0% found this document useful (0 votes)
543 views11 pages

- Odd-Numbered: xs jk z+φ

This document summarizes key concepts and equations from Chapter 11 of an electromagnetics textbook. It provides example problems and solutions involving uniform plane waves propagating in free space and various materials. The problems calculate quantities such as wavelength, phase constant, propagation velocity, wave impedance, and electric and magnetic field expressions at given points in time and space.

Uploaded by

shinmyoungju
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
543 views11 pages

- Odd-Numbered: xs jk z+φ

This document summarizes key concepts and equations from Chapter 11 of an electromagnetics textbook. It provides example problems and solutions involving uniform plane waves propagating in free space and various materials. The problems calculate quantities such as wavelength, phase constant, propagation velocity, wave impedance, and electric and magnetic field expressions at given points in time and space.

Uploaded by

shinmyoungju
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

Chapter 11 – Odd-Numbered

11.1. Show that Exs = Aejk0 z+φ is a solution to the vector Helmholtz equation, Sec. 11.1, Eq. (16),

for k0 = ω µ0 0 and any φ and A: We take

d2
Aejk0 z+φ = (jk0 )2 Aejk0 z+φ = −k02 Exs
dz 2

11.3. An H field in free space is given as H(x, t) = 10 cos(108 t − βx)ay A/m. Find
a) β: Since we have a uniform plane wave, β = ω/c, where we identify ω = 108 sec−1 . Thus
β = 108 /(3 × 108 ) = 0.33 rad/m.
b) λ: We know λ = 2π/β = 18.9 m.
c) E(x, t) at P (0.1, 0.2, 0.3) at t = 1 ns: Use E(x, t) = η0 H(x, t) = (377)(10) cos(108 t−βx) =
3.77 × 103 cos(108 t − βx). Then the vector direction of E will be az , since we require that
S = E × H, where S is x-directed. At the given point, the relevant coordinate is x = 0.1.
Using this, along with t = 10−9 sec, we finally obtain

E(x, t) = 3.77 × 103 cos[(108 )(10−9 ) − (0.33)(0.1)] = 3.77 × 103 cos(6.7 × 10−2 )
= 3.76 × 103 V/m

11.5. A 150-MHz uniform plane wave in free space is described by Hs = (4 + j10)(2ax + jay )e−jβz
A/m.
a) Find numerical values for ω, λ, and β: First, ω = 2π×150×106 = 3π × 108 sec−1 . Second,
for a uniform plane wave in free space, λ = 2πc/ω = c/f = (3 × 108 )/(1.5 × 108 ) = 2 m.
Third, β = 2π/λ = π rad/m.
b) Find H(z, t) at t = 1.5 ns, z = 20 cm: Use

H(z, t) = Re{Hs ejωt } = Re{(4 + j10)(2ax + jay )(cos(ωt − βz) + j sin(ωt − βz)}
= [8 cos(ωt − βz) − 20 sin(ωt − βz)] ax − [10 cos(ωt − βz) + 4 sin(ωt − βz)] ay

−9
√ time, ωt − βz = (3π × 10 )(1.5 × 10 ) − π(0.20) = π/4.
8
. Now at the given position and
And cos(π/4) = sin(π/4) = 1/ 2. So finally,

1
H(z = 20cm, t = 1.5ns) = − √ (12ax + 14ay ) = −8.5ax − 9.9ay A/m
2

c) What is |E|max ? Have |E|max = η0 |H|max , where


 1/2
|H|max = Hs · H∗s = [4(4 + j10)(4 − j10) + (j)(−j)(4 + j10)(4 − j10)] = 24.1 A/m

Then |E|max = 377(24.1) = 9.08 kV/m.

119
11.7. The phasor magnetic field intensity for a 400-MHz uniform plane wave propagating in a certain
lossless material is (2ay − j5az )e−j25x A/m. Knowing that the maximum amplitude of E is
1500 V/m, find β, η, λ, vp , R , µR , and H(x, y, z, t): First, from the phasor expression,
we identify β√= 25 m−1 √ from the argument
√ of the exponential function.
√ Next, we evaluate
H0 = |H| = H · H∗ = 22 + 52 = 29. Then η = E0 /H0 = 1500/ 29 = 278.5 Ω. Then
λ = 2π/β = 2π/25 = .25 m = 25 cm. Next,

ω 2π × 400 × 106
vp = = = 1.01 × 108 m/s
β 25

Now we note that 


µR µR
η = 278.5 = 377 ⇒ = 0.546
R R
And
c
vp = 1.01 × 108 = √ ⇒ µR R = 8.79
µR R
We solve the above two equations simultaneously to find R = 4.01 and µR = 2.19. Finally,
 
H(x, y, z, t) = Re (2ay − j5az )e−j25x ejωt
= 2 cos(2π × 400 × 106 t − 25x)ay + 5 sin(2π × 400 × 106 t − 25x)az
= 2 cos(8π × 108 t − 25x)ay + 5 sin(8π × 108 t − 25x)az A/m

11.9. A certain lossless material has µR = 4 and R = 9. A 10-MHz uniform plane wave is propa-
gating in the ay direction with Ex0 = 400 V/m and Ey0 = Ez0 = 0 at P (0.6, 0.6, 0.6) at t = 60
ns.
a) Find β, λ, vp , and η: For a uniform plane wave,

√ ω√ 2π × 107 
β = ω µ = µR R = (4)(9) = 0.4π rad/m
c 3 × 108

Then λ = (2π)/β = (2π)/(0.4π) = 5 m. Next,

ω 2π × 107
vp = = = 5 × 107 m/s
β 4π × 10−1

Finally,  

µ µR 4
η= = η0 = 377 = 251 Ω
 R 9

b) Find E(t) (at P ): We are given the amplitude at t = 60 ns and at y = 0.6 m. Let the
maximum amplitude be Emax , so that in general, Ex = Emax cos(ωt − βy). At the given
position and time,

Ex = 400 = Emax cos[(2π × 107 )(60 × 10−9 ) − (4π × 10−1 )(0.6)] = Emax cos(0.96π)
= −0.99Emax

So Emax = (400)/(−0.99) = −403 V/m. Thus at P, E(t) = −403 cos(2π × 107 t) V/m.

120
11.9c. Find H(t): First, we note that if E at a given instant points in the negative x direction, while
the wave propagates in the forward y direction, then H at that same position and time must
point in the positive z direction. Since we have a lossless homogeneous medium, η is real, and
we are allowed to write H(t) = E(t)/η, where η is treated as negative and real. Thus

Ex (t) −403
H(t) = Hz (t) = = cos(2π × 10−7 t) = 1.61 cos(2π × 10−7 t) A/m
η −251

11.11. A 2-GHz uniform plane wave has an amplitude of Ey0 = 1.4 kV/m at (0, 0, 0, t = 0) and is
propagating in the az direction in a medium where  = 1.6 × 10−11 F/m,  = 3.0 × 10−11
F/m, and µ = 2.5 µH/m. Find:
a) Ey at P (0, 0, 1.8cm) at 0.2 ns: To begin, we have the ratio,  / = 1.6/3.0 = 0.533. So

  1/2
  2
µ  
α=ω 1+ − 1
2 

(2.5 × 10−6 )(3.0 × 10−11 )  1/2
= (2π × 2 × 10 )
9
1 + (.533)2 − 1 = 28.1 Np/m
2
Then  1/2
  2
µ  1+ 
β=ω + 1 = 112 rad/m
2 

Thus in general,

Ey (z, t) = 1.4e−28.1z cos(4π × 109 t − 112z) kV/m

Evaluating this at t = 0.2 ns and z = 1.8 cm, find

Ey (1.8 cm, 0.2 ns) = 0.74 kV/m

b) Hx at P at 0.2 ns: We use the phasor relation, Hxs = −Eys /η where


 
µ 1 2.5 × 10−6 1
η= 
 = −11
 = 263 + j65.7 = 271 14◦ Ω
 1 − j( / ) 3.0 × 10 1 − j(.533)

So now
Eys (1.4 × 103 )e−28.1z e−j112z ◦
Hxs = − =− j14 ◦ = −5.16e−28.1z e−j112z e−j14 A/m
η 271e

Then
Hx (z, t) = −5.16e−28.1z cos(4π × 10−9 t − 112z − 14◦ )
This, when evaluated at t = 0.2 ns and z = 1.8 cm, yields

Hx (1.8 cm, 0.2 ns) = −3.0 A/m

121
11.13. Let jk = 0.2 + j1.5 m−1 and η = 450 + j60 Ω for a uniform plane wave propagating in the az
direction. If ω = 300 Mrad/s, find µ,  , and  : We begin with

µ 1
η=  = 450 + j60
 1 − j( / )

and  
jk = jω µ 1 − j( / ) = 0.2 + j1.5
Then
µ 1
ηη ∗ = 
 = (450 + j60)(450 − j60) = 2.06 × 105 (1)
 1 + ( / )2
and 
(jk)(jk)∗ = ω 2 µ 1 + ( / )2 = (0.2 + j1.5)(0.2 − j1.5) = 2.29 (2)
Taking the ratio of (2) to (1),

(jk)(jk)∗ 2  2
   2
 2.29
= ω ( ) 1 + ( / ) = = 1.11 × 10−5
ηη ∗ 2.06 × 105

Then with ω = 3 × 108 ,

1.11 × 10−5 1.23 × 10−22


( )2 = = (3)
(3 × 108 )2 (1 + ( / )2 ) (1 + ( / )2 )

Now, we use Eqs. (35) and (36). Squaring these and taking their ratio gives

α2 1 + ( / )2 (0.2)2
=  =
β2 1 + ( / )2 (1.5)2

We solve this to find  / = 0.271. Substituting this result into (3) gives  = 1.07 × 10−11
F/m. Since  / = 0.271, we then find  = 2.90 × 10−12 F/m. Finally, using these results in
either (1) or (2) we find µ = 2.28 × 10−6 H/m. Summary: µ = 2.28 × 10−6 H/m,
 = 1.07 × 10−11 F/m, and  = 2.90 × 10−12 F/m.

11.15. A 10 GHz radar signal may be represented as a uniform plane wave in a sufficiently small
region. Calculate the wavelength in centimeters and the attenuation in nepers per meter if
the wave is propagating in a non-magnetic material for which
a) R = 1 and R = 0: In a non-magnetic material, we would have:

  1/2
 2
µ0 0 R  1+ R
α=ω − 1
2 R

and  1/2
   2
µ0 0 R  R
β=ω 1+  + 1
2 R

With the given values of R and R , it is clear that β = ω µ0 0 = ω/c, and so
λ = 2π/β = 2πc/ω = 3 × 1010 /1010 = 3 cm. It is also clear that α = 0.

122
11.15. (continued)
. 
b) R = 1.04 and R = 9.00 × 10−4 : In this case R /R << 1, and so β = ω R /c =
2.13 cm−1 . Thus λ = 2π/β = 2.95 cm. Then
 √
. ω µ ωR µ0 0 ω R 2π × 1010 (9.00 × 10−4 )
α= =  =  = √
2  2 R 2c R 2 × 3 × 108 1.04
= 9.24 × 10−2 Np/m

c) R = 2.5 and R = 7.2: Using the above formulas, we obtain
 1/2
√  2
2π × 1010 2.5  7.2
β= √ 1+ + 1 = 4.71 cm−1
(3 × 1010 ) 2 2.5

and so λ = 2π/β = 1.33 cm. Then


 1/2
√  2
2π × 1010 2.5  7.2
α= √ 1+ − 1 = 335 Np/m
(3 × 108 ) 2 2.5

11.17. Let η = 250 + j30 Ω and jk = 0.2 + j2 m−1 for a uniform plane wave propagating in the az
direction in a dielectric having some finite conductivity. If |Es | = 400 V/m at z = 0, find:
a) Pz,av at z = 0 and z = 60 cm: Assume x-polarization for the electric field. Then
 
1 ∗ 1 −αz −jβz 400 −αz jβz
Pz,av = Re {Es × Hs } = Re 400e e ax × ∗ e e ay
2 2 η
   
1 2 −2αz 1 4 −2(0.2)z 1
= (400) e Re az = 8.0 × 10 e Re az
2 η∗ 250 − j30
= 315 e−2(0.2)z az W/m2

Evaluating at z = 0, obtain Pz,av (z = 0) = 315 az W/m2 ,


and at z = 60 cm, Pz,av (z = 0.6) = 315e−2(0.2)(0.6) az = 248 az W/m2 .
b) the average ohmic power dissipation in watts per cubic meter at z = 60 cm: At this point
a flaw becomes evident in the problem statement, since solving this part in two different
ways gives results that are not the same. I will demonstrate: In the first method, we use
Poynting’s theorem in point form (first equation at the top of p. 366), which we modify
for the case of time-average fields to read:

−∇ · Pz,av =< J · E >

where the right hand side is the average power dissipation per volume. Note that the
additional right-hand-side terms in Poynting’s theorem that describe changes in energy
stored in the fields will both be zero in steady state. We apply our equation to the result
of part a:
d
< J · E >= −∇ · Pz,av = − 315 e−2(0.2)z = (0.4)(315)e−2(0.2)z = 126e−0.4z W/m3
dz
123
At z = 60 cm, this becomes < J · E >= 99.1 W/m3 . In the second method, we solve for
the conductivity and evaluate < J · E >= σ < E 2 >. We use
 
jk = jω µ 1 − j( / )

and 
µ 1
η= 

 1 − j( / )
We take the ratio,    
jk  
= jω 1 − j = jω + ω
η 
Identifying σ = ω , we find
   
jk 0.2 + j2
σ = Re = Re = 1.74 × 10−3 S/m
η 250 + j30

Now we find the dissipated power per volume:



−3 1  2
σ < E >= 1.74 × 10
2
400e−0.2z
2

At z = 60 cm, this evaluates as 109 W/m3 . One can show that consistency between the
two methods requires that  
1 σ
Re =
η∗ 2α
This relation does not hold using the numbers as given in the problem statement and the
value of σ found above. Note that in Problem 11.13, where all values are worked out, the
relation does hold and consistent results are obtained using both methods.

11.19. Perfectly-conducting cylinders with radii of 8 mm and 20 mm are coaxial. The region between
the cylinders is filled with a perfect dielectric for which  = 10−9 /4π F/m and µR = 1. If E
in this region is (500/ρ) cos(ωt − 4z)aρ V/m, find:
a) ω, with the help of Maxwell’s equations in cylindrical coordinates: We use the two curl
equations, beginning with ∇ × E = −∂B/∂t, where in this case,

∂Eρ 2000 ∂Bφ


∇×E= aφ = sin(ωt − 4z)aφ = − aφ
∂z ρ ∂t
So 
2000 2000
Bφ = sin(ωt − 4z)dt = cos(ωt − 4z) T
ρ ωρ
Then
Bφ 2000
Hφ = = cos(ωt − 4z) A/m
µ0 (4π × 10−7 )ωρ
We next use ∇ × H = ∂D/∂t, where in this case

∂Hφ 1 ∂(ρHφ )
∇×H=− aρ + az
∂z ρ ∂ρ

124
11.19a. (continued)
where the second term on the right hand side becomes zero when substituting our Hφ .
So
∂Hφ 8000 ∂Dρ
∇×H=− aρ = − −7
sin(ωt − 4z)aρ = aρ
∂z (4π × 10 )ωρ ∂t
And

8000 8000
Dρ = − sin(ωt − 4z)dt = cos(ωt − 4z) C/m2
(4π × 10−7 )ωρ (4π × 10−7 )ω 2 ρ

Finally, using the given ,

Dρ 8000
Eρ = = −16
cos(ωt − 4z) V/m
 (10 )ω 2 ρ

This must be the same as the given field, so we require

8000 500
= ⇒ ω = 4 × 108 rad/s
(10−16 )ω 2 ρ ρ

b) H(ρ, z, t): From part a, we have

2000 4.0
H(ρ, z, t) = cos(ωt − 4z)aφ = cos(4 × 108 t − 4z)aφ A/m
(4π × 10−7 )ωρ ρ

c) P(ρ, φ, z): This will be

500 4.0
P(ρ, φ, z) = E × H = cos(4 × 108 t − 4z)aρ × cos(4 × 108 t − 4z)aφ
ρ ρ
2.0 × 10−3
= cos2 (4 × 108 t − 4z)az W/m2
ρ2

d) the average power passing through every cross-section 8 < ρ < 20 mm, 0 < φ < 2π.
Using the result of part c, we find Pavg = (1.0 × 103 )/ρ2 az W/m2 . The power through
the given cross-section is now
  
2π .020
1.0 × 103 20
P= ρ dρ dφ = 2π × 103 ln = 5.7 kW
0 .008 ρ2 8

11.21. The cylindrical shell, 1 cm ¡ ρ ¡ 1.2 cm, is composed of a conducting material for which σ = 106
S/m. The external and internal regions are non-conducting. Let Hφ = 2000 A/m at ρ = 1.2
cm.
a) Find H everywhere: Use Ampere’s circuital law, which states:

H · dL = 2πρ(2000) = 2π(1.2 × 10−2 )(2000) = 48π A = Iencl

125
11.21. (continued)
Then in this case
I 48
J= az = az = 1.09 × 106 az A/m2
Area (1.44 − 1.00) × 10−4

With this result we again use Ampere’s circuital law to find H everywhere within the
shell as a function of ρ (in meters):
 2π  ρ
1 54.5
Hφ1 (ρ) = 1.09 × 106 ρ dρ dφ = (104 ρ2 − 1) A/m (.01 < ρ < .012)
2πρ 0 .01 ρ

Outside the shell, we would have

48π
Hφ2 (ρ) = = 24/ρ A/m (ρ > .012)
2πρ

Inside the shell (ρ < .01 m), Hφ = 0 since there is no enclosed current.
b) Find E everywhere: We use

J 1.09 × 106
E= = az = 1.09 az V/m
σ 106
which is valid, presumeably, outside as well as inside the shell.
c) Find P everywhere: Use

54.5
P = E × H = 1.09 az × (104 ρ2 − 1) aφ
ρ
59.4
=− (104 ρ2 − 1) aρ W/m2 (.01 < ρ < .012 m)
ρ

Outside the shell,

24 26
P = 1.09 az × aφ = − aρ W/m2 (ρ > .012 m)
ρ ρ

11.23. A hollow tubular conductor is constructed from a type of brass having a conductivity of
1.2 × 107 S/m. The inner and outer radii are 9 mm and 10 mm respectively. Calculate the
resistance per meter length at a frequency of
a) dc: In this case the current density is uniform over the entire tube cross-section. We
write:
L 1
R(dc) = = = 1.4 × 10−3 Ω/m
σA (1.2 × 10 )π(.012 − .0092 )
7

b) 20 MHz: Now the skin effect will limit the effective cross-section. At 20 MHz, the skin
depth is

δ(20MHz) = [πf µ0 σ]−1/2 = [π(20 × 106 )(4π × 10−7 )(1.2 × 107 )]−1/2 = 3.25 × 10−5 m

126
11.23. (continued)
This is much less than the outer radius of the tube. Therefore we can approximate the
resistance using the formula:
L 1 1
R(20MHz) = = = = 4.1 × 10−2 Ω/m
σA 2πbδ (1.2 × 10 )(2π(.01))(3.25 × 10−5 )
7

c) 2 GHz: Using the same formula as in part b, we find the skin depth at 2 GHz to be δ =
3.25 × 10−6 m. The resistance (using the other formula) is R(2GHz) = 4.1 × 10−1 Ω/m.

11.25. A good conductor is planar in form and carries a uniform plane wave that has a wavelength
of 0.3 mm and a velocity of 3 × 105 m/s. Assuming the conductor is non-magnetic, determine
the frequency and the conductivity: First, we use

v 3 × 105
f= = = 109 Hz = 1 GHz
λ 3 × 10−4
Next, for a good conductor,
λ 1 4π 4π
δ= =√ ⇒ σ= = = 1.1 × 105 S/m
2π πf µσ 2
λ fµ (9 × 10 )(109 )(4π × 10−7 )
−8

11.27. The planar surface at z = 0 is a brass-Teflon interface. Use data available in Appendix C to
evaluate the following ratios for a uniform plane wave having ω = 4 × 1010 rad/s:
a) αTef /αbrass : From the appendix we find  / = .0003 for Teflon, making the material a
good dielectric. Also, for Teflon, R = 2.1. For brass, we find σ = 1.5 × 107 S/m, making
brass a good conductor at the stated frequency. For a good dielectric (Teflon) we use the
approximations:
    
. σ µ  1 

1  ω  
α= = ω µ = R
2   2 2  c
  
.   1  . √ ω 
β = ω µ 1 + = ω µ = R
8  c
For brass (good conductor) we have
 
. .  1
α = β = πf µσbrass = π (4 × 1010 )(4π × 10−7 )(1.5 × 107 ) = 6.14 × 105 m−1

Now
 √
αTef 1/2 ( / ) (ω/c) R (1/2)(.0003)(4 × 1010 /3 × 108 ) 2.1
= √ = = 4.7 × 10−8
αbrass πf µσbrass 6.14 × 105

b)

λTef (2π/βTef ) βbrass c πf µσbrass (3 × 108 )(6.14 × 105 )
= = =   = √ = 3.2 × 103
λbrass (2π/βbrass ) βTef ω R Tef (4 × 1010 ) 2.1

127
11.27. (continued)

c)
vTef (ω/βTef ) βbrass
= = = 3.2 × 103 as before
vbrass (ω/βbrass ) βTef

11.29. Consider a left-circularly polarized wave in free space that propagates in the forward z direc-
tion. The electric field is given by the appropriate form of Eq. (80).
a) Determine the magnetic field phasor, Hs :
We begin, using (80), with Es = E0 (ax + jay )e−jβz . We find the two components of
Hs separately, using the two components of Es . Specifically, the x component of Es is
associated with a y component of Hs , and the y component of Es is associated with a
negative x component of Hs . The result is

E0
Hs = (ay − jax ) e−jβz
η0

b) Determine an expression for the average power density in the wave in W/m2 by direct
application of Eq. (57): We have

1 ∗ 1 −jβz E0
Pz,avg = Re(Es × Hs ) = Re E0 (ax + jay )e × (ay − jax )e+jβz
2 2 η0
E2
= 0 az W/m2 (assuming E0 is real)
η0

11.31. A linearly-polarized uniform plane wave, propagating in the forward z direction, is input to a
lossless anisotropic material, in which the dielectric constant encountered by waves polarized
along y (Ry ) differs from that seen by waves polarized along x (Rx ). Suppose Rx = 2.15,
Ry = 2.10, and the wave electric field at input is polarized at 45◦ to the positive x and y
axes. Assume free space wavelength λ.
a) Determine the shortest length of the material such that the wave as it emerges from the
output end is circularly polarized: With the input field at 45◦ , the x and y components are
of equal magnitude, and circular polarization will result if the phase difference between
the components is π/2. Our requirement over length L is thus βx L − βy L = π/2, or
π πc
L= = √ √
2(βx − βy ) 2ω( Rx − Ry )

With the given values, we find,

(58.3)πc λ
L= = 58.3 = 14.6 λ
2ω 4

b) Will the output wave be right- or left-circularly-polarized? With the dielectric constant
greater for x-polarized waves, the x component will lag the y component in time at the out-
put. The field can thus be written as E = E0 (ay −jax ), which is left circular polarization.

128
11.33. Given a wave for which Es = 15e−jβz ax + 18e−jβz ejφ ay V/m, propagating in a medium
characterized by complex intrinsic impedance, η.
a) Find Hs : With the wave propagating in the forward z direction, we find:

1 
Hs = −18ejφ ax + 15ay e−jβz A/m
η

b) Determine the average power density in W/m2 : We find


   
1 1 (15)2 (18)2 1
Pz,avg = Re {Es × H∗s } = Re ∗
+ ∗ = 275 Re W/m2
2 2 η η η∗

129

You might also like