VALVES AND ACCESSORIES 1.

GATE VALVE Application:- The gate valve is used in systems where a straight flow with the least amount of restriction is needed. These valves are used in steam lines, waterlines, fuel oil lines, and fire-main cutouts. Construction:- The part of a gate valve that opens or closes the valve flow is known as the GATE. The gate is normally wedge-shaped; however, some are uniform in thickness throughout. When the gate is wide open, the opening through the valve is equal to the size of the piping in which the valve is installed; therefore, there is little resistance in the flow of the liquid. Since regulating the flow of liquid is difficult and could cause extensive damage to the valve, the gate valve should NOT be used as a throttling valve. The gate valve should be left in one of two positions- completely open or closed. Some gate valves have NONRISING
STEMS. On these, the stem is threaded on the lower end, and the gate is threaded on the inside; therefore, the gate travels up the stem when the valve is being opened. This type of valve usually has a pointer or a gauge to

indicate whether the valve is in the OPEN or in the CLOSED position. Some gauge valves have RISING STEMS. In these valves, both the gate and the stem move upward when the valve is opened. In some rising stem valves, the stem projects above the hand wheel when the valve is opened. The purpose of the rising stem is to allow the operator to see whether the valve is opened or closed.

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2. GLOBE VALVE Application:- The fluid flow is proportionate to the number of turns of the wheel in opening or closing the globe valve. The globe valve is ideal for service that requires frequent valve settings (throttling). Globe valve inlet and outlet openings are arranged in several ways to satisfy different requirements of flow. Globe valves are commonly used in steam, air, oil, and waterlines. In many boiler plants, there are surface blow valves, bottom blow valves, boiler stops, feed stop valves, and many guarding valves and line cutout valves. Globe valves are also used as stop valves on the suction side of many fire room pumps as re-circulating valves in the fuel oil system and as throttle valves on most fire room auxiliary machinery. Construction:- In a globe type of stop valve, the disk is attached to the valve stem. The disk seats against a seating ring or a seating surface that shuts off the flow of fluid. When the disk is removed from the seating surface, fluid can pass through the valve in either direction. Globe valves may be used partially open as well as fully open or fully closed. n the straight type, the fluid inlet and outlet openings are in line with each other. In the angle type, the inlet and outlet openings are at an angle to each other. An angle type of globe valve is commonly used where a stop valve is needed at a 90-degree turn in a line. The cross type of globe valve has three openings, rather than two; it is frequently used in connection with bypass lines.

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3. BUTTERFLY VALVE Application:- The butterfly valve in certain applications has some advantages over gate and globe valves. The butterfly valve is light in weight, takes up less space than a globe valve or gate valve, is easy to overhaul, and can be opened or closed quickly. Butterfly valves serve a variety of requirements. These valves are now being used in salt water, fresh water, JP-5 fuel, naval distillate fuel oil, diesel oil, lubricating oil systems, and air ventilation systems. Construction:- The design and construction of butterfly valves may vary, but a butterfly type of disk and some means of sealing are common to all butterfly valves. The butterfly valve shown in figure 4-4 consists of a body, a resilient seat, a butterfly type of disk, a stem, packing, and a notched positioning plate and handle. The resilient seat is under compression when it is mounted in the valve body. The compression causes a seal to form around the edge of the disk and both upper and lower points where the stem passes through the seat. Packing is provided to form a positive seal around the stem if the seal formed by the seat is damaged. To close the valve, turn the handle a quarter of a turn to rotate the disk 90 degrees. The resilient seat exerts positive pressure against the disk, which assures a tight shutoff. The larger size butterfly valves have electrical or mechanical gear-driven mechanisms to open or close the valve.

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4. CHECK VALVE Application:- Check valves permit liquids to flow through a line in one direction only; for example, they are used in drain lines where it is important that there is no backflow. Considerable care must be taken to see that valves are installed properly. Most of them have an arrow, or the word inlet, cast on the valve body to indicate direction of flow. If not, you must check closely to make sure the flow of the liquid in the system operates the valve in the proper manner. Construction:- The port in a check valve may be closed by a disk, a ball, or a plunger. The valve opens automatically when the pressure on the inlet side is greater than that on the outlet side. They are made with threaded, flanged, or union faces, with screwed or bolted caps, and for specific pressure ranges. The disk of a SWING-CHECK valve is raised as soon as the pressure in the line below the disk is of sufficient force. While the disk is raised, continuous flow takes place. If for any reason the flow is reversed or if back pressure builds up, this opposing pressure forces the disk to seat, which, in turn, stops the flow. Swing-check valves are used in horizontal lines and have a small amount of resistance to flow. The operation of a LIFT-CHECK valve is basically the same as that of the swing-check valve. The difference is the valve disk moves in an up-and- down direction instead of through an arc. Lift-check valves are used in lines where reversal of flow and pressures are changing frequently. This valve does not chatter or slam as the swing-check valve does, but it does cause some restriction of flow. BALL-CHECK valves handle viscous fluids and are very efficient in lines that contain scale and other debris. Because the ballcheck valve operates quietly, it is recommended for use in lines that contain fluids where pressure changes rapidly.

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5. STOP-CHECK VALVE Application:- This valves function either as a stop valve or as a check valve, depending upon the position of the valve stem. These valves are known as STOP-CHECK VALVES. Construction:- The cross section of two stop-check valves is shown in figure 4-7. As you can see, this type of valve looks much like a lift-check valve. The valve stem is long enough so when it is screwed all the way down, it holds the disk firmly against the seat, thereby preventing the flow of any fluid. In this position, the valve acts as a stop valve. When the stem is raised, the disk can then be opened by pressure on the inlet side. In this position, the valve acts as a check valve and allows the flow of fluid in one direction only. The amount of fluid allowed to pass through is regulated by the opening. The opening is adjusted by the stem.

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6. PRESSURE-REDUCING VALVE Application:- Pressure-reducing valves are automatic valves used to provide a steady pressure lower than that of the supply pressure. Pressure-reducing valves can be set for any desired discharge pressure that is within the limits of the design. Construction:- Several types of reducing valves are used in the Navy; however, you will be working mostly with those in the water service system. These are normally single-seated, direct-acting, and spring-loaded, Water passing through this valve is controlled by means of a pressure difference on both sides of the diaphragm. The diaphragm is secured to the stem. Reduced water pressure from the valve outlet is then led through an internal passage to a diaphragm chamber located below the diaphragm. An adjusting spring acts on the upper side of the diaphragm. A leather cup washer or a neoprene O ring makes the water seal between the valve inlet and the diaphragm chamber. This seal is located halfway down the valve stem. The amount of water pressure applied to the underside of the diaphragm varies according to the discharge pressure. When the discharge pressure is greater than the spring pressure, the diaphragm is forced up. Since this is an upward-seating valve, the upward movement of the stem tends to close the valve or at least to decrease the amount of discharge. When the discharge pressure is less than that of the spring pressure, the diaphragm and the valve stem are forced down, opening the valve wider and increasing the amount of discharge. When the discharge pressure is equal to the spring pressure, the valve stem remains stationary and the flow of water through the valve is not changed. The amount of pressure applied by the spring to the top of the diaphragm can be adjusted by turning an adjusting screw.

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7. PRESSURE-RELIEF VALVE Application:- Pressure-relief valves are installed on low-pressure systems fed through pressurereducing valves from high-pressure supplies to ensure against damage if the pressure- reducing valves fail to operate. Pressure-relief valves are also used on pump headers, discharging into large supply mains to relieve the high-surge pressure that builds up between the time a pump is started and the time required for water in the main to reach full velocity. Relief valves are essentially pressure- reducing valves in which the control mechanism responds to pressure on the inlet, rather than the outlet, end. Construction:This type of valve discharges water from pipes or systems when the maximum desired pressure is exceeded. Normally, the valve starts to open at the set pressure and continues to open gradually until the pressure has reached 20 percent above the set pressure, then the valve opens completely.

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8. HYDRAULIC CONTROL VALVE Application:- Hydraulic control valves are used in many sprinkler systems. On some stations, they are installed in the sections of fire main that supply water to the magazine sprinkling system. This type of valve may be operated from one or more remote control stations by a hydraulic control system. Construction:- The hydraulic control valve is a piston-operated globe valve. It is normally held in the CLOSED position by both a spring force and by the fire-main pressure acting against the disk. When hydraulic pressure is admitted to the underside of the piston, a force is created that overcomes both the spring tension and the fire-main pressure, thereby causing the valve to open. When hydraulic pressure is released from under the piston, the spring acts to force the hydraulic fluid out of the cylinder and back to the remote control station, thus closing the valve. A ratchet lever is fitted to the valve so in an emergency, the valve can be opened by hand. After the valve has been opened by hand, you should first restore the stem to its normal CLOSED position with the ratchet lever. Then, line up the hydraulic system from a remote control station, so the hydraulic fluid in the valve cylinder can return to the storage tank at the control station. The full force of the closing spring acts to seat the disk, thereby closing the valve. The valve is equipped with a test casting in the body of the valve. The bottom cover can be removed so you can check the valve for leakage.

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VALVE MAINTENANCE a. INFORMATION GUIDE:- Whenever you intend to install a valve, make sure you know its function. i. Is it supposed to prevent backflow, start flow, stop flow, regulate flow, or regulate pressure? ii. Look for the information stamped on the valve body by the manufacturer: type of system (oil, water, gas); operating pressure; direction of flow; and other information. iii. You should also know the operating characteristics of the valve, iv. The type of metal it is made of, and the type of end connection it has. v. Operating characteristics and material affect the length and type of service a valve can provide. vi. End connections indicate whether or not a particular valve is suited for installation in the system. b. INSTALLATION GUIDE:- Valves should be installed in accessible places and with enough headroom to allow for full operation. i. Install valves with stems pointing upward whenever possible. A stem position between straight up and horizontal is acceptable, but avoid the inverted position (stem pointing downward). When the valve is installed in the latter position, sediment collects in the bonnet and scores the stem. When a line is subject to freezing temperatures, liquid trapped in the valve bonnet may freeze and rupture it. ii. Globe valves may be installed with pressure either above or below the disk. It depends upon what method is best for the operation, protection, maintenance, and repair of the machinery. You should ask what would happen if the disk became detached from the stem? This is a major consideration in determining whether pressure should be above the disk or below it. iii. Check the blueprints for the system to see which way the valve should be installed. Pressure on the wrong side of the disk can also cause serious damage. c. REPAIR GUIDE:- Periodic maintenance is the best way to extend the service life of valves and fittings. As soon as you see a leak, check to see what is causing it; then apply the proper remedy. i. This remedy may be as simple as tightening a packing gland nut. ii. A leaking flange joint may need only to have the bolts tightened or to have a new gasket inserted. Dirt and scale, if allowed to collect, can cause leakage. iii. Loose hangers permit sections of a line to sag. The weight of the pipe and the fluid in these sagging sections may strain joints to the point of leakage. d. MAINTENANCE GUIDE:- Valves that have been in constant service over a long period of time eventually require gland tightening, replacing, or a complete overhaul. When a valve is not doing the job, it should be dismantled and all parts inspected. For proper operation, parts must be repaired or replaced. i. SPOTTING VALVES:- Spotting-in is the method used to determine visually whether or not the seat and the disk make good contact with each other. 1. To spot-in a valve seat, first apply a thin coating of Prussian blue evenly over the entire machined face surface of the disk. 2. Then insert the disk into the valve and rotate it a quarter turn, using light downward pressure. The Prussian blue adheres to the valve seat at those points where the disk makes contact.

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3. After you have examined the seat surface, wipe all the Prussian blue off the disk face surface. Apply a thin, even coat of blue to the contact face of the seat. 4. Again, place the disk on the seat and rotate the disk a quarter of a turn. Examine the blue ring that appears on the disk. It should be unbroken and of uniform width. If the blue ring is broken in any way, the disk does not fit properly. ii. GRINDING VALVES:Grinding-in is a manual process used to remove small irregularities by grinding together the contact surfaces of the seat and disk. Grinding-in should not be confused with re-facing processes in which lathes, valve reseating machines, or power grinders are used to recondition the seating surfaces. 1. To grind-in a valve, first apply a small amount of grinding compound to the face of the disk. Then insert the disk into the valve and rotate the disk back and forth about a quarter of a turn. 2. Shift the disk-seat relationship from time to time, so the disk is moved gradually, in increments, through several rotations. 3. During the grinding-in process, the grinding compound is gradually displaced from between the seat and disk surfaces; therefore, it is necessary to stop every minute or so to replenish the compound. When you do this, wipe both the seat and the disk clean before applying the new compound to the disk face. 4. When it appears that the irregularities have been removed, check your work by spotting-in the disk to the seat in the manner described previously. Grinding-in is also used to follow up all machine work on valve seats or disks. 5. When the seat and disk are first spotted-in after they have been machined, the seat contact is very narrow and located close to the bore. The grinding-in, using finer and finer compounds as the work progresses, causes the seat contact to become broader. The contact area should be a perfect ring covering approximately one third of the seating surface. Be careful that you do not over grind a seat or disk. Over grinding tends to produce a groove in the seating surface of the disk. It may also round off the straight, angular surface of the disk. Over grinding must be corrected by machining. LAPPING VALVES:- When a valve seat contains irregularities that are too large to be removed by grinding-in, you can remove them by lapping. A cast-iron tool (LAP) of exactly the same size and shape as the disk is used to rule the seat surface. Here are the most important points to remember while using the lapping tool. 1. Do not bear heavily on the handle of the lap. 2. Do not bear sideways on the handle of the lap. 3. Change the relationship between the lap and the seat, so the lap gradually and slowly rotates around the entire seat circle. 4. Keep a check on the working surface of the lap. If a groove develops, have the lap refaced. 5. Always use clean compound for lapping. 6. Replace the compound often. 7. Spread the compound evenly and lightly. 8. Do not lap more than is necessary to produce a smooth, even seat. 9. Always use a fine grinding compound to finish the lapping job. 10. When you complete the lapping job, spot-in and grind-in the disk to the seat.

iii.

Use only approved abrasive compounds to recondition seats and disks. Compounds for lapping and grinding disks and seats are supplied in various grades. Use a coarse grade compound when there is extensive corrosion or deep cuts and scratches on the disks and seats. Use a compound of medium grade to follow up the coarse grade. It may also be used to start the reconditioning process on valves that are not severely

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damaged. Use a fine grade compound when the reconditioning process nears completion. Use a microscopic fine grade for finish lapping and for all grinding-in.

iv.

REFACING VALVES:- Badly scored valve seats must be refaced in a lathe with a power grinder or with a valve reseating machine. Use the lathe, rather than the reseating machine, to reface disks and hard-surfaced seats. Work that must be done on a lathe or with a power grinder should be turned over to machine shop personnel. This discussion applies only to re-facing seats with a reseating machine. 1. To reface a seat with a reseating machine attach the correct 45-degree facing cutter to a reseating machine. 2. With a fine file, remove all high spots on the surface of the flange upon which the chuck jaws must fit. Note that a valve reseating machine can be used ONLY with a valve in which the inside of the bonnet flange is bored true with the valve seat. If this condition does not exist, the valve must be reseated in a lathe and the inside flange bored true. 3. Before placing the chuck in the valve opening, open the jaws of the chuck wide enough to rest on the flange of the opening. 4. Tighten the jaws lightly, so the chuck grips the sides of the valve opening securely. Tap the chuck down with a wooden mallet until the jaws rest on the flange firmly and squarely. 5. Then tighten the jaws further. Adjust and lock the machine spindle in the cutting position and begin cutting by turning the crank slowly. Feed the cutter slowly, so very light shavings are taken. 6. After some experience, you can tell whether or not the tool is cutting evenly all around. Remove the chuck to see if enough metal has been removed. Be sure the seat is perfect. 7. Then remove the 45-degree cutter and face off the top part of the seat with a flat cutter. Dress the seat down to the proper dimensions as follows: Width of Seat l/16 inch 3/32 inch l/8 inch 3/16 inch Size of Valve l/4 to 1 inch 1 l/4 to 2 inches 2 l/2 to 4 inches 4 l/2 to 6 inches

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8. After the re-facing, grind-in the seat and disk. 9. Spot-in as necessary to check the work. A rough method of spotting-in is to place pencil marks at intervals of about l/2 inch on the bearing surface of the seat or disk. 10. Then place the disk on the seat and rotate the disk about a quarter of a turn. If the pencil marks in the seating area rub off, the seating is satisfactory.

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v.

REPACKING VALVE STUFFING BOXES:- When the stem of a globe valve is in good condition, stuffing box leaks can usually be stopped by setting up on the gland. If this does not stop the leakage, repack the stuffing box. The gland must not be set up or packed so tightly that the stem binds. If the leak persists, a bent or scored valve stem may be the cause of the trouble. 1. Coils (string) and rings are the common forms of packing used in valves. The form to be used in a particular valve is determined, in part, by the size of the packing required. In general, rings are used in valves that require packing larger than 1/4 inch. When a smaller size is required, string packing is used. 2. When you repack a valve stuffing box, place successive turns of the packing material around the valve stem. When string packing is used, coil it around the valve stem. Bevel off the ends to make a smooth seating for the bottom of the gland. Then put on the gland and set it up by tightening the bonnet nut or the gland bolts and nuts. To prevent the string packing from folding back when the gland is tightened, wind the packing in the direction in which the gland nut is to be turned. Usually, where successive rings are used, the gaps in the different rings should be staggered. 3. Gate, globe, angle, and stop-check valves are made to back seat the stem against the valve bonnet when the valve is fully opened. Back seating of these valves is a safety feature to eliminate the stem being forced out under pressure while the valve is fully opened. 4. Back seating makes repacking of the stem stuffing box possible under pressure; however, you should attempt this only in emergencies and with extreme caution.

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VALVE ACCESSORIES Accessories that aid in the control of valves include valve boxes, floor stands, and post indicators. Each of these supporting materials is discussed briefly below. Street valves must be accessible for turning them off and on; and, with large valves, the entire valve should be accessible for servicing. Since valves are placed at various depths, valve boxes are made in two or more pieces and telescope to provide adjustable lengths. a. Floor stand:- Valve controls may be mounted on floor stands for operating valves below a floor. They are operated manually by turning the hand-wheel or by automatic controls. Some floor stands are equipped with indicators to show when the valves are open or closed. Floor stands are essentially an extension of the valve stem. b. Floor stand with post indicator:- Post indicators provide for operating non rising-stem gate valves that are below the ground or floor level. They are used principally in fire-flow systems; the indicator post is operated by an attached vise when not in use. The valve is opened by turning the wrench to the left, unless otherwise indicated.

c. Gear Boxes:- Most large manually operated valves are operated through gears as are motor-operated valves. These gears are housed in gearboxes. Monthly or quarterly, lubricate the gearing under the manufacturers instructions. 4-10 Semiannually, check gear operation through a complete cycle of opening and closing. Listen for undue noise and observe smoothness of operation of the valve opening, and check for lubricant leakage from the flanges. Upon finding any evidence of improper operation, the operator should open the gearbox, inspect the gears, and make necessary repairs. Annually, inspect the housing for corrosion; clean and paint it as necessary. Maintenance of valve boxes should be done twice a year like the valve maintenance schedule for operation. Maintenance consists of cleaning out debris in the box, checking for corrosion, checking the elevation of the top, and checking alignment of the box, so the valve key can be inserted readily. When the valve box has corroded and is no longer serviceable, remove it and replace it with a new unit. When changes in street or ground level have left the valve box too high or too low, adjust the height so the cover is at street or ground level.

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d. Valve Position Indicators:- Different types of valves have different types of valve position indicators. Non-rising-stem gate valves may have indicators on the floor stand. Filter plant valves may have indicators on the filter operating table; and butterfly valves, or other valves, used for flow control or throttling, may have indicator units that are controlled electrically and look like an ammeter. The care required depends on the design of the indicator unit; for example, post indicators require lubrication quarterly and, position indicators, that are controlled electrically, should be checked for contact, wiring, and so on, yearly.

e. Water Meters:- Water meters measure the flow of water within a line to a point of distribution, such as laundries, housing areas, and so on. There are various types of water meters. One type is the disk type of volume meter. This water meter is used chiefly for services supplied through pipes less than 1 l/2 inches in diameter, although water meters are made in sizes up to 6 inches connections, as it is accurate for very low flow. A flow above normal causes rapid wear. The disk type of meter contains a measuring chamber of definite content in which a disk is actuated by the passage of water. Each cycle of motion of the disk marks the discharge of the contents of the measuring chamber. By means of gearing, the motion of the disk is translated into units of water volume on the register dial. When installing a water meter, make sure it is horizontal and that it operates under back pressure. The meter should be located near the pressure- reducing valve at underground level; so in freezing temperatures, ensure the meter is protected from exposure. Water is measured in terms of rate-offlow (volume passing in a unit of time) or total volume. Units and equivalents usually are as follows:

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