US History: 1989-2000

George Bush Sr.s Presidency, The end of the Cold War (Soviet Union Collapses), The 1st Persian Gulf War (Desert Storm), Bill Clintons Presidency, The Yugoslavian Civil War of the 90s, various government reforms, and US involvement in international organizations

Bush Sr. Presidency Slide 3

Clinton Presidency Slide 26

Bush Sr. Presidency Outline

-subjects with an asterisk (*) are readiness standards End of the Cold War Arms Race The 1990 Recession 1992 LA Riots Hubble Space Telescope, 1990 *End of the Cold War* US.11A Invasion of Panama, 1989 *The Persian Gulf War, 1990-1991* US.11A Battle of Mogadishu, Somalia (Black Hawk Down), 1993 Presidential Election of 1992 (Ross Perots effects)

George H. W. Bush (Bush Sr.)

George Herbert Walker Bush had served as Vice President to Ronald Reagan during both of his terms, and supported Reagans ideas. Bush Sr. promised to continue Reagans policies of Reaganomics and maintaining a strong military to oppose the Soviet Union; but also to have more compassion in dealing with the homeless and poor. He also promised to improve education and fight illegal drug trafficking. He was President from 1989-1993.

Bush Sr.s Domestic Issues pt. 1

Slowing of the Arms Race: At the beginning of the 1990s, the Soviet Union was beginning to collapse, and its military couldnt keep-up with the US advances under Reagan. This meant that the US could now cut-back on its military to save money. Bush Sr. cut military spending, and increased taxes on the wealthy to help pay the deficit. He still supported a strong military, though. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) Bush signed this act, which prevented discrimination against people with disabilities in employment. It also required public areas and places of employment to make accommodations for disabled people; such as wheelchair ramps and signs with braille.

Bush Sr.s Domestic Issues pt. 2

The 1990 Recession
The US began moving into a recession by 1990. Economists blamed reduced spending by individuals, corporations and government entities. Another factor was greater completion from foreign markets such as Japan and Latin American countries.

The 1992 Los Angeles Riots

Riots broke-out in Los Angeles and other cities in 1992; after a jury found several policemen not guilty for the beating of Rodney King, a young African-American, despite there being video evidence of it. About 70 people were killed in the riots, and there was mass looting and destruction of property.

(Signs like this came from the ADA.)

(photo of the 1992 LA riots)

Hubble Space Telescope

In 1990, the US launched the Hubble Scape Telescope, which is still in orbit and functional today.

The Hubble has provided extremely high-resolution images of celestial bodies, and even far-away galaxies. It is considered a major advancement in astronomy.

Quiz 1
What was George H. W. Bush before he became President? How did this reflect on his policies?

In what ways was George H. W. Bush different from the previous President?
What are accommodations in relation to the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990? What event sparked the Los Angeles Riots of 1992? What major advancement in astronomy di the US make in 1990? video news coverage, National Guard called-in to stop LA Riots: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7KTxjQPf9vk

End of the Cold War pt. 1

US.11A - describe US involvement in world affairs, including the end of the Cold War By the late-80s and early-90s, opposition to the old ways of totalitarianism in the Soviet Union had grown. This was spurred-on by Soviet President, Mikhael Gorbachev, who issued democratic reforms and allowed for more capitalism in the economy. In countries like Poland, elections were held and politicians other than communists were put in power. Countries soon began to split from the Union. President Bush sent aid to the countries that split.

Gorbachev, last President of the Soviet Union

End of the Cold War pt. 2

The military arms race was another cause of the Soviet Unions collapse. The Soviets competed with the US and other NATO countries to produce enough military power to match them in a possible war. This used-up a lot of the Soviet Unions money and resources. US weapons such as the M1A1 Abrams tanks, Apache attack helicopters, F-22 Raptor stealth fighter jets, and nuclear ballistic missiles were produced in the late-70s and 80s; and were very expensive. However, they were seen as necessary to combat the Soviets in the event of an open war.

Fall of the Berlin Wall, 1989

US.2D: explain the significance of the following years as turning points1991 (Cold War ends) In 1991, the Soviet Union officially dissolved. However, the symbolic end to the Cold War came in 1989, with the fall of the Berlin Wall; which had separated communist East Berlin from West Berlin since the end of WWII. video news coverage, the fall of the Berlin Wall: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snsdDb7KDkg

By 1991, the Soviet Union was officially dissolved and 10 remaining countries formed the Commonwealth of Independent States, (the CIS) (pictured), which today is a much more loose union. Georgia left in 2008.

Quiz 2
What were two reasons for the Soviet Unions collapse? What was one way President Bush Sr. supported the break-up of the Soviet Union?

What year did the Soviet Union officially dissolve?

Thinking critically, how was the fall of the Berlin Wall seen as symbolic of the fall of the Soviet Union as a whole?

Major Military Operations Under Bush Sr.

Invasion of Panama (1989) Operation Desert Storm in Kuwait and Iraq (1991) Peacekeeping operations in Somalia (1992-1993) (explained in the following slides) US.11 - The student understands the emerging political, economic, and social issues of the United States from the 1990s into the 21st century. The student is expected to: US.11A - describe US involvement in world affairs, including the end of the Cold War, the Persian Gulf War, the Balkans Crisis, 9/11, and the global War on Terror

US Invasion of Panama, 1989 Manuel Noriega was the military dictator of Panama from 1983 to
1989, and also a major drug lord. President Bush Sr. listed 4 major reasons for invading Panama:
protecting US citizens in Panama (threatened by the government) defending democracy and human rights in Panama combating drug trafficking and money laundering defending the neutrality of the Panama Canal

The US launched the invasion of Panama, codenamed Operation Just Cause, on December 20th, 1989. Noriega surrendered in January of 1990, was taken to the US, and later convicted on drug charges.
Noriega

US troops, at Vatican embassy in Panama

Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait (1990)

In 1990, the leader of Iraq was the dictator Saddam Hussein of the Iraqi Baath (Renaissance) Party which was a totalitarian national socialist party dedicated to making Iraq more powerful in the Arab world. Saddam and his political party had total control over Iraq, and imprisoned or killed any major opposition. Husseins forces had just fought a long and bloody war against Iran in the 1980s, which ended in a stalemate. In order to save his reputation and gain new resources, Saddam invaded Kuwait, a small country on the southeast border, in August of 1990 and captured its large oil fields.

The Persian Gulf War, 1991

After Iraq invaded Kuwait, the United Nations Security Council placed sanctions on Iraq, and urged Saddam to remove his troops from the region. Saddam refused. Officials feared that Saddam would invade Saudi Arabia next, since it had major oil fields near the border of Iraq. In response, the US led a UN-approved coalition of 34 nations, including Saudi Arabia, Canada, the UK, and France in a mission to liberate Kuwait. Operation Desert Storm lasted from January 17th to February 28th, 1991. The coalition forces made Saddam retreat from Kuwait, and partially invaded Iraq, largely crippling the Iraqi military. However, Saddam was left in power in Iraq. Iconic scenes from the war included the burning oil fields in Kuwait, set on fire by retreating Iraqi forces; and also the Highway of Death which was a major military route between Iraq and Kuwait that was bombed heavily by coalition forces.

-Top left: Highway of Death (Highway 80) between Kuwait and Iraq
-other 2 pics are of burning oil fields

st 1 Persian Gulf War Results:

President Bush Sr. declared a cease-fire, but left Saddam Hussein in power. Kuwait was freed. This war was notable for being the first major challenge to world order after the end of the Cold War.

American prestige was greatly enhanced in the Middle-East, especially with Saudi Arabia which is still a major US ally today.
Bush Sr. used the USs new power in the Middle East to negotiate new peace talks between Israel and the Arab countries. video Bush Sr. comments on success of Desert Storm: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfwU9W-7evA

(First) Battle of Mogadishu, 1993

In 1992, President Bush Sr. began sending humanitarian aid to the war-torn country of Somalia, in northeast Africa. Millions of Somali civilians there were staving. After various warlords and bandit groups kept stealing the food shipments, Bush Sr. authorized US troops to assist UN forces in putting an end to the fighting in Somalia.
During Bill Clintons Presidency in 1993, Clinton launched Operation Gothic Serpent, which was an attack on Mogadishu, the capital city of Somalia in order to overthrow the warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid. The mission failed however, and US/UN forces eventually left Somalia in 1995. The book & movie Black Hawk Down is based on the battle.

Quiz 3
What were some reasons why President George H. W. Bush ordered the invasion of Panama in 1989? Why did Iraq invade Kuwait in 1990?

What was the result of Operation Desert Storm (1st Persian Gulf War) in 1991?
Was the Battle of Mogadishu, Somalia in 1993 a success or failure? Why did Bush Sr. and later Clinton feel it was necessary to send troops to Somalia?

Presidential Election of 1992

US.11D: analyze the impact of third parties on presidential elections In the 1992 election campaign, Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton was the Democrat Party nominee. Bill Clinton united both liberals and moderate conservatives, due to his Southern background. He also won the appeal of independent voters. Bush Sr. lost some support due to voters feeling he didnt do enough to fix the 1990 recession.

Criticism from Ross Perot (pictured), who was the presidential candidate for the new Independent Reform Party further weakened Bush Sr.s chances for re-election. Perot received ~20% of the vote, making him one of the most successful 3rd-party candidates in US History.

Bush/Clinton/Perot Debates
In this video, Bush, Clinton, and Perot debate over how to handle the decreasing of the military industry after the Cold War: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yabJM_G9M68

Clinton Presidency Outline

Clinton the New Democrat Newt Gingrichs Contract with America Economic Recovery Hillary Clinton advocates health care reform. US.24B *The Balkans Crisis* US.11A Clintons Affair and Impeachment US Involvement in Global Organizations, and pros and cons:
NAFTA WTO NATO

Bill Clinton (Pres. 1993-2001)

Bill Clinton (D) came from came from a poor Arkansas family. He studied at Oxford University in England, and later attended Yale Law School, where he met his future wife Hillary. He was the governor of Arkansas before becoming President. After Ross Perot drew votes away from George H. W. Bushs campaign, Bill Clinton was able to win the 1992 election. His first budget agenda limited federal spending, increased income taxes on the rich to 40%, cut taxes for poor Americans, and introduced a federal gasoline tax.

Clinton the New Democrat

Clinton was called a new Democrat because his policies were a new mix of conservative and liberal values. This type of politics is often referred to as centrism. He wanted to appeal to both Democrats & Republicans. Examples of his new policies were:
support of free trade & removing Cold War trade barriers lowering taxes on the middle class instigating new laws that were tough on crime giving more funding to police departments reforming the welfare system so it wasnt as wasteful putting tougher restrictions on guns

However, Clintons administration still had many policies that were seen as too liberal or expensive by some in Congress. The House of Representatives was controlled by Republicans led by Newt Gingrich; and they often blocked or remanded Bills bills.

Newt Gingrichs Contract with America

Newt Gingrich (R) was the Speaker of the House and he was the main leader of opposition to Clinton. In 1994, he wrote the Contract with America, which was a collection of conservative principles that he and other Republicans supported. Gingrich argued that the federal government was too large, and took away personal responsibility from citizens. The contract was meant to restore balance between government control and individual freedom. Although Gingrich often opposed Clinton, he did help Clinton to balance the national budget; leading to the surplus of 1998. US.11B

 Clinton greatly boosted the US economy by helping the growth of the computer, software, and dotcom industries. Computer software and hard companies like Microsoft & Apple, as well as website companies like Yahoo! brought tons of new revenue to the US economy. (the Dotcom Boom) Reduced military spending after the end of the Cold War allowed for the civilian economy to grow better. By 1998, Clinton and Gingrich had given the US a budget surplus.

Economic Recovery

Clintons Health Care Reform

USH.24B: evaluate the contributions of significant political and social leaders in the United States such asHillary Clinton Bill Clinton promised to give every American guaranteed health insurance. To do this, Clinton appointed his wife Hillary to lead a task force on health care. Hillary Clinton was established as a leading supporter for better health care for uninsured and poorly-insured Americans. Despite the Clinton Administrations efforts, no solid health care reform laws were passed. Opponents feared that Clintons government health care programs would lead to rationing.

Quiz 4
What was Ross Perots major effect on the 1992 election?

Why was Bill Clinton considered a new Democrat or centrist?

Who was Newt Gingrich in the 1990s, and what was his Contract with America? What were factors that led to the national budget surplus? What was a major contribution/cause of Hillary Clinton during Bill Clintons presidency?

Yugoslavian Civil Wars, 1991-2001 (The Balkans Crisis)

US.11A: describe US involvement in world affairs, including the end of the Cold War, the Persian Gulf War, the Balkans Crisis, 9/11, and the global War on Terror
(Serbian soldiers with General Ratko Mladic, 1992)

Start of the Yugoslav Wars

Yugoslavia was a country in the Balkans region of southern Europe that was formed out of several smaller countries after World War I. Yugoslavia was a communist country until the end of the Cold War in 1991 then countries of Yugoslavia split-up again. Old rivalries between the countries led to the outbreak of war. the main countries fighting (others were caught between them):
Serbia Orthodox Christians, considered the main antagonists Croatia Catholics Bosnia largely Muslim (due to historical influence of Ottoman Empire)

(continued)
The Yugoslav Wars can largely be split into two main wars: the Bosnian War (1992-1995) and the Kosovo War (1998-1999) Serbias military began committing genocide on Muslim civilians in parts of Bosnia and Kosovo, in a policy called ethnic cleansing. The Serbian leaders wanted to remove the Muslims and maintain those areas as regions of Serbian control. The Serbs overall goal of ethnic cleaning was to re-unite and empower the scattered Serbian populations in the former-Yugoslav countries.
(coffins of Muslim victims in Bosnia)

Break-Up of Yugoslavia (gif)

Balkans Region in 1992

Clinton Responds
The United Nations responded to the Balkans Crisis by sending UN peacekeeping forces to protect civilians; and provide aid. Pres. Clinton helped negotiate a peace treaty after the Bosnian War (1992-1995); but the US military didnt get heavily involved. During the Kosovo War (1998-1999), Clinton decided to use the US Air Force, and Navy cruise missiles to cripple the Serbian military. The US and NATO air attacks forced Serbia to halt its war efforts. Serbian leaders: General Mladic (left), President Karadzic (center), and President Milosevic (right) were all convicted of war crimes.

Scandal and Impeachment Trial

USH.19C: describe the effects of political scandals, includingBill Clintons impeachment on the views of US citizens concerning trust in the federal government and its leaders In late-1998, prosecutors had found evidence that Bill Clinton had a sexual affair with a White House intern named Monica Lewinsky. The grounds for impeachment came from the fact that Bill had lied while under oath, saying he didnt commit the affair. famous video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBe_guezGGc In order to impeach a President, a majority vote from both the House of Reps. and the Senate is required. The Republican-controlled House of Representatives voted to impeach, however the Senate did not get a majority. Bill kept his presidency, but many in the public lost trust in the federal government.

Quiz 5
What led to the country of Yugoslavia splitting-up into smaller countries in 1991?

What was the main ethnic group targeted by the Serbian military for ethnic cleansing?
How did Clinton respond to the Bosnian War (1992-1995)? How did Clinton respond to the Kosovo War(1998-1999)?

What were the grounds for Clintons impeachment ?

Did Clinton actually get impeached?

 USH.19E: evaluate the pros and cons of US participation in international organizations NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement: it created a new trade association between the US, Mexico, and Canada. It was originally planned by President Bush, but President Clinton helped get it passed through Congress. It is an institution designed to reduce tariffs (taxes on imports), and encourage more free trade between the three countries. Pros:
Free trade allows for access to more products; and competition with foreign producers often leads to better and cheaper products. It stimulates the economies of the nations involved.

NAFTA (founded in 1994)

Cons:
Some critics have noted that NAFTA led to many US manufacturing jobs being sent to Mexico, since it has cheaper labor. The negative effects for the US are unemployment, loss of tax revenue, and loss of self-sufficiency.

(NAFTA flag)

WTO (founded in 1994)

WTO World Trade Organization replacement for GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which was formed in 1947 It is an organization that establishes rules for global trade, and helps to settle trade disputes. The WTO accelerates globalization.

NATO (founded in 1949)

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
An organization of generally democratic, capitalist countries. Formed after WWII to act as a united opposition to the Soviet Union, other communist nations; and foreign threats in general. The members share military technology, and give military support in war. Its first military interventions were in the Bosnian War in 1992.

(NATO countries)

Pros & Cons of the US in International Organizations

Pros:
Cooperation with other nations is necessary to solve certain problems, such as wars or protecting the environment. America can state its views and concerns to the world stage. Groups like NATO protect American security. Economic organizations help the US in world trade.

Cons:
loss of American sovereignty (ability to act independently) high cost (in billions) of supporting the organizations The US gets dragged into other countries problems.

Clinton talks about NAFTA, WTO, & NATO:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3ooMrgXido

Quiz 6
What is the purpose of NAFTA? What is the Purpose of WTO? What is the purpose of NATO? What are some pros and cons of NAFTA and others? Video 1990s US History montage (with OJ and 1993 WTC bombing) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sggZYLtxgjA