftheelectricfieldaspossible.
Thecapacitanceisrelatedtothetotalstoredenergythrough
2
0
2
CV
U =
V
0
isthevoltageacrossthecapacitor.
IfwesettheaboveequationsequalandsubstituteE=VV intothe
expression,wederivetheequationforthedistributedcapacitance.
2
0
2
0
r
A
C V dA
V
c
c = V
}}
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Analysis: Calculating Distributed
Inductance
Lecture4 Slide9
Thevoltagealongthetransmissionlinetravelsatthesamevelocityasthe
electricfieldsowecanwrite
Assumingtherearenomagneticmaterials,
r
=1andthisequationcanbe
writtenas
2
0
1 1

r r
V E
v v LC
c LC
c
c
= = =
2
0
r
L
c C
c
=
Thismeansthatforthedielectriconlycase,wecan
calculatethedistributedinductancedirectlyfromthe
distributedcapacitance.
Dielectricmaterialsshouldnotaltertheinductance.Howeverifweusethe
valueofC calculatedpreviously,itwill.Thisisincorrect.Thesolutionisto
calculatecapacitancewithahomogeneousdielectricandthencalculate
inductancefromthis.
2
0
r
H
L
c C
c
=
Analysis: Calculating TL
Parameters
Lecture4 Slide10
Thecharacteristicimpedanceiscalculatedfromthedistributedinductance
andcapacitancethrough
Thevelocityofasignaltravellingalongthetransmissionlineis
c
L
Z
C
=
1
v
LC
=
Theeffectiverefractiveindexistherefore
0
0
c
n c LC
v
= =
Recall,bothZ
c
andn areneededto
analyzetransmissionlinecircuits.
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Two Step Model
Lecture4 Slide11
outerconductor
innerconductor
outerconductor
innerconductor
c
1
air
air
air
c
2
HomogeneousCase
InhomogeneousCase
distributed
inductance
distributed
capacitance
L
C
How We Will Analyze
Transmission Lines
Lecture4 Slide12
Step1
ConstructhomogeneousTL
2
src
1
src
0
h
h h
h h
V

V =

=
L v v
V L v
2
0
2
0
2
0
1
h h
A
h
C V dA
V
L
c C
c
= V
=
}}
c
L
Z
C
=
0
n c LC =
Step4
ConstructinhomogeneousTL
Step2
Constructandsolvematrix
equation
Step3
Calculatedistributedinductance
Step5
Constructandsolvematrix
equation
( )
2
src
1
src
0
r
r
V V
c
c

| | V
V + - V =
|
\ .

=
Lv v
V L v
Step6
Calculatedistributedcapacitance
2
0
2
0
r
A
C V dA
V
c
c = V
}}
Step7
CalculateTLparameters
outerconductor
innerconductor
outerconductor
innerconductor
c
1
air
air
air
c
2
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Finite-Difference
Analysis of
Transmission
Lines
Reduce 3D Problem to 2D
Slide14 Lecture4
Realdevicesareinherentlythreedimensional.Ignoringloss,themode(s)inatransmission
lineareuniforminthedirectionofpropagationexceptforphaseaccumulated.
( ) ( ) , , ,
z
E x y z A x y e

=
, ,
( ) , A x y
,
x
y
z
progation constant j o | = +
complexamplitude,
modeshape
accumulationofphase
inz direction
z
e

Thismeanswecansolvetheproblembyjustanalyzing
thecrosssection.Thisisatwodimensionalproblem.
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Step 1: Choose a Coaxial
Transmission Line
Slide15 Lecture4
Chooseatransmissionline. Lookatonlythecrosssection.
1
r
2
r
3
r
1
c
2
c
% TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
r1 = 0.1; %radius of inner conductor (0.1 mm)
r2 = 1.5; %inner radius of outer conductor (1.5 mm)
r3 = 1.6; %outer radius of outer conductor (1.6 mm)
er1 = 3.0; %dielectric constant of material 1
er2 = 9.0; %dielectric constant of material 2
Step 2: Build arrays for the
conductors and dielectrics
Slide16 Lecture4
Builddeviceonagridbycreatingseparatearraysfortheconductorsand
thedielectrics.
% GRID PARAMETERS
Nx = 64; %number of points along x
Ny = 64; %number of points along y
Sx = 3.2; %physical size of grid along y (3.2 mm)
Sy = 3.2; %physical size of grid along y (3.2 mm)
% GRID
xa = Sx*linspace(-0.5,+0.5,Nx); %x axis
ya = Sy*linspace(-0.5,+0.5,Ny); %y axis
[Y,X] = meshgrid(ya,xa); %grid
RSQ = X.^2 + Y.^2; %radius squared
% BUILD INNER CONDUCTOR
CIN = (RSQ<=r1^2);
% BUILD OUTER CONDUCTOR
COUT = (RSQ<r3^2 & RSQ>=r2^2);
% BUILD DIELECTRIC
r23 = (r2 + r3)/2;
ER = ones(Nx,Ny); %air
ER = ER + (er1 - 1)*(RSQ<r23^2 & X<0); %dielectric 1
ER = ER + (er2 - 1)*(RSQ<r23^2 & X>=0); %dielectric 2
innerconductor
outer
conductor
dielectric
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Step 3: Calculate the (Vc
r
/c
r
) Term
Slide17 Lecture4
( )
1 1
,
r r r
r r r
G x y x y
x y
c c c
c c c
| | | | | | V c c
= = +
| | |
c c
\ . \ . \ .
,
1
r
r
x
c
c
c
c
1
r
r
y
c
c
c
c
r
c
% COMPUTE GRADIENT
dx = xa(2) - xa(1);
dy = ya(2) - ya(1);
[Gy,Gx] = gradient(ER,dy,dx);
% DIVIDE BY ER
Gx = Gx ./ ER;
Gy = Gy ./ ER;
Step 4: Identify the Component
Matrices
Slide18 Lecture4
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2 1
2 2
1
0
0
0
x y x x y y
r
r
x y
V V
V V G V G V
x y x y
c
c
| | V
V + - V =
|
\ .
+
c c c c
+ + + =
c c c c
+
+ + + = D D G D G D v v v v
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
0
0
0
h
h h
h x h y
V
V V
x y
V =
+
c c
+ =
c c
+
+ = D v D v
HomogeneousCase InhomogeneousCase
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 2 2
We need , , , , , and
x y x y x y
G G D D D D
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Step 5: Diagonalize the Materials
Matrices
Slide19 Lecture4
,1 ,1
,2 ,2
, ,
0 0

0 0
x y x y
x y
x y
x y
x N N y N N
g g
g g
g g
( (
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (
( (

G G

% DIAGONALIZE G
Gx = diag(sparse(Gx(:)));
Gy = diag(sparse(Gy(:)));
Step 6: Construct the Derivative
Matrices
Slide20 Lecture4
% COMPUTE DERIVATIVE OPERATORS
[DX,D2X,DY,D2Y] = fdder(NS,RES,BC);
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Step 7: Compute the Laplace
Equation Operators
Slide21 Lecture4
% COMPUTE LAPLACE EQUATIONS
Lh = D2X + D2Y; %homogeneous case
L = Lh + Gx*DX + Gy*DY; %inhomogeneous case
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 1 1
1 1
0
x y x x y y
h x x y y
(
+ + + =

+
= + +
D D G D G D v
L L G D G D
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
0
x y h
h x y
(
+ =

+
= +
D D v
L D D
HomogeneousCase
InhomogeneousCase
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
= (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

L
We Need a Source Term
Slide22 Lecture4
1
=
+
= =
Lv 0
v L 0 0
1
h h
h h

=
+
= =
L v 0
v L 0 0
HomogeneousCase InhomogeneousCase
Thesearetrivialsolutions.Weneedasourcetermsoour
equationslooklike
src
rc
1
s

' =
+
=
L v
v v L
v
src
sr
1
c
h h
h h

' =
+
' =
L v
v v L
v
HomogeneousCase InhomogeneousCase
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Step 8: Define the known potentials
Slide23 Lecture4
Ontheconductors,thepotentialfunctionisknownbecauseweareviewingthisasaDCcircuit.
V=0everywhereintheouter
conductor.
V=1everywhereintheinner
conductor. 0 V =
1 V =
Step 9: Compute the Source Term
Slide24 Lecture4
Wemustmodifythematrixequationstoenforcetheknownpotentials.
% FORCE POTENTIALS
Vsrc = zeros(Nx*Ny,1);
for ny = 1 : Ny
for nx = 1 : Nx
% Force Inner Conductor
if CIN(nx,ny)
m = (ny-1)*Nx + nx;
Lh(m,:) = 0;
Lh(m,m) = 1;
L(m,:) = 0;
L(m,m) = 1;
Vsrc(m) = 1;
end
% Force Outer Conductor
if COUT(nx,ny)
m = (ny-1)*Nx + nx;
Lh(m,:) = 0;
Lh(m,m) = 1;
L(m,:) = 0;
L(m,m) = 1;
end
end
end
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2
metal
1
src
# # # # # # 0
# # # # # # 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 or 1
# # # # # # 0
# # # # # # 0
x y
x y
m
N N
N N
V
V
V
V
V

(
( (
(
( (
(
( (
(
( (
(
( (
=
(
( (
(
( (
(
( (
(
( (
(
( (
(

v
v L

.
. .

.
. .

_ _
_
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Step 10: Solve the Matrix Equation to
Compute V and V
h
Slide25 Lecture4
Wenowhavetwocompletematrixequationsreadytobesolved.
src
1
src

' =
+
=
L v v
v L v
src
1
src
h h
h h

' =
+
' =
L v v
v L v
% COMPUTE POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Vh = Lh\Vsrc;
V = L\Vsrc;
!!!Note!!!
DoNOT computetheinverseofL!!!!!!!!!!!!
Usebackwarddivision!!!!!!!!
V = inv(L)*Vsrc; BADBAD BAD
Step 11: Reshape to the 2D grid
Slide26 Lecture4
Weneedtoreshapethecolumnvectorsbacktoa2Dgrid.
% RESHAPE THE POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS TO A 2D GRID
Vh = reshape(Vh,Nx,Ny);
V = reshape(V,Nx,Ny);
( )
( )
( )
( )
#
#
#
#
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(

v .
( ) , V x y
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Step 12: Compute the Electric
Field
Lecture4 Slide27
Nextwecalculatetheelectricfieldfromthescalarpotential.Wecanusethis
tovisualizethefieldsaswellaswellascomputingthetransmissionline
parameters.
% COMPUTE THE ELECTRIC FIELD
[Ey,Ex] = gradient(V,dx,dy);
Ex = - Ex;
Ey = - Ey;
E V = V
,
x
E
y
E E
,
Step 13: Calculate the
distributed capacitance
Lecture4 Slide28
Firstwecalculatethedistributedcapacitanceforboththehomogeneouscaseandthe
inhomogeneouscase.
Notethat,
Numerically,theintegrationsareapproximatedby
Wesetthepotentialoftheinnerconductorto1soV
0
=1.
2
0
2
0
r
A
C V dA
V
c
c = V
}}
2
0
2
0
h
A
C V dA
V
c
= V
}}
2
2 2 2
x y
V E E E V = = +
2
0 , ,
y x
x y x y
y x
N N
x y n n n n
n n
C E c c ~ A A

2
0 ,
y x
x y
y x
N N
h x y n n
n n
C E c ~ A A

% CALCULATE THE DISTRIBUTED CAPACITANCE
Ehsq = abs(Ehx).^2 + abs(Ehy).^2;
Esq = abs(Ex).^2 + abs(Ey).^2;
Ch = e0*dx*dy*sum(Ehsq(:));
C = e0*dx*dy*sum(ER(:).*Esq(:));
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Step 14: Calculate the
Transmission Line Parameters
Lecture4 Slide29
Second,wecalculatethedistributedinductanceusingthefollowingequation.
Third,wecalculatethecharacteristicimpedanceandeffectiverefractiveindexofthetransmission
line.
% CALCUALTE THE DISTRIBUTED INDUCTANCE
L = 1/c0^2/Ch;
2
0
1
h
L
c C
=
0

c
L
Z n c LC
C
= =
% CALCUALTE Zc AND n
Zc = sqrt(L/C);
nc = c0*sqrt(L*C);
Step 15: Show the results!
Lecture4 Slide30
Problemdefinition:
Problemresults:
1
2
3
1
2
0.1 mm
1.5 mm
1.6 mm
3.0
9.0
r
r
r
c
c
=
=
=
=
=
pF
nm
eff mm mm
554 , 121 , 6.0, 67.78
c
L C Z c = = = = O
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Generalization to
Anisotropic Dielectrics
New Governing Equation
Lecture4 Slide32
Thedivergenceconditionfortheelectricfieldis
0 D V- =
,
But,weknowthatD=[c|E,sothisequationbecomes
| | ( )
0
r
E c V- =
,
TheelectricfieldE isrelatedtothescalarpotentialV asfollows.
E V = V
,
TheinhomogeneousLaplacesequationisderivedbysubstitutingEq.(3)
intoEq.(2).
Eq.(1)
Eq.(2)
Eq.(3)
| |
( )
0
r
V c V- V =
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Some Algebra (1 of 3)
Lecture4 Slide33
Sincethisisascalarfieldswecannotmultiplycommonderivatives.We
mustexpandthegoverningequation.
| | ( )
0
0
r
xx xy xz
yx yy yz
zx zy zz
V
x
y V
x y z
z
c
c c c
c c c
c c c
V- V =
| |
( c c (
| ( c c c (
(
c c =
| ( (
(
c c c

|
(
( c c


\ .
0
z
c
=
c
Thedeviceisuniforminthez
direction.
Thereisnophaseaccumulation
inanelectrostaticmodel.
Some Algebra (2 of 3)
Lecture4 Slide34
Overgoverningequationisthen
0
0
xx xy xz
yx yy yz
zx zy zz
x
y V
x y z
c c c
c c c
c c c
| | ( c c (
| ( c c c (
(
c c =
| ( (
(
c c c

|
(
(


\ .
Thisreducesto
2 2
2 2
0
0
xx xy
yx yy
xx yy
xy yx yy
xx
xy yx
x
V
y x y
x y
V
x x x y y x y y
x y y x
c c
c c
c c
c c c
c
c c
( c c ( ( c c
=
( ( (
c c c c

c c
+

c c

c c c
c c c c c
+ + + + =
`
c c c c c c c c


c c c c
+ +

c c c c

)
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Some Algebra (3 of 3)
Lecture4 Slide35
Thefinalformofthegoverningequationisthen
2 2
2 2
0
xx yy
yx xy yy
xx
xy yx
x y
V
x y x x y y
x y y x
c c
c c c
c
c c
c c
+

c c


c c c | | | | c c c
+ + + + =
` | |
c c c c c c
\ . \ .


c c c c
+ +
c c c c

)
Matrix Form on Scalar Grid
Lecture4 Slide36
Thegoverningequationinmatrixformis
= Lv 0
( ) ( )
2 2
xx x yy y xx yx x xy yy y xy x y yx y x
= + + + + + + + L D D G G D G G D D D D D
diag diag
diag diag
xy
xx
xx xy
yx yy
yx yy
x x
y y
c
c
c c
c c
= =
` `
c c
)
)
c c
= =
` `
c c
) )
G G
G G
ThespatialderivativeshereshouldbecalculatedexplicitlytoconstructtheG matrices.
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Formulation Using
yeeder()
The Grid Scheme
Lecture4 Slide38
V
E
x
E
y
( ) ,
0
xx xy
T r T T
yx yy
x
V V
y x y
c c
c
c c
( c c ( ( c c
( V - V = =
( ( (
c c c c

Governingequation
2DGrid(ThinkofHmode)
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Matrix Form Using yeeder()
Lecture4 Slide39
| | ( ) | | ( )
0 0
e e
r x y
E c ( V- = =

D D e
,
,
Combiningthesematrixequationsyields

h
x
h
y
E V
(
= V =
(
(

D
e v
D
,
,
| |
( )
0 0
h
xx xy x e e
r x y h
yx yy y
V c
( (
( V- V = =
( (

(

D
D D v
D
ER = [ERxx ERxy ; ERyx ERyy];
L = [DEX,DEY]*ER*[DHX;DHY];
Thinkofv asbeingthe
magneticfieldinHmode
analysis.