1. Ans.

2.

Ans.

3. Sol.

ATOMS - NUMERICALS VISHHAL KALRA-9878024788 The binding energy per nucleon for 6C12 is 7.68 MeV/N and that for 6C13 is 7.47 MeV/N. Calculate the energy required to remove a neutron from6C13. Total B.E of 6C12 = 12 x 7.68 = 92.16 MeV Total B.E of 6C13 = 13 x 7.47 = 97.11 MeV As 6C13 has one excess neutron than 6C12 Energy required to remove a neutron = 97.11-92.16 = 4.95MeV The mass of nucleus of 17Cl35 is 35.9800 a.m.u. Calculate the average energy required to extract a nucleon from this nucleus. Use 1 a.m.u. = 931.5 MeV. Given mass of proton = 1.007825u and mass of neutron = 1.008665u. 35 CI , number of proton Z = 17 For 17 Number of neutron (A-Z) = 35-17 = 18 Mass of all protons = 17 x 1.007875 amu = 17.133025 amu Mass of all neutrons = 18 x 1.008665 amu = 18.155970 35 Mass defect, m = CI nucleus) (Mass of 17 protons + Mass of 18 neutrons-Mass of 17 = (17.133025 + 18.155970 34.9800)amu = 0.308995amu Binding energy = 0.308995 x 931 MeV = 287.67 MeV Binding energy/nucleon = 287.67/35 = 8.22MeV Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of 83 Bi 209 Given mass of 83 Bi 209 = 208.980388 amu Mass of neutron = 1.00866 amu and Mass of proton = 1.007825. Take amu = 931 MeV Number of protons in 83 Bi 209 = 83 Number of neutrons in 83 Bi 209 = (209-83 = 126) Mass of 83 protons = 83 x 1.007825 amu Mass of 126 neutrons = 126 x 1.00866 amu Mass defect = [(208.980388)-(83x1.007825)+(126x1.00866)] amu B. E = 1.829552 x 931 MeV B.E per nucleus = 8.4198 MeV Calculate the binding energy per nucleon 26 F 56 mH = 1.007825 a.m.u. mn = 1.008665 a.m.u. m ( 26 F 56 ) = 55.934939 Take 1 amu = 931.5 MeV

4. Ans.

26

F 56 contains 26 protons and (56-26 = 30) neutrons

Mass of 26 protons = 26 x 1.007825 = 26.20345 a.m.u. Mass of 30 neutrons = 30 x 1.008665 a.m.u = 30.25995 a.m.u. Total mass of 56 nucleons = 56.46340 a.m.u, Mass of 26 F 56 nucleus = 55.934939 a.m.u. Mass defect , m = 56.46340-55.934939 = 0.528461 a.m.u. Total binding energy = 0.528461 x 931.5 MeV = 492.26 MeV A.v B.E per nucleon = 5. Ans.

If ratio of mass number is 3:1, then find the ratio of nuclear densities. As R = R0(A)1/3. And mass of nucleus = M = Amp. Where mp is mass of proton and A is mass number. Nuclear density, =

492.26 = 8.790 MeV 56

i.e. nuclear density is independent of mass number. Hence, nuclear density is the same for both elements. 6. Ans. If the activity of radioactive element drops to

3m p Am Am M = = = 4 4 4 V R3 [ R0 ( A)1/3 ]3 R03 3 3 3

1 rd of its initial value in 50 years, find its half life period. 32

N 1 = N0 2

9 1 = 10 2

Log 9 log 10 = -n log 2

Log 10 log 9 = n log 2

log10 log 9 n= log 2

t=

VISHHAL KALRA-9878024788

n = t/T1/2

100 2500 years = 8333 years 30 1 th of its initial value in 60 years. Find its half life 16

or t = n x T1/2

7. Ans.

If the activity of a radioactive element drops to peroid. Given

= R

1 = R0 , t 60 years 16 R0 = = R R e t R e t 0 0 16 = t log = 2.3026 log16 e 16 2.3026 1.2041 = ? 60

16 et =

8. Ans.

Half life time , T = ? The half life of a radioactive substance is 100 years. In how many years its activity will decay to 10% of its initial value ? Give T = 100 years

N 10 1 = = 10 = ,t ? N 0 100 = 0.693 0.693 = = 6.93 103 year 1 100 T

N = e t N0 101 = e 6.9310
3

6.93 103 t = 10 6.93 103 t= log e 10= 2.303log10 10= 2.303 t =

10. Ans. 11. 12. Ans.

What energy is needed to split an alpha particle to piece? Given Mass of alpha particle is 4.0039 a.m.u. mass of proton = 1.007825u and mass of neutron = 1.008665 u. Use 1 a.m.u. = 931.5 Same. The half life of radioactive substance is 100 years. In how many years will its activity decay to 10% of its initial value. The half life of radioactive substance is 5 x 103 years. In how many years will its activity decay to 0.2 time of its initial value.

2.303 332.3 years. = 6.93 103

T1 = 5 103 years = 5 103 years

2

= T1
2

0.6931

=
t

0.6931 per year 5 103

0.6931 t 5103

now= A A0 e
0.2 e = or

0.2= A0 A0 e
t 10 3 = e 510 2 0.6931

0.6931 t 5103

0.6931t = log e 5 = 2.303log10 5 = 2.303 0.6990 = 1.6098 5 103

t
13.

If a radioactive substance reduces to 20g from its initial amount 200g in 5000 years. Find its half time.
2

1.6098 5 103 = 11600 years 0.6931

Ans. 14. Ans.

VISHHAL KALRA-9878024788

A radioactive substance has a half life 2500 years. In how many years will its mass decay by 90% of its initial mass.

T1 = 500 years
2

= N 10% = of N 0

N0 10 = N0 100 10

N = N0e or
1 =e 10 0.6931 t

0.6931 t T1
2

0.6931 t 500

e 500 = 10 0.6931 2.303 t 2.303log = = 10 10 500 2.303 500 = t = 1661.13 years 06931
15. Ans.

A radioactive element reduces to 25% of its initial mass in 103 years. Find its half life period.

= N0 N 25% of= N = N 0 e t

N0 25 , t 1000 years = N0 = 100 4

N0 = Ne 1000 4 4 = e1000 1000 = 2.303log10 4 = 2.303 0.6021 = 1.3866 1.3866 per year 1000 0.6931 0.6931 T1 = = 1000= 499.86 years 2 1.3866

16. Ans.

Half life of a certain radioactive material against alpha particle is 137 days. After what lapse of time, will the undecayed fraction of the material be 12.5%.

N 12.5 = t=? N 0 100 N 1 = N0 2

n

T = 137 days

12.5 1 = 100 2

Log 12.5 log 100 = n (log 1 log 2) 1.0969 2 = n ( 0-0.3010) n= 17. Ans.

t = 3.0 x 137 = 411 years The half life of 92U238 against alpha decay is 4.5 x 109 years. How many disintegrations per second occur in 2g of 238 . 92U T = 4.5 x 109 years = 4.5 x 109 x 365 x 24 x 60 x 60 s = 1.42 x 0117s

0.9031 = 3.0 0.3010

Number of atoms in 2g of 92U238is

0.693 1 s T

N=

18. Ans.

The half life of radioactive radium is 1600 years. After how many years will one gram of the pure radium be reduced to one centigram.

6.03 1023 x2 238 0.693 6.03 1023 dN = N= 2 = 2.47 104 dis / sec 17 dt 1.42 x 10 238

VISHHAL KALRA-9878024788

T1 = 1600 years
2

1g ,= = = N N 1cg 0

1 g 100

0.6931 0.6931 = = 4.33 104 years 1 1600 T

N = e t N0
4 1 = e 4.3310 t 100 4 4.33 10= t 2.303log10 100 2 4.606 = 2.303 =

t =
19. Ans.

4.606 10637.4 years = 4.33 104

1 th of its initial value in 40 years. Find its half life peroid. 16

If the activity of a radioactive element drops to Given

= R

1 = R0 , t 40 years 16 R = R e t
0

R0 = R e t 0 16 16 = et = t log = 2.3026 log16 e 16 = 2.3026 1.2041 = 0.0693 years 1 40 0.693 Half life time T = = 10 years. 0.063

20. Ans. 21. Ans. 25. Ans.

Calculate the half life period of a radioactive substance, if its activity drops to 1/8th of its initial value in 30 years. Same as Above question. If the activity of radioactive element drops to

Same as Above Question. The half life of a radioactive element X is 500 years. In how many years its activity will decrease by 90% of its initial value.

1 rd of its initial value in 50 years, find its half life period. 32

T1 = 500 years
2

VISHHAL KALRA-9878024788

= N 10% = of N 0

N0 10 = N0 100 10

N = N0e or
1 =e 10 0.6931 t

0.6931 t T1
2

0.6931 t 500

26. Ans. 27. Ans. 28. Ans.

e 500 = 10 0.6931 2.303 t 2.303log = = 10 10 500 2.303 500 = t = 1661.13 years 06931

29.

The half of life of radioactive substance is 200 years. In how many years its activity will decay to 0.1 time of its initial value. Same as Above Question. The half life of radioactive element is 400 years. In how many years its activity will decay to 1/10th of its initial value. Same as Above Question. If 200 MeV energy if released in the fission of sample of 92U236, in how many fission per second must occur to produce a power of 2 k.w. Total energy produced=2kWs = 2000 watt-s = 1000J Energy released per fission = 200MeV = 200 x 106 x 1.6 x 10-19 J = 3.2 x 10-11 J Number of fissions per second = 2000/(3.2 x 10-11) = 6.25 x 1013 s-1 A 103 MW fission reactor consumed half of its fuel 92 U 235 in 6 years. How much 92 U 235 did it contain initially?

Ans.

Assume that all the energy generated arises from the fission 92 U 235 and that this nuclide is consumed by the fission process. Each fission provides 200 MeV of usable energy. As one gram of uranium contains 2.5 x 1021 atoms hence energy generated by one gram of 92 U 235 . = 200 x 2.56 x 1021MeV = 5.12 x 1023 MeV = 5.12 x 1023 x 106 x 1.6 x 10-19J = 8.19 x 1010J Energy generated in one second = 103 MW = 103 x 106W Total energy generated in six years. = 109 x 365 x 6 x 24 x 60 x 60 J = 1011 x 2190 x 24 x 36 x J = 1012 x 219 x 24 x 36 J = 1892.16 x 1014 J Total mass of U-235 consumed in six years =

30.

M = 2310 Kg Total initial mass = 2 x 2310 = 4620 kg. A 1500 MW fission reactor consumed half of its fuel

1892 1014 gm = 231 x 104 gm 8.19 1010

92

U 235 in 5 years. How much 92 U 235 did it contain

Ans. 31.

initially? Assume that all the energy generated arises from the fission 92 U 235 and that this nuclide is consumed by the fission process. Each fission provides 200 MeV of usable energy. Same as 29 A 1.5 x 103 MW fission reactor consumed half of its fuel 92 U 235 in 10 years. How much 92 U 235 did it contain initially? Assume that all the energy generated arises from the fission 92 U 235 and that this nuclide is consumed by the fission process. Each fission provides 200 MeV5of usable energy.

Ans. 32. Ans.

Same as 29 VISHHAL KALRA-9878024788 235 In a nuclear chain reaction 2 gm of 92 U undergoes fission. If the energy released is 200 MeV per fission, what is total energy released. Number of atoms in 235g of uranium = 6.023 x 1023

Number of atoms in 2g of uranium =

6.023 x 1023 235 6.023 x 1023 200 2 235

As energy released per fission is 200MeV, Total energy released = E =

33. Ans. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. Ans.

6.023 x 1023 200 2 1.6 1013 = 1.64 1011 J 235

If 200 MeV of energy is released in fission of a single nucleus of 92 U 235 ,how many fissions must take place per second to produce a power of 1 kW. Total energy produced = 1kWs = 1000 watt-s = 1000J Energy released per fission = 200MeV = 200 x 106 x 1.6 x 10-19 J = 3.2 x 10-11 J Number of fissions per second = 1000/(3.2 x 10-11) = 3.125 x 1013 s-1 What is the number of fission taking place per hour, if a nuclear reactor produces 109kW power? It is given that each fission of the chain reaction produces 200 MeV of energy. It is given that each fission of a chain reaction produces 200 MeV energy. What is the number of fission taking place per second, if the reactor produces 1012 W power. What is the total energy released if a gm of 92 U 235 undergoes fission. It is given that each fission gives out 200 MeVenergy. If 200 MeV of energy is released in fission of a single nucleus of 92 U 235 ,how many fissions must take place per second to produce a power of 103 kW. If every fission 92 U 235 released 200.8 MeV energy, then find the rate of fission, if a total power 2 MW is released. Energy released per disintegration = 200.8MeV = 200.8 x 106 x 1.6 x 10-19 = 321.3 x 10-13 J Total no. of disintegrations/ sec for 2MW (2 x 106Watt) = (2 x 106)/(321.3 x 10-13) = 6.22 x 1016 If every fission 92 U 235 released 200 MeV energy, then find the rate of fission, if a total power 3 MW iis released If every fission 92 U 235 released 200.5 MeV energy, then find the rate of fission, if a total power 2 MW is released

39. 40.