Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy logic is used to map an input space to an output space, and the primary mechanism for doing this is a list of if-then statements called rules. All rules are evaluated in parallel, and the order of the rules is unimportant. A fuzzy set is a set without a crisp, clearly defined boundary. It can contain elements with only a partial degree of membership.

STEPS IN FUZZY LOGIC ESTIMATION .

The first step is to take the inputs and determine the degree to which they belong to in each of the appropriate fuzzy sets via membership functions. In Fuzzy Logic, the input is always a crisp numerical value limited to the universe of discourse of the input variable.
Step 2. Apply Fuzzy Operator

After the inputs have been fuzzified, we will identify the degree to which each part of the antecedent is satisfied for each rule. If the antecedent of a given rule has more than one part, the fuzzy operator is applied to obtain one number that represents the result of the antecedent for that rule. This number is then applied to the output function. The input to the fuzzy operator is two or more membership values from fuzzified input variables. The output is a single truth value.
Step 3. Apply Implication Method

Determine the rule's weight. Every rule has a weight (a number between 0 and 1), which is applied to the number given by the antecedent. Generally, this weight is 1

and thus has no effect at all on the implication process. After proper weighting has been assigned to each rule, the implication method is implemented. A consequent is a fuzzy set represented by a membership function, which weights appropriately the linguistic characteristics that are attributed to it. The consequent is reshaped using a function associated with the antecedent (a single number). The input for the implication process is a single number given by the antecedent, and the output is a fuzzy set. Implication is implemented for each rule.
Step 4. Aggregate All Outputs

Aggregation is the process by which the fuzzy sets that represent the outputs of each rule are combined into a single fuzzy set. Aggregation only occurs once for each output variable. The input of the aggregation process is the list of truncated output functions returned by the implication process for each rule. The output of the aggregation process is one fuzzy set for each output variable.
Step 5. Defuzzify

The input for the defuzzification process is a fuzzy set (the aggregate output fuzzy set) and the output is a single number. As much as fuzziness helps the rule evaluation during the intermediate steps, the final desired output for each variable is generally a single number. However, the aggregate of a fuzzy set encompasses a range of output values, and so must be defuzzified in order to resolve a single output value from the set.

Membership Functions

A membership function (MF) is a curve that defines how each point in the input space is mapped to a membership value (or degree of membership) between 0 and 1. The input space is sometimes referred to as the universe of discourse. It is developed by using intuition and qualitative assessment of the relations between the input variable(s) and output classes. These functions can be defined either by linguistic terms or numerical ranges, or both.

TYPES OF MEMBERSHIP FUNCTION

Gaussian curve membership function

The symmetric Gaussian function depends on two parameters and c as given by

Its parameters is represented by and c which are listed in order in the vector.

Generalized bell-shaped membership function

The generalized bell function depends on three parameters a, b, and c as given by

where the parameter b is usually positive. The parameter c locates the center of the curve.

-shaped membership function This spline-based curve is so named because of its shape. The membership function is evaluated at the points determined by the vector x. The parameters a and d locate the "feet" of the curve, while b and c locate its "shoulders." Membership functions is given by:

sigmoidal membership functions The sigmoid curve plotted for the vector x depends on two parameters a and c as given by

The product of two such curves plotted for the values of the vector x is given by

The parameters are listed in the order [

].

S-shaped membership function This spline-based curve is a mapping on the vector x, and is named because of its S-shape. The parameters a and b locate the extremes of the sloped portion of the curve, as given by:

Trapezoidal-shaped membership function

The trapezoidal curve is a function of a vector, x, and depends on four scalar parameters a, b, c, and d, as given by

or, more compactly, by

The parameters a and d locate the feet of the trapezoid and the parameters b and c locate the shoulders.

Triangular-shaped membership function The triangular curve is a function of a vector, x, and depends on three scalar parameters a, b, and c, as given by

or, more compactly, by

The parameters a and c locate the feet of the triangle and the parameter b locates the peak.

Z-shaped membership function This spline-based function of x is so named because of its Z-shape. The parameters a and b locate the extremes of the sloped portion of the curve as given by.

Rules
The linguistic model of a process is commonly made of a series of if - then rules. These use the measured state of the process, the rule antecedents, to estimate the extent of control action, the rule consequents. Rules may also be generated from operating data by searching for clusters in the input data space. These if-then rule statements are used to formulate the conditional statements that comprise fuzzy logic. A single fuzzy if-then rule assumes the form : if x is A then y is B where A and B are linguistic values defined by fuzzy sets on the ranges (universes of discourse) X and Y, respectively. The if-part of the rule x is A is called the antecedent or premise, while the then-part of the rule y is B is called the consequent or conclusion.

Types of Fuzzy Inference Systems

combination by synthesizing a set of linguistic control rules obtained from experienced human operators.

Sugeno-type systems can be used to model any inference system in which the output membership functions are either linear or constant. Instead of sharp switching between modes based on breakpoints, logic flows smoothly from regions where the systems behaviour is dominated by either one rule or another. Defuzzification

The results of rule application are membership values in each of the consequent or output sets. These can be used directly where the membership values are viewed as the strength of the recommendations provided by the rules. Defuzzification is the process for converting fuzzy output values to a single value or final decision. Two methods are commonly used. The first is the maximum membership method. All of the output membership functions are combined using the OR operator and the position of the highest membership value in the range of the output variable is used as the controller output. The second method uses the center of gravity of the combined output distribution to resolve this potential conflict and to consider all recommendations based on the strengths of their membership

TYPE OF DEFUZZIFICATION

Centroid
Centroid Defuzzification returns the center of area under the curve. If the area is a plate of equal density, the centroid is the point along the x axis about which this shape would balance.

Bisector
The bisector is the vertical line that will divide the region into two sub-regions of equal area. It is sometimes, but not always coincident with the centroid line.

Middle, Smallest, and Largest of Maximum MOM, SOM, and LOM stand for Middle, Smallest, and Largest of Maximum, respectively.
These three methods key off the maximum value assumed by the aggregate membership function. If the aggregate membership function has a unique maximum, then MOM, SOM, and LOM all take on the same value.

0.5

0 centroid bisector LOM MOM SOM

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

10

Analytical Hierarchy process (AHP)

The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is an approach that is suitable for dealing with complex systems related to making a choice from among several alternatives and which

provides a comparison of the considered options. This method was first presented by Saaty (1980). The AHP is based on the subdivision of the problem in a hierarchical form. The AHP helps the analysts to organize the critical aspects of a problem into a hierarchical structure similar to a family tree. By reducing complex decisions to a series of simple comparisons and rankings, then synthesizing the results, the AHP not only helps the analysts to arrive at the best decision, but also provides a clear rationale for the choices made. The objective of using an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is to identify the preferred alternative and also determine a ranking of the alternatives when all the decision criteria are considered simultaneously Saaty (1980). References Saaty T.L (1980): analytic hierarchy process, New York: McGraw-Hill